36:
165:. The AC to be rectified is applied between the filament and the plate. When the plate has a positive voltage with respect to the filament, the electrons are attracted to it and an electric current flows from filament to plate. In contrast, when the plate has a negative voltage with respect to the filament, the electrons are not attracted to it and no current flows through the tube (unlike the filament, the plate does not emit electrons). As current can pass through the valve in one direction only, it therefore "
28:
127:
20:
642:
277:, which had poor sensitivity and degraded the tuning of the receiver. This led Fleming to look for a detector that was more sensitive and reliable while at the same time being better suited for use with tuned circuits. In 1904 Fleming tried an Edison effect bulb for this purpose and found that it worked well to rectify high-frequency oscillations and thus allow detection of the rectified signals by a
256:
281:. On November 16, 1904, he applied for a US patent for what he termed an oscillation valve. This patent was subsequently issued as number 803,684 and found immediate utility in detecting messages sent by Morse code. The Marconi company used the Fleming valve in its shipboard receivers until around 1916 when it was replaced by the
154:) consisting of a sheet metal plate. Although in early versions, the anode was a flat metal plate placed next to the cathode, in later versions, it became a metal cylinder surrounding the cathode. In some versions, a grounded copper screen surrounded the bulb to shield it against the influence of external electric fields.
172:
This simple operation was somewhat complicated by the presence of residual air in the valve, as the vacuum pumps of
Fleming's time could not create as high a vacuum as exists in modern vacuum tubes. At high voltages, the valve could become unstable and oscillate, but this occurred at voltages far
243:. The distance between the two points was about 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi). Although the contact, reported December 12, 1901, was widely heralded as a great scientific advance at the time, there is also some skepticism about the claim, because the received signal, the three dots of the
329:, and early digital computers for 50 years, until the advent of the transistor in the 1960s. Fleming sued De Forest for infringing his valve patents, resulting in decades of expensive and disruptive litigation, which were not settled until 1943 when the
251:
caused by static discharges, leading later critics to suggest it may have been random noise. Regardless, it was clear to
Fleming that reliable transatlantic communication with the existing transmitter required a more sensitive receiving apparatus.
203:
and determined it was due to thermally-emitted electrons. Edison was granted a patent for this device as part of an electrical indicator in 1884, but did not find a practical use for it. Professor
Fleming of
373:
made it inefficient in low voltage, high current applications. Until vacuum tube equipment was replaced by transistors in the 1970s, radios, and televisions usually had one or more diode tubes.
197:
discovered that charged particles from a heated negative electrode moved through the vacuum and collected on a positive electrode, producing current. Later scientists called this phenomenon the
82:, a vacuum tube whose purpose is to conduct current in one direction and block current flowing in the opposite direction. The thermionic diode was later widely used as a
2086:
481:
The
Supreme Court invalidated the patent because of an improper disclaimer and later maintained the technology in the patent was known art when filed. For more see,
628:
660:
617:
293:
The
Fleming valve proved to be the start of a technological revolution. After reading Fleming's 1905 paper on his oscillation valve, American engineer
701:
1751:
2096:
1575:
652:
1216:
2034:
1133:
914:
694:
106:
in the 1960s. The
Fleming valve was the forerunner of all vacuum tubes, which dominated electronics for 50 years. The
213:
457:
897:
793:
1037:
764:
1744:
1085:
884:
646:
432:
2029:
687:
161:
in the metal gain sufficient energy to escape their parent atoms into the vacuum of the tube, a process called
209:
186:
110:
has described it as "one of the most important developments in the history of electronics", and it is on the
1116:
868:
920:
857:
507:- Instrument for converting alternating electric currents into continuous currents (Fleming valve patent)
330:
657:
1737:
1580:
1127:
346:
232:
146:", a loop of carbon or fine tungsten wire, similar to that used in the light bulbs of the time, and an
157:
In operation, a separate current flows through the cathode "filament", heating it so that some of the
2044:
1334:
1048:
891:
776:
205:
68:
1893:
1343:
1201:
1053:
909:
406:
1354:
1074:
873:
111:
2024:
1523:
1090:
955:
931:
115:
2091:
1923:
1592:
1544:
1365:
1181:
1096:
1027:
863:
523:
314:
2060:
2039:
2019:
1958:
1898:
1824:
1666:
1410:
1305:
1079:
972:
826:
787:
718:
710:
458:"John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) By W A Atherton, Published in Wireless World August 1990"
56:
8:
1983:
1872:
1774:
1386:
1294:
1186:
1022:
999:
182:
162:
143:
103:
87:
71:
1691:
1551:
1259:
1226:
1042:
926:
904:
99:
1993:
1978:
1686:
1607:
1498:
1450:
1279:
1206:
1168:
482:
382:
353:
to produce the DC plate (anode) voltage required by other vacuum tubes. Around 1914
247:
letter "S", was so weak the primitive receiver had difficulty distinguishing it from
220:
190:
35:
1943:
1883:
1402:
1349:
1176:
815:
358:
259:
60:
1211:
658:
November 1904: Fleming discovers the thermionic (or oscillation) valve, or 'diode'
1804:
1799:
1679:
1612:
1465:
1196:
1106:
950:
354:
151:
1832:
837:
674:
130:
Valve receiver made by
Marconi Co. has two Fleming valves, in case one burns out
79:
1963:
1938:
1654:
1435:
1425:
1191:
994:
590:
369:. As a rectifier, the tube was used for high voltage applications but its low
91:
64:
623:
612:
604:
596:
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
518:
2080:
1998:
1888:
1809:
1779:
1716:
1539:
1455:
1101:
1069:
529:
503:
294:
199:
194:
98:
of a wide range of electronic devices, until beginning to be replaced by the
27:
1968:
1862:
1794:
1789:
1597:
1585:
1473:
1440:
1269:
1254:
821:
461:
302:
278:
236:
95:
2065:
1973:
1784:
1760:
1639:
1381:
1330:
1236:
1221:
1004:
966:
669:
342:
75:
52:
679:
573:, Jun 10, 1919 : Fleming valve circuit improvement by R. A. Weagant
483:
Misreading the
Supreme Court: A Puzzling Chapter in the History of Radio
1988:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1847:
1711:
1701:
1634:
1508:
1478:
1445:
1420:
1415:
1392:
1264:
1244:
1122:
984:
961:
847:
749:
744:
739:
664:
366:
244:
126:
1953:
1948:
1928:
1674:
1518:
1513:
1503:
1430:
1310:
1144:
1139:
1064:
989:
436:
370:
350:
322:
310:
306:
166:
135:
83:
1729:
1933:
1913:
1852:
1696:
1644:
1624:
1602:
1488:
1483:
1371:
1360:
1289:
1059:
362:
158:
223:
in the first transmission of radio waves across the
Atlantic from
1867:
1857:
1556:
1493:
1315:
1300:
1154:
1111:
759:
274:
248:
228:
139:
19:
600:, May 31, 1921 : Fleming valve improvement by R. A. Weagant
581:, May 4, 1920 : Fleming valve improvement by R. A. Weagant
565:, Dec 31, 1918 : Fleming valve improvement by R. A. Weagant
557:, Sep 10, 1918 : Fleming valve improvement by R. A. Weagant
549:, Jan 8, 1918 : Fleming valve improvement by R. A. Weagant
541:, Mar 10, 1917 : Fleming valve improvement by R. A. Weagant
349:
instead of DC batteries, the
Fleming valve was developed into a
1878:
1842:
1837:
1814:
1629:
1320:
1284:
1249:
809:
781:
754:
729:
641:
318:
298:
282:
240:
224:
1706:
1617:
1376:
1149:
942:
804:
799:
326:
147:
134:
The valve consists of an evacuated glass bulb containing two
31:
Early commercial Fleming valves used in radio receivers, 1919
273:
The receiver for the transatlantic demonstration employed a
1649:
1032:
978:
879:
832:
770:
616:, May 1, 1928 : Fleming valve circuit improvement by
255:
107:
181:
The Fleming valve was the first practical application of
102:
in the early 1930s and almost completely replaced by the
305:
between cathode and anode. It was the first electronic
608:, Jun 15, 1926 : Inverter converter by L. W. Chubb
23:
The first prototype Fleming valves, built October 1904.
262:
valves derived from the Fleming valve, from the 1930s
522:, Jan 7, 1910 : Fleming valve improvement by
533:, Apr 12, 1910 : John Ambrose Fleming patent
317:. De Forest quickly refined his device into the
297:in 1906 created a three-element vacuum tube, the
219:In 1901 Fleming designed the transmitter used by
2087:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1904
2078:
627:, Jun 7, 1949 : Electrode improvement by
39:Fleming valve schematic from US Patent 803,684.
1745:
695:
589:, Jul 27, 1920 : Inverter converter by
361:developed a high voltage version called the
1752:
1738:
702:
688:
321:, which became the basis of long-distance
709:
212:from 1881-1891, and subsequently for the
16:Type of vacuum tube; early radio detector
433:"Radio Communications: A Brief Synopsis"
254:
125:
34:
26:
18:
388:
2079:
55:invented in 1904 by English physicist
1759:
1733:
683:
336:
288:
1134:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
915:Programmable unijunction transistor
345:equipment began to be powered from
13:
816:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
214:Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company
14:
2108:
2097:History of electronic engineering
794:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
634:
309:device, allowing the creation of
169:" an AC to a pulsing DC current.
1038:Heterostructure barrier varactor
765:Chemical field-effect transistor
640:
407:"Milestones:Fleming Valve, 1904"
333:ruled Fleming's patent invalid.
1086:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
121:
475:
450:
425:
399:
74:. It was the first practical
1:
210:Edison Electric Light Company
1117:Silicon controlled rectifier
979:Organic light-emitting diode
869:Diffused junction transistor
393:
51:, was a thermionic valve or
7:
921:Static induction transistor
858:Bipolar junction transistor
810:MOS field-effect transistor
782:Fin field-effect transistor
411:IEEE Global History Network
376:
331:United States Supreme Court
173:above those normally used.
10:
2113:
1128:Static induction thyristor
491:
365:, which was used to power
325:and radio communications,
176:
2053:
2012:
1875:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
1823:
1767:
1665:
1565:
1532:
1464:
1401:
1329:
1297:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
1235:
1167:
1049:Hybrid integrated circuit
1013:
941:
892:Light-emitting transistor
846:
728:
717:
206:University College London
86:— a device that converts
49:Fleming oscillation valve
1894:Backward-wave oscillator
1344:Backward-wave oscillator
1054:Light emitting capacitor
910:Point-contact transistor
880:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
185:, discovered in 1873 by
1355:Crossed-field amplifier
874:Field-effect transistor
249:atmospheric radio noise
233:Signal Hill, St. John's
112:List of IEEE Milestones
1768:Theoretical principles
1524:Voltage-regulator tube
1091:MOS integrated circuit
956:Constant-current diode
932:Unijunction transistor
270:
189:. While improving his
131:
116:electrical engineering
40:
32:
24:
1924:Inductive output tube
1593:Electrolytic detector
1366:Inductive output tube
1182:Low-dropout regulator
1097:Organic semiconductor
1028:Printed circuit board
864:Darlington transistor
711:Electronic components
624:U.S. patent 2,472,760
613:U.S. patent 1,668,060
597:U.S. patent 1,380,206
586:U.S. patent 1,347,894
578:U.S. patent 1,338,889
570:U.S. patent 1,306,208
562:U.S. patent 1,289,981
554:U.S. patent 1,278,535
546:U.S. patent 1,252,520
538:U.S. patent 1,379,706
519:U.S. patent 1,290,438
347:AC electrical outlets
258:
129:
38:
30:
22:
2066:List of tube sockets
2061:List of vacuum tubes
1899:Beam deflection tube
1411:Beam deflection tube
1080:Metal-oxide varistor
973:Light-emitting diode
827:Thin-film transistor
788:Floating-gate MOSFET
649:at Wikimedia Commons
389:References and notes
313:and continuous wave
57:John Ambrose Fleming
1984:Traveling-wave tube
1775:Thermionic emission
1387:Traveling-wave tube
1187:Switching regulator
1023:Printed electronics
1000:Step recovery diode
777:Depletion-load NMOS
653:IEEE History Center
605:U.S. patent RE16363
530:U.S. patent 954,619
504:U.S. patent 803,684
301:, by adding a wire
183:thermionic emission
163:thermionic emission
104:semiconductor diode
88:alternating current
72:wireless telegraphy
1692:Crystal oscillator
1552:Variable capacitor
1227:Switched capacitor
1169:Voltage regulators
1043:Integrated circuit
927:Tetrode transistor
905:Pentode transistor
898:Organic LET (OLET)
885:Organic FET (OFET)
485:. Mercurians.org.
337:Power applications
289:Oscillation valves
271:
208:consulted for the
142:in the form of a "
132:
100:selenium rectifier
47:, also called the
41:
33:
25:
2074:
2073:
2013:Numbering systems
1994:Video camera tube
1979:Talaria projector
1761:Thermionic valves
1727:
1726:
1687:Ceramic resonator
1499:Mercury-arc valve
1451:Video camera tube
1403:Cathode-ray tubes
1163:
1162:
771:Complementary MOS
675:Reverse Time Page
645:Media related to
383:Mercury rectifier
221:Guglielmo Marconi
191:incandescent lamp
187:Frederick Guthrie
2104:
1884:Cathode-ray tube
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1581:electrical power
1466:Gas-filled tubes
1350:Cavity magnetron
1177:Linear regulator
726:
725:
704:
697:
690:
681:
680:
644:
626:
615:
607:
599:
588:
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
532:
521:
506:
486:
479:
473:
472:
470:
469:
460:. Archived from
454:
448:
447:
445:
444:
435:. Archived from
429:
423:
422:
420:
418:
403:
359:General Electric
260:Thermionic diode
80:thermionic diode
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2049:
2035:Mullard–Philips
2008:
1959:Photomultiplier
1819:
1800:Suppressor grid
1763:
1758:
1728:
1723:
1661:
1576:audio and video
1561:
1528:
1460:
1397:
1325:
1306:Photomultiplier
1231:
1159:
1107:Quantum circuit
1015:
1009:
951:Avalanche diode
937:
849:
842:
731:
720:
713:
708:
637:
629:H. L. Ratchford
622:
611:
603:
595:
584:
576:
568:
560:
552:
544:
536:
528:
517:
502:
494:
489:
480:
476:
467:
465:
456:
455:
451:
442:
440:
431:
430:
426:
416:
414:
405:
404:
400:
396:
391:
379:
355:Irving Langmuir
339:
291:
179:
124:
69:electromagnetic
65:radio receivers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Selectron tube
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:Wollaston wire
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Selectron tube
1433:
1428:
1426:Magic eye tube
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Schottky diode
992:
987:
982:
976:
970:
964:
959:
953:
947:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
929:
924:
918:
912:
907:
902:
901:
900:
889:
888:
887:
882:
871:
866:
861:
854:
852:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
824:
819:
813:
807:
802:
797:
791:
785:
779:
774:
768:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
734:
723:
715:
714:
707:
706:
699:
692:
684:
678:
677:
672:
667:
663:2012-10-16 at
655:
650:
647:Fleming valves
636:
635:External links
633:
632:
631:
620:
609:
601:
593:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
514:
513:
509:
508:
499:
498:
493:
490:
488:
487:
474:
449:
424:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
378:
375:
338:
335:
290:
287:
178:
175:
123:
120:
96:power supplies
94:(DC) — in the
92:direct current
78:and the first
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2109:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Marconi-Osram
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2004:Fleming valve
2002:
2000:
1999:Williams tube
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Glowing anode
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Work function
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1718:
1717:mercury relay
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:Potentiometer
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:Williams tube
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Fleming valve
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Photodetector
1100:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Memtransistor
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
963:
960:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
944:
940:
933:
930:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:
893:
890:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
853:
851:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
828:
825:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
735:
733:
727:
724:
722:
719:Semiconductor
716:
712:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
686:
685:
682:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
662:
659:
656:
654:
651:
648:
643:
639:
638:
630:
625:
621:
619:
618:P. E. Edelman
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
525:
524:R. A. Weagant
520:
516:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
496:
495:
484:
478:
464:on 2007-05-25
463:
459:
453:
439:on 2007-04-28
438:
434:
428:
412:
408:
402:
398:
384:
381:
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Lee de Forest
286:
284:
280:
276:
269:
266:to the 1970s
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
201:
200:Edison effect
196:
195:Thomas Edison
192:
188:
184:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
128:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:Fleming valve
37:
29:
21:
2092:Vacuum tubes
2003:
1969:Storage tube
1863:Beam tetrode
1795:Control grid
1790:Space charge
1474:Cold cathode
1441:Storage tube
1331:Vacuum tubes
1280:Neutron tube
1274:
1255:Beam tetrode
1237:Vacuum tubes
822:Power MOSFET
670:Spark Museum
477:
466:. Retrieved
462:the original
452:
441:. Retrieved
437:the original
427:
415:. Retrieved
410:
401:
341:Later, when
340:
292:
279:galvanometer
272:
267:
263:
237:Newfoundland
218:
198:
180:
171:
156:
133:
122:How it works
48:
44:
42:
1974:Sutton tube
1785:Hot cathode
1640:Transformer
1382:Sutton tube
1222:Charge pump
1075:Memory cell
1005:Zener diode
967:Laser diode
850:transistors
732:transistors
591:L. W. Chubb
367:x-ray tubes
343:vacuum tube
315:oscillators
76:vacuum tube
53:vacuum tube
2081:Categories
1989:Trochotron
1919:Iconoscope
1909:Compactron
1904:Charactron
1848:Acorn tube
1712:reed relay
1702:Parametron
1635:Thermistor
1613:resettable
1572:Connector
1533:Adjustable
1509:Nixie tube
1479:Crossatron
1446:Trochotron
1421:Iconoscope
1416:Charactron
1393:X-ray tube
1265:Compactron
1245:Acorn tube
1202:Buck–boost
1123:Solaristor
985:Photodiode
962:Gunn diode
958:(CLD, CRD)
740:Transistor
665:Archive-It
468:2007-05-10
443:2007-05-10
311:amplifiers
307:amplifying
245:Morse code
136:electrodes
90:(AC) into
63:for early
1954:Phototube
1949:Monoscope
1944:Magnetron
1939:Magic eye
1929:Kinescope
1873:Pentagrid
1675:Capacitor
1519:Trigatron
1514:Thyratron
1504:Neon lamp
1431:Monoscope
1311:Phototube
1295:Pentagrid
1260:Barretter
1145:Trancitor
1140:Thyristor
1065:Memristor
990:PIN diode
767:(ChemFET)
394:Citations
371:perveance
351:rectifier
323:telephone
193:in 1880,
167:rectifies
159:electrons
84:rectifier
2054:Examples
1934:Klystron
1914:Eidophor
1889:Additron
1853:Nuvistor
1697:Inductor
1667:Reactive
1645:Varistor
1625:Resistor
1603:Antifuse
1489:Ignitron
1484:Dekatron
1372:Klystron
1361:Gyrotron
1290:Nuvistor
1207:Split-pi
1093:(MOS IC)
1060:Memistor
818:(MuGFET)
812:(MOSFET)
784:(FinFET)
661:Archived
512:Cited by
377:See also
363:Kenotron
144:filament
67:used in
61:detector
2045:Russian
1868:Pentode
1858:Tetrode
1598:Ferrite
1566:Passive
1557:Varicap
1545:digital
1494:Krytron
1316:Tetrode
1301:Pentode
1155:Varicap
1136:(3D IC)
1112:RF CMOS
1016:devices
790:(FGMOS)
721:devices
492:Patents
417:29 July
275:coherer
268:(right)
229:England
177:History
140:cathode
1879:Nonode
1843:Triode
1838:Audion
1815:Getter
1630:Switch
1321:Triode
1285:Nonode
1250:Audion
1130:(SITh)
1014:Other
981:(OLED)
943:Diodes
894:(LET)
876:(FET)
848:Other
796:(IGBT)
773:(CMOS)
760:BioFET
755:BiCMOS
497:Issued
413:. IEEE
327:radars
319:triode
299:Audion
283:triode
264:(left)
241:Canada
225:Poldhu
2025:RETMA
1833:Diode
1825:Types
1805:Anode
1707:Relay
1680:types
1618:eFUSE
1389:(TWT)
1377:Maser
1368:(IOT)
1357:(CFA)
1346:(BWO)
1270:Diode
1217:SEPIC
1197:Boost
1150:TRIAC
1119:(SCR)
1082:(MOV)
1056:(LEC)
975:(LED)
934:(UJT)
923:(SIT)
917:(PUT)
860:(BJT)
829:(TFT)
805:LDMOS
800:ISFET
231:, to
152:plate
148:anode
59:as a
1650:Wire
1608:Fuse
1192:Buck
1045:(IC)
1033:DIAC
969:(LD)
838:UMOS
833:VMOS
750:PMOS
745:NMOS
730:MOS
419:2011
303:grid
138:: a
114:for
108:IEEE
43:The
2040:JIS
2020:RMA
1212:Ćuk
357:at
2083::
1586:RF
1335:RF
409:.
285:.
239:,
235:,
227:,
216:.
118:.
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1337:)
1333:(
703:e
696:t
689:v
471:.
446:.
421:.
150:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
