Flight recorder - Knowledge

498: 183: 308: 875: 1060:). A mechanical instrument panel is likely to preserve its last indications, but this is not the case with an electronic display. Such systems, estimated to cost less than $ 8,000 installed, typically consist of a camera and microphone located in the cockpit to continuously record cockpit instrumentation, the outside viewing area, engine sounds, radio communications, and ambient cockpit sounds. As with conventional CVRs and FDRs, data from such a system is stored in a crash-protected unit to ensure survivability. Since the recorders can sometimes be crushed into unreadable pieces, or even located in deep water, some modern units are self-ejecting (taking advantage of 375: 714:" (QAR). This records data on a removable storage medium. Access to the FDR and CVR is necessarily difficult because they must be fitted where they are most likely to survive an accident; they also require specialized equipment to read the recording. The QAR recording medium is readily removable and is designed to be read by equipment attached to a standard desktop computer. In many airlines, the quick access recordings are scanned for "events", an event being a significant deviation from normal operational parameters. This allows operational problems to be detected and eliminated before an accident or incident results. 34: 319: 121: 482: 466: 898: 446: 338:. He originally filed with the US Patent Office on February 2, 1961, as an "Aircraft Cockpit Sound Recorder". The 1961 invention was viewed by some as an "invasion of privacy". Subsequently, Boniface filed again on February 4, 1963, for a "Cockpit Sound Recorder" (US Patent 3,327,067) with the addition of a spring-loaded switch which allowed the pilot to erase the audio/sound tape recording at the conclusion of a safe flight and landing. 986:

technology commentators called for flight recorders to be supplemented or replaced by a system that provides "live streaming" of data from the aircraft to the ground. Furthermore, commentators called for the underwater locator beacon's range and battery life to be extended, as well as the outfitting of civil aircraft with the deployable flight recorders typically used in military aircraft. Previous to MH370, the investigators of 2009

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A deployable recorder combines the cockpit voice/flight data recorders and an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) in a single unit. The unit would be designed to eject and float away from the aircraft and survive its descent to the ground, or float on water indefinitely. It would be equipped with satellite technology to aid in prompt recovery. Deployable CVDR technology has been used by the US Navy since 1993.

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memory-based technology, a photographic film cannot be erased and reused, and so must be changed periodically. The technology was reserved for one-shot uses, mostly during planned test flights: it was not mounted aboard civilian aircraft during routine commercial flights. Also, cockpit conversation was not recorded.

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could not. It used copper foil as the recording medium, with various styli, corresponding to various instruments or aircraft controls, indenting the foil. The foil was periodically advanced at set time intervals, giving a history of the aircraft's instrument readings and control settings. The unit was developed at

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The United States' first CVR rules were passed in 1964, requiring all turbine and piston aircraft with four or more engines to have CVRs by March 1, 1967. As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the CVR recording duration is a minimum of two hours, following the NTSB recommendation that it should be

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techniques, making them much more resistant to shock, vibration and moisture. With the reduced power requirements of solid-state recorders, it is now practical to incorporate a battery in the units, so that recording can continue until flight termination, even if the aircraft electrical system fails.

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The term "black box" was a World War II British phrase, originating with the development of radio, radar, and electronic navigational aids in British and Allied combat aircraft. These often-secret electronic devices were encased in non-reflective black boxes or housings. The earliest identified

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His patent was for a device for recording audio of pilot remarks and engine or other sounds to be "contained with the in-flight recorder within a sealed container that is shock mounted, fireproofed and made watertight" and "sealed in such a manner as to be capable of withstanding extreme temperatures

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group and is still present in the flight recorder market. The advantage of the film technology was that it could be easily developed afterwards and provides a durable, visual feedback of the flight parameters without needing any playback device. On the other hand, unlike magnetic tapes or later flash

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airlines indulge in the unprofessional act in order to circumvent investigation by the Nigeria Safety Investigation Bureau (NSIB). safety managers stated that some airlines have consistently indulged in this unwholesome practice, which could impact safety negatively. The NCAA and the NSIB had in the

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The NTSB has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations. They have recommended that image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a

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accident, the Cockpit Voice Recorder functioned properly but the data was overwritten as the CVR remained powered, and functioning. The critical accident data was overwritten by over two hours of post-incident sounds until a maintenance crew could enter the aircraft after the incident and power down

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The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 demonstrated the limits of the contemporary flight recorder technology, namely how physical possession of the flight recorder device is necessary to help investigate the cause of an aircraft incident. Considering the advances of modern communication,

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The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems, with the second CVDR designed to be ejected from the aircraft prior to impact with the ground or water. Ejection would be initiated by computer based on sensor information indicating an accident is imminent.

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bombers by 1943 thus adding to the assemblage of fielded and experimental electronic devices employed on Allied aircraft. As early as 1944 aviation writers envisioned use of these recording devices on commercial aircraft to aid incident investigations. When modern flight recorders were proposed

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FDR called "The ARL Flight Memory Unit" in 1956, and in 1958 he built the first combined FDR/CVR prototype. It was designed with civilian aircraft in mind, explicitly for post-crash examination purposes. Aviation authorities from around the world were largely uninterested at first, but this changed

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Another form of flight data recorder was developed in the UK during World War II. Len Harrison and Vic Husband developed a unit that could withstand a crash and fire to keep the flight data intact. The unit was the forerunner of today's recorders, in being able to withstand conditions that aircrew

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In 1947, Hussenot founded the Société Française des Instruments de Mesure with Beaudouin and another associate, so as to market his invention, which was also known as the "hussenograph". This company went on to become a major supplier of data recorders, used not only aboard aircraft but also trains

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Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC). The 700 Series of standards describe the form, fit, and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft. The FDR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 747. The CVR is defined by ARINC

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For US air carriers and manufacturers, the NTSB is responsible for investigating accidents and safety-related incidents. The NTSB also serves in an advisory role for many international investigations not under its formal jurisdiction. The NTSB does not have regulatory authority, but must depend on

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if the data begin to change quickly. Most FDRs record approximately 17–25 hours of data in a continuous loop. It is required by regulations that an FDR verification check (readout) is performed annually in order to verify that all mandatory parameters are recorded. Many aircraft today are equipped

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during a crash fire". The CSR was an analog device which provided a continuous erasing/recording loop (lasting 30 or more minutes) of all sounds (explosion, voice, and the noise of any aircraft structural components undergoing serious fracture and breakage) which could be overheard in the cockpit.

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Carriage of data recording equipment became mandatory in UK-registered aircraft in two phases; the first, for new turbine-engined public transport category aircraft over 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) in weight, was mandated in 1965, with a further requirement in 1966 for piston-engined transports

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The ARL assigned an engineering team to help Warren develop the prototype to the airborne stage. The team, consisting of electronics engineers Lane Sear, Wally Boswell, and Ken Fraser; developed a working design that incorporated a fire-resistant and shockproof case, a reliable system for encoding

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A standard CVR is capable of recording four channels of audio data for a period of two hours. The original requirement was for a CVR to record for 30 minutes, but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases because significant parts of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation

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A flight recorder was invented and patented in the United States by James J. Ryan. Ryan's "Flight Recorder" patent was filed in August 1953 and approved on November 8, 1960, as US Patent 2,959,459. A second patent by Ryan for a "Coding Apparatus For Flight Recorders" is US Patent 3,075,192 dated

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The Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) had noticed that some airline operators' flight crew members were in the practice of continuously overwriting the CVR information after an occurrence. This practice makes it practically impossible for the Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau (NSIB) to

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article, "Radar for Airlines", describing the application of wartime RAF radar and navigational aids to civilian aircraft: "The stowage of the 'black boxes' and, even more important, the detrimental effect on performance of external aerials, still remain as a radio and radar problem." (The term

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EUROCAE ED-112 (Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems) defines the minimum specification to be met for all aircraft requiring flight recorders for recording of flight data, cockpit audio, images and CNS / ATM digital messages and used for

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The NTSB sent the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder (FDR) to their labs. They will use data from the FDR to narrow down the area to search for the door plug. However, the CVR was completely overwritten, meaning there is nothing on the CVR. The CVR overwrites every two

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increased from its previously mandated 30-minute duration. From 2014 the United States requires flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders on aircraft that have 20 or more passenger seats, or those that have six or more passenger seats, are turbine-powered, and require two pilots.

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While the recommendations would involve a massive, expensive retrofit program, government funding would meet cost objections from manufacturers and airlines. Operators would get both sets of recorders (including the currently-used fixed recorder) free of charge. The cost of the second

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On November 1, 1966, Bobbie R. Allen - director of Bureau of Safety, Civil Aeronautics Board and John S. Leak - chief of Technical Services Section, presented "The Potential Role of Flight Recorders in Aircraft Accident Investigation" at the AIAA/CASI Joint Meeting on Aviation Safety,

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was made by a thin ray of light deviated by a mirror tilted according to the magnitude of the data to be recorded (altitude, speed, etc.). A pre-production run of 25 "HB" recorders was ordered in 1941 and HB recorders remained in use in French flight test centers well into the 1970s.

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Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and uses digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere. As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of two hours. The

91:) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit, including the conversation of the pilots. The two devices may be combined into a single unit. Together, the FDR and CVR objectively document the aircraft's flight history, which may assist in any later investigation. 965:

On July 19, 2005, a revised proposal for a SAFE Act was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the US House of Representatives. The bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Aviation during the 108th, 109th, and 110th Congresses.

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specifications such as those to be found in the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment documents EUROCAE ED55, ED56 Fiken A and ED112 (Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems). In the United States, the

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over 60,000 lb (27,000 kg), with the earlier requirement further extended to all jet transports. One of the first UK uses of the data recovered from an aircraft accident was that recovered from the Royston "Midas" data recorder that was on board the

665:. The tape would circulate and old audio information would be overwritten every 30 minutes. Recovery of sound from magnetic tape often proves difficult if the recorder is recovered from water and its housing has been breached. Thus, the latest designs employ 532:, where it is more likely to survive a crash. Following an accident, the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body, as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors. 231: 416:

By 1967, when flight recorders were mandated by leading aviation countries, the expression had found its way into general use: "These so-called 'black boxes' are, in fact, of fluorescent flame-orange in colour." The formal names of the devices are

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for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents. This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots' headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit. The current applicable

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In order to facilitate recovery of the recorder from an aircraft accident site, they are required to be coloured bright yellow or orange with reflective surfaces. All are lettered "Flight recorder do not open" on one side in English and

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CVR or FDR. The rationale is that what is seen on an instrument by the pilots of an aircraft is not necessarily the same as the data sent to the display device. This is particularly true of aircraft equipped with electronic displays (

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representative said: "The time has come that deployable recorders are going to get a serious look." A second ICAO official said that public attention had "galvanized momentum in favour of ejectable recorders on commercial aircraft".

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With the advent of digital recorders, the FDR and CVR can be manufactured in one fireproof, shock proof, and waterproof container as a combined digital cockpit voice and data recorder (CVDR). Currently, CVDRs are manufactured by

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in 1961) led to his wondering what the pilots may have said just prior to the wing loss and during the descent as well as the type and nature of any sounds or explosions that may have preceded or occurred during the wing loss.

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Solid state recorders became commercially practical in 1990, having the advantage of not requiring scheduled maintenance and making the data easier to retrieve. This was extended to the two-hour voice recording in 1995.

551:. There are 88 parameters required as a minimum under current US federal regulations (only 29 were required until 2002), but some systems monitor many more variables. Generally each parameter is recorded a few times per 5994: 5989: 190:

The first modern flight data recorder, called "Mata-Hari", was created in 1942 by Finnish aviation engineer Veijo Hietala. This black high-tech mechanical box was able to record all required data during test flights of

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conceived a device that would record not only the instrument readings, but also the voices in the cockpit. In 1954 he published a report entitled "A Device for Assisting Investigation into Aircraft Accidents".

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legislation and other government agencies to act on its safety recommendations. In addition, 49 USC Section 1114(c) prohibits the NTSB from making the audio recordings public except by written transcript.

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increased the recording duration to 25 hours in 2021. In 2023, the FAA proposed extending requirements to 25 hours to help in investigations like runway incursions. In a January 2024 press conference on

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to capture the inter-phone conversations of a B-17 bomber flight crew on a combat mission over Nazi-occupied France. The recording was broadcast back to the United States by radio two days afterwards.

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that emits an ultrasonic "ping" to aid in detection when submerged. These beacons operate for up to 30 days and are able to operate while immersed to a depth of up to 6,000 meters (20,000 ft).

894:, the inquiry judge strongly recommended that flight recorders be installed in all Australian airliners. Australia became the first country in the world to make cockpit-voice recording compulsory. 3794: 3071: 2164: 2048: 560:

with an "event" button in the cockpit that could be activated by the crew if an abnormality occurs in flight. Pushing the button places a signal on the recording, marking the time of the event.

2534: 2467: 1205:, many jokes have been made asking why the entire airplane is not made out of the material used to make black boxes, given that the black box survives the crash. This is referenced in the 2001 3132: 632:(NTSB) chair Jennifer Homendy again called for extending retention to 25 hours, rather than the currently-mandated 2 hours, on all existing devices, rather than only newly manufactured ones. 871:" in French on the other side. To assist recovery from submerged sites they must be equipped with an underwater locator beacon which is automatically activated in the event of an accident. 2906: 6042: 721:

systems and then routes them to the FDR and, if installed, to the QAR. Information from the FDAU to the FDR is sent via specific data frames, which depend on the aircraft manufacturer.

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and recording aircraft instrument readings and voice on one wire, and a ground-based decoding device. The ARL system, made by the British firm of S. Davall & Sons Ltd, in

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Boniface's participation in aircraft crash investigations in the 1940s and in the accident investigations of the loss of one of the wings at cruise altitude on each of two

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flight test center, France, with their "type HB" flight recorder; they were essentially photograph-based flight recorders, because the record was made on a scrolling

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investigations of accidents or incidents. When issued in March 2003, ED-112 superseded previous ED-55 and ED-56A that were separate specifications for FDR and CVR.

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is the small cylinder on the far right. (Translation of warning message in French: "Flight recorder do not open".) The warning appears in English on the other side.

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The design of today's FDR is governed by the internationally recognized standards and recommended practices relating to flight recorders which are contained in

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which records information about the operation of the system. This information may also be accessed to assist with the investigation of an accident or incident.

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In the United States, the proposed SAFE Act calls for implementing the NTSB 1999 recommendations. However, so far the proposed legislation has failed to pass

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deployable/ejectable CVDR (or black box) was estimated at US$ 30 million for installation in 500 new aircraft (about $ 60,000 per new commercial plane).

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in 2014, commentators have called for live streaming of data to the ground, as well as extending the battery life of the underwater locator beacons.

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wake of the report of the incident involving Max Air's B747 incident expressed concern over the incessant occurrence of the issue with airlines.

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The units were redesigned in 1965 and relocated at the rear of aircraft to increase the probability of successful data retrieval after a crash.

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ED-112. They have been a mandatory requirement in commercial aircraft in the United States since 1967. After the unexplained disappearance of

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A flight-data acquisition unit (FDAU) is a unit that receives various discrete, analog and digital parameters from a number of sensors and

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urged that the battery life be extended as "rapidly as possible" after the crash's flight recorders went unrecovered for over a year.

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Post incident overwriting of voice data by Nigerian crews led to a 2023 All Operators Letter reinforcing that practice is forbidden.

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During World War II both British and American air forces successfully experimented with aircraft voice recorders. In August 1943 the

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is made to look like a CVR; it also includes a recording from a crash. The recording is from the last 1–2 minutes of the CVR of

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A "Cockpit Sound Recorder" (CSR) was independently invented and patented by Edmund A. Boniface Jr., an aeronautical engineer at

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in their Technical Standard Order, based on the EUROCAE documents (as do the aviation authorities of many other countries).

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A flight data recorder and a cockpit voice recorder installed on their mounting trays in the rear fuselage of an aircraft

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with a script based on transcripts from CVR voice recordings of nine aircraft emergencies. The play features the famous

6027: 5519: 4462: 3364: 2634: 2603: 1474: 1435: 958:(R-Tenn.) in a bipartisan effort to ensure investigators have access to information immediately following accidents to 3390: 2587: 5880: 5867: 5335: 3818: 1328: 979: 951: 307: 2705: 2489: 1157:, which crashed on August 12, 1985, killing 520 people; JAL123 is the deadliest single-aircraft disaster in history. 5030: 3683:: Melbourne University history honors thesis on the development of the first cockpit voice recorder by David Warren 342: 57: 4232: 3680: 3587: 2140: 874: 6474: 6433: 6245: 4909: 2822: 1880:

Allen, B. R.; Leak, John S. (1966), "The potential role of flight recorders in aircraft accident investigation",

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airborne equipment, with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A "black box" on the right.

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member who dictates his life story to a flight recorder before the plane runs out of fuel and crashes.

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A cockpit voice and data recorder (CVDR), with its attached ULB visible on the left side of the unit

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C84, as shown on the nameplate. The text on the side in French says "Flight recorder do not open".

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Tracy Connor (October 28, 1999). "Learjet probe focuses on value replaced 2 days before crash".

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A cockpit voice recorder (CVR) is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the

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Currently, EUROCAE specifies that a recorder must be able to withstand an acceleration of 3400

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Other units used a single reel, with the tape spliced into a continuous loop, much as in an

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The record works on a half hour loop, so it has no information about the crucial first hour

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Since the 1970s, most large civil jet transports have been additionally equipped with a "

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paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft's

292: 4766: 2752: 2272:"The FAA proposes lengthening cockpit voice recording time to 25 hours - CBS Sacramento" 6323: 5927: 5125: 5074: 4382: 4362: 4357: 4331: 4242: 4183: 3955: 959: 818: 576: 2011: 33: 6531: 6448: 6343: 6318: 6160: 6067: 6004: 5908: 5742: 5664: 5659: 5423: 5152: 4944: 4690: 4427: 4372: 4352: 4282: 4277: 4262: 3950: 3626: 3603: 2324: 1324: 905:. All data was collected, even though the rest of the aircraft was heavily fragmented 749: 670: 666: 662: 266: 196: 150: 3495: 2928: 2074:"Aircraft Electronics + Electrical Systems: Flight data and cockpit voice recorders" 6551: 6215: 6175: 6072: 5999: 5932: 5767: 5747: 5732: 5699: 5694: 5579: 5554: 5408: 5380: 5252: 5045: 5015: 4985: 4919: 4745: 4628: 4302: 4197: 3920: 3895: 3838: 1885: 1053: 378: 346: 192: 125: 94:

The two flight recorders are required by international regulation, overseen by the

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NTSB investigators recover flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder from

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On January 8, 2015, before the recovery of the flight recorders, an anonymous

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In 1953, while working at the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (ARL) of the

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at impact to separate themselves from the aircraft) and also equipped with

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for FDR and CVR reference ED-112 for characteristics common to both types.

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US Patent 3,327,067 for Cockpit Sound Recorder by Edmund A. Boniface, Jr.

1782:" Why Are Cockpit Voice Recorders Painted Orange and Called a Black Box?" 1250: 829: 828:

or crushing distance of 45 cm (18 in). Additionally, there are

814: 801: 753: 725: 648: 520:

investigation. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these

5599: 3791: James J. Ryan: "Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders and the Like" 3125:"Malaysia Airlines MH370: Why airlines don't live-stream black box data" 595:

Both side views of a cockpit voice recorder, one type of flight recorder

322:

NTSB staff examine the memory boards of the cockpit voice recorder from

6469: 5782: 5589: 4871: 4797: 4643: 4531: 4526: 4482: 4477: 4312: 4247: 4222: 4178: 4153: 4138: 4073: 3935: 3925: 3037:"Bill Text - 110th Congress (2007-2008) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)" 3011:"Bill Text - 109th Congress (2005-2006) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)" 2985:"Bill Text - 108th Congress (2003-2004) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)" 2134:"SSFDR Solid State Flight Data Recorder, ARINC 747 - TSO C 124 - ED 55" 1889: 1206: 1175: 897: 891: 677:

Like the FDR, the CVR is typically mounted in the rear of the airplane

104:

and temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), as required by

5283: 2047:. Federal Aviation Administration. April 10, 2007. Section 3 Point B. 445: 153:

8 metres (8.7 yd) long by 88 millimetres (3.5 in) wide. The

6464: 5722: 5262: 5120: 4970: 4929: 4866: 4700: 4618: 4546: 4511: 4367: 4148: 4133: 4113: 4068: 4053: 4010: 3995: 3980: 3915: 3885: 3446: 3391:"These Black Boxes Are Designed to Eject Themselves in a Plane Crash" 2642:

Proc. Australian Society of Air Safety Investigators conference, 2007

1144: 1007: 845: 564: 556: 548: 529: 394: 281:, was named the "Red Egg" because of its shape and bright red color. 278: 261: 249: 146: 2408:"Federal Aviation Regulation Sec. 23.1457 – Cockpit voice recorders" 974:

In the United States, on March 12, 2014, in response to the missing

6140: 5839: 5757: 5614: 5388: 5236: 4995: 4939: 4861: 4856: 4837: 4613: 4586: 4561: 4327: 4307: 4168: 4098: 4015: 3940: 3910: 3846: 3548:

American Aviation Historical Society, Volume 59, Fall-Winter 2014,

3310:"No Data on Flight 1282 Cockpit Voice Recorder, NTSB Calls out FAA" 3215: 2298:"No Data on Flight 1282 Cockpit Voice Recorder, NTSB Calls out FAA" 1409:

Audio From the Past [E01] - WW2 - Avro Lancaster Crew Radio

1003: 841: 821: 718: 695: 678: 604: 572: 544: 65: 53: 764: 489: 6062: 6054: 5844: 5807: 5714: 5546: 5393: 5322: 4851: 4387: 4038: 4020: 3945: 3600:

Forensic Media: Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity

833: 809: 600: 591: 535:

Modern day FDRs receive inputs via specific data frames from the

363: 204: 105: 99: 3738: 2720: 1500:"Australia invented the Black Box voice and instrument recorder" 438:"Flight data recorder" redirects here. For the song by +/-, see 413:

in 1958, the term "black box" was in colloquial use by experts.

21: 5792: 5020: 4876: 4093: 4000: 3975: 3905: 3663: 3550:"Edmund A. Boniface, Jr.: Inventing the Cockpit Sound Recorder" 2464:"Flight and mission data recording & management - SferiRec" 1759:"Airplane 'Black Box' Flight Recorder Technology, How it Works" 982:

re-introduced the SAFE Act in the US House of Representatives.

798: 757: 636:

occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording.

552: 540: 502: 163: 3795:

First modern flight recorder "Mata Hari" at display in Tampere

457:

Cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder, each with an

5200: 4516: 4118: 3970: 1072: 1065: 918: 849: 740: 3687:

Finnish Mata-Hari Flight Recorder in Museums of Tampere City

2246:"FAA Proposes Extending Cockpit Voice Recording to 25 Hours" 555:, though some units store "bursts" of data at a much higher 3422:"The Easter Egg Hidden on Rammstein's 'Reise, Reise' Album" 1195: 1179: 1014: 837: 781: 453: 124:

A Fairchild A100 cockpit voice recorder, on display in the

3760: 3277:"Opinion: The Time Is Ripe for Live Flight Data Streaming" 3155:"If we'd used the cloud, we might know where MH370 is now" 2508: 2220:"L3 Has New Data, Voice Recorders for EASA's 2021 Mandate" 1675:"US Patent 2,959,459 for Flight Recorder by James J. Ryan" 1379:[State aircraft factory: Mata-Hari or black box]. 400:

Magnetic tape and wire voice recorders had been tested on

4796: 2604:"Dave Warren - Inventor of the black box flight recorder" 1475:"Dave Warren – Inventor of the black box flight recorder" 857: 609: 240:

news report interviewing David Warren about his invention

128:. This is a magnetic-tape unit built to an old standard, 60:. The device may often be referred to colloquially as a " 2315: 5904:

Air route authority between the United States and China

3733: 3577:"Saving Survivors by Finding Fallen Aircrafts [ 3170:, London, March 18, 2014. Retrieved on August 21, 2014. 2441: 1377:"Valtion lentokonetehdas: Mata-Hari eli musta laatikko" 1321:

Vols d'essais: Le Centre d'Essais en Vol de 1945 à 1960

681:

to maximize the likelihood of its survival in a crash.

3245:

Lampert, Allison; Martell, Allison (January 8, 2015).

3211:"AirAsia QZ8501: More bad weather hits AirAsia search" 993: 797:(FAA) regulates all aspects of US aviation, and cites 3619:"Chapter 18. Flight data and cockpit voice recorders" 3064:"Lawmaker urges 'black boxes' that eject from planes" 1075:

underwater locator beacons to aid in their location.

969: 75:

There are two types of flight recording devices: the

56:

for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of

3247:"AirAsia crash makes case for ejectable black boxes" 2901: 2899: 2509:"European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment" 2374:"Miniature wire recording desks with limited memory" 1227: 141:

One of the earliest and proven attempts was made by

3833: 3181:"MH370: Expert demands better black box technology" 2721:U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (April 25, 2010). 1856: 1854: 1215:, although the original joke is widely credited to 563:Modern FDRs are typically double wrapped in strong 345:turboprop powered aircraft (Flight 542 operated by 5168:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) 1323:, published by E.T.A.I. (Paris), 2001, 384 pages, 744:Cockpit voice recorder memory module of PR-GTD, a 615:is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment. 5201:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC) 2896: 2163:. Federal Aviation Administration. June 1, 2006. 2104:"FLIGHT DATA RECORDER OSA - TM-1-1510-225-10_280" 1535: 1281:List of unrecovered and unusable flight recorders 1261:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station 824:of 270 knots (310 mph; 500 km/h) and a 776:personnel show the recovered flight data recorder 6508: 3763:: Flight data recorder digital recorder standard 3616: 2861:retrieve actual data to aid in its investigation 1851: 1164:made a theatrical presentation of a play called 386:reference to "black boxes" occurs in a May 1945 5943:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives 2378:The Australian Journal of Instrument Technology 52:is an electronic recording device placed in an 5158:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM) 3639: 3244: 2695: 2537:. Airweb.faa.gov. May 23, 2006. Archived from 728:. Very often, the digital system will include 162:and other vehicles. SFIM is today part of the 5299: 4782: 3819: 3777:"His Crashes Helped Make Ours Less Dangerous" 3642:"Flight Data Recorder Evolution: Where Next?" 2670:Nick Komos (August 1989). "Air Progress": 76. 1873: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1339:Page 206 and 209 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin 3147: 2745: 2321: 2034: 1724: 1722: 1436:"Radio News, 'Radio - On a Flying Fortress'" 501:The flight data recorder for crashed flight 72:, to aid in their recovery after accidents. 6537:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 3092: 2714: 2608:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 2217: 1618: 1596:. July 20, 2009. p. 22. Archived from 1479:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 509:A flight data recorder (FDR; also ADR, for 326:. The boards may have suffered water damage 246:Defence Science and Technology Organisation 5306: 5292: 5163:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) 4789: 4775: 3826: 3812: 3623:Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems 3602:. Duke University Press. pp. 89–142. 3307: 2669: 2295: 2187: 2185: 1884:, BOSP 7-4, U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board, 1806:"AAHS Journal Vol 59 Nos 3-4 - Fall / Win" 1621:"Flight Data Recorders – Built to Survive" 1522: 1333: 1160:Members of the performing arts collective 886:In the investigation of the 1960 crash of 784:Annex 6 which makes reference to industry 579:inside. Modern FDRs are accompanied by an 516:The data recorded by the FDR are used for 3748:information site for black box technology 3703:"A crash course in transportation safety" 2527: 2500: 2150: 1879: 1719: 1405: 746:Gol Transportes Aéreos Boeing 737-8EH SFP 586: 96:International Civil Aviation Organization 3449:. Charlievictorromeo.com. July 3, 2012. 3003: 2626: 2400: 2371: 928: 896: 873: 763: 739: 590: 496: 488: 480: 464: 452: 444: 373: 317: 306: 265:in 1958 when Sir Robert Hardingham, the 225: 181: 119: 32: 20: 5313: 3590:, University of Melbourne, October 2001 3359: 3357: 3308:Villamizar, Helwing (January 8, 2024). 3086: 2965:from the original on September 25, 2015 2872: 2702:"2011 Most Wanted List Page. Recorders" 2635:"The Evolution of Flight Data Analysis" 2296:Villamizar, Helwing (January 8, 2024). 2269: 2218:Bellamy III, Woodrow (April 13, 2019). 2182: 2054:from the original on September 13, 2009 1933: 933: 705: 433: 64:", an outdated name which has become a 6509: 3728:David Warren interview transcript 2003 3722:David Warren interview transcript 2002 3593: 3055: 3029: 2977: 2921: 2799:from the original on September 3, 2020 2596: 2414:from the original on February 10, 2012 2114:from the original on December 10, 2018 2084:from the original on November 11, 2018 1992:from the original on February 14, 2019 1915:from the original on February 14, 2019 1816:from the original on September 3, 2021 1637:from the original on December 10, 2019 1469: 1467: 1433: 1416:from the original on November 16, 2018 1246:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics 1174:that crash-landed in a cornfield near 1078: 901:The digital flight data recorder from 543:parameters, including the control and 5287: 4770: 3807: 3681:'The ARL 'Black Box' Flight Recorder' 3588:"The ARL 'Black Box' Flight Recorder" 3289:from the original on January 25, 2022 3257:from the original on October 12, 2019 3240: 3238: 2663: 2651:from the original on February 4, 2016 2506: 2492:. L3 Flight Recorders. Archived from 2388:from the original on October 20, 2019 2243: 2199:from the original on February 6, 2012 2170:from the original on October 26, 2007 2126: 2022:from the original on January 25, 2022 1980:Scott, Geoffrey (December 14, 1967). 1979: 1944:from the original on January 25, 2022 1494: 1492: 1452:from the original on January 25, 2022 1358:from the original on January 25, 2022 1026:Live flight data streaming as on the 221: 68:—they are now required to be painted 6502:National Transportation Safety Board 3401:from the original on October 5, 2021 3354: 3334: 3282:Aviation Week & Space Technology 3223:from the original on August 15, 2018 3203: 2632: 2579: 2567:from the original on October 9, 2016 2515:from the original on January 9, 2014 2470:from the original on August 12, 2019 2353:from the original on October 5, 2021 1934:Corddry, Charles Jr. (August 1944). 1707:from the original on January 8, 2016 1681:from the original on January 8, 2016 1580: 1313: 1082: 630:National Transportation Safety Board 41:MS-61 cockpit voice recorder from a 16:Aircraft electronic recording device 3439: 3419: 3191:from the original on April 28, 2014 3173: 3135:from the original on March 30, 2014 3117: 3105:from the original on March 30, 2014 2939:from the original on March 22, 2014 2733:from the original on August 9, 2016 2426: 2096: 2012:"France to resume 'black box' hunt" 2004: 1740:from the original on April 28, 2016 1536:Marcus Williamson (July 31, 2010). 1464: 1271:Flight operations quality assurance 994:After Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 888:Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 817:. This is roughly equivalent to an 349:in 1959 and Flight 710 operated by 302: 25:A modern flight data recorder; the 13: 6500:from websites or documents of the 3617:Wyatt, David; Mike Tooley (2009). 3542: 3474:Survivor Summary & Study Guide 3235: 3074:from the original on July 10, 2017 3061: 2850:. Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority 2372:Mirfield, Theon Neuma (May 1964). 2158:"Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment" 1795:, By Jerry Nelson on March 8, 2014 1489: 1383:(in Finnish). 1946. Archived from 1113:by removing the content or adding 1046: 970:After Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 770:Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 547:positions, engine information and 145:and Paul Beaudouin in 1939 at the 14: 6578: 5881:Environmental effects of aviation 3772:Popular Mechanics, March 19, 2008 3767:Public domain photos of recorders 3657: 3640:Ben Hargreaves (April 13, 2017). 3453:from the original on May 17, 2014 2763:from the original on May 12, 2016 2080:. A Measurement-Testing network. 1550:from the original on May 30, 2020 1510:from the original on July 7, 2011 1021: 869:Enregistreur de vol ne pas ouvrir 735: 724:Many modern aircraft systems are 684: 6496: This article incorporates 6491: 5031:Thrust specific fuel consumption 3662: 3039:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 3013:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 2987:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from 2610:. March 29, 2005. Archived from 2270:Wallace, Greg (March 17, 2023). 2244:Walsh, Amelia (March 21, 2023). 1588:"A Brief History of Black Boxes" 1569:"A Brief History of Black Boxes" 1434:Porter, Kenneth (January 1944). 1230: 1087: 836:crush, high and low temperature 252:, Australian research scientist 186:"Mata-Hari" flight data recorder 136: 58:aviation accidents and incidents 6475:Aviation taxation and subsidies 6434:Aircraft maintenance technician 6246:Pre-flight safety demonstration 6015:Intergovernmental organizations 3676:Cockpit Voice Recorder Database 3648:. Aviation Week. Archived from 3513: 3488: 3465: 3413: 3383: 3335:Nesi, Chris (January 8, 2024). 3328: 3301: 3269: 2951: 2873:Shadare, Wole (July 27, 2023). 2866: 2837: 2811: 2775: 2553: 2482: 2456: 2365: 2335: 2289: 2263: 2237: 2211: 2108:aviationandaccessories.tpub.com 2066: 1973: 1956: 1927: 1895: 1828: 1798: 1775: 1752: 1693: 1667: 1649: 1612: 1562: 795:Federal Aviation Administration 726:digital or digitally controlled 621:European Aviation Safety Agency 214:conducted an experiment with a 177:Ministry of Aircraft Production 5080:Propeller speed reduction unit 4736:In-flight entertainment system 4433:Horizontal situation indicator 3734:etep, Flight Recorder designer 2042:"Flight Data Recorder Systems" 1903:"Flight, 'Radar for Airlines'" 1657:"1967 | 1315 | Flight Archive" 1427: 1406:Chuck Owl (February 4, 2015), 1399: 1369: 1342: 1069:emergency locator transmitters 639:The earliest CVRs used analog 369: 271:British Air Registration Board 199:repaired or built in its main 1: 6354:Flight cancellation and delay 5948:European Common Aviation Area 2490:"History of Flight Recorders" 1982:"Flight, 'Saving the Record'" 1937:Flying, 'Aerial Eavesdropper' 1630:. Avionics News. p. 38. 1306: 1190:, a novel by American author 1036:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 1000:Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 881: 537:flight-data acquisition units 428: 411:Aeronautical Research Council 336:Lockheed Aircraft Corporation 4716:Environmental control system 3496:"Down to Earth Movie Script" 3131:. CBC News. August 4, 2005. 2561:"Black box flight recorders" 2347:Museums Victoria Collections 2343:"ARL Flight Memory Recorder" 1911:. May 2, 1945. p. 434. 1619:Tony Bailey (January 2006). 1443:www.americanradiohistory.com 976:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 832:for penetration resistance, 110:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 7: 6309:Airline reservations system 6261:Special visual flight rules 4991:Engine pressure ratio (EPR) 2727:Legal Information Institute 1787:September 17, 2016, at the 1276:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 1223: 1040:Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 1028:Boeing 777F ecoDemonstrator 643:, later replaced by analog 626:Alaska Airlines Flight 1282 10: 6583: 6547:Aircraft emergency systems 6364:Government contract flight 6226:Flight information service 5970:Hague Hijacking Convention 5963:EU–US Open Skies Agreement 5555:Pilot in command (Captain) 5258:Auxiliary power unit (APU) 4887:Rotating detonation engine 4393:Course deviation indicator 4084:Electro-hydraulic actuator 3625:. Routledge. p. 321. 3367:. Ntsb.gov. Archived from 2078:industrial-electronics.com 1835:"The Flight Data Recorder" 1172:United Airlines Flight 232 903:West Air Sweden Flight 294 539:. They record significant 437: 115: 6457: 6424: 6294: 6221:Flight information region 6131: 6053: 6013: 5889: 5866: 5806: 5788:Low-cost carrier terminal 5713: 5613: 5545: 5422: 5379: 5336:Airline holding companies 5321: 5245: 5219: 5186: 5143: 5088: 5067: 5058: 4958: 4895: 4825: 4811: 4683: 4662: 4624:Conventional landing gear 4595: 4491: 4326: 4192: 4029: 3845: 3744:February 8, 2011, at the 3447:"Collective: Unconscious" 3365:"NTSB — Most Wanted" 3312:. Airways Publishing, LLC 3185:The Sydney Morning Herald 2819:"ARINC Store, 700 series" 1967:January 24, 2014, at the 1840:October 11, 2016, at the 1764:October 11, 2016, at the 1155:Japan Airlines Flight 123 1143:The artwork for the band 1109:Please help Knowledge to 1034:following the March 2019 1032:Boeing 737 MAX groundings 581:underwater locator beacon 471:underwater locator beacon 459:underwater locator beacon 449:A typical flight recorder 351:Northwest Orient Airlines 27:underwater locator beacon 6439:Aircraft ground handling 6281:Upper information region 6196:Civil aviation authority 5985:Paris Convention of 1919 4966:Aircraft engine starting 4408:Flight management system 3596:"Chapter 3. Black Boxes" 3566:U of A Engineer Magazine 3562:"Extraordinary Inventor" 3521:"Quote by George Carlin" 3129:Technology & Science 2973:– via govtrack.us. 2590:August 11, 2007, at the 2434:"L-3 Aviation Recorders" 1848:, May 11, 2015, page 58. 1730:"Cockpit Sound Recorder" 1291:Software flight recorder 1256:Emergency locator beacon 575:, with high-temperature 313:UPS Airlines Flight 1354 6271:Terminal control center 6236:Instrument flight rules 6093:Baggage handling system 5899:Air transport agreement 5690:In-flight entertainment 4847:Pulse detonation engine 4711:Emergency oxygen system 4473:Turn and slip indicator 4268:Leading-edge droop flap 4238:Drag-reducing aerospike 4213:Adaptive compliant wing 4208:Active Aeroelastic Wing 3798:Vapriikki Museum Centre 2708:August 4, 2014, at the 2563:. ATSB. April 1, 2014. 1882:Aviation Safety Meeting 1577:. July 20, 2009. p. 22. 954:(D-NC) and Congressman 813:(33 km/s) for 6.5 730:built-in test equipment 669:and use fault tolerant 6498:public domain material 6396:Round-the-world ticket 6359:Frequent-flyer program 5036:Thrust to weight ratio 5006:Overall pressure ratio 5001:Jet engine performance 4925:Centrifugal compressor 4842:Gluhareff Pressure Jet 4751:Passenger service unit 4552:Self-sealing fuel tank 4448:Multi-function display 3694:, by Krishna M. Kavi, 3555:April 2, 2015, at the 3160:July 24, 2014, at the 2729:. Cornell Law School. 2683:Cite journal requires 2224:Avionics International 1793:Guardian Liberty Voice 1162:Collective:Unconscious 998:On December 28, 2014, 906: 878: 777: 761: 596: 587:Cockpit voice recorder 511:accident data recorder 506: 494: 486: 478: 462: 450: 423:cockpit voice recorder 382: 327: 315: 297:Stockport Air Disaster 241: 216:magnetic wire recorder 187: 133: 85:cockpit voice recorder 45: 30: 6522:Australian inventions 6386:Passenger name record 6304:Airline booking ploys 6276:Uncontrolled airspace 6266:Terminal control area 5868:Environmental effects 5778:International airport 5685:Crew rest compartment 5638:Premium economy class 5361:Non-scheduled airline 5273:Ice protection system 5041:Variable cycle engine 5011:Propulsive efficiency 4731:Ice protection system 4649:Tricycle landing gear 4639:Landing gear extender 3856:Aft pressure bulkhead 3671:at Wikimedia Commons 3669:Flight data recorders 3652:on November 16, 2018. 3594:Siegel, Greg (2014). 3484:– via Bookrags. 2753:"History of the NTSB" 2496:on December 11, 2013. 2018:. December 13, 2009. 1866:July 7, 2017, at the 1663:on February 14, 2019. 1286:Quick access recorder 988:Air France Flight 447 929:Proposed requirements 900: 877: 767: 743: 712:quick access recorder 692:L3Harris Technologies 654:and instrument maker 594: 518:accident and incident 500: 492: 484: 468: 456: 448: 377: 324:Atlas Air Flight 3591 321: 310: 235: 185: 123: 36: 24: 6256:Special use airspace 6166:Airport crash tender 6156:Aircraft safety card 5921:Cross-strait charter 5915:Bermuda II Agreement 5173:Flight data recorder 4935:Constant speed drive 4915:Afterburner (reheat) 4696:Auxiliary power unit 4104:Flight control modes 3752:How Black Boxes Work 3730:, ABC TV (Australia) 3724:, ABC TV (Australia) 3709:on February 11, 2009 2535:"TSO-C124a FAA Regs" 2146:on November 8, 2012. 1986:www.flightglobal.com 1506:. February 9, 2000. 1301:Voyage data recorder 1296:Train event recorder 1167:Charlie Victor Romeo 1111:improve this section 934:Deployable recorders 922:Characteristic 757. 706:Additional equipment 434:Flight data recorder 419:flight data recorder 77:flight data recorder 6562:Aircraft components 6334:Codeshare agreement 6286:Visual flight rules 6211:Controlled airspace 6186:Area control center 6151:Air traffic service 6146:Air traffic control 5995:Sabotage Convention 5980:Montreal Convention 5958:Freedoms of the air 5648:Basic economy class 5315:Commercial aviation 4675:Escape crew capsule 4582:War emergency power 4453:Pitot–static system 4298:Variable-sweep wing 4006:Vertical stabilizer 3761:IRIG 106 Chapter 10 3371:on November 3, 2013 3219:. January 1, 2015. 1810:www.aahs-online.org 1600:on February 3, 2012 1387:on October 19, 2017 1319:Jean-Claude Fayer, 1266:Event data recorder 1123:independent sources 1079:Cultural references 774:Brazilian Air Force 768:After the crash of 236:Video clip of 1985 6517:Aircraft recorders 6324:Bereavement flight 5938:Chicago Convention 5928:Beijing Convention 5917:(UK–US, 1978–2008) 5911:(UK–US, 1946–1978) 5366:Passenger airlines 5075:Propeller governor 4383:Attitude indicator 4363:Airspeed indicator 4358:Aircraft periscope 3285:. March 22, 2019. 3187:. April 28, 2014. 3043:on January 8, 2016 3017:on January 8, 2016 2991:on January 8, 2016 2917:on March 25, 2014. 2825:on August 14, 2011 2757:NTSB Official Site 2541:on January 8, 2016 2466:. Hensoldt. 2019. 1890:10.2514/6.1966-810 1381:Museums of Tampere 960:transport category 907: 879: 778: 762: 667:solid-state memory 597: 507: 495: 487: 479: 463: 451: 383: 331:January 22, 1963. 328: 316: 242: 222:Australian designs 188: 134: 46: 43:MiG-21 interceptor 31: 6567:Recording devices 6488: 6487: 6449:Flight dispatcher 6344:Electronic ticket 6319:Airline timetable 6161:Airport authority 6068:Baggage allowance 6005:Warsaw Convention 5909:Bermuda Agreement 5743:Airport rail link 5665:Aircraft seat map 5660:Aircraft lavatory 5371:Regional airlines 5356:Low-cost airlines 5281: 5280: 5153:Annunciator panel 5139: 5138: 5054: 5053: 4945:Propelling nozzle 4764: 4763: 4691:Aircraft lavatory 4428:Heading indicator 4373:Annunciator panel 4353:Air data computer 4263:Leading-edge cuff 3739:Heavy Vehicle EDR 3667:Media related to 3632:978-1-136-44435-7 3609:978-0-8223-7623-1 3583:, NRC, 2008-03-05 3420:Beckner, Justin. 3093:Stephen Trimble. 2911:aviationtoday.com 2325:The New York Post 1351:Black Box History 1140: 1139: 671:digital recording 663:8-track cartridge 233: 197:Finnish Air Force 151:photographic film 143:François Hussenot 6574: 6557:Rescue equipment 6495: 6494: 6216:Evacuation slide 6176:Airport security 6073:Baggage carousel 6000:Tokyo Convention 5933:Cape Town Treaty 5768:Domestic airport 5748:Airport terminal 5733:Airport check-in 5695:Inflight smoking 5580:Flight attendant 5409:Vanilla Alliance 5346:Charter airlines 5308: 5301: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5268:Hydraulic system 5263:Bleed air system 5253:Air-start system 5116:Counter-rotating 5065: 5064: 5046:Windmill restart 5016:Specific impulse 4986:Compressor stall 4920:Axial compressor 4823: 4822: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4746:Navigation light 4726:Hydraulic system 4701:Bleed air system 4629:Drogue parachute 4303:Vortex generator 3921:Interplane strut 3828: 3821: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3705:. Archived from 3666: 3653: 3636: 3613: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3395:Travel + Leisure 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3177: 3171: 3167:The Conversation 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2913:. Archived from 2907:"Aviation Today" 2903: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2821:. Archived from 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2798: 2787: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2718: 2712: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2639: 2633:Campbell, Neil. 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2600: 2594: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2444:on July 27, 2014 2440:. Archived from 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2410:. Risingup.com. 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2195:. Risingup.com. 2189: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2139:. Archived from 2138: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1988:. p. 1002. 1977: 1971: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1877: 1871: 1858: 1849: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1802: 1796: 1779: 1773: 1772:, March 13, 2014 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1659:. Archived from 1653: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1636: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1584: 1578: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1533: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1496: 1487: 1486: 1485:on July 6, 2011. 1481:. Archived from 1471: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1440: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1354:, May 22, 2020, 1346: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1317: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1006:, Indonesia, to 1002:, en route from 347:Braniff Airlines 343:Lockheed Electra 303:American designs 295:involved in the 234: 201:aviation factory 193:fighter aircraft 126:Deutsches Museum 6582: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6527:Aviation safety 6507: 6506: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6453: 6444:Baggage handler 6420: 6374:Open-jaw ticket 6349:Fare basis code 6296:Airline tickets 6290: 6231:Flight recorder 6133:Aviation safety 6127: 6103:Checked baggage 6088:Baggage handler 6083:Baggage reclaim 6049: 6009: 5990:Rome Convention 5885: 5862: 5850:Travel document 5802: 5709: 5609: 5585:Flight engineer 5541: 5418: 5375: 5317: 5312: 5282: 5277: 5241: 5224: 5215: 5211:Thrust reversal 5188:Engine controls 5182: 5145: 5135: 5111:Contra-rotating 5084: 5050: 4954: 4905:Accessory drive 4897: 4891: 4833:Air turborocket 4815: 4807: 4795: 4765: 4760: 4756:Ram air turbine 4721:Flight recorder 4679: 4658: 4591: 4572:Thrust reversal 4496: 4487: 4458:Radar altimeter 4423:Head-up display 4333: 4322: 4218:Anti-shock body 4200: 4188: 4049:Artificial feel 4031:Flight controls 4025: 3891:Fabric covering 3841: 3837:components and 3832: 3787: 3781: 3746:Wayback Machine 3712: 3710: 3701: 3660: 3633: 3610: 3557:Wayback Machine 3545: 3543:Further reading 3540: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3162:Wayback Machine 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2883: 2881: 2871: 2867: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2723:"14 CFR 91.609" 2719: 2715: 2710:Wayback Machine 2700: 2696: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2614:on May 22, 2010 2602: 2601: 2597: 2592:Wayback Machine 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2511:. Eurocae.net. 2505: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2250:FLYING Magazine 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1978: 1974: 1969:Wayback Machine 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1940:. p. 150. 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1878: 1874: 1868:Wayback Machine 1859: 1852: 1846:Aviation Digest 1842:Wayback Machine 1833: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1789:Wayback Machine 1780: 1776: 1766:Wayback Machine 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1543:The Independent 1534: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1238:Aviation portal 1236: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1203:stand-up comedy 1192:Chuck Palahniuk 1136: 1130: 1127: 1108: 1104:popular culture 1092: 1088: 1081: 1049: 1047:Image recorders 1024: 996: 972: 936: 931: 884: 848:immersion, and 790:fire protection 786:crashworthiness 748:, found in the 738: 708: 687: 589: 569:stainless steel 443: 440:Xs on Your Eyes 436: 431: 409:to the British 372: 305: 290:British Midland 260:Warren built a 226: 224: 139: 118: 50:flight recorder 17: 12: 11: 5: 6580: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6542:Vehicle design 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6480:Mile high club 6477: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6416:Travel website 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6391:Red-eye flight 6388: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6369:One-way travel 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6339:Continent pass 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6314:Airline ticket 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6241:Overwing exits 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6191:Brace position 6188: 6183: 6181:Airspace class 6178: 6173: 6171:Airport police 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5975:Hague Protocol 5972: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5835:Departure card 5832: 5825:Border control 5822: 5816: 5814: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5738:Airport lounge 5735: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5655:Aircraft cabin 5652: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Business class 5630: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5595:Aircraft pilot 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5565:Second officer 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516:Other regions 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5466:United States 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431:International 5428: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5414:U-FLY Alliance 5411: 5406: 5404:Value Alliance 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5131:Variable-pitch 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5106:Constant-speed 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4820: 4818:jet propulsion 4809: 4808: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4741:Landing lights 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4663:Escape systems 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4601:arresting gear 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4557:Splitter plate 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3876:Cruciform tail 3873: 3871:Crack arrestor 3868: 3863: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3792: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3749: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3699: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3659: 3658:External links 3656: 3655: 3654: 3637: 3631: 3614: 3608: 3591: 3584: 3569: 3559: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3512: 3487: 3464: 3438: 3426:UltimateGuitar 3412: 3382: 3353: 3327: 3300: 3268: 3234: 3202: 3172: 3146: 3116: 3085: 3062:Jansen, Bart. 3054: 3028: 3002: 2976: 2950: 2920: 2895: 2865: 2836: 2810: 2783:"CVR Handbook" 2774: 2744: 2713: 2694: 2685:|journal= 2662: 2625: 2595: 2578: 2552: 2526: 2499: 2481: 2455: 2425: 2399: 2364: 2334: 2328:. p. 18. 2314: 2288: 2262: 2236: 2210: 2181: 2149: 2125: 2095: 2065: 2033: 2003: 1972: 1955: 1926: 1894: 1872: 1850: 1827: 1797: 1774: 1751: 1736:. Google Inc. 1734:Google Patents 1718: 1692: 1666: 1648: 1611: 1579: 1561: 1521: 1504:apc-online.com 1488: 1463: 1445:. p. 21. 1426: 1398: 1368: 1341: 1332: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1199: 1183: 1158: 1138: 1137: 1102:references to 1095: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1062:kinetic energy 1048: 1045: 1038:crash. In the 1023: 1022:Boeing 737 MAX 1020: 995: 992: 971: 968: 935: 932: 930: 927: 883: 880: 737: 736:Specifications 734: 707: 704: 698:among others. 686: 685:Combined units 683: 641:wire recording 588: 585: 477:provides scale 435: 432: 430: 427: 371: 368: 304: 301: 223: 220: 138: 135: 117: 114: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6579: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458:Miscellaneous 6456: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Travel agency 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378:Overbooking ( 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329:Boarding pass 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:Baggage sizer 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:Flight permit 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876:Hypermobility 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5798:Transit hotel 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643:Economy class 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5570:Third officer 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:First officer 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399:Star Alliance 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5351:Flag carriers 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:Cargo airline 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331:Airline codes 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246:Other systems 5244: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5223:and induction 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5178:Glass cockpit 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976:Brayton cycle 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4950:Turbine blade 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684:Other systems 4682: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:Ejection seat 4668: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:Arrestor hook 4612: 4610: 4609:Aircraft tire 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Glass cockpit 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:Air data boom 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129:Rudder pedals 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3986:Trailing edge 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3966:Stressed skin 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3756:HowStuffWorks 3753: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3698:, August 2010 3697: 3696:IEEE Spectrum 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3586:Jeremy Sear, 3585: 3582: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3568:, Winter 2005 3567: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3342: 3341:New York Post 3338: 3331: 3324: 3311: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3239: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2880: 2879:New Telegraph 2876: 2869: 2862: 2846: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2690: 2677: 2666: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2142: 2135: 2129: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1336: 1330: 1329:2-7268-8534-9 1326: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1228: 1218: 1217:George Carlin 1214: 1213: 1212:Down to Earth 1208: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194:, is about a 1193: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1096:This section 1094: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1009: 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144: 137:Early designs 131: 127: 122: 113: 111: 107: 103: 102: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 71: 70:bright orange 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 44: 40: 37:Cold War-era 35: 28: 23: 19: 6490: 6230: 6206:Control zone 6201:Control area 6123:Luggage lock 6113:Lost luggage 6108:Hand luggage 6078:Baggage cart 5858:(Electronic) 5820:Arrival card 5753:Airside pass 5705:Sickness bag 5680:Buy on board 5675:Airline seat 5670:Airline meal 5623:Travel class 5605:Dead mileage 5424:Trade groups 5232:Flame holder 5206:Thrust lever 5196:Autothrottle 5026:Thrust lapse 4981:Bypass ratio 4813:Gas turbines 4805:gas turbines 4720: 4706:Deicing boot 4634:Landing gear 4577:Townend ring 4567:Thrust lever 4542:NACA cowling 4507:Autothrottle 4499:fuel systems 4497:devices and 4288:Stall strips 4258:Krueger flap 4228:Channel wing 4174:Wing warping 4164:Stick shaker 4159:Stick pusher 4079:Dual control 4064:Centre stick 3931:Leading edge 3901:Flying wires 3861:Cabane strut 3711:. Retrieved 3707:the original 3695: 3661: 3650:the original 3645: 3622: 3599: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3528:. Retrieved 3524: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499: 3490: 3478:. Retrieved 3473: 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3425: 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3394: 3385: 3373:. Retrieved 3369:the original 3344:. Retrieved 3330: 3321: 3314:. Retrieved 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3280: 3271: 3259:. Retrieved 3250: 3225:. Retrieved 3214: 3205: 3193:. Retrieved 3184: 3175: 3165: 3149: 3137:. Retrieved 3128: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3099:The Guardian 3098: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3067: 3057: 3045:. Retrieved 3041:the original 3031: 3019:. Retrieved 3015:the original 3005: 2993:. Retrieved 2989:the original 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2953: 2941:. Retrieved 2932: 2923: 2915:the original 2910: 2889: 2882:. Retrieved 2878: 2868: 2859: 2852:. Retrieved 2839: 2829:November 12, 2827:. Retrieved 2823:the original 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2790:www.ntsb.gov 2789: 2777: 2765:. Retrieved 2756: 2747: 2735:. Retrieved 2726: 2716: 2697: 2676:cite journal 2665: 2653:. Retrieved 2641: 2628: 2616:. Retrieved 2612:the original 2607: 2598: 2581: 2569:. Retrieved 2555: 2543:. Retrieved 2539:the original 2529: 2517:. Retrieved 2502: 2494:the original 2484: 2472:. Retrieved 2458: 2446:. Retrieved 2442:the original 2437: 2428: 2416:. Retrieved 2402: 2390:. Retrieved 2381: 2377: 2367: 2355:. Retrieved 2346: 2337: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2305:. Retrieved 2301: 2291: 2279:. Retrieved 2275: 2265: 2253:. Retrieved 2249: 2239: 2227:. Retrieved 2223: 2213: 2201:. Retrieved 2172:. Retrieved 2152: 2141:the original 2128: 2116:. Retrieved 2107: 2098: 2086:. Retrieved 2077: 2068: 2056:. Retrieved 2036: 2024:. Retrieved 2015: 2006: 1996:February 13, 1994:. Retrieved 1985: 1975: 1958: 1946:. Retrieved 1936: 1929: 1919:February 13, 1917:. Retrieved 1906: 1897: 1881: 1875: 1845: 1830: 1820:September 3, 1818:. Retrieved 1809: 1800: 1792: 1777: 1769: 1754: 1744:December 31, 1742:. Retrieved 1733: 1709:. 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Retrieved 1385:the original 1380: 1371: 1360:, retrieved 1350: 1344: 1335: 1320: 1315: 1210: 1185: 1165: 1150:Reise, Reise 1148: 1128: 1098:may contain 1097: 1050: 1025: 1012: 997: 984: 973: 964: 945: 941: 937: 924: 916: 912: 908: 885: 868: 865: 854: 830:requirements 826:deceleration 815:milliseconds 808: 806: 802:requirements 779: 723: 716: 709: 700: 688: 676: 660: 652:David Warren 638: 634: 617: 598: 562: 534: 530:tail section 515: 510: 508: 461:on the front 422: 418: 415: 399: 387: 384: 360: 356: 340: 333: 329: 286: 283: 275: 259: 254:David Warren 243: 209: 189: 169: 160: 155:latent image 140: 100: 93: 88: 84: 80: 76: 74: 61: 49: 47: 18: 6426:Ground crew 6380:Overselling 6251:Sky marshal 6117:WorldTracer 6033:Eurocontrol 5855:Travel visa 5812:Immigration 5728:Airline hub 5628:First class 5575:Relief crew 5146:instruments 5101:Blade pitch 5096:Autofeather 4798:Jet engines 4654:Tundra tire 4537:Intake ramp 4468:Transponder 4253:Gurney flap 4194:Aerodynamic 4109:Fly-by-wire 3991:Triple tail 3646:MRO-network 3500:Scripts.com 3457:February 7, 3153:Yu, Yijun. 2933:GovTrack.us 2507:Luftfahrt. 2418:February 7, 2392:October 20, 2203:February 7, 1948:October 17, 1604:February 1, 1391:October 19, 1251:Data logger 980:David Price 956:John Duncan 952:David Price 890:at Mackay, 852:immersion. 840:, deep sea 754:Mato Grosso 601:flight deck 567:-resistant 549:time of day 370:Terminology 207:, Finland. 173:Farnborough 6511:Categories 6470:Air travel 5783:Jet bridge 5590:Loadmaster 5089:Principles 5068:Components 5060:Propellers 4959:Principles 4910:Air intake 4898:components 4896:Mechanical 4872:Turboshaft 4644:Oleo strut 4532:Inlet cone 4527:Gascolator 4493:Propulsion 4483:Yaw string 4478:Variometer 4334:instrument 4313:Wing fence 4248:Gouge flap 4223:Blown flap 4179:Yaw damper 4154:Stabilator 4139:Side-stick 4074:Dive brake 3961:Stabilizer 3936:Lift strut 3926:Jury strut 3783:US 3075192 3405:October 5, 3346:January 9, 3316:January 9, 3261:January 5, 3078:August 26, 2884:January 9, 2854:January 9, 2571:October 7, 2474:August 12, 2384:: 94–100. 2357:October 5, 2307:January 8, 2118:August 29, 1770:Slyck News 1711:January 7, 1307:References 1207:Chris Rock 1176:Sioux City 1131:March 2022 1100:irrelevant 962:aircraft. 892:Queensland 882:Regulation 649:Australian 577:insulation 429:Components 366:, Canada. 6465:Air cargo 5723:Aerodrome 5381:Alliances 5121:Proprotor 4971:Bleed air 4930:Combustor 4867:Turboprop 4619:Autobrake 4547:NACA duct 4522:Fuel tank 4512:Drop tank 4495:controls, 4378:Astrodome 4368:Altimeter 4233:Dog-tooth 4198:high-lift 4149:Spoileron 4134:Servo tab 4114:Gust lock 4069:Deceleron 4054:Autopilot 4011:Wing root 3996:Twin tail 3981:Tailplane 3916:Hardpoint 3886:Empennage 3849:structure 3573:Survivors 3525:Goodreads 3375:March 11, 3293:March 22, 3195:April 28, 3139:March 31, 3109:March 31, 3068:USA Today 3047:March 11, 3021:March 11, 2995:March 11, 2969:August 2, 2618:April 20, 2545:March 11, 2519:March 11, 2438:l-3ar.com 2174:April 21, 2088:March 27, 2026:April 30, 1685:March 25, 1514:March 11, 1147:'s album 1145:Rammstein 1115:citations 1043:the CVR. 1008:Singapore 846:sea water 565:corrosion 557:frequency 395:black box 299:in 1967. 279:Middlesex 267:secretary 262:prototype 250:Melbourne 195:that the 147:Marignane 62:black box 6532:Avionics 6406:Tracking 6141:Air rage 5840:Passport 5829:internal 5763:Boarding 5758:Airstair 5615:Airliner 5389:Oneworld 5323:Airlines 5237:Jet fuel 5126:Scimitar 4996:Flameout 4940:Impeller 4862:Turbojet 4857:Turbofan 4838:Pulsejet 4802:aircraft 4587:Wet wing 4562:Throttle 4308:Vortilon 4169:Trim tab 4099:Flaperon 4089:Elevator 4044:Airbrake 4016:Wing tip 3941:Longeron 3911:Fuselage 3847:Airframe 3835:Aircraft 3742:Archived 3713:April 7, 3553:Archived 3530:July 17, 3505:July 17, 3480:July 17, 3451:Archived 3431:July 17, 3399:Archived 3287:Archived 3255:Archived 3227:June 21, 3221:Archived 3216:BBC News 3189:Archived 3158:Archived 3133:Archived 3103:Archived 3072:Archived 2963:Archived 2943:April 7, 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