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would land on (smooth) water; then be lowered and raised from the sea via crane. The Navy also considered combining the Sea Dart with the unorthodox approach of a submarine aircraft carrier that could carry up to three such aircraft inside purpose-built pressure chambers. They would have been raised by a portside elevator aft of the sail and either take off on their own from a smooth sea or be catapult launched from the aft in a higher sea. During the test flight phase, the hydro-skis generated violent vibrations during takeoff and landing, while a fatal crash caused by structural failure also marred the programme; the Navy opted to cancel all production aircraft.
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with data on the project being transferred. However, officials concluded that the concept had been rendered obsolete in comparison to increasingly capable land-based fighters, together with the inability to resolve engine difficulties, compelling a termination of work. During June 1951, the SR.A/1 prototype (TG263) flew for the last time.
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containers providing hangarage for the aircraft and housing their support systems and personnel as well as defensive systems and missiles. Several variants of the SCADS concept were devised for different missions roles; one implementation was tailored towards helicopter operations for example. It was effectively a modern equivalent to the
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1054:, enabling virtually any Royal Navy ship to deploy a handful of Harriers. It was intended for the Skyhook to enable not only the launch and recovery of such aircraft, but to enable rapid rearming and refuelling operations to be performed. The system was marketed to various foreign customers into the 1990s, such as to enable
327:, becoming the first person to land an aircraft on a moving ship. However, on his third attempt, a tire burst as he attempted to land, causing the aircraft to go over the side, killing him; thus Dunning also has the dubious distinction of being the first person to die in an aircraft carrier landing accident.
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into aviation vessels, with one scheme allowing a container ship to be converted to a STOVL aircraft carrier in two days during an emergency and quick removal after use for storage. A prefabricated flight deck and ski jump would allow six Sea
Harriers and two helicopters to be operated, with shipping
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A ski-jump converts part of the aircraft's forward motion to upward motion through the use of a curved ramp located at the end of the flight deck. As a result, the aircraft starts out its flight with a positive rate-of-climb. This allows heavier aircraft to take off even though the lift generated is
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had a 654-by-70-by-17.5-foot (199.3 m × 21.3 m × 5.3 m) hangar that was designed to handle a mix of 72 prewar USN aircraft. but carried up to 104 late-war aircraft using both the hangar and a permanent deck park. The experience of World War II caused the USN to change their
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was a supersonic seaplane jet fighter that had skis rather than wheels. In the late 1940s, the United States Navy feared that supersonic aircraft would stall at low speeds required for a carrier arresting gear, and therefore would not be able to land on a conventional aircraft carrier. The Sea Dart
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An idea tested, but never put into service, was the flexible or inflated, air-cushioned, "rubber deck". In the early jet age it was recognised that eliminating the landing gear for carrier borne aircraft would improve the flight performance and range, since the space taken by the landing gear could
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featured increased hangar capacity with a 458-by-62-by-14-foot (139.6 m × 18.9 m × 4.3 m) upper hangar and the addition of a 208-by-62-by-14-foot (63.4 m × 18.9 m × 4.3 m) lower hangar, forward of the after elevator, which had a total capacity of 52
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referred to it as the "Saunders-Roe
Hydroski" — with the aim of bringing its performance closer to that of land-based aircraft. By adopting hydroskis and dispensing with the hull approach of the SR.A/1, no concessions to hydrodynamic requirements were imposed upon the fuselage. On 29 January 1955,
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The armor also reduced the length of the flight deck, reducing the maximum aircraft capacity of the armored flight deck aircraft carrier. Additionally, Royal Navy aircraft carriers did not use a permanent deck park until approximately 1943; before then the aircraft capacity of RN aircraft carriers
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In 1936 the Royal Navy developed the armored flight deck aircraft carrier which also enclosed the hangar sides and ends with armor. The addition of armor to the flight deck offered aircraft below some protection against aerial bombs while the armored hangar sides and ends helped to minimize damage
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In these ships, the flight deck was the strength deck, an integral part of the hull, and was heavily armored to protect the ship and her air complement. The flight deck as the strength deck was adopted for later construction. This was necessitated by the ever-increasing size of the ships, from the
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during the 1930s. Early landing arrangements relied on the low speed and landing speed of the era's aircraft, being simply "caught" by a team of deck-hands in a fairly hazardous arrangement, but these became impractical as heavier aircraft with higher landing speeds emerged; thus an arrangement of
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fighter, developed during the 1940s with the intention of eliminating the monopoly held by aircraft carriers on launching jet fighters. Described as being the first water-based aircraft to harness jet propulsion in the world, the SR.A/1 attracted interest from both
British and American officials,
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Landing arrangements were originally primitive, with aircraft simply being "caught" by a team of deck-hands who would run out from the wings of the flight deck and grab a part of the aircraft to slow it down. This dangerous procedure was only possible with early aircraft of low weight and landing
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for rubber deck landings. The flexible deck idea was found to be technically feasible but was abandoned, as the weight of carrier aircraft increased and there were always doubts about the ability of an average pilot to land in this way. The Type 508 was subsequently developed into a conventional
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The redesign allowed for several other design and operational modifications, including the mounting of a larger island (improving both ship-handling and flight control), drastically simplified aircraft recovery and deck movement (aircraft now launched from the bow and landed on the angled flight
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The cables are set to stop each aircraft at the same place on the deck, regardless of the size or weight of the plane. During World War II, large net barriers would be erected across the flight deck so aircraft could be parked on the forward part of the deck and recovered on the after part. This
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The angled flight deck was designed with the higher landing speeds of jet aircraft in mind, which would have required the entire length of a centreline flight deck to stop. The design also allowed for concurrent launch and recovery operations, and allowed aircraft failing to connect with the
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In ships of this configuration, the hangar deck was the strength deck and an integral part of the hull, and the hangar and light steel flight deck were considered to be part of the superstructure. Such ships were still being built into the late 1940s, classic examples being the U.S. Navy's
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reported that her maximum hangar capacity was 51 aircraft, 15 SB2Cs and 36 F4Us, and that 52 were carried as a deck park. At that time she carried 15 TBMs, 15 SB2Cs and the rest were a mix of F6Fs and F4Us. She was prompted to utilize, and report on, her maximum hangar storage due to a
575:(USN) initially favored unarmored flight decks because they maximized aircraft carrier hangar and flight deck size, which in turn maximized aircraft capacity in the hangar, and on the flight deck, in the form of a permanent "deck park" for a large proportion of the aircraft carried.
1011:. Three US pilots had participated in the British flexible deck trials at Farnborough and the US Navy, despite liaison with the British, partially redid the Farnborough trials, with 23 landings at Patuxent River, before cancelling the project in March 1956 for similar reasons.
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of the Royal Navy, was one prominent design feature that drastically simplified aircraft recovery and deck movements, enabling landing and launching operations to be performed simultaneously rather than interchangeably; it also better handled the higher landing speeds of
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The United States Navy held considerable interest in the submarine aircraft carrier concept during the late 1940s. A study performed in 1946 envisioned very large submarines, ranging from 600 ft (180 m) to 750 ft (230 m) in length, to carry two
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and casualties from explosions or fires within or outside the hangar. The addition of armor to the hangar forced a reduction in top-weight, so the hangar height was reduced, and this restricted the types of aircraft that these ships could carry, although the
753:, as an outgrowth of design study initially begun in the winter of 1944–1945. A committee of senior Royal Navy officers decided that the future of naval aviation was in jets, whose higher speeds required that the carriers be modified to "fit" their needs.
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or "wires". Current U.S. Navy carriers have three or four steel cables stretched across the deck at 20 ft (6.1 m) intervals which bring a plane, traveling at 150 mph (240 km/h), to a complete stop in about 320 ft (98 m).
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and no funnel. Rather, exhaust gases were trunked down the side of the ship and ejected under the fantail of the flight deck (which, despite arrangements to disperse the gases, gave an unwelcome "lift" to aircraft immediately prior to landing).
1050:, involving the use of a crane with a top mating mechanism hung over the sea to catch and release VTOL aircraft, such as the Harrier jump jet. The system could be installed on ships of various configurations and sizes, even those as small as
293:
Because the take-off speed of early aircraft was so low, it was possible for an aircraft to make a very short take off when the launching ship was steaming into the wind. Later, removable "flying-off platforms" appeared on the gun turrets of
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smaller. Gravity causes the upward velocity to decline, but the aircraft continues to accelerate after leaving the flight deck. By the time the upward velocity has decayed to zero, the aircraft is going fast enough to attain stable flight.
274:
using the first tailhook system, designed and built by circus performer and aviator Hugh
Robinson. Ely told a reporter: "It was easy enough. I think the trick could be successfully turned nine times out of ten." On 9 May 1912, Commander
338:
was therefore returned to dockyard hands to have a 300 ft (91 m) deck added aft for landing, on top of a new hangar. The central superstructure remained, however, and turbulence caused by it badly affected the landing deck.
492:
Because the military effectiveness of aircraft carriers was then unknown, early ships were typically equipped with cruiser-calibre guns to aid in their defense if surprised by enemy warships. These guns were generally removed in
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was used to experiment with various ideas to remedy the solution. A photograph in 1917 shows her with a canvas mock-up of a starboard "island" superstructure and funnel. This was placed on the starboard side because the
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382:, which had a large flat wooden deck added over the entire length of the hull, giving a combined landing and take-off deck unobstructed by superstructure turbulence. Because of her unobstructed flight deck,
501:, as carrier doctrine developed the "task force" (later called "battle group") model, where the carrier's defense against surface ships would be a combination of escorting warships and its own aircraft.
571:
When aircraft carriers supplanted battleships as the primary fleet capital ship, there were two schools of thought on the question of armor protection being included into the flight deck. The
601:-sized aircraft and a single 458-by-62-by-16-foot (139.6 m × 18.9 m × 4.9 m) hangar, but carried up to 57 aircraft with a permanent deck park, while the 23,400-ton
199:, which fitted an angled ramp on the flight deck near the end of the aircraft's takeoff run; the change greatly reduced the distance required and became particularly useful for operating
970:
With the introduction of jet aircraft the risk of damaging propellers was no longer an issue, though take off would require some sort of launching cradle. Tests were carried out with a
1062:
to operate
Harriers by installing the Skyhook on board. Perhaps the most elaborate implementation proposed was the application of the Skyhook to large submarines, such as the Russian
709:
is an emergency system used if a normal arrestment cannot be made. Barricade webbing engages the wings of the landing aircraft, and momentum is transferred to the arresting engine.
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to port on take-off; therefore, it was desirable that they turned away from the fixed superstructure. This became the typical aircraft carrier arrangement and was used in the next
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deck, leaving a large open area amidships for arming and fueling), and damage control. Because of its utility in flight operations, the angled deck is now a defining feature of
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aircraft. Furthermore, various unsuccessful concepts to replace or complement the conventional flight deck have emerged over the years, from the flexible flight deck to the
2434:
A version of this article appeared in print on
January 26, 2012, on page A6 of the New York edition with the headline: Potent Sting Is Prepared In the Belly Of a Warship.
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With this type of deck – also called a "skewed deck", "canted deck", "waist angle deck", or the "angle" – the aft part of the deck is widened, and a separate
1938:
832:
Despite the new markings, in both cases the arresting gear and barriers were still aligned with the centerline of the original deck. From
September to December 1952,
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609:
Swordfish-sized aircraft or a mix of 48 late-war aircraft in the hangar plus 24 aircraft in a permanent deck park, but carried up to 81 aircraft with a deck park.
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became the first carrier to be constructed and launched with an angled deck, rather than having one retrofitted. This was followed in the same year by the
2124:"The full story of the Harrier 'Jump-Jet' Part Four—the 'Second Generation' Harriers—The BAe/MDD AV-8B Harrier II, GR.5, GR.7, GR.9 & T.10 Harriers"
1991:, "Improvements in or relating to apparatus for facilitating landing of aircraft", issued 1955-12-21, assigned to Westland Aircraft Ltd
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32:
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illustrating how increasing the offset angle of a carrier's recovery area allows the use of two catapults during launch and recovery operations.
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Various types of flight deck configurations, some of which include ski-jump ramps which can be found on aircraft carriers in several countries.
1960:
685:
Landing larger and faster aircraft on a flight deck was made possible through the use of arresting cables installed on the flight deck and a
148:. The first aircraft carrier to feature a full-length flight deck, akin to the configuration of the modern vessels, was the converted liner
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speed. Arrangements of nets served to catch the aircraft should the latter fail, although this was likely to cause structural damage. A
481:—were converted to carriers along the above lines. Being large and fast they were perfectly suited to this role; the heavy armoring and
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take off and land, essentially a miniature airfield at sea. On smaller naval ships which do not have aviation as a primary mission, the
937:
2103:
Sambuy, Dí (1990). SCADS A AND B - TWO VERSIONS FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF PART OF THE LOAD TO WEAPONS SYSTEMS ON CONTAINERSHIPS (Report).
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37:
1988:
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the company decided not to proceed with the construction of a prototype, the proposal having not attracted any official support.
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installed for true angled-deck tests, allowing for full arrested landings, which proved during trials to be superior. In 1953,
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1946:
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era, multiple unorthodox alternatives to the conventional flight deck were proposed and, in some cases, experimented with.
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by painting angled deck markings onto the centerline of the flight deck for touch-and-go landings. This was also tested on
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be used to hold additional fuel tanks. This led to the concept of a deck that would absorb the energy of landing.
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NATOPS Instrument Flight Manual NAVAIR 00-80T-112 : "Helicopter
Operation Procedures for Air-Capable Ships"
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attack aircraft, which would have been equipped with hydro-skis for takeoff similar to those of the Sea Dart.
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The first aircraft carrier that began to show the configuration of the modern vessel was the converted liner
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The US Navy evaluated a shore-based flexible deck made by
Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. using two modified
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being the first individual to take off from a warship. Initially consisting of wooden ramps built over the
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The deck consisted of a rubberised sheet fully supported on multiple layers of pressurised fire hose.
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This article is about the flight deck of an aircraft carrier. For the flight deck of an aircraft, see
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309:, allowing aircraft to be flown off for scouting purposes, although there was no chance of recovery.
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were highly unsatisfactory. In order to land, aircraft had to maneuver around the superstructure.
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era, numerous innovations were introduced to the flight deck. The angled flight deck, invented by
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fighters. Another proposal would have involved the conversion of redundant Second World War-era
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The
Shipborne Containerised Air-defence System (SCADS) was a proposed modular kit to convert a
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design policy in favor of armored flight decks on much larger ships: "The main armor carried on
2600:
2595:
2160:
Jacobs, Gordon. "Reporting from the East, Japan continues to emphasis its sea defense forces".
2008:
1824:
Hone, Thomas C.; Friedman, Norman; Mandeles, Mark D. (2011). "Innovation in Carrier Aviation".
2186:
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trained with both U.S. and British naval units, proving the worth of the angled-deck concept.
2676:
2497:
Truebe, Carl (September 2017). "Question 29/53: RN WWI 'Flying-off' platforms". Ask Infoser.
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showing how the offset recovery area allows for simultaneous launch and recovery operations.
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deck surface is important to prevent aircraft from sliding on a wet deck as the ship rolls.
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Action Report, Operations in Support Of The Occupation Of Okinawa Including Strike Against
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Two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss pusher plane on a platform on
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became the first aircraft carrier to trial the angled flight deck. Another advance was the
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when all its carriers had only armored hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the
8:
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On US Navy aircraft carrier flight decks tasks are indicated by different jersey colors:
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Plane director – responsible for all movement of all aircraft on the flight/hangar deck
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as aircraft were shuffled around the carrier to allow take-off or landing operations.
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Air wing plane captain – air wing squadron personnel who prepare aircraft for flight
46:
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Farnborough and the Fleet Air Arm. Geoffrey G.J.Cooper 2008, Midland Publishing,
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became the first man to take off from a ship which was underway when he flew his
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During the early 1950s, Saunders-Roe worked on a new fighter design, designated
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is the heavy armored flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the
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1834:"The Development of the Angled-Deck Aircraft Carrier—Innovation and Adaptation"
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U.S. Naval Air Superiority, Development Of Shoipborne Jet Fighters 1943–1962
1668:"Order of Battle - Carrier Raids on the Home Islands : 24-28 July 1945"
1611:"Order of Battle - Carrier Raids on the Home Islands : 24-28 July 1945"
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strikes "...The Fleet Air Arm suffered...44 personnel killed...By contrast
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Chocks and chains – entry-level flight-deck workers under the yellowshirts
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s flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during
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Flight decks have been in use upon ships since 1910, the American pilot
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Yellow, brown, red and purple jersey colors on USS Dwight D. Eisenhower
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583:'s armored carriers did carry spare aircraft in the hangar overheads.
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290:, which was steaming at 10.5 kn (12.1 mph; 19.4 km/h).
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installed on the aircraft. Early carriers had a very large number of
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1747:(1st American ed.). New York: Frederick Fell, Inc. p. 36.
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Ski-jumps can be used to enable conventional aircraft to takeoff on
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The lack of a command position and funnel was unsatisfactory, and
42:, catapults are installed on aircraft carriers in three countries.
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20:
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Hone, Thomas; Friedman, Norman; Mandeles, Mark (20 March 2018).
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was modified with an overhanging angled flight deck in 1954.
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On 2 August 1917, while performing trials, Squadron Commander
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aircraft is also referred to as the flight deck. The official
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The Hybrid Warship: The Amalgamation of Big Guns and Aircraft
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aircraft carriers. They can also enable heavier payloads for
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American and British Aircraft Carrier Development, 1919-1941
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U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
1917:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 188.
1449:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 125.
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722:
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allowed increased complements but resulted in a lengthened
79:
1412:. Naval Air Systems Command, Department of the Navy. 2006.
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which pulled the nose left, meaning an aircraft naturally
2338:
U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History
1687:: 37 Hellcats, 37 Corsairs, 15 Helldivers and 15 Avengers
1571:, Windsor, Berkshire: Profile Publications, p. 257,
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to enable carriage and launch of a seaplane model of the
2026:
1427:. No. 39895. London. 10 May 1912. col 3, p. 8.
226:
Eugene Ely's first landing, on the armored cruiser USS
2287:
British Secret Projects : Jet Fighters since 1950
2274:
British Secret Projects : Jet Fighters since 1950
1732:, Windsor, Berkshire: Profile Publications, p. 56
778:) without risk to other parked or launching aircraft.
2232:
1914:
U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History
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lost 387 dead in the Kamikaze attack on 11 May 1945."
357:
showing the full-length flight deck from bow to stern
2416:"Potent Sting Is Prepared in the Belly of a Warship"
2317:
1831:
1823:
1437:
815:The angled flight deck was first tested in 1952 on
489:served to be something of a handicap in practice.
438:that otherwise would have been discarded under the
1248:Helicopter landing signal enlisted personnel (LSE)
2298:
857:The U.S. Navy installed the decks as part of the
320:successfully on board the flying-off platform of
252:first fixed-wing aircraft take-off from a warship
144:, were converted to aircraft carriers during the
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1983:
1877:
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1589:, London, UK: Chatham Publications, p. 61,
1543:, London, UK: Chatham Publications, p. 62,
1503:Kamikaze, The Story of the British Pacific Fleet
1385:Modern United States Navy carrier air operations
1145:Modern United States Navy carrier air operations
772:to abort the landing, accelerate, and relaunch (
764:is positioned at an angle from the centreline.
543:in 1922 to over 100,000 tons in the latest
2192:, October 1983, p. 181. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
1799:"History of Fleet Air Arm Officers Association"
1569:Aircraft Carrier 1939–1956, Operational History
86:term for these vessels is "air-capable ships".
16:Landing/take off surface of an aircraft carrier
2261:Tests with the Beryl-powered S.R./A.1 continue
673:. Barricade usage is a rare emergency measure.
2563:
2407:
1864:
1239:Ground support equipment (GSE) troubleshooter
1172:
2395:. Official Website of the United States Navy
1701:US Navy Carrier Airgroups Pacific, 1941-1945
936:taking off from the ski-jump on the deck of
2451:Layman, R. D.; McLaughlin, Stephen (1991).
1906:
1904:
1630:: 48 Seafires, 21 Avengers and 12 Fireflies
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1187:US aircraft carrier: jack colors and tasks
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485:and low speed of the converted battleship
242:were inclined wooden ramps built over the
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2299:Friedman, Norman; Christley, Jim (1995).
2202:
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2073:Tommy H. Thomason 2007, Specialty Press,
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2303:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
2223:
2173:Treadwell, Terry. "Submarine Aviation",
1910:
1901:
1587:British Warships of the Second World War
1573:42 F4U Corsairs and 15 Fairey Barracudas
1541:British Warships of the Second World War
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159:was another innovation pioneered by the
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2472:Convair Deltas: From Seadart to Hustler
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587:was limited to their hangar capacity.
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2474:. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press.
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2006:
1742:
1646:, London, UK: Conway Maritime Press,
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1269:Firefighter and damage control party
1046:The Skyhook system was developed by
2808:
1209:Catapult and arresting gear officer
172:soon became the favoured approach.
155:which entered service in 1918. The
13:
2824:Shipborne rolling vertical landing
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14:
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2455:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2414:Chivers, C.J. (25 January 2012),
1830:; abridged findings published as
1266:Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD)
2535:
2009:"Supermarine Scimitar - History"
1730:(CVAN 65) Nuclear Attack Carrier
1480:, Kyushu. 28 May to 10 June 1945
1224:Catapult and arresting gear crew
648:have had armored flight decks."
628:catastrophic fire and explosions
518:carriers. However, in 1936, the
2443:
2385:
2362:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2259:(2224): 288. 7 September 1951.
2241:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2142:
2126:. Wingweb.co.uk. Archived from
2115:
2096:
2084:
2064:
2048:
2000:
1977:
1953:
1931:
1817:
1791:
1761:
1736:
1717:
1692:
1659:
1635:
1505:. Worcester. pp. 338–339.
1123:mission, or alternatively four
1014:
981:onto a flexible deck fitted to
403:of some early aircraft created
2229:King 14 December 1950, p. 555.
2175:The Putnam Aeronautical Review
1724:Cracknell, William H. (1972),
1602:
1578:
1556:
1532:
1494:
1463:
1431:
1416:
1402:
1356:Medical personnel (white with
1227:Visual landing aid electrician
342:
1:
2348:. pp. 178–182, 262–263.
2346:United States Naval Institute
2034:"de Havilland DH.100 Vampire"
1644:The Aircraft Carrier Intrepid
1390:
749:Captain (later Rear Admiral)
726:Animated representation of a
597:had a hangar capacity for 36
2207:King, H. F. (25 June 1954).
2149:Layman & McLaughlin 1991
2091:Layman & McLaughlin 1991
1726:Warship Profile No. 15: USS
1565:Warship Profile No. 11: HMS
1445:; Mandeles, Mark D. (1999).
1423:"Flight From the Hibernia".
1395:
1341:Landing signal officer (LSO)
812:equipped aircraft carriers.
330:The landing arrangements on
217:
25:Flight Deck (disambiguation)
7:
2151:, pp. 154–155, 192–193
1501:Eadon, Stuart, ed. (1991).
1368:
1305:Messengers and phone talker
1233:Air wing quality controller
961:
917:
10:
2896:
2369:John Pike (6 April 2000).
1887:Sea Power Centre Australia
1828:. Naval War College Press.
1344:Air transfer officer (ATO)
1299:Aircraft elevator operator
1142:
1119:bombers for the strategic
1068:submarine aircraft carrier
921:
655:
651:
564:
560:
522:began construction of the
371:'s full length flight deck
205:submarine aircraft carrier
18:
2880:Naval aviation technology
2854:Floating landing platform
2774:
2746:Launch and recovery cycle
2667:
2629:
2586:
2336:Friedman, Norman (1994).
2238:London 2003, pp. 235–237.
1911:Friedman, Norman (1983).
1699:Francillon, René (1978).
1206:Aircraft handling officer
1041:merchant aircraft carrier
868:and SCB-110/110A for the
717:
700:launch and recovery cycle
666:A barricade is raised on
2249:"British Aircraft, 1951"
2209:"Military Aircraft 1954"
2187:"Skyhooks for Harriers".
2013:Thunder & Lightnings
1883:"The angled flight deck"
1838:Naval War College Review
1745:A Dictionary of Aviation
1743:Wragg, David W. (1974).
1703:. London: Osprey Press.
1338:Squadron plane inspector
1138:
972:de Havilland Sea Vampire
233:
105:, including the British
2524:(subscription required)
1889:. Royal Australian Navy
1769:"The Angled Deck Story"
1096:— aircraft publication
730:on angled flight deck,
590:The 23,000-ton British
440:Washington Naval Treaty
2849:Water landing/ditching
2601:Non-rocket spacelaunch
2596:Balanced field takeoff
2007:Burke, Damien (2012).
1775:. 2012. Archived from
1642:Roberts, John (1982),
1585:Roberts, John (2000),
1539:Roberts, John (2000),
1335:Quality assurance (QA)
1320:Air wing line leading
1263:Crash and salvage crew
1157:
1000:carrier aircraft, the
943:
800:
785:Representation of the
738:
674:
372:
358:
230:
51:
43:
23:. For other uses, see
2677:Brodie landing system
2499:Warship International
2162:Jane's Defence Weekly
1666:Muir, Daniel (2004).
1609:Muir, Daniel (2004).
1563:Brown, David (1971),
1484:On June 5, 1945, USS
1293:Trainee plane handler
1281:Aviation fuel handler
1155:
1060:helicopter destroyers
1009:Grumman F9F-7 Cougars
931:
784:
725:
665:
442:—such as the British
364:
350:
261:on 14 November 1910.
225:
49:
35:
2844:Touch-and-go landing
2544:at Wikimedia Commons
2542:Flight decks (ships)
2470:Yenne, Bill (2009).
2373:. Globalsecurity.org
2036:. livingwarbirds.com
1985:GB patent 742240
1949:on 28 December 2008.
1773:denniscambell.org.uk
1108:Convair F2Y Sea Dart
1002:Supermarine Scimitar
875:. In February 1955,
796:Dwight D. Eisenhower
713:Cold War innovations
567:Armoured flight deck
314:Edwin Harris Dunning
157:armoured flight deck
2829:Short-field landing
2669:Takeoff and landing
2580:takeoff and landing
2342:Annapolis, Maryland
1973:on 2 November 2004.
1245:Photographer's mate
1230:Air wing maintainer
1189:
1133:Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
1075:Saunders-Roe SR.A/1
979:Eric "Winkle" Brown
924:Ski-jump (aviation)
900:) and the American
612:The 27,500-ton USN
469:, and the Japanese
188:aircraft. In 1952,
132:, and the Japanese
2621:Zero-length launch
2421:The New York Times
2393:"Rainbow wardrobe"
2177:, 1991. pp. 46–54.
2130:on 19 October 2013
2093:, pp. 210–211
1939:"USS Midway CV-41"
1160:
1158:
944:
839:had a rudimentary
801:
743:angled flight deck
739:
675:
573:United States Navy
499:anti-aircraft guns
497:and replaced with
373:
359:
231:
52:
44:
2875:Aircraft carriers
2862:
2861:
2804:Emergency landing
2799:Deadstick landing
2794:Crosswind landing
2789:Corkscrew landing
2631:Assisted take-off
2540:Media related to
2481:978-1-58007-118-5
2310:978-1-55750-263-6
2190:Popular Mechanics
2079:978-1-58007-110-9
2060:978 1 85780 306 8
1924:978-0-87021-739-5
1375:Aircraft catapult
1366:
1365:
1117:XA2J Super Savage
1048:British Aerospace
939:Admiral Kuznetsov
630:that occurred on
272:San Francisco Bay
238:The first flight
39:Charles de Gaulle
2887:
2606:Rejected takeoff
2572:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2525:
2522:
2485:
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2431:
2429:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2371:"Carrier Design"
2366:
2360:
2359:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2296:
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2270:
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2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:Arthur Davenport
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1966:. Archived from
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1945:. Archived from
1935:
1929:
1928:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1829:
1826:Newport Paper 37
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
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1786:
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1740:
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1696:
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1606:
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1599:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1443:Friedman, Norman
1435:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1358:Red Cross emblem
1260:Ordnance handler
1190:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1129:fleet submarines
1092:, that featured
1077:was a prototype
1037:Second World War
861:upgrade for the
829:the same year.
745:was invented by
636:
212:fighter aircraft
60:aircraft carrier
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2770:
2663:
2644:Ground carriage
2625:
2582:
2576:
2532:
2523:
2493:
2491:Further reading
2488:
2482:
2463:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2427:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
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2322:
2318:
2311:
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2284:
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2271:
2267:
2247:
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2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2205:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1943:chinfo.navy.mil
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1865:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1779:on 4 March 2016
1767:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1676:
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1640:
1636:
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1607:
1603:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1513:
1499:
1495:
1478:Kanoya Airfield
1468:
1464:
1457:
1439:Hone, Thomas C.
1436:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1380:Helicopter deck
1371:
1353:Safety observer
1188:
1185:
1147:
1141:
1066:, to produce a
1017:
964:
932:A Russian Navy
926:
920:
886:of the British
770:arrestor cables
728:missed approach
720:
715:
691:arrestor cables
660:
654:
634:
569:
563:
475:and battleship
456:, the American
345:
236:
220:
166:arrestor cables
146:interwar period
138:and battleship
119:, the American
66:from which its
36:Flight deck of
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Forced landing
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
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2729:
2724:
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2699:
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2613:
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2603:
2598:
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2590:
2584:
2583:
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2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2531:
2530:External links
2528:
2527:
2526:
2505:(3): 190–192.
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2467:
2461:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2406:
2384:
2361:
2354:
2328:
2326:, p. 112.
2316:
2309:
2291:
2278:
2265:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2194:
2179:
2166:
2164:, 1990, p. 64.
2153:
2141:
2122:Goebel, Greg.
2114:
2095:
2083:
2063:
2047:
2025:
1999:
1976:
1952:
1930:
1923:
1900:
1863:
1816:
1790:
1760:
1753:
1735:
1716:
1709:
1691:
1658:
1652:
1634:
1601:
1595:
1577:
1555:
1549:
1531:
1511:
1493:
1482:. p. 18.
1462:
1455:
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1415:
1400:
1399:
1397:
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1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
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1354:
1351:
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1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:Tractor driver
1300:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1284:
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1282:
1277:
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1234:
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1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1143:Main article:
1140:
1137:
1121:nuclear strike
1032:container ship
1016:
1013:
963:
960:
922:Main article:
919:
916:
751:Dennis Cambell
719:
716:
714:
711:
658:Arresting gear
653:
650:
565:Main article:
562:
559:
553:Gerald R. Ford
436:battlecruisers
401:rotary engines
344:
341:
302:starting with
300:battlecruisers
277:Charles Samson
235:
232:
219:
216:
181:Dennis Cambell
103:battlecruisers
101:, a number of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2892:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2852:
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2847:
2845:
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2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Flexible deck
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Belly landing
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
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2752:
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2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Rocket launch
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2573:
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2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
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2534:
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2520:
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2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2462:0-85177-555-1
2458:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2355:1-55750-260-9
2351:
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2332:
2325:
2320:
2312:
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2302:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2258:
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2250:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2081:, pp. 190–191
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2029:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1905:
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1843:
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1835:
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1804:
1800:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1754:0-85045-163-9
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1710:9780850452914
1706:
1702:
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1655:
1653:9780851772516
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1605:
1598:
1596:9781861761316
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1550:9781861761316
1546:
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1512:1-872017-23-1
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1456:9781557503824
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1348:Liquid oxygen
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1112:
1109:
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1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:Project P.121
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:jet-propelled
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:Typhoon class
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
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1029:
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1022:
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1005:
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670:Ronald Reagan
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386:had no fixed
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99:capital ships
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2834:Soft landing
2819:Hard landing
2616:Space launch
2502:
2498:
2471:
2452:
2444:Bibliography
2433:
2426:, retrieved
2419:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2364:
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2216:
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2128:the original
2117:
2098:
2086:
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2038:. Retrieved
2028:
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2012:
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1979:
1968:the original
1955:
1947:the original
1942:
1933:
1913:
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
1844:(2): 63–78.
1841:
1837:
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1802:
1793:
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1777:the original
1772:
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1671:
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1015:Alternatives
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639:World War II
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533:13,000
531:
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495:World War II
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270:anchored in
267:Pennsylvania
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228:Pennsylvania
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72:landing area
55:
53:
38:
29:
2654:Rocket sled
2289:, Page 243.
2276:, Page 240.
2134:10 November
1567:Illustrious
1524:Bunker Hill
1242:Hook runner
1125:F2H Banshee
1082:flying boat
1019:During the
993:Supermarine
593:Illustrious
525:Illustrious
514:Ticonderoga
432:World War I
343:Full length
318:Sopwith Pup
296:battleships
209:flying boat
186:jet-powered
175:During the
76:helicopters
56:flight deck
2869:Categories
2839:Splashdown
2428:26 January
2377:13 October
2324:Yenne 2009
2040:9 November
2018:9 November
1893:22 January
1858:A255037246
1809:9 November
1783:9 November
1728:Enterprise
1685:Bennington
1677:9 November
1628:Implacable
1620:9 November
1486:Bennington
1472:Bennington
1391:References
1350:(LOX) crew
976:test pilot
958:aircraft.
895:HMAS
884:lead ships
747:Royal Navy
656:See also:
632:Enterprise
623:Enterprise
604:Implacable
581:Royal Navy
557:carriers.
520:Royal Navy
483:scantlings
452:Courageous
415:carriers,
281:Short S.27
258:Birmingham
248:Eugene Ely
244:forecastle
161:Royal Navy
115:Courageous
95:forecastle
91:Eugene Ely
78:and other
2578:Types of
2511:0043-0374
2424:, nyt.com
2109:106444551
1803:FAAOA.org
1425:The Times
1396:Citations
983:HMS
974:flown by
911:Forrestal
909:USS
903:Forrestal
897:Melbourne
879:Ark Royal
877:HMS
849:HMS
834:USS
824:USS
817:HMS
794:USS
707:barricade
668:USS
599:Swordfish
538:USS
460:Lexington
458:USS
444:HMS
377:HMS
352:HMS
322:HMS
316:landed a
304:HMS
285:HMS
256:USS
250:made the
218:Evolution
190:HMS
170:tailhooks
150:HMS
123:Lexington
121:USS
107:HMS
84:U.S. Navy
2659:Ski-jump
2639:Catapult
2519:44894908
2399:26 April
2285:Buttler.
2272:Buttler.
1961:"Awards"
1850:26397200
1672:NavWeaps
1615:NavWeaps
1519:kamikaze
1517:In nine
1369:See also
1052:frigates
1021:Cold War
997:Type 508
962:Flexible
942:in 2012.
918:Ski-jump
889:Majestic
845:Antietam
836:Antietam
792:carrier
687:tailhook
680:non-skid
466:Saratoga
287:Hibernia
197:ski-jump
177:Cold War
129:Saratoga
68:aircraft
2776:Landing
2682:CATOBAR
2588:Takeoff
1489:Typhoon
985:Warrior
859:SCB-125
851:Centaur
841:sponson
819:Triumph
810:CATOBAR
762:landing
733:Centaur
652:Landing
561:Armored
540:Langley
446:Furious
413:British
336:Furious
332:Furious
324:Furious
306:Repulse
192:Triumph
109:Furious
64:surface
62:is the
21:cockpit
2727:V/STOL
2712:STOBAR
2517:
2509:
2478:
2459:
2352:
2307:
2253:Flight
2213:Flight
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1201:Yellow
1099:Flight
952:STOBAR
871:Midway
826:Midway
806:STOBAR
790:-class
788:Nimitz
775:bolter
758:runway
718:Angled
644:Midway
555:-class
548:-class
546:Nimitz
516:-class
430:After
418:Hermes
405:torque
58:of an
2736:VTOHL
2722:STOVL
2692:eVTOL
2515:JSTOR
2105:S2CID
1971:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1846:JSTOR
1330:White
1312:Brown
1219:Green
1196:Role
1193:Color
1139:Tasks
1056:Japan
1039:-era
1028:RO-RO
956:STOVL
934:Su-33
905:class
891:class
873:class
866:class
864:Essex
735:class
646:class
635:'
617:class
615:Essex
606:class
595:class
527:class
508:Essex
487:Eagle
472:Akagi
454:class
424:Eagle
409:yawed
396:Argus
384:Argus
379:Argus
368:Dokdo
366:ROKS
354:Argus
254:from
240:decks
234:Early
201:STOVL
152:Argus
135:Akagi
117:class
2766:HTVL
2761:HTHL
2756:VTHL
2751:VTVL
2741:VTOL
2732:VTHL
2717:STOL
2707:RTOL
2702:QTOL
2697:PTOL
2687:CTOL
2649:JATO
2507:ISSN
2476:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2430:2012
2401:2020
2379:2015
2350:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2136:2013
2075:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2042:2015
2020:2015
1919:ISBN
1895:2013
1854:Gale
1811:2015
1785:2015
1749:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1683:USS
1679:2015
1648:ISBN
1626:HMS
1622:2015
1591:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1470:USS
1451:ISBN
1288:Blue
1106:The
1094:skis
1073:The
808:and
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550:and
511:and
478:Kaga
463:and
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298:and
283:off
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