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bacteria. The toxins were able to contaminate the distilled water when spray from the boiling water in the distillation flask reached the receiving flask. Seibert invented a new spray-catching trap to prevent contamination during the distillation process. She published her pyrogen-free process in the
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She and her sister Mabel then moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where
Florence continued to research the possible relationships between bacteria and types of cancers, working with Mound Park Hospital and with the Bay Pines V.A. Research Center. She continued to publish scientific papers until 1977.
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In 1924, she received the
University of Chicago's Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize for work she began at Yale and continued in Chicago. At Yale she reported a curious finding: intravenous injections often caused fever in patients. Seibert determined that the fevers were caused by toxins produced by the
321:. He became professor of pathology and director of laboratories at the Phipps Institute, while she accepted a position as an assistant professor in biochemistry. Their goal was the development of a reliable test for the identification of tuberculosis. The previous tuberculin derivative,
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from 1924 to 1928 at the
University of Chicago and was hired as an assistant professor in biochemistry in 1928. In 1927, her younger sister Mabel moved to Chicago to live and work with her, employed variously as her secretary and her research assistant.
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from 1932 to 1959. She was an assistant professor from 1932 to 1937, an associate professor from 1937 to 1955, a full professor of biochemistry from 1955 to 1959, and professor emeritus as of her official retirement in 1959.
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282:, an award that was competitive for both men and women. She went on to work part-time at the Ricketts Laboratory at the University of Chicago, and part-time at the Sprague Memorial Institute in Chicago.
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Her first publication on the purification of tuberculin appeared in 1934. Some sources credit her with successfully isolating the tuberculosis protein molecule during 1937–38, when she visited the
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With Long's supervision and funding, Seibert identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein. Seibert spent a number of years developing methods for separating and purifying the protein from
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225:. She had to wear leg braces and walked with a limp throughout her life. As a teenager, Seibert is reported to have read biographies of famous scientists which inspired her interest in science.
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298:, and various pharmaceutical firms. She was further recognized in 1962 with the John Elliot Memorial Award from the American Association of Blood Banks for her work on pyrogens.
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tuberculin derivative using filters of porous clay and nitric-acid treated cotton. In 1938, she was awarded the
Trudeau Medal of the National Tuberculosis Association.
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in 1918. She and one of her chemistry teachers, Jessie E. Minor, did war-time work at the
Chemistry Laboratory of the Hammersley Paper Mill in Garfield, New Jersey.
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266:. She was a Van Meter Fellow from 1921 - 1922 and an American Physiological Society Porter Fellow from 1922 - 1923, both at Yale University.
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In the 1940s, Seibert's purified protein derivative (PPD) became a national and international standard for tuberculin tests.
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substance, had produced false negative results in tuberculosis tests since the 1890s because of impurities in the material.
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On
November 15, 1993, a historical marker was dedicated at the location of her birth at 72 N. 2nd Street, Easton, PA.
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In 1923 Seibert worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Otho S.A. Sprague
Memorial Institute at the
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MD PhD, who was working on tuberculosis. In 1932 she agreed to relocate, with Long, to the
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Siebert received the
Trudeau Medal from the National Tuberculosis Association in 1938, the
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She died at the Palm
Springs Nursing Home in St. Petersburg, Florida on August 23, 1991.
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661:. Shearer, Benjamin F., Shearer, Barbara Smith. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 1997.
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262:. She developed a method to prevent these proteins from being contaminated with
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812:"Search Tips advanced search magbottom Dr. Florence Seibert Historical Marker"
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4218:"Electrodialysis of Tuberculin", Florence B. Seibert and Milton T. Hanke
4255:
Notable women in the physical sciences : a biographical dictionary
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Notable women in the physical sciences : a biographical dictionary
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in 1990. A historic marker was placed in her honor in Easton in 1993.
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4240:
National Women's Hall of Fame page on
Florence B. Seibert (with photo)
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336:(PPD) and enabling the creation of a reliable test for tuberculosis.
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73:
845:
Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
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439:"Dr. Florence B. Seibert, Inventor Of Standard TB Test, Dies at 93"
381:
Theories relating bacteria to cancer continue to be controversial.
263:
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In 1943, Seibert received the first Achievement Award from the
344:
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193:, and subsequently for isolating a pure form of tuberculin,
182:. She is best known for identifying the active agent in the
4223:
Florence B. Seibert Papers: An Inventory at Goucher College
1035:
543:. Philadelphia and New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.
110:
Trudeau Medal, National Tuberculosis Association (1938)
936:. St. Petersburg, FL: St. Petersburg Printing Company.
269:
197:(PPD), enabling the development and use of a reliable
843:. In Walker, H. K.; Hall, W. D.; Hurst, J.W. (eds.).
178:(October 6, 1897 – August 23, 1991) was an American
351:to work with Nobel-prize winning protein scientist
278:. She was financed by the Porter Fellowship of the
604:"Florence Seibert, American Biochemist, 1897–1991"
372:She remained at the Henry Phipps Institute at the
4274:
463:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
413:Dr. Florence Seibert Historical Marker in Easton
569:The biographical dictionary of women in science
384:In 1968, Seibert published her autobiography -
2098:
1021:
908:
739:. New York: Facts On File. pp. 265–266.
558:
445:. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014
4229:"Florence Barbara Seibert papers, 1920-1977"
911:"Are Killer Microbes Causing Breast Cancer?"
629:"Florence Barbara Seibert papers, 1920-1977"
108:Howard Taylor Rickets Prize, Chicago (1924)
841:"Chapter 47: Skin Testing for Tuberculosis"
485:. New England Historic Genealogical Society
212:
2105:
2091:
1028:
1014:
29:
1047:Florida Commission on the Status of Women
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800:
554:
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201:test. Seibert has been inducted into the
902:
878:Women in medicine : an encyclopedia
834:
832:
775:"Esmond R. Long and Florence B. Seibert"
728:
726:
724:
621:
598:
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367:American Association of University Women
355:. She developed methods for purifying a
217:Seibert was born on October 6, 1897, in
121:American Association of University Women
4251:
986:"Pennsylvania Historical Marker Search"
931:
874:
868:
436:
4328:20th-century American women scientists
4275:
956:"Francis P. Garvan-John M. Olin Medal"
948:
881:. Oxford: ABC-Clio. pp. 184–185.
847:(3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths.
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228:Seibert did her undergraduate work at
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572:. New York: Routledge. p. 1173.
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290:. It was subsequently adopted by the
4258:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
651:
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270:Professional achievements and awards
4308:Recipients of the Garvan–Olin Medal
760:
736:A to Z of women in science and math
532:
497:
471:
301:Seibert served as an instructor in
13:
4318:University of Pennsylvania faculty
4245:
1091:Wilhelmina Celeste Goehring Harvey
934:Pebbles on the Hill of a Scientist
932:Seibert, Florence Barbara (1968).
427:
386:Pebbles on the Hill of a Scientist
14:
4354:
4163:
2265:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
646:
247:in 1923. At Yale she studied the
4303:People from Easton, Pennsylvania
1152:Julia DeForest Sturtevant Tuttle
399:in 1942, and induction into the
3335:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
2054:Virginia M. Hernandez Covington
978:
925:
526:Encyclopedia of World Biography
4333:20th-century American chemists
4233:American Philosophical Society
3014:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
697:
633:American Philosophical Society
288:American Journal of Physiology
280:American Philosophical Society
1:
4313:University of Chicago faculty
4252:Shearer, Benjamin F. (1997).
3984:
3656:
3161:
2486:
2317:
2126:
2115:National Women's Hall of Fame
1828:Aleene Pridgen Kidd MacKenzie
1381:Ivy Julia Cromartie Stranahan
437:Lambert, Bruce (1991-08-31).
420:
401:National Women's Hall of Fame
296:National Institutes of Health
207:National Women's Hall of Fame
4208:Resources in other libraries
4189:Resources in other libraries
3361:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
1989:Mildred Wilborn Gildersleeve
1198:Elizabeth McCullough Johnson
1037:Florida Women's Hall of Fame
909:Cantwell, Jr., Alan (1998).
875:Windsor, Laura Lynn (2002).
779:Chemical Heritage Foundation
292:Food and Drug Administration
203:Florida Women's Hall of Fame
7:
3544:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
2948:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1433:Christine Fulwylie-Bankston
1293:Betty Skelton Frankman Erde
528:. The Gale Group Inc. 2004.
483:Social Security Death Index
334:purified protein derivative
195:purified protein derivative
10:
4359:
4293:American women biochemists
3100:Katharine Dexter McCormick
2398:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
1937:Katherine Fernandez Rundle
1508:Marianne Mathewson-Chapman
374:University of Pennsylvania
330:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
319:University of Pennsylvania
309:During this time, she met
152:University of Pennsylvania
4343:Graduate Women in Science
4203:Resources in your library
4184:Resources in your library
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960:American Chemical Society
541:American Women of Science
397:American Chemical Society
232:in Baltimore, graduating
169:
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137:
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97:Isolating a pure form of
93:
79:
69:
51:
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4338:American women academics
3189:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
2999:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
2772:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
1953:Adela Hernandez Gonzmart
1932:Kathleen Scott Robertson
1454:Sister Jeanne O'Laughlin
1345:Evelyn Stocking Crosslin
1218:Florence Barbara Seibert
1213:Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
1188:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
709:www.spragueinstitute.org
213:Early life and education
176:Florence Barbara Seibert
3679:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
3569:Catherine Filene Shouse
3422:Patricia Roberts Harris
3060:Mary Steichen Calderone
2928:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
2797:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
2601:Martha Wright Griffiths
1859:Dottie Berger MacKinnon
1560:Frances Langford Stuart
1208:Arva Moore Parks McCabe
1178:Gwendolyn Sawyer Cherry
1127:Lena B. Smithers Hughes
1122:Barbara Landstreet Frye
393:Francis P. Garvan Medal
258:under the direction of
63:St. Petersburg, Florida
4323:Yale University alumni
4298:Goucher College alumni
4197:By Florence B. Seibert
3625:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
3120:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2984:Frances Xavier Cabrini
2898:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
2676:Ellen Swallow Richards
2646:Constance Baker Motley
2296:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
2229:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1529:Lenore Carrero Nesbitt
1203:Frances Bartlett Kinne
1147:Gladys Pumariega Soler
689:: CS1 maint: others (
414:
315:Henry Phipps Institute
4139:Anna Wessels Williams
3826:Carlotta Walls LaNier
3559:Elisabeth KĂĽbler-Ross
3417:Martha Matilda Harper
3381:Mary Engle Pennington
3219:Frances Oldham Kelsey
3004:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
2757:Jane Cunningham Croly
2686:Katherine Siva Saubel
2581:Marian Wright Edelman
2504:Margaret Bourke-White
2429:Harriet Beecher Stowe
1901:Carol Jenkins Barnett
1802:Elizabeth "Budd" Bell
1459:Dessie Smith Prescott
1329:Gladys Nichols Milton
839:Dacso, C. C. (1990).
522:"Florence B. Seibert"
479:"Florence B. Seibert"
412:
341:University of Uppsala
276:University of Chicago
243:in biochemistry from
3836:Mary Harriman Rumsey
3674:St. Katharine Drexel
3518:Mary Burnett Talbert
3513:Blanche Stuart Scott
3498:Mother Marianne Cope
3478:Ruth Fulton Benedict
3437:Mildred Robbins Leet
3135:Angelina Grimké Weld
3009:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2979:Charlotte Anne Bunch
2556:Antoinette Blackwell
2535:Gertrude Belle Elion
2465:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
2234:Helen Brooke Taussig
2224:Margaret Chase Smith
1755:Claudine Dianne Ryce
1503:Paula Fickes Hawkins
1402:Carita Doggett Corse
1371:Marjorie Harris Carr
1137:Sybil Collins Mobley
1045:Administered by the
990:www.phmc.state.pa.us
733:Yount, Lisa (2008).
219:Easton, Pennsylvania
45:Easton, Pennsylvania
4175:Florence B. Seibert
4053:Rebecca S. Halstead
4027:Mary Church Terrell
3714:Barbara A. Mikulski
3442:Patsy Takemoto Mink
3427:Stephanie L. Kwolek
3366:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3340:Emily Howell Warner
3285:Dorothy H. Andersen
3259:Annie Dodge Wauneka
3254:Mary Edwards Walker
3179:Faye Glenn Abdellah
3110:Edith Nourse Rogers
3090:Shirley Ann Jackson
3065:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
2943:Sandra Day O'Connor
2923:Matilda Joslyn Gage
2519:Florence B. Seibert
2356:Carrie Chapman Catt
2286:Juliette Gordon Low
2169:Elizabeth Blackwell
2164:Mary McLeod Bethune
1963:Lee Bird Leavengood
1906:Helen Aguirre Ferré
1854:Louise Jones Gopher
1685:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
1675:Barbara J. Pariente
1654:Maryly VanLeer Peck
1350:JoAnn Hardin Morgan
1117:Roxcy O'Neal Bolton
1076:Mary McLeod Bethune
785:on January 13, 2012
608:Chemistry Explained
539:Yost, Edna (1943).
239:Seibert earned her
23:Florence B. Seibert
16:American biochemist
4012:Barbara Rose Johns
3963:Flossie Wong-Staal
3938:Nicole Malachowski
3867:Lorraine Hansberry
3811:Marcia Greenberger
3765:Mary Joseph Rogers
3704:Coretta Scott King
3689:Abby Kelley Foster
3605:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
3493:Rita Rossi Colwell
3269:Frances E. Willard
3105:Rozanne L. Ridgway
3055:Lydia Moss Bradley
3040:Madeleine Albright
2933:Nannerl O. Keohane
2903:Anne Dallas Dudley
2832:Betty Bone Schiess
2802:Susette La Flesche
2787:Zora Neale Hurston
2782:Helen LaKelly Hunt
2706:Madam C. J. Walker
2621:Mary Putnam Jacobi
2571:Jacqueline Cochran
2551:Ethel Percy Andrus
2419:Barbara McClintock
2028:Alice Scott Abbott
1911:Elmira Louise Leto
1880:Evelyn Cahn Keiser
1833:Lillie Pierce Voss
1807:Vicki Bryant Burke
1701:Louise H. Cortelis
1602:Shirley D. Coletti
1550:Victoria Joyce Ely
1524:Jessie Ball duPont
1428:Mattie Belle Davis
1423:Helen Gordon Davis
1355:Sarah Brooks Pryor
1267:Jacqueline Cochran
1228:Eartha M. M. White
1132:Zora Neale Hurston
816:Explore PA History
443:The New York Times
415:
123:Achievement Award
4170:Library resources
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4114:Kimberlé Crenshaw
4109:Elouise P. Cobell
4073:Katherine Johnson
4043:Octavia E. Butler
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3882:Clare Boothe Luce
3694:Helen Murray Free
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3508:Patricia A. Locke
3473:Florence E. Allen
3457:Sheila E. Widnall
3402:Linda G. Alvarado
3386:Mercy Otis Warren
3345:Victoria Woodhull
3330:Barbara Holdridge
3325:Beatrice A. Hicks
3300:Lydia Maria Child
3214:Leontine T. Kelly
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
2974:Louisa May Alcott
2888:Mary Breckinridge
2767:Geraldine Ferraro
2752:Annie Jump Cannon
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2214:Eleanor Roosevelt
2113:Inductees to the
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1797:Ruth H. Alexander
1781:Anna I. Rodriguez
1776:Mary Brennan Karl
1760:Dara Grace Torres
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1576:Sarah Ann Blocker
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1101:Barbara Jo Palmer
1081:Helene S. Coleman
349:Guggenheim fellow
173:
172:
132:Scientific career
114:Garvan–Olin Medal
4350:
4269:
4236:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3980:
3948:Louise Slaughter
3872:Victoria Jackson
3831:Philippa Marrack
3816:Barbara Iglewski
3724:Kathrine Switzer
3719:Donna E. Shalala
3664:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3610:Allie B. Latimer
3590:Louise Bourgeois
3564:Judith L. Pipher
3371:Katharine Graham
3315:Marian de Forest
3234:Anna Howard Shaw
3184:Emma Smith DeVoe
3169:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3070:Joan Ganz Cooney
2994:Oveta Culp Hobby
2989:Mary A. Hallaren
2852:Sarah Winnemucca
2721:Gloria Yerkovich
2716:Rosalyn S. Yalow
2671:Jeannette Rankin
2651:Georgia O'Keeffe
2606:Fannie Lou Hamer
2566:Shirley Chisholm
2514:Billie Jean King
2494:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2445:Gwendolyn Brooks
2325:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2154:Susan B. Anthony
2134:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2059:Barbara Nicklaus
2038:E. Thelma Waters
2018:
2017:
2007:
2006:
1979:Doris Mae Barnes
1875:Mary Lee Farrior
1740:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1407:M. Athalie Range
1324:Betty Mae Jumper
1257:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1223:Marilyn K. Smith
1193:Elsie Jones Hare
1173:Rosemary Barkett
1096:Paula Mae Milton
1066:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
962:. Archived from
952:
946:
945:
929:
923:
922:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
836:
827:
826:
824:
822:
808:
795:
794:
792:
790:
781:. Archived from
771:
758:
757:
755:
753:
730:
719:
718:
716:
715:
701:
695:
694:
688:
680:
653:
644:
643:
641:
639:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
600:
591:
590:
588:
586:
560:Ogilvie, Marilyn
556:
545:
544:
536:
530:
529:
518:
495:
494:
492:
490:
475:
469:
468:
462:
454:
452:
450:
434:
353:Theodor Svedberg
260:Lafayette Mendel
164:Lafayette Mendel
159:Doctoral advisor
126:
118:
58:
33:
19:
18:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4248:
4246:Further reading
4227:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4194:
4193:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4161:
4148:
4144:Serena Williams
4087:
4031:
4017:Henrietta Lacks
4007:Barbara Hillary
4002:Aretha Franklin
3986:
3967:
3953:Sonia Sotomayor
3906:
3845:
3796:Tenley Albright
3784:
3770:Bernice Sandler
3728:
3709:Lilly Ledbetter
3684:Loretta C. Ford
3658:
3639:
3578:
3574:Henrietta Szold
3534:Eleanor K. Baum
3522:
3488:Hillary Clinton
3461:
3412:Gertrude Ederle
3407:Donna de Varona
3390:
3349:
3295:Rosalynn Carter
3273:
3249:Wilma L. Vaught
3204:Crystal Eastman
3199:Sylvia A. Earle
3163:
3144:
3140:Chien-Shiung Wu
3115:Felice Schwartz
3085:Julia Ward Howe
3028:
3019:Maria Tallchief
2962:
2918:Margaret Fuller
2913:Ella Fitzgerald
2908:Mary Baker Eddy
2861:
2817:Antonia Novello
2792:Anne Hutchinson
2725:
2666:Esther Peterson
2641:Wilma Mankiller
2561:Emily Blackwell
2539:
2523:
2488:
2469:
2433:
2407:
2386:
2365:
2361:Frances Perkins
2344:
2340:Sojourner Truth
2335:Margaret Sanger
2319:
2300:
2269:
2243:
2189:Emily Dickinson
2149:Marian Anderson
2128:
2117:
2111:
2081:
2068:
2042:
2012:
1993:
1984:Judith A. Bense
1967:
1941:
1915:
1889:
1863:
1837:
1811:
1785:
1764:
1734:
1715:
1689:
1663:
1659:Peggy A. Quince
1642:
1628:Caridad Asensio
1616:
1590:
1586:Mary R. Grizzle
1564:
1538:
1512:
1482:
1463:
1437:
1411:
1385:
1359:
1333:
1307:
1298:Paulina Pedroso
1281:
1277:Ruth Bryan Owen
1251:
1232:
1156:
1105:
1060:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1004:
1003:
994:
992:
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
966:on 20 June 2013
954:
953:
949:
930:
926:
907:
903:
893:
891:
889:
873:
869:
859:
857:
855:
837:
830:
820:
818:
810:
809:
798:
788:
786:
773:
772:
761:
751:
749:
747:
731:
722:
713:
711:
703:
702:
698:
682:
681:
669:
655:
654:
647:
637:
635:
627:
626:
622:
612:
610:
602:
601:
594:
584:
582:
580:
557:
548:
537:
533:
520:
519:
498:
488:
486:
477:
476:
472:
456:
455:
448:
446:
435:
428:
423:
272:
245:Yale University
230:Goucher College
215:
124:
116:
88:Yale University
86:
84:Goucher College
80:Alma mater
65:
60:
56:
55:August 23, 1991
47:
42:
41:October 6, 1897
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4271:
4270:
4264:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4225:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:External links
4162:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Judith Plaskow
4121:
4119:Peggy McIntosh
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4083:Michelle Obama
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3958:Laurie Spiegel
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3877:Sherry Lansing
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Temple Grandin
3859:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Jean Kilbourne
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Ina May Gaskin
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:Billie Holiday
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Dorothea Lange
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Bessie Coleman
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Eileen Collins
2890:
2885:
2883:Amelia Bloomer
2880:
2875:
2873:Virginia Apgar
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Nettie Stevens
2839:
2837:Muriel Siebert
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Linda Richards
2819:
2814:
2812:Maria Mitchell
2809:
2807:Louise McManus
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Catherine East
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Faye Wattleton
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Helen Stephens
2693:
2691:Gloria Steinem
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Dolores Huerta
2613:
2611:Dorothy Height
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Barbara Jordan
2506:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2377:Belva Lockwood
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2239:Harriet Tubman
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Florence Sabin
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Alice Hamilton
2196:
2194:Amelia Earhart
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:Beverly Yeager
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Mary Lou Baker
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1638:Lucy W. Morgan
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1581:Gloria Estefan
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1272:Carrie P. Meek
1269:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Annie Ackerman
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1002:
1001:
977:
947:
924:
901:
888:978-1576073926
887:
867:
853:
828:
796:
759:
746:978-0816066957
745:
720:
696:
667:
645:
620:
592:
578:
546:
531:
496:
470:
425:
424:
422:
419:
311:Esmond R. Long
271:
268:
234:Phi Beta Kappa
214:
211:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
128:
127:
106:
102:
101:
95:
94:Known for
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
59:(aged 93)
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4355:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4190:
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27:
20:
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4232:
4196:
4174:
4129:Loretta Ross
4104:Ruby Bridges
4048:Judy Chicago
3943:Rose O'Neill
3923:Angela Davis
3902:Alice Waters
3897:Janet Rowley
3892:Carol Mutter
3780:Emma Willard
3760:Nancy Pelosi
3755:Kate Millett
3620:Ruth Patrick
3615:Emma Lazarus
3600:Karen DeCrow
3595:Mildred Cohn
3290:Lucille Ball
3264:Eudora Welty
3239:Sophia Smith
3224:Kate Mullany
3080:Sarah Grimké
3045:Maya Angelou
2878:Ann Bancroft
2857:Fanny Wright
2777:Grace Hopper
2701:Lillian Wald
2656:Annie Oakley
2636:Mary Mahoney
2518:
2460:Mary Risteau
2450:Willa Cather
2403:Bessie Smith
2281:Dorothea Dix
2209:Helen Keller
2184:Mary Cassatt
2159:Clara Barton
2033:Alma Lee Loy
1849:Susan Benton
1534:Lynda Keever
1376:Betty Castor
1183:Dorothy Dodd
993:. Retrieved
989:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:the original
959:
950:
933:
927:
918:
914:
904:
892:. Retrieved
877:
870:
858:. Retrieved
844:
819:. Retrieved
815:
787:. Retrieved
783:the original
778:
750:. Retrieved
735:
712:. Retrieved
708:
699:
657:
636:. Retrieved
632:
623:
611:. Retrieved
607:
583:. Retrieved
568:
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487:. Retrieved
482:
473:
447:. Retrieved
442:
416:
405:
390:
385:
383:
379:
371:
364:
361:
338:
332:, obtaining
329:
327:
308:
300:
287:
284:
273:
238:
227:
216:
175:
174:
148:Institutions
142:Biochemistry
131:
112:
109:
57:(1991-08-23)
4288:1991 deaths
4283:1897 births
4134:Sandy Stone
4078:Indra Nooyi
3750:Julie Krone
3549:Swanee Hunt
3539:Julia Child
3503:Maya Y. Lin
3376:Bertha Holt
3310:Dorothy Day
3244:Ida Tarbell
3209:Jeanne Holm
2938:Maggie Kuhn
2737:Bella Abzug
2626:Mae Jemison
2596:Ella Grasso
2586:Alice Evans
2576:Ruth Colvin
2204:Helen Hayes
2144:Jane Addams
1958:Janet Petro
1498:Chris Evert
1397:Alicia Baro
1319:Nikki Beare
564:Harvey, Joy
357:crystalline
249:intravenous
70:Nationality
4277:Categories
4265:0313293031
3933:Jane Fonda
3928:Sarah Deer
3740:Betty Ford
3229:Janet Reno
3075:Gerty Cori
3050:Nellie Bly
2742:Ella Baker
2661:Rosa Parks
2455:Sally Ride
2424:Lucy Stone
2291:Alice Paul
1303:Janet Reno
1142:Helen Muir
995:2016-10-01
942:B0006D317A
894:26 October
860:26 October
821:26 October
752:26 October
714:2017-11-11
668:0313293031
638:26 October
613:26 October
585:26 October
421:References
187:tuberculin
180:biochemist
99:tuberculin
4063:Joy Harjo
3985:2020–2029
3657:2010–2019
3447:Sacagawea
3194:Mary Dyer
3162:2000–2009
2631:Mary Lyon
2487:1990–1999
2318:1980–1989
2127:1970–1979
789:April 27,
705:"History"
685:cite book
459:cite news
395:from the
303:pathology
252:injection
4058:Mia Hamm
970:27 April
915:New Dawn
677:34894324
566:(2000).
489:27 April
264:bacteria
256:proteins
254:of milk
205:and the
74:American
449:15 July
347:, as a
317:at the
191:protein
184:antigen
4262:
4172:about
940:
885:
851:
743:
675:
665:
576:
345:Sweden
323:Koch's
294:, the
138:Fields
125:(1943)
117:(1942)
105:Awards
2011:2020s
1733:2010s
1481:2000s
1250:1990s
1059:1980s
241:Ph.D.
223:polio
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