Vlaams Blok - Knowledge

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also became one of the first in Europe to flirt with an anti-Islam agenda (warning about what it called the "Islamization of Europe") and address the issue of immigrants from majority Muslim societies, in particular Turkish and Moroccan migrant communities in Belgium. Vlaams Blok claimed that such communities were a threat to Flemish ethnic and cultural identity and were linked to crime. The same year, Dillen proposed a bill in the Chamber of Representatives to offer cash incentive for immigrants to return to their native country. In April 1987, a group around Roger Frankinouille of the only right-wing competitor to the Vlaams Blok, the anti-tax Respect for Labour and Democracy, switched to the party. The party campaigned for the

448:. The party had been careful to choose its leaders from nationalist circles that had not collaborated with the Nazis. The People's Union had successfully united various strands of Flemish nationalists into a coherent movement from federalists to separatists, however some Flemish separatists had been suspicious of the People's Union since its outset, and it became clear by the 1970s that the party had moved to a moderate left-liberal course, which led to the defection of its more radical members. The remaining nationalist hardliners finally rejected the party's participation in a new five-party government coalition in 1977, and particularly the 2883: 646:, the party doubled its seats (Dillen and Vanhecke) with 12.6% of the vote, but failed to continue a European Right group, due to other nationalist parties having dropped out of the parliament, or refusing to join a group. National Front and Vlaams Blok MEPs nevertheless established an "alliance" called The Coordination of the European Right. In 1996, party leader Karel Dillen, who had been nominated to hold his position for life, stepped down and personally appointed 842:, which included measures to stop all immigration, return most immigrants to their native countries by force, and legally discriminate against residing migrants in respect of markets such as labour, housing and education. The party's opponents particularly saw its immigration program as a source of claims of racism, and the party thus in its latest years downplayed the relevance of the 70-point plan, and softened its written positions regarding immigration. 607:, the Vlaams Blok for the first time surpassed the People's Union, going from two to 12 seats in the Chamber, and from one to five seats in the Senate, in what was afterwards referred to by its opponents as "Black Sunday". In the following years, the party saw a systematic upwards trend in all elections it participated in. In July 1992, the first Vlaams Blok motion was accepted in the Flemish Parliament, which rejected the right of francophone inhabitants in 374: 663:, where the Vlaams Blok overtook the position as the third largest Flemish party, winning more than 15% of the vote in all elections, and a total of 45 seats in the various parliaments. The Vlaams Blok also benefitted from the further collapse of the People's Union, which was brought on by the VU's more national conservative members becoming disgruntled with the centre-left faction who had taken control of its leadership. 2877: 635: 46: 631:. The plan sought to close the borders towards non-European immigrants, gradually repatriate those already in the country, and implement an "own people first" principle in all policy areas. Over the course of the 1990s, the party however increasingly distanced itself from the plan as it had alienated the party from gaining political influence, until it was finally officially discarded in 2000. 1008:. The unwieldy bureaucracy. The democratic deficit." The party did also not have any faith in such a world community or international legal system, questioning the entire logic behind the UN. It rejected the view of any international consensus about concepts as democracy, justice, freedom and human rights, especially since most of its member countries are non-Western and undemocratic. 562:(hygienic barrier), where the parties agreed to never conclude any political agreements with the Vlaams Blok, nor make immigration a political issue. While the Vlaams Blok itself also largely rejected cooperation with other parties, it did increasingly consider such cooperation, particularly in elections in 1994, 1999 and 2000, only to find themselves effectively blocked by the 709:. The publications which were referred to included its 1999 election agenda and 1997 party platform. The challenged passages included those where the party called for a separate education system for foreign children, a special tax for employers employing non-European foreigners, and a restriction of unemployment benefits and child allowances for non-European foreigners. 745:. The federal parliament had notably amended the Constitution in order to create legal possibilities to condemn the party. The Vlaams Blok also pointed at the problem of political nomination of judges, and again claimed that the lawsuit had been a political process coordinated with the Belgian Ministry of the Interior. 584:", and of attempting to sideline the Flemish question to rather favour the immigration question. Dillen however sided with Dewinter, and Wouters and his group left the party and founded the nationalist pressure group called the Nationalist Association-Dutch People's Movement. In 1989, the party won a seat in the 798:, exploitation of corruption and other scandals, and defense of traditional values. While the party was legitimized first and foremost by its defense of Flemish interests and desire for Flemish independence, its voters were mainly motivated by anti-immigration, law and order and anti-establishment protest. 729:, which upheld the complaint; the Vlaams Blok non-profit organisations were fined, and it was deemed that the Vlaams Blok was an organisation that sanctioned discrimination. The Vlaams Blok lodged an appeal which was rejected, and in November 2004, the ruling was made definite, when it was upheld by the 539:). The party's shift towards focusing on immigration was however criticised by some Vlaams Blok members, and ultimately also led to the defection of some top party figures. The party nevertheless made a clear choice of focussing on the immigration issue, which had, and would, give results in elections. 912:

in a television interview in 2001 for instance, the party leadership immediately called an emergency meeting, distanced itself from him and forced him to resign. The party also took screening measures against its local candidates to reveal any possible extremist connections, and rather wanted to risk

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In June 2001, the Brussels Correctional Court declared itself incompetent to hear the case, as it related to political misconduct. In February 2003, the Brussels Appellate Court followed and gave a similar judgement. The original plaintiffs then appealed, and the case was sent to the court of appeal

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in a coalition called "Vlaams Blok", where they won 1.4% of the vote and one seat in the Chamber of Representatives (taken by Dillen). On 28 May 1979, the VNP and VVP finally merged to form a new party named Vlaams Blok, and Dillen was nominated to be the party's leader for life. The party initially

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was established. (Other proposed names included the Flemish People's Party and Flemish Freedom Front.) The new party instituted a number of changes in its political program, carefully moderating some of the more extreme positions of the former Vlaams Blok. Nevertheless, the party leadership made it

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was the most notable militant right wing of the Flemish movement and its track record in the Flemish and Belgian parliament elections was strong, making it one of the most successful nationalist parties in Western Europe and it ultimately surpassed the People's Union in support. The party initially

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became an important issue for the Vlaams Blok from the late 1980s. Party founder Karel Dillen called for the "the return of the vast majority of non-European guest workers to their own homeland" and argued for this to happen "within a reasonable period." Interconnected with the Flemish nationalism

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Starting in 1983, the Vlaams Blok increasingly began focusing on immigration (inspired by the success of other European right-wing populist parties), and on the international day against racism in 1984 held its first conference to discuss the "foreigner problem." Towards the late 1980s, the party

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The Vlaams Blok continued to be particularly strong in and around Antwerp, where it received as much as 33% of the vote in the 2000 local elections. In 2001, the party was forced to alter its political program, as according to the laws for party financing, it was not compatible with the European

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in reality helped the strong electoral surge for the party, as it was made into what could be seen as the only "true opposition," and the party was able to bolster its claims that the Belgian political establishment sought to suppress calls for more Flemish autonomy and deny the Flemish voters a

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In late 1977, the rejection of the Egmont pact by the hardliner faction of the People's Union led to the establishment of two new (short-lived) parties; the radical nationalist Flemish National Party (VNP) and the national liberal Flemish People's Party (VVP), respectively led by

814:) was according to its program "based on the ethnic community being a naturally occurring entity whose cultural, material, ethical and intellectual interests need to be preserved." While the party primarily worked for an independent Flemish state (modeling the split on that of 826:). From the 1990s however, the latter idea was downplayed by the party, as the Netherlands then turned into a "permissive, multicultural and social-democratic state" according to one scholar (although this Dutch political situation would be sharply overturned in the 2000s). 507:, and Dillen thus started the so-called "Operation Rejuvenation", allowing for an across-the-board change of the party leadership, integrating many leaders of nationalist youth and student organisations into the party council. The party's youth organisation, the 555:

the party first started to take off, going from 5.5% of the vote in the city to 17.7%, a success which drew much publicity. On 10 May 1989, based on the Antwerp success, the presidents of all major Belgian parties (including the People's Union) signed a

360:. By 2004, the party had arguably become the single most popular Flemish party in Belgium, supported by about one in four of the Flemish electorate, as well as being one of the most successful radical right-wing populist parties in Europe as a whole. 767:

reasons, purposely undertook a weak defence, in order to lose the case; "For the party leaders, losing was much more interesting. Winning just wasn't an option." Lamine himself had earlier stated that the party should have carried the trial to the

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had already stated in 2005, that; "If we had gone to Strasbourg based on procedural arguments, we might have had a case. But Lamine already put in a private claim to overturn the Appeals Court verdict, on the basis of substantive arguments. If

433:, as they had promised them increased Flemish autonomy. These circumstances would compromise the re-emergence of Flemish nationalism after the war, although only a faction of the broader movement had actually pursued an agenda of collaboration. 397:. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Flemish nationalists operated within the established political parties, and had close ties with the political left. The early organised political expression of Flemish nationalism was triggered by 650:

as his successor. The choice of Vanhecke was seen a compromise between the Flemish nationalist wing around Annemans and the Lepenist wing around Dewinter, thus avoiding a potential internal struggle. In 1999, elections were scheduled for the

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In December 1988, a major split occurred in the party, when a group who opposed the "Operation Rejuvenation" tried to squeeze the Dewinter-VBJ faction out of the party leadership. Led by Geert Wouters, he accused Dewinter's faction of being

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focused solely on the issues of Flemish autonomy and political freedom, which remained its core philosophy, but subsequently gained wider public support through broadening its campaigns to include immigration and law-and-order themes.

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registered a complaint at the Correctional Court, in which they claimed that three non-profit organisations connected to the Vlaams Blok (its education and research office and the "National Broadcasting Corporation") had violated the

575:"I was basically very happy with its existence. There was something a bit too much about it: everybody against us. If the sense is that there is a hunt out for us, then this will only drive people to take the side of the outlaw." 748:

The leadership of the Vlaams Blok seized the occasion of the ban to dissolve the party, and start afresh under a new name. Five days later, on 14 November, the Vlaams Blok disbanded itself, and a new party with the name

997:, as well as the idea of a federal Europe itself. It however defended a con-federal Europe based on sovereign culturally homogeneous nation-states. The European issue was however not an issue the party promoted much. 319:

over Flemish interests, and what they saw as the VU's move to the left. The former VU members created the Flemish National Party (VNP) and the Flemish People's Party (VVP) which formed an electoral alliance called

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The main ideological and political strategies of the Vlaams Blok started out with its radical nationalist rejection of the People's Union compromise on the Flemish autonomy issue, later to be followed by focus on

2803: 873:, assassination, forced conversions, oppression of women, slavery and extermination of "infidels", will automatically lead to what we now call fundamentalism." The party was anti-Muslim and portrayed 600:. The group lacked an ideological coherence (stemming in part from Le Pen's support for a Belgian state nationalism), and was largely organised on pragmatic grounds simply to get financial support. 684:

for government discussions, only to find that its differences with the other parties was insurmountable, resulting in the three traditional parties forming a majority government, retaining the

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Swyngedouw, Marc; Abts, Koen; Van Craaen, Maarten (2007). "Our Own People First in a Europe of Peoples: The International Policy of the Vlaams Blok". In Liang, Christina Schori (ed.).

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were to put forth a claim against the verdict as well, at Strasbourg, the Court will bundle both cases. Then we would lose the case for sure. Lamine has thus given us the final blow."

215: 492:, while some local groups also simply turned into local branches of the Vlaams Blok. Since its inception, the party was widely regarded as an extreme right-wing and racist group. 503:. Having been founded mainly as a protest against the Egmont pact, the party revamped and broadened its platform after the pact collapsed. It did not make much progress in the 1618: 1602: 1586: 1570: 1554: 652: 643: 535:

slogan "The French first"), and saw a slight victory, winning their first seat in Senate (taken by Dillen), and for the first time two seats in the Chamber (Dewinter and

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voice in national affairs. The agreement was renewed in following years, and Vlaams Blok chairman Karel Dillen was used to call it the "insurance policy" of his party;

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disaffected with their French-speaking, often anti-Flemish, officers that had been unable to communicate with their troops. From the 1930s, the main party became the

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The electoral success of the Vlaams Blok began after the younger generation in the party shifted the party's emphasis from Flemish nationalism (separatism) to the

688:. By this time, the party had nevertheless become the very most popular Flemish party in Belgium, being supported by about one in four of the Flemish electorate. 697: 933:

in Belgium. The party was not opposed to homosexuality and supported civil partnerships for same-sex couples, but regarded same-sex marriage as a step too far.

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and that the party sanctioned discrimination. The ruling was made definite on 9 November 2004, and the party shortly after reorganised itself as the

3552: 3527: 2860: 265: 181: 444:, which was founded in 1954 as the successor to the Christian Flemish People's Union electoral alliance, that had successfully run for election 3572: 2710: 3562: 3542: 2592:"The Effects of Immigrant Population Size, Unemployment, and Individual Characteristics on Voting for the Vlaams Blok in Flanders 1991–1999" 2487: 893:

has described Vlaams Blok as one of the first radical European populist parties to pursue and gain support through an anti-Islamic agenda.

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city council, as well as in the European Parliament. There, the Vlaams Blok agreed to form a parliamentary group together with the French

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went over to the Vlaams Blok, thereby causing the SP and CVP to lose their majority in the city council. In 1992, the party ideologue

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The party also became very active in establishing contacts with post-communist parties in Eastern European countries, including the

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fight against the political establishment, often manifested through political scandals which flourished in 1990s Belgium; including

733:. The ruling meant that the party would lose access to state funding and access to television, effectively shutting the party down. 675: 660: 3532: 913:

not being able to fill its lists, rather than filling them with extremists. Particularly, the party wanted to distance itself from

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affair. The usual suspects were politicians in the three traditional party families; especially the francophone parties.

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issue, immigrants were considered to be a threat to the Flemish ethnic community. In 1992, the party established its

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Treaty on Human Rights. In 2002, the Vlaams Blok was the only party to vote unanimously against the introduction of

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institutions. In late 1992, it was announced that Staf Neel, a popular Antwerp city councillor for 22 years for the

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did traditionally have the closest contacts with Dutch and South African far-right groups, including the Dutch

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Concerns about crime and security was also linked to immigration, as the party particularly blamed

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in elections. The main party that initially represented the movement was the left-wing nationalist

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Erk, Jan (May 2005). "From Vlaams Blok to Vlaams Belang: The Belgian Far-Right Renames Itself".

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and chairman Karel Dillen established the party's comprehensive immigration program, titled the

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In 2003, the Vlaams Blok was the only major Flemish party to vote against the legalization of

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maintained good contacts with nationalist parties throughout Europe and other countries. The

499:. It stood candidates in very few communities, and was active almost entirely in the city of 312: 140: 3395: 3086: 253: 3020: 638:

Frank Vanhecke (seen in 2008) succeeded Karel Dillen as leader of the Vlaams Blok in 1996.

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The party did not have much electoral success at first, and was stable at one seat in the

8: 3504: 1936:(in Dutch) (4 ed.). Antwerpen: Standaard Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij. p. 556. 1533: 1118: 1025: 823: 243: 145: 1121:) gives a somewhat wrong image of the party's support, given that the party only ran in 2966:

Europe for the Europeans: the foreign and security policy of the populist radical right

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Politieke geschiedenis van België sinds 1830 (Political History of Belgium Since 1830)

818:), it for a long time also promoted the idea that the new state should merge with the 332:

All significant Flemish political parties were reluctant to enter coalitions with the

2970: 2937: 2922: 2558: 2262:"Why Vlaams Belang made an ethical move: ' Better a transgender than a transmigrant'" 1937: 1805: 1719: 1665: 1042:. In the mid-1980s, it also established close relations particularly with the French 930: 773: 742: 668: 581: 993:

The party was the only major Belgian party that opposed Belgium's membership of the

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and tax reductions for small and medium businesses, it also sometimes supported

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The whole trial was seen by some as a political trial, inspired by the Belgian

647: 624: 516: 512: 342:, the party was effectively blocked from entering any level of government. The 58: 2914: 2841:"The adaptation of the extreme right's discourse: the case of the Vlaams Blok" 1715:

The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies

3521: 3221: 3092: 2798: 1795: 982: 978: 974: 970: 901: 751: 714:"Today, our party has been killed, not by the electorate but by the judges." 356: 102: 2882:. The extreme right in Europe, a many faceted reality. Sabadell University. 2711:"Changing Positions on LGBTQI-Rights by Far-Right Parties in Western Europe" 452:, believing it had conceded too much to the francophone government parties. 350:

in April 2004 ruled that some of the party's organizations had breached the

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in 1978, before merging to create Vlaams Blok as a political party in 1979.

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called on the government to introduce measures to keep Belgium from being

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recruited its members from Flemish nationalist organisations, such as the

3440: 3300: 2607: 1093:. Some of the parties it established contacts with most recently was the 1059: 904:– and even then, it was strongly condemned by the party leadership. When 834: 819: 791: 548: 449: 410: 398: 969:

The party had no strong economic preferences, and generally supported a

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The Vlaams Blok and the heritage of extreme-right flemish-nationalism

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Note that the election results in elections other than those for the

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associated with the Flemish Movement (not strictly the Vlaams Blok).

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The Flemish Republic online newsletter for English-speaking people

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wing became disgruntled with the compromise of accepting Belgian

282: 3184: 2634:"How Covid-19 Has Boosted the Radical Populist Right in Belgium" 2023:"How Covid-19 Has Boosted the Radical Populist Right in Belgium" 3305: 874: 612: 3350: 3172: 870: 866: 726: 347: 985:, especially if allocated to the native Flemish population. 426: 228: 756:

clear that the party would fundamentally remain the same.

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of a cruel and expansionist religion, and after the 1990

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Rink, Nathalie; Phalet, Karen; Swyngedouw, Marc (2009).

2339:. TCS Daily. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. 1711: 698:

Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism

413:, founded by former soldiers and sympathizers from the 2876:

De Winter, Lieven (July 2004). Casals, Xavier (ed.).

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Official Vlaams Blok party comment on the conviction

2589: 2366:"Reacties over uitspraak Annemans zwaar overtrokken" 1658:Craeybeckx, Jan; Witte, Els; Meynen, Alain (2010). 941:Another element in the ideology of the party was a 691: 2474:"Vlaams Belang niet in beroep tegen veroordeling" 3519: 3062: 1794: 1062:party, which had modeled itself directly on the 865:from early on, and in its 1993 program regarded 542: 1931: 1705: 1661:Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards 896:The party was according to political scientist 368: 311:(VU) party after the right-wing separatist and 3105:Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld) 2824:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, pp. 95-96. 3048: 2554:Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe 1132: 822:, and establish a Dutch-speaking federation ( 702:Dutch-speaking Human Rights League in Belgium 1004:, citing; "The illogical composition of the 853:for various criminal activity, and sought a 3099:Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) 3015:Supreme Court's decision of 9 November 2004 2794:"Van CD naar Nederlands Blok en soms terug" 2456:"Eigen voetvolk bijlange niet meer eerst". 2363: 511:(VBJ), was founded in 1987 by among others 336:. Following a 1989 agreement, known as the 307:The party originated from split within the 3055: 3041: 2791: 2759:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, p. 90. 2446:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, p. 98. 2224:Swyngedouw; Abts; Van Craaen, 2007, p. 96. 1011: 829: 455: 213: 44: 2875: 2537: 2535: 2507: 2505: 3578:Political parties disestablished in 2004 3414:Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV/PLP) 2668: 2666: 2664: 2394: 2286: 2284: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2132: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1718:. Oxford University Press. p. 158. 633: 372: 2743: 2741: 2364:Van Hauthem, Joris (16 November 2004). 2337:"Belgians Waffle? A Ban to Worry About" 2298: 2296: 2128: 2126: 2089: 2087: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2008: 2006: 1969: 1967: 1847: 1845: 1696: 1058:. In the 1990s, it supported the minor 14: 3553:Far-right political parties in Belgium 3528:Anti-Islam political parties in Europe 3520: 2792:Rottenberg, Hella (15 November 1994). 2778: 2776: 2774: 2755: 2753: 2532: 2502: 2442: 2440: 2334: 1927: 1925: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1520: 1000:It also favoured the abolition of the 801: 3573:Political parties established in 1979 3134:Libertarian, Direct, Democratic (LDD) 3036: 2929: 2863:from the original on 29 February 2012 2838: 2806:from the original on 22 February 2014 2661: 2571:from the original on 28 December 2016 2281: 2195: 2172: 1985: 1950: 1913: 1835: 1833: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1664:. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. p. 336. 1444: 936: 657:Chamber of Representatives and Senate 598:Technical Group of the European Right 551:issue. In the 1988 local election in 425:which turned to collaborate with the 3563:Flemish political parties in Belgium 3543:Defunct political parties in Belgium 3346:Party for Freedom and Progress (PFF) 2950:from the original on 2 February 2021 2886:from the original on 6 February 2017 2738: 2550: 2395:Vanhecke, Frank (20 November 2004). 2335:Totten, Michael (22 November 2004). 2293: 2151:from the original on 13 January 2013 2123: 2084: 2057: 2041: 2003: 1964: 1932:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan (1985). 1842: 1056:National Democratic Party of Germany 527:with the slogan "Own people first" ( 2898: 2771: 2750: 2672: 2640:from the original on 22 August 2021 2557:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 138. 2437: 2304:"Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist" 2133:Roxburgh, Angus (9 November 2004). 2029:from the original on 22 August 2021 1922: 1881: 1804:. Lynne Rienner. pp. 109–112. 1783: 1732:from the original on 3 January 2014 1712:Thomas Poguntke; Paul Webb (2007). 1104: 24: 2717:from the original on 21 March 2020 2614:from the original on 26 March 2015 2407:from the original on 16 April 2013 2376:from the original on 16 April 2013 1830: 1756: 1744: 1651: 1139:Belgian Chamber of Representatives 1079:IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement 300:, calling for the independence of 296:platform. Its ideologies embraced 25: 3599: 3473:Social Liberal Party (SLP/Spirit) 2985: 2933:The ideology of the extreme right 2847:(2). European Centre for Ethics, 2691:from the original on 20 July 2011 1818:from the original on 29 July 2020 988: 806:The main issue for the party was 3386:Christian Social Party (CVP/PSC) 2490:from the original on 15 May 2011 2316:from the original on 25 May 2012 1678:from the original on 27 May 2016 1527:Dutch-speaking electoral college 1115:Dutch-speaking electoral college 924: 719:Frank Vanhecke, 9 November 2004. 692:Court of Cassation ruling (2004) 676:2004 Flemish Parliament election 3533:Anti-Islam sentiment in Belgium 2936:. Manchester University Press. 2831: 2818: 2785: 2762: 2729: 2703: 2652: 2626: 2583: 2544: 2523: 2514: 2466: 2449: 2428: 2419: 2388: 2357: 2328: 2272: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2186: 2163: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2075: 2015: 1976: 1904: 1895: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1801:Ethnopolitics in the New Europe 908:cast doubt on the scale of the 869:as "a doctrine, which preaches 266:Technical Group of Independents 3568:Right-wing populism in Belgium 3291:Left Socialist Party (LSP/PSL) 3179:Les Engagés (The Engaged Ones) 3011:, a website of the Vlaams Blok 2849:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 1774: 1690: 1642: 861:. The party was also strongly 770:European Court of Human Rights 436:The direct predecessor to the 377:The unofficial version of the 27:Former Flemish far-right party 13: 1: 3486:The numbers are seats in the 2135:"Blow to Belgium's far right" 2081:De Winter, 2004, pp. 2 and 6. 1699:Essentials of Political Ideas 1635: 1529:is given in the parenthesis. 953:scandals. These included the 543:Rise of the party (1988–2004) 3433:Flemish National Union (VNV) 3341:Christian Social Party (CSP) 3064:Political parties in Belgium 2969:. Ashgate. pp. 81–102. 2768:Mudde, 2003, pp. 93 and 128. 1798:; Breuning, Marijke (1998). 900:only very rarely accused of 736: 469:. The parties contested the 369:Background, Flemish Movement 7: 3202:Liberal Democrats (Belgium) 3087:New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) 2511:De Winter, 2004, pp. 12-13. 2462:. 22 July 2006. p. 26. 784: 407:proportional representation 281:, or VB) was the name of a 10: 3604: 3488:Chamber of Representatives 1133:Chamber of Representatives 964: 772:, but Vlaams Blok senator 490:Order of Flemish Militants 401:, and the introduction of 389:originated from the loose 363: 3500:List of political parties 3483: 3374: 3333: 3263: 3254:Workers' Party (PVDA/PTB) 3246: 3239: 3194: 3153: 3146: 3126: 3079: 3070: 3026:27 September 2011 at the 2997:Flanders Independent site 2915:10.1080/01402380500085681 2551:Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). 2349:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2290:Coffé, 2005, pp. 214-215. 2215:Coffé, 2005, pp. 209-210. 2169:Coffé, 2005, pp. 213-214. 2120:Coffé, 2005, pp. 211-212. 1851:De Winter, 2004, pp. 4-5. 1288: 278: 239: 226: 221: 212: 207: 199: 168:European Parliament group 166: 154: 126: 118: 108: 98: 88: 80: 72: 64: 52: 43: 34: 3583:Pro-independence parties 3538:Banned far-right parties 2673:Art, David (July 2008). 2268:(in Dutch). 5 June 2019. 1697:Heywood, Andrew (2018). 1095:Freedom Party of Austria 1071:Croatian Party of Rights 1038:, and the South African 292:political party with an 3400:Socialist Party (SP/PS) 3167:Reformist Movement (MR) 2747:De Winter, 2004, p. 14. 2735:Mudde, 2003, pp. 91-92. 2111:De Winter, 2004, p. 19. 2102:Mudde, 2003, pp. 88-89. 2072:De Winter, 2004, p. 13. 1982:Mudde, 2003, pp. 87-88. 1973:De Winter, 2004, p. 15. 1901:Mudde, 2003, pp. 84-85. 1878:Mudde, 2003, pp. 83-84. 1753:Erk, 2005, pp. 493-502. 1701:. Palgrave. p. 58. 1648:De Winter, 2004, p. 16. 1083:Scottish National Party 1012:International relations 830:Immigration, minorities 456:Early years (1978–1988) 156:Political position 3396:Labour Party (BWP/POB) 3002:29 August 2018 at the 2902:West European Politics 2857:10.2143/EP.12.2.630049 2192:De Winter, 2004, p. 7. 1892:De Winter, 2004, p. 2. 1869:De Winter, 2004, p. 5. 1839:De Winter, 2004, p. 4. 1771:De Winter, 2004, p. 6. 716: 644:1994 European election 639: 577: 505:1985 general elections 497:1981 general elections 471:1978 general elections 423:Flemish National Union 382: 76:28 May 1979 (as party) 3217:Rally Wallonia France 3093:Flemish Interest (VB) 2839:Coffé, Hilde (2005). 1075:Slovak National Party 1048:German People's Union 973:. While it supported 712: 696:In October 2000, the 637: 605:1991 general election 573: 531:, inspired by French 525:1987 general election 446:earlier the same year 376: 313:national conservative 141:National conservatism 3366:Socialist Party (SP) 3161:Socialist Party (PS) 2845:Ethical Perspectives 2682:Comparative Politics 2658:Mudde, 2003, p. 100. 2541:Mudde, 2003, p. 103. 2425:Coffé, 2005, p. 216. 2278:Coffé, 2005, p. 212. 2251:Coffé, 2005, p. 214. 2093:Coffé, 2005, p. 213. 2054:Coffé, 2005, p. 209. 2012:Coffé, 2005, p. 208. 1910:Coffé, 2005, p. 207. 1780:Coffé, 2005, p. 205. 707:1981 anti-racism law 700:, together with the 509:Vlaams Blok Jongeren 352:1981 anti-racism law 114:Vlaams Blok Jongeren 3505:Politics of Belgium 3276:Belgian Union (BUB) 3147:Francophone parties 2992:Vlaams Blok website 2930:Mudde, Cas (2003). 2782:Mudde, 2003, p. 93. 2713:. 2 November 2017. 2636:. 27 October 2020. 2529:Mudde, 2003, p. 97. 2520:Mudde, 2003, p. 96. 2312:. 9 November 2004. 2242:Mudde, 2003, p. 92. 2233:Mudde, 2003, p. 91. 2206:Mudde, 2003, p. 90. 2183:Mudde, 2003, p. 89. 2025:. 27 October 2020. 2000:Mudde, 2003, p. 88. 1961:Mudde, 2003, p. 87. 1919:Mudde, 2003, p. 85. 1860:Mudde, 2003, p. 83. 1543:# of overall votes 1536: 1534:European Parliament 1521:European Parliament 1460:# of overall votes 1453: 1304:# of overall votes 1297: 1141: 1119:European Parliament 857:approach regarding 824:Greater Netherlands 808:Flemish nationalism 802:Flemish nationalism 653:European Parliament 298:Flemish nationalism 244:Politics of Belgium 146:Right-wing populism 136:Flemish nationalism 68:1978 (as coalition) 3222:Walloon Rally (RW) 2608:10.1093/esr/jcn028 2434:Erk, 2005, p. 493. 2397:"Niets veranderd!" 1532: 1451:Flemish Parliament 1449: 1445:Flemish Parliament 1293: 1151:% of overall vote 1137: 1125:, the one half of 1111:Flemish Parliament 937:Anti-establishment 759:Professor Lamine ( 731:Court of Cassation 661:Flemish Parliament 640: 476:Taal Aktie Komitee 403:universal suffrage 383: 182:Technical Group of 3513: 3512: 3491: 3418: 3404: 3390: 3356:Libertarian Party 3329: 3328: 3235: 3234: 3207:Libertarian Party 3142: 3141: 3111:Vooruit (Forward) 2976:978-0-7546-4851-2 2943:978-0-7190-6446-3 1811:978-1-55587-610-4 1796:Ishiyama, John T. 1725:978-0-19-921849-3 1671:978-90-5487-517-8 1633: 1632: 1518: 1517: 1442: 1441: 1286: 1285: 1148:# of total votes 1046:, as well as the 981:and defended the 931:same-sex marriage 812:volksnationalisme 774:Joris Van Hauthem 669:same-sex marriage 529:Eigen volk eerst! 440:was the big tent 272: 271: 249:Political parties 99:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 3595: 3558:Flemish Movement 3485: 3476: 3468: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3428: 3427:(1921/1989–2009) 3416: 3402: 3388: 3244: 3243: 3151: 3150: 3077: 3076: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3034: 3033: 2980: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2926: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2748: 2745: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2690: 2679: 2670: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2486:. 7 March 2005. 2470: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2130: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2055: 2052: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1962: 1959: 1948: 1947: 1929: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1840: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1792: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1754: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1537: 1531: 1454: 1448: 1298: 1292: 1142: 1136: 1105:Election results 1097:and the Italian 1040:Boerestaat Party 1030:Centre Democrats 1026:Centre Party '86 1006:Security Council 949:, food and even 915:Holocaust denial 720: 686:cordon sanitaire 568:cordon sanitaire 564:cordon sanitaire 559:cordon sanitaire 391:Flemish Movement 379:Flag of Flanders 339:cordon sanitaire 294:anti-immigration 280: 235: 232: 230: 217: 48: 32: 31: 21: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3548:Euronat members 3518: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3495:Portal:Politics 3479: 3471: 3463: 3455: 3447: 3439: 3431: 3425:Communist Party 3423: 3370: 3334:German-speaking 3325: 3316:Communist Party 3259: 3231: 3190: 3138: 3122: 3072:Flemish parties 3066: 3061: 3028:Wayback Machine 3004:Wayback Machine 2988: 2983: 2977: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2889: 2887: 2866: 2864: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2565: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2358: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2058: 2053: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1944: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1812: 1793: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1726: 1710: 1706: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1672: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1549:# of seats won 1525:Results in the 1523: 1466:# of seats won 1447: 1310:# of seats won 1291: 1154:# of seats won 1135: 1107: 1052:The Republicans 1014: 991: 967: 939: 927: 891:Hans-Georg Betz 832: 804: 787: 739: 722: 718: 694: 621:Socialist Party 609:Flemish Brabant 594:The Republicans 592:and the German 545: 458: 419:Flanders Fields 371: 366: 344:court of appeal 259: 258: 227: 195: 183: 150: 89:Split from 84:9 November 2004 39: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3601: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3461: 3457:People's Union 3453: 3449:National Front 3445: 3437: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3406: 3392: 3382:Catholic Party 3378: 3376: 3375:Former notable 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2994: 2987: 2986:External links 2984: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2960: 2942: 2927: 2909:(3): 493–502. 2896: 2873: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2817: 2784: 2770: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2728: 2702: 2660: 2651: 2625: 2602:(4): 411–424. 2596:Eur Sociol Rev 2582: 2563: 2543: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2501: 2465: 2448: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2387: 2356: 2327: 2292: 2280: 2271: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2194: 2185: 2171: 2162: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2083: 2074: 2056: 2040: 2014: 2002: 1984: 1975: 1963: 1949: 1942: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1810: 1782: 1773: 1755: 1743: 1724: 1704: 1689: 1670: 1650: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626:14.3% (23.2%) 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540:Election year 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457:Election year 1446: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301:Election year 1295:Belgian Senate 1290: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145:Election year 1134: 1131: 1106: 1103: 1091:Herri Batasuna 1044:National Front 1013: 1010: 1002:United Nations 995:European Union 990: 989:Foreign policy 987: 966: 963: 955:Agusta scandal 938: 935: 926: 923: 855:zero tolerance 831: 828: 816:Czechoslovakia 803: 800: 786: 783: 738: 735: 711: 693: 690: 648:Frank Vanhecke 625:Filip Dewinter 590:National Front 544: 541: 533:National Front 517:Frank Vanhecke 513:Filip Dewinter 457: 454: 442:People's Union 370: 367: 365: 362: 270: 269: 264:(1989–94) and 262:European Right 257: 256: 251: 246: 240: 237: 236: 224: 223: 219: 218: 210: 209: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 194: 193: 187: 179: 176:European Right 172: 170: 164: 163: 158: 152: 151: 149: 148: 143: 138: 132: 130: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 59:Frank Vanhecke 56: 50: 49: 41: 40: 36: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3600: 3589: 3588:Vlaams Belang 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3516: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3410:Liberal Party 3407: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3117:Green (Groen) 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2799:de Volkskrant 2795: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2732: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2564:9780312083908 2560: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2536: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2422: 2406: 2402: 2401:Vlaams Belang 2398: 2391: 2375: 2371: 2370:Vlaams Belang 2367: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2338: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2009: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1979: 1970: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1945: 1943:90-02-15260-4 1939: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1700: 1693: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1654: 1645: 1641: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1610:9.4% (15.1%) 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594:7.8% (12.6%) 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 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