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underlying condition for people and increases the |mortality rate when infected by the influenza disease. There was diverse labor in
Newfoundland, men and women had various occupations that involved day-to-day interaction. But, fishing had a major role in the economy and so males were more mobile than females and had more contact with other parts of the world. The spread of the pandemic is known to have begun in the spring of 1918, but Newfoundland did not see the deadly wave until June or July, which aligns with the high demand for employment in the fishery. The majority of men were working along the coast during the summer and it was typical for entire families to move to Newfoundland and work. Studies show a much higher mortality rate in males compared with females. But, during the first, second, and third waves of the pandemic, the mortality shifted. During the first wave, men had a higher mortality rate, but the mortality rate of females increased and was higher during the second and third waves. The female population was larger in certain regions of Newfoundland and therefore had a bigger impact on the death rate.
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pandemic, from
September to December 1918. Mortality figures follow closely the concurrent increase in precipitation and decrease in temperatures. Several explanations have been proposed for this, including the fact that lower temperatures and increased precipitation provided ideal conditions for virus replication and transmission, while also negatively affecting the immune systems of soldiers and other people exposed to the inclement weather, a factor proven to increase likelihood of infection by both viruses and pneumococcal co-morbid infections documented to have affected a large percentage of pandemic victims (one fifth of them, with a 36% mortality rate). A six-year climate anomaly (1914–1919) brought cold, marine air to Europe, drastically changing its weather, as documented by eyewitness accounts and instrumental records, reaching as far as the
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China. For instance, Iijima in 1998 estimates the death toll in China to be between 1 and 1.28 million based on data available from
Chinese port cities. The lower estimates of the Chinese death toll are based on the low mortality rates that were found in Chinese port cities (for example, Hong Kong) and on the assumption that poor communications prevented the flu from penetrating the interior of China. However, some contemporary newspaper and post office reports, as well as reports from missionary doctors, suggest that the flu did penetrate the Chinese interior and that influenza was severe in at least some locations in the countryside of China.
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2824:. In 1918, older adults may have had partial protection caused by exposure to the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, known as the "Russian flu". According to historian John M. Barry, the most vulnerable of all – "those most likely, of the most likely", to die – were pregnant women. He reported that in thirteen studies of hospitalized women in the pandemic, the death rate ranged from 23% to 71%. Of the pregnant women who survived childbirth, over one-quarter (26%) lost the child. Another oddity was that the outbreak was widespread in the summer and autumn (in the Northern Hemisphere); influenza is usually worse in winter.
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5791:[In Europe, the Spanish flu was also referred to as 'Blitzkatarrh', as 'Flanders fever', 'Flanders flu', in English and Americans as 'three-day' or 'knock-me-down' fever, and in France as 'la flu', as 'bronchite purulente' (purulent bronchitis) or by French military doctors as 'disease 11' (maladie onze). The naming of diseases and especially epidemics according to their presumed place of origin is nothing unusual. It is an attempt to track down what is happening. At the same time, in this way, diseases are marked as something external, as something foreign that has invaded or been introduced.]
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2723:. However, the outbreak was delayed into 1926 for American Samoa and 1921 for New Caledonia as the quarantine period ended. On American Samoa, at least 25% of the island residents were clinically attacked and 0.1% died, and on New Caledonia, there was widespread illness and 0.1% population died. Australia also managed to avoid the first two waves with a quarantine. Iceland protected a third of its population from exposure by blocking the main road of the island. By the end of the pandemic, the isolated island of
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5093:[In Spain, it was initially called 'the three-day fever', based on the belief, as in other countries, that the flu was a mild illness. The first reports about the flu, drawing attention to the fact that something different was happening, appeared in the press at the end of May. For example, in the newspaper ABC on 22 May, through a brief note on page 24: "The doctors have verified, in Madrid, the existence of an epidemic of a influenza nature, very widespread, but, fortunately, of a mild nature.']
1928:, based his conclusions on newly unearthed records. He found archival evidence that a respiratory illness that struck northern China (where the laborers came from) in November 1917 was identified a year later by Chinese health officials as identical to the Spanish flu. Unfortunately, no tissue samples have survived for modern comparison. Nevertheless, there were some reports of respiratory illness on parts of the path the laborers took to get to Europe, which also passed through North America.
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York City began to see its own sudden increase in cases, and other cities around the country were soon to follow. Certain pandemic restrictions, such as the closing of schools and theaters and the staggering of business hours to avoid congestion, were reimposed in cities like
Chicago, Memphis, and New York City. As they had during the epidemic in fall 1918, schools in New York City remained open, while those in Memphis were shuttered as part of more general restrictions on public gatherings.
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2861:. (2011) used a mechanistic modeling approach to study the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic. They examined the factors that underlie variability in temporal patterns and their correlation to patterns of mortality and morbidity. Their analysis suggests that temporal variations in transmission rate provide the best explanation, and the variation in transmission required to generate these three waves is within biologically plausible values. Another study by He
1468:. By 21 February, with some local variation, influenza activity was reported to have been declining since mid-January in all parts of the country. Following this "first great epidemic period" that had commenced in October 1918, deaths from pneumonia and influenza were "somewhat below average" in the large cities of the United States between May 1919 and January 1920. Nonetheless, nearly 160,000 deaths were attributed to these causes in the first six months of 1919.
5692:'The Serbian Newspaper' wrote in the period October 23 / November 5, 1918 at the peak of the second, deadliest wave of the pandemic: 'Various countries have been assigning the origin of this imposing guest to each other for quite some time, and at one point in time they agreed to assign its origin to the kind and neutral Spain, which had been fighting off this honour just as much as German submarines, so imposing in their search for hospitality off Spanish shores.'
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times higher mortality in
Hungary and Spain compared to Denmark, two to three times higher chance of death in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to North Africa, and possibly up to ten times higher rates between the extremes of Asia. Cities were affected worse than rural areas. There were also differences between cities, which might have reflected exposure to the milder first wave giving immunity, as well as the introduction of social distancing measures.
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of
January. The Public Health Service announced it would take steps to "localize the epidemic", but the disease was already causing a simultaneous outbreak in Kansas City and quickly spread outward from the center of the country in no clear direction. A few days after its first announcement, PHS issued another assuring that the disease was under the control of state health authorities and that an outbreak of epidemic proportions was not expected.
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Chinese and
Southeast Asian workers in Europe suggests that the Asian units were not different from other Allied military units in France at the end of 1918 and, thus, were not a likely source of a new lethal virus. Further evidence against the disease being spread by Chinese workers was that workers entered Europe through other routes that did not result in a detectable spread, making them unlikely to have been the original hosts.
3427:(or biological groups each descended from a common ancestor), which gave rise to the classical swine and human H1N1 influenza lineages. The last common ancestor of human strains dates between February 1917 and April 1918. Because pigs are more readily infected with avian influenza viruses than are humans, they were suggested as the original recipients of the virus, passing the virus to humans sometime between 1913 and 1918.
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4437:, p. 7: "In short, although the Spanish flu 'had nothing "Spanish" about it,' from a strictly epidemiological perspective, its discursive link to the Iberian nation is beyond dispute. The importance of narrative for a historically informed appreciation of the epidemic stems from the importance of this discursive link and is tied directly to the scientific uncertainty about the etiological agent of the epidemic;"
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Shanghai
International Settlement, and the actual death toll in Shanghai was much higher. The medical records from China's interior indicate that, compared to cities, rural communities have substantially higher mortality rate. A published influenza survey in Houlu County, Hebei Province, found that the case fatality rate was 9.77% and 0.79% of county population died from influenza in October and November 1918.
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2746:. China may have experienced a relatively mild flu season in 1918 compared to other areas of the world. However, some reports from its interior suggest that mortality rates from influenza were perhaps higher in at least a few locations in China in 1918. At the very least, there is little evidence that China as a whole was seriously affected by the flu compared to other countries in the world.
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als 'Krankheit 11' (maladie onze) bezeichnet. Die
Benennung von Krankheiten und insbesondere Seuchen nach ihrem vermuteten Ursprungsort ist nichts Ungewöhnliches. Es ist der Versuch, einem Geschehen auf die Spur zu kommen. Zugleich werden auf diese Weise Krankheiten als etwas Äußerliches gekennzeichnet, als etwas Fremdes, das eingedrungen ist oder eingeschleppt wurde.
3483:, led by Dr Terrence Tumpey, to synthesize RNA segments from the H1N1 virus and ultimately reconstruct infective virus particles. These were subsequently used to experimentally infect mice, ferrets, and macaques giving valuable insights into influenza virus biology and pathogenesis, providing important information about how to prevent and control future pandemics.
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then sent from Fort Riley around the world, where they spread the disease. Similarities between a reconstruction of the virus and avian viruses, combined with the human pandemic preceding the first reports of influenza in swine, led researchers to conclude the influenza virus jumped directly from birds to humans, and swine caught the disease from humans.
2265:. Vaccines were also developed, but as these were based on bacteria and not the actual virus, they could only help with secondary infections. The actual enforcement of various restrictions varied. To a large extent, the New York City health commissioner ordered businesses to open and close on staggered shifts to avoid overcrowding on the subways.
1998:
crowded field hospitals, spreading the deadlier virus. The second wave began, and the flu quickly spread around the world again. Consequently, during modern pandemics, health officials look for deadlier strains of a virus when it reaches places with social upheaval. The fact that most of those who recovered from first-wave infections had become
1627:
as many deaths as the 1918–1919 experience. New York City alone reported 6,374 deaths between
December 1919 and April 1920, almost twice the number of the first wave in spring 1918. Other U.S. cities including Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis were hit particularly hard, with death rates higher than all of 1918. The
2006:, which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29% (0.02% in the first wave and 0.27% in the second wave) because of exposure to the less-lethal first wave. For the rest of the population, the second wave was far more deadly; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches – adults who were young and fit.
897:, a Spanish official protested, "we were surprised to learn that the disease was making ravages in other countries, and that people there were calling it the 'Spanish grip'. And wherefore Spanish? …this epidemic was not born in Spain, and this should be recorded as a historic vindication." But before this letter could be published,
3492:) infected with the recreated flu strain exhibited classic symptoms of the 1918 pandemic, and died from an overreaction of the immune system. This may explain why the Spanish flu had its surprising effect on younger, healthier people, as a person with a stronger immune system would potentially have a stronger overreaction.
2625:, managed to avoid the extent of the pandemic between 1918 and 1919, but the flu at last reached the town in spring 1920. Reports suggested that during the first two weeks of May, the majority of the town's population became infected; 10% of the population were estimated to have died, most of whom were Alaska Natives.
1444:, for example, experienced a swift resurgence of influenza that reached its peak in December, possibly as a result of the lifting of the ban on public gatherings. Pandemic interventions, such as bans on public gatherings and the closing of schools, were reimposed in many places in an attempt to suppress the spread.
1990:
susceptibility. A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of the flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease. Another was lies and denial by governments, leaving the population ill-prepared to handle the outbreaks.
6047:[The following month, a number of sumo wrestlers were absent from the summer tournament in Tokyo due to high fevers. People called it the "sumo flu" or "wrestler flu," but in fact, this mysterious infection is believed to be the Spanish flu, which began spreading in the United States early that year.]
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in question, influenza, had been sowing misery in France and Britain for weeks, and in America for longer, but Salazar did not know this because the governments of those countries, a group then at war with Germany and its allies, had made strenuous efforts to suppress such potentially morale-damaging news.
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John M. Barry : The government lied. They lied about everything. We were at war and they lied because they didn't want to upend the war effort. You had public health leaders telling people this was just the ordinary flu by another name. They simply didn't tell the people the truth about what was
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Medical professionals and officials in Spain protested. They said the Spanish people were being falsely stigmatized.... If you've ever wondered about the staying power of a brand, the 'Spanish Flu' is a case in point. A full 100 years later, the 'Spanish Flu' is still referenced — and still remains a
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In Europa wurde die Spanischer Grippe auch als 'Blitzkatarrh', als 'Flandern-Fieber', 'flandische Grippe', bei Engländern und Amerikanern als 'three-day'- oder 'knock-me-down'-Fieber, und in Frankreich als 'la grippe', als 'bronchite purulente' (eitrige Bronchitis) oder beim französische Militärärzte
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The Russians called it the Chinese flu. In Japan, it was wrestler's fever. In South Africa, it was known as either the white man's sickness or kaffersiekte blacks' disease. Soldiers fighting in the Great War called it the three-day fever—a highly inaccurate description—and when it first struck in the
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published a scant article titled 'Can One Live? The Fashionable Illness.' Likely the first account in Spain of the Spanish flu, it begins: 'For several days, Madrid has been affected by an epidemic, which fortunately is mild; but which, from what it appears, intends to kill doctors from overwork'....
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French doctors gave it the name of "la grippe," which is now anglicized into "the grip" ... It is known all over the world, and there is a disposition in every nation to shift the odium of it upon some other country. Then the Russians call it the Chinese catarrh, the Germans often call it the Russian
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Two papers were published in The Lancet in 1917 describing an outbreak of disease constituting 'almost a small epidemic'. The first paper was written by physicians at a hospital center in northern France,3 and the second by a team at an army hospital in Aldershot, in southern England. In both earlier
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When people read the obituaries, they saw the war or postwar deaths and the deaths from the influenza side by side. Particularly in Europe, where the war's toll was high, the flu may not have had a tremendous psychological impact or may have seemed an extension of the war's tragedies. The duration of
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In South Africa it is estimated that about 300,000 people amounting to 6% of the population died within six weeks. Government actions in the early stages of the virus' arrival in the country in September 1918 are believed to have unintentionally accelerated its spread throughout the country. Almost a
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communities. New South Wales and Victoria saw the greatest relative mortality, with 3.19 and 2.40 deaths per 1,000 people respectively, while Western Australia, Queensland, Southern Australia, and Tasmania experienced rates of 1.70, 1.14, 1.13, and 1.09 per 1,000 respectively. In Queensland, at least
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hastened the pandemic, and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation. The war may also have reduced people's resistance to the virus. Some speculate the soldiers' immune systems were weakened by malnourishment, as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks, increasing their
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that principally affected those 26 years of age and younger. While some natural explanations, such as the virus remaining in some frozen state for 20 years, have been proposed to explain this unprecedented phenomenon, the nature of influenza itself has been cited in favor of human involvement of some
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reaching a peak of 158 deaths in a single week, compared to the peak of 92 reached in December 1918; however, the 1920 epidemic passed in a matter of weeks, while the 1918–1919 wave had developed over the entire second half of 1918. By contrast, the outbreak in western Europe was considered "benign",
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The fourth wave in the United States subsided as swiftly as it had appeared, reaching a peak in early February. "An epidemic of considerable proportions marked the early months of 1920", the U.S. Mortality Statistics would later note; according to data at this time, the epidemic resulted in one third
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remained free from it until mid-August. Out of the six states, Victoria and New South Wales experienced generally more extensive epidemics. Each experienced another significant wave of illness over the winter. The second epidemic in New South Wales was more severe than the first, while Victoria saw a
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The first wave of the flu lasted from the first quarter of 1918 and was relatively mild. Mortality rates were not appreciably above normal; in the United States ~75,000 flu-related deaths were reported in the first six months of 1918, compared to ~63,000 deaths during the same time period in 1915. In
5619:
On June 29th 1918 Martín Salazar, Spain's inspector-general of health, stood up in front of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Madrid. He declared, not without embarrassment, that the disease which was ravaging his country was to be found nowhere else in Europe. In fact, that was not true. The illness
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En España, se le llamó al principio 'la fiebre de los tres días', atendiendo a la creencia, como en otros países, de que la gripe era una enfermedad leve. Las primeras noticias sobre la gripe, llamando la atención sobre que algo distinto estaba ocurriendo, aparecieron en la prensa a finales de mayo.
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was one of the deadliest diseases in the 1900s, and killed more men than women. But with the spread of influenza disease, the cases of tuberculosis cases in men decreased. Many scholars have noted that tuberculosis increased the mortality rate of influenza in males, decreasing their life expectancy.
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The origin of the Spanish flu pandemic, and the relationship between the near-simultaneous outbreaks in humans and swine, have been controversial. One hypothesis is that the virus strain originated at Fort Riley, Kansas, in viruses in poultry and swine which the fort bred for food; the soldiers were
2985:
There are various theories of why the Spanish flu was "forgotten". The rapid pace of the pandemic, which killed most of its victims in the United States within less than nine months, resulted in limited media coverage. The general population was familiar with patterns of pandemic disease in the late
2902:
writes that "Many researchers have suggested that the conditions of the war significantly aided the spread of the disease. And others have argued that the course of the war (and subsequent peace treaty) was influenced by the pandemic." Kahn has developed a model that can be used on home computers to
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incorporating three factors to infer the cause of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic. These factors were school opening and closing, temperature changes throughout the outbreak, and human behavioral changes in response to the outbreak. Their modeling results showed that all three factors
2447:
based on data from fourteen European countries estimated a total of 2.64 million excess deaths in Europe attributable to the Spanish flu during the major 1918–1919 phase of the pandemic, in line with the three prior studies from 1991, 2002, and 2006 that calculated a European death toll of between 2
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in history. An early estimate from 1927 put global mortality at 21.6 million. An estimate from 1991 states that the virus killed between 25 and 39 million people. A 2005 estimate put the death toll at 50 million (about 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).
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While systems for alerting public health authorities of infectious spread did exist in 1918, they did not generally include influenza, leading to a delayed response. Nevertheless, actions were taken. Maritime quarantines were declared on islands such as Iceland, Australia, and American Samoa, saving
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troops suffered extremely cold temperatures despite the normally Mediterranean climate of the region. The climate anomaly likely influenced the migration of H1N1 avian vectors which contaminate bodies of water with their droppings, reaching 60% infection rates in autumn. The climate anomaly has been
1997:
favors a mild strain. Those who get very ill stay home, and those mildly ill continue with their lives, preferentially spreading the mild strain. In the trenches, natural selection was reversed. Soldiers with a mild strain stayed where they were, while the severely ill were sent on crowded trains to
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in the United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April. Two years later, nearly a third of the global population, or an estimated 500 million people, had been infected in four successive waves. Estimates of deaths range from 17 million to 50 million, and
6660:"The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874–1920. (New York: Macmillan Company. 1951. pp. xi, 496.) and Herbert Hoover and the Russian Prisoners of World War I: A Study in Diplomacy and Relief, 1918–1919. By Edward F. Willis. (Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1951. pp. viii, 67.)".
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One is, that every epidemic owns one unknown source, whence it spreads; each nation, in turn, attributing to its neighbour from whom it derived the disease, the unenviable honour of originating it. Thus the Italians have termed it the German disease; the Germans, the Russian pest; the Russians, the
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during 1917 about a respiratory illness outbreak beginning in 1916 in Étaples, France. Worobey traced recent references to that article to family members who had retained slides that Rolland had prepared during that time. Worobey extracted tissue from the slides to potentially reveal more about the
2922:
Many businesses in the entertainment and service industries suffered losses in revenue, while the healthcare industry reported profit gains. Historian Nancy Bristow has argued that the pandemic, when combined with the increasing number of women attending college, contributed to the success of women
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among the Chinese population in 1918. If extrapolated from the extensive data recorded from Chinese cities, the suggested mortality rate from influenza in China as a whole in 1918 was likely lower than 1% – much lower than the world average (which was around 3–5%). In contrast, Japan and Taiwan had
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officials in China. As a whole, data from China's port cities show low mortality rates compared to other cities in Asia. For example, the British authorities at Hong Kong and Canton reported a mortality rate from influenza at a rate of 0.25% and 0.32%, much lower than the reported mortality rate of
2583:
has been estimated at 450,000, though the epidemiologists who suggested this number called it a "shot in the dark". If it is correct, Russia lost roughly 0.4% of its population, meaning it suffered the lowest influenza-related mortality in Europe. Another study considers this number unlikely, given
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to develop, whereby the skin would first develop two mahogany spots over the cheekbones which would then over a few hours spread to color the entire face blue, followed by black coloration first in the extremities and then further spreading to the limbs and the torso. After this, death would follow
1888:
found that Spanish flu mortality simultaneously peaked within the two-month period of October and November 1918 in all fourteen European countries analyzed, which is inconsistent with the pattern that researchers would expect if the virus had originated somewhere in Europe and then spread outwards.
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Influenza began to be reported again from many places in 1921. The pandemic continued to be felt in Chile, where a fourth wave affected seven of its 24 provinces between June and December 1921. The winter of 1921–1922 was the first major reappearance of seasonal influenza in the Northern Hemisphere
1603:
In the United States, there were "almost continuously isolated or solitary cases" of flu throughout the spring and summer months of 1919. An increase in scattered cases became apparent as early as September, but Chicago experienced one of the first major outbreaks of the flu beginning in the middle
6512:
A popular playground skipping rhyme caught the ease with which this 'new disease' was transmitted: I had a little bird; Its name was Enza; I opened the window; And in-flu-enza. As influenza spread from Glasgow to Aberdeen, and from Liverpool to London's Mile End, it was not long before playgrounds
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Another rhyme with deadly origins appeared during a worldwide influenza pandemic in 1889-1890. Certain the disease could be stopped by sealing up the home from the poisoned air outside, this safety tip emerged in schools: There was a little girl, and she had a little bird; And she called it by the
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Many other nicknames were given to the pandemic, many based on nationality or race: 'Spanish Lady', 'French Flu', 'Naples Soldier', 'Purple Death', 'War Plague', 'Flanders Grippe', 'Kirghiz Disease', 'Black Man's Disease', 'Hun Flu', 'German Plague', 'Bolshevik Disease' or even the 'Turco-Germanic
5258:
The outbreak immediately preceding the present one was in 1879, and has been well described by Da Costa. Like every other disease about whose pathology we know very little, this malady has not a scientifically correct name, but at different times and in different countries has received names which
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London, Dec. 20. — The grip is a disease without a country, according to a new book just issued which is devoted to the malady. Every country tries to make it out a native of another land.... Eighteenth-century Italian writers say Dr. Hopkirk spoke of "una influenza di freddo" (influence of cold),
2164:
Studies have shown that the immune system of Spanish flu victims could have been weakened by adverse climate conditions which were particularly unseasonably cold and wet for extended periods of time during the duration of the pandemic. This affected especially WWI troops exposed to incessant rains
1607:
It became apparent within days of the start of Chicago's explosive growth in cases that the flu was spreading in the city at an even faster rate than in winter 1919, though fewer were dying. Within a week, new cases in the city had surpassed its peak during the 1919 wave. Around the same time, New
1439:
Cases began to rise again in some parts of the United States as early as late November 1918, with the Public Health Service issuing its first report of a "recrudescence of the disease" being felt in "widely scattered localities" in early December. This resurgent activity varied across the country,
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There were also geographic patterns to the disease's fatality. Some parts of Asia had 30 times higher death rates than some parts of Europe, and generally, Africa and Asia had higher rates, while Europe and North America had lower ones. There was also great variation within continents, with three
2815:
The pandemic mostly killed young adults. In 1918–1919, 99% of pandemic influenza deaths in the U.S. occurred in people under 65, and nearly half of deaths were in young adults 20 to 40 years old. In 1920, the mortality rate among people under 65 had decreased sixfold to half the mortality rate of
2604:
Even in areas where mortality was low, so many adults were incapacitated that much of everyday life was hampered. Some communities closed all stores or required customers to leave orders outside. There were reports that healthcare workers could not tend the sick nor the gravediggers bury the dead
2518:
In Australia, the flu killed around 12,000 to 20,000 people. The country's death rate, 2.7 per 1,000 people, was one of the lowest recorded compared with other countries at the time; however, as much as 40 percent of the population were infected, and a mortality rate of 50 percent was recorded by
2009:
After the lethal second wave struck in late 1918, new cases dropped abruptly. In Philadelphia, for example, 4,597 people died in the week ending 16 October, but by 11 November, influenza had almost disappeared from the city. One explanation for the rapid decline in the lethality of the disease is
5749:
French journalists had, initially, called it the 'American flu'; but the fact that the American soldiers were his allies in the warlike conflict advised not to assign such a link to them.... Another most popular name in Madrid, was the 'Soldado de Nápoles' (Naples soldier), a popular song in the
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status of people. Although social variability allowed the disease to move quickly geographically, it tended to spread faster and affect men more than women due to labor and social contact. Newfoundland's leading cause of death before the pandemic was tuberculosis and this is known to be a severe
3544:
who is examining the history of the 1918 pandemic, revealed that he obtained tissue slides created by William Rolland, a physician who reported on a respiratory illness likely to be the virus while a pathologist in the British military during World War One. Rolland had authored an article in the
2997:
Additionally, the outbreak coincided with the deaths and media focus on the First World War. Another explanation involves the age group affected by the disease. The majority of fatalities, from both the war and the epidemic, were among young adults. The high number of war-related deaths of young
2926:
A 2020 study found that U.S. cities that implemented early and extensive non-medical measures (quarantine, etc.) suffered no additional adverse economic effects due to implementing those measures. However, the validity of this study has been questioned because of the coincidence of WWI and other
2464:
was 13.88 million. Another estimate gives at least 12 million dead. The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which India's population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic. While India is generally described as the country most severely affected by the
1490:
Much of Spain was affected by "a substantial recrudescent wave" of influenza between January and April 1919. Portugal experienced a resurgence in pandemic activity that lasted from March to September 1919, with the greatest impact being felt on the west coast and in the north of the country; all
3616:
Records indicate the most deaths during the first wave of the pandemic were among young men in their 20s, which reflects the age of enlistment in the war. The mobility of young men during 1918 was linked to the spread of influenza and the biggest wave of the epidemic. In late 1917 and
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In 2013, the AIR Worldwide Research and Modeling Group "characterized the historic 1918 pandemic and estimated the effects of a similar pandemic occurring today using the AIR Pandemic Flu Model". In the model, "a modern-day 'Spanish flu' event would result in additional life insurance losses of
2798:
However, it is noted that the influenza mortality rate in Hong Kong and Canton are under-recorded, because only the deaths that occurred in colony hospitals were counted. Similarly, in Shanghai, these statistics are limited to that area of the city under the control of the health section of the
2749:
The first estimate of the Chinese death toll was made in 1991 by Patterson and Pyle, which estimated a toll of between 5 and 9 million. However, this 1991 study was criticized by later studies due to flawed methodology, and newer studies have published estimates of a far lower mortality rate in
1955:
found no evidence that the 1918 virus was imported to Europe via Chinese and Southeast Asian soldiers and workers and instead found evidence of its circulation in Europe before the pandemic. The 2016 study found that the low flu mortality rate (an estimated one in a thousand) recorded among the
1676:
By mid-1920, the pandemic was largely considered to be "over" by the public as well as governments. Though parts of Chile experienced a third, milder wave between November 1920 and March 1921, the flu seemed to be mostly absent through the winter of 1920–1921. In the United States, for example,
3585:
and one affected the other. The ages of males dying of the flu show that tuberculosis was a factor, and as males primarily had this disease at the time of the pandemic, they had a higher mortality rate. Life expectancy dropped in males during the pandemic but then increased two years after the
2173:
identified a severe climate anomaly that impacted Europe from 1914 to 1919, with several environmental indicators directly influencing the severity and spread of the Spanish flu pandemic. Specifically, a significant increase in precipitation affected all of Europe during the second wave of the
1777:
A 2018 study of tissue slides and medical reports led by evolutionary biology professor Michael Worobey found evidence against the disease originating from Kansas, as those cases were milder and had fewer deaths compared to the infections in New York City in the same period. The study did find
537:
Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the young and old, with a higher survival rate in-between, but this pandemic had unusually high mortality for young adults. Scientists offer several explanations for the high mortality, including a six-year climate anomaly affecting migration of
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The first patients in Japan, reported Shukan Gendai (May 2–9), began showing symptoms around April 1918. Initially the disease was referred to as the "Sumo Kaze" (sumo cold) because a contingent of sumo wrestlers contracted it while on a tour of Taiwan. Three well known grapplers, Masagoishi,
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daily newspapers carried an increasing number of advertisements for influenza-related remedies as drug companies played on the anxieties of readers and reaped the benefits. From the Times of London to the Washington Post, page after page was filled with dozens of advertisements for preventive
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Etymology: In ancient times, before epidemiology science, people believed the stars and "heavenly bodies" flowed into us and dictated our lives and health—influenza means 'to influence' in Italian, and the word stems from the Latin for 'flow in.' Sickness, like other unexplainable events, was
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Labelled 'purulent bronchitis' for want of a better term, the disease proved fatal in half the cases and many soldiers also developed cyanosis. 2 years later, British respiratory experts, also writing in The Lancet, but this time in the wake of the pandemic, would decide the disease had been
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in the field of nursing. This was due in part to the failure of medical doctors, who were predominantly men, to contain and prevent the illness. Nursing staff, who were mainly women, celebrated the success of their patient care and did not associate the spread of the disease with their work.
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The second wave of the 1918 pandemic was much more deadly than the first. The first wave had resembled typical flu epidemics; those most at risk were the sick and elderly, while younger, healthier people recovered easily. October 1918 was the month with the highest fatality rate of the whole
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to the flu virus. In the Guangdong Province it was reported that early outbreaks of influenza in 1918 disproportionately impacted young men. The June outbreak infected children and adolescents between 11 and 20 years of age, while the October outbreak was most common in those aged 11 to 15.
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Between October 1919 and 23 January 1920, 780,000 cases were reported across the country, with at least 20,000 deaths recorded by that date. This apparently reflected "a condition of severity three times greater than for the corresponding period of" 1918–1919, during Japan's first epidemic.
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In Japan, the flu broke out again in December and spread rapidly throughout the country, a fact attributed at the time to the coming of cold weather. Pandemic-related measures were renewed to check the spread of the outbreak, and health authorities recommended the use of masks. The epidemic
3629:(CWGC), which reported under 2 million men and women died during the wars, with a record of those who died from 1917 to 1918. The movement of soldiers during this time and the transportation from United States between Canada likely had a significant effect on the spread of the pandemic.
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saw its first cases in some soldiers. From Freetown, the pandemic continued to spread through West Africa along the coast, rivers, and the colonial railways, and from railheads to more remote communities, while South Africa received it in September on ships bringing back members of the
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the Purple Death … name resulted from the specific skin colour in the most severe cases of the diseased, who by the rule also succumbed to the disease, and is also at the same time the only one which does not link this disease with the Iberian peninsula. This name is actually the most
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During the 1900s tuberculosis was more common in males than females, but studies show that when influenza spread the tuberculosis mortality rate among females changed. The death rate of tuberculosis in females increased significantly and would continue to decline until post-pandemic.
2982:, who has charted a complex history of social and cultural forgetting, demonstrating how the pandemic was overshadowed by the commemoration of the First World War and mostly neglected in mainstream historiography, yet was remembered in private and local traditions across the globe.
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In the popular mind calamities often need to have their origin and cause identified and other countries or peoples credited with blame. This xenophobic response has been common in Europe, that impulse to blame others or the silent places of the Asian heartlands for the source of
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as being at the center of the Spanish flu. His study found that in late 1916 the Étaples camp was hit by the onset of a new disease with high mortality that caused symptoms similar to the flu. According to Oxford, a similar outbreak occurred in March 1917 at army barracks in
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Others have disagreed, and more recent research has suggested the strain may have originated in a nonhuman, mammalian species. An estimated date for its appearance in mammalian hosts has been put at the period 1882–1913. This ancestor virus diverged about 1913–1915 into two
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250 million in 1918), considerably higher than the mortality rate in the U.S., which the authors hypothesize is likely due to the severe effects of the war in Europe. The excess mortality rate in the U.K. has been estimated at 0.28%–0.4%, far below this European average.
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In the Northern Hemisphere, fears of a "recurrence" of the flu grew as fall approached. Experts cited the history of past flu epidemics, such as that of 1889–1890, to predict that such a recurrence a year later was not unlikely, though not all agreed. In September 1919,
2994:, and cholera all occurred near the same time. These outbreaks probably lessened the significance of the influenza pandemic for the public. In some areas, the flu was not reported on, the only mention being that of advertisements for medicines claiming to cure it.
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One major cause of the spread of influenza was social behavior. Men had more social variation and were mobile more than women due to their work. Even though there was a higher mortality rate in males, each region showed different results, due to such factors as
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segments. "While the pandemic human influenza viruses of 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2) arose through reassortment between human and avian viruses, the influenza virus causing the 'Spanish flu' in 1918 appears to be entirely derived from an avian source (Belshe
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was instead mistakenly thought to be the cause, as it was big enough to be seen and was present in many, though not all, patients. For this reason, a vaccine that was used against that bacillus did not make an infection rarer but did decrease the death rate.
1689:, a major epidemic (the fifth since 1918) prevailed between November and December 1921. The flu was also widespread in the United States, its prevalence in California reportedly greater in early March 1922 than at any point since the pandemic ended in 1920.
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local interpretations of the crisis had become deeply reminiscent of the increasing disobedience of the Israelites in the wilderness of Sin. It was therefore urged that the epidemic be called 'Man hu,' (an obvious corruption of "manna") meaning 'what is
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Spanish flu, at least one study argues that other factors may partially account for the very high excess mortality rates observed in 1918, citing unusually high 1917 mortality and wide regional variation (ranging from 0.47% to 6.66%). A 2006 study in
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A later study found that measures such as banning mass gatherings and requiring the wearing of face masks could cut the death rate up to 50 percent, but this was dependent on their being imposed early in the outbreak and not being lifted prematurely.
2144:, the view of the country's elite was that the nation was in severe decline, and therefore doctors assumed that the disease was typhus caused by poor hygiene, and not an infectious one, causing a mismanaged response which did not ban mass gatherings.
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said a return of the flu later in the year would "probably, but by no means certainly," occur. France had readied a public information campaign before the end of the summer, and Britain began preparations in the fall with the manufacture of vaccine.
2245:, limitations on crowd size, selective closing of businesses, curfews, and lockdowns. After October's strict containment measures showed some success, Armistice Day celebrations in November and relaxed attitudes by Thanksgiving caused a resurgence.
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Difference between the flu mortality age-distributions of the 1918 pandemic and normal epidemics – deaths per 100,000 persons in each age group, United States, for the interpandemic years 1911–1917 (dashed line) and the pandemic year 1918 (solid
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kind, such as an accidental leak from a lab where the old virus had been preserved for research purposes. Following this miniature pandemic, the reemerged H1N1 became endemic once again but did not displace the other active influenza A virus,
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Nonetheless, the disease was regarded as being milder than it had been the year before, albeit more infectious. Despite its rapid peak at the beginning of the year, the outbreak persisted throughout the winter, before subsiding in the spring.
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There was "a very sudden and very marked rise in general death rate" in most cities in January 1919; nearly all experienced "some degree of recrudescence" of the flu in January and February. Significant outbreaks occurred in cities including
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Madrid, Spain, fewer than 1,000 people died from influenza between May and June 1918. There were no reported quarantines during the first quarter of 1918. However, the first wave caused a significant disruption in the military operations of
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Despite the toll of the pandemic, it was never a large theme in American literature. Alfred Crosby suspects that it may be due to the fact that it occurred after World War I, which was the most important event in that generation's lives.
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of the influenza pandemic is one aspect that sets the pandemic apart from other disease outbreaks. Another factor is the higher mortality rate of men compared with women. Men with an underlying condition were at significantly more risk.
2839:, a recently arrived group at the time, were nearly twice as likely to die compared to the average Americans. These disparities reflected worse diets, crowded living conditions, and problems accessing healthcare. Paradoxically, however,
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China was one of the few regions of the world seemingly less affected by the Spanish flu pandemic, where several studies have documented a comparatively mild flu season in 1918. (Although this is disputed due to lack of data during the
1328:), about 30 miles west of Boston, other U.S. military sites were soon afflicted, as were troops being transported to Europe. Helped by troop movements, it spread over the next two months to all of North America, and then to Central and
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2020:
is a common occurrence: there is a tendency for pathogenic viruses to become less lethal with time, as the hosts of more dangerous strains tend to die out. Fatal cases did continue into 1919, however. One notable example was that of
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The use of 'Spanish' can often have negative connotations, with the adjective often unfairly used to describe unwelcome events and problems. The most obvious example is the so-called 'Spanish flu,' a reference to the 1918 influenza
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also noted that Indian provinces had excess mortality rates ranging from 2.1% to 7.8%, stating: "Commentators at the time attributed this huge variation to differences in nutritional status and diurnal fluctuations in temperature."
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The majority of the infected experienced only the typical flu symptoms of sore throat, headache, and fever, especially during the first wave. However, during the second wave, the disease was much more serious, often complicated by
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2835:, death rates were inversely correlated with apartment size, as the poorer people living in smaller apartments died at a higher rate. Social status was also reflected in the higher mortality among immigrant communities, with
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started releasing Russian prisoners of war, who then brought the disease to their country. It reached North Africa, India, and Japan in May, and soon after had likely gone around the world as there had been recorded cases in
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with increased likelihood of spread through bodies of water. However, the claim that young adults had a high mortality during the pandemic has been contested. Malnourishment, overcrowded medical camps and hospitals, and poor
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as it gradually evolved over the years. The period since its initial appearance in 1918 has been termed a "pandemic era", in which all flu pandemics since its emergence have been caused by its own descendants. Following the
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and English physicians, mistaking the word influenza for the name of the disease itself, used it. The same term is also used in Germany, where a host of dialect names still prevail, such as lightning catarrh and fog plague.
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In the years after 1920, the disease, a novel one in 1918, assumed a more familiar nature, coming to represent at least one form of the "seasonal flu". The virus, H1N1, remained endemic, occasionally causing more severe or
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the names given to this disease in different parts of the world reflected prevailing concerns about certain ethnic groups and ideologies. The disease was called the 'Singapore fever' in Penang and the Bolshevik disease in
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Por ej. en el diario ABC el 22 de mayo mediante una escueta nota en la página 24: 'Los médicos han comprobado, en Madrid, la existencia de una epidemia de índole gripal, muy propagada, pero, por fortuna, de carácter leve'.
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and then spread across the country throughout the year. New South Wales experienced its first wave of infection between mid-March and late May, while a second, more severe wave occurred in Victoria between April and June.
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Crosby's America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, Wilson asked Army Chief of Staff General Peyton March in October 1918 if he had heard of the popular jump rope rhyme parodying the virus, and recited part of
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and lower-than-average temperatures for the duration of the conflict, and especially during the second wave of the pandemic. Ultra-high-resolution climate data combined with highly detailed mortality records analyzed at
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within hours or days due to the lungs being filled with fluids. Other signs and symptoms reported included spontaneous mouth and nosebleeds, miscarriages for pregnant women, a peculiar smell, teeth and hair falling out,
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are almost purely local; thus the Russians have called it the Chinese catarrh, because it has often invaded Russia from China. The Germans call it the Russian pest, while the Italians in turn call it the German disease.
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The unknown disease which appeared in Madrid a fortnight ago spread with remarkable rapidity.... It is reported that there are well over 100,000 victims in Madrid alone.... Although the disease is clearly of a gripal
789:, also known as the 'Russian flu', when the Russians already called epidemic influenza the 'Chinese catarrh', the Germans called it the 'Russian pest', while the Italians in turn called it the 'German disease'. These
1842:, and military pathologists later recognized these early outbreaks as the same disease as the Spanish flu. The overcrowded camp and hospital at Étaples was an ideal environment for the spread of a respiratory virus.
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derived from Spanish flu samples to the ability of the 1918 flu virus to invade the lungs and cause pneumonia. These genes were inserted into a modern H1N1 strain and triggered similar symptoms in animal testing.
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9814:"A hypothesis: the conjunction of soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918-1919"
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As this included the period of the great influenza epidemic when Type IV infections were usually prevalent, it will be seen that the proportion of fixed types among carriers and among cases is not far from the
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reported a mortality rate from influenza around 0.45% and 0.69% respectively, higher than the mortality rate collected from data in Chinese port cities, such as Hong Kong (0.25%), Canton (0.32%), and Shanghai.
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In one area where Blacks were the first victims, the accusatory term 'Kaffersiekte' was coined; in another district, where the position was reversed, Blacks returned the compliment with, White man's sickness'
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The Spanish flu infected around 500 million people, about one-third of the world's population. Estimates as to how many infected people died vary greatly, but the flu is regardless considered to be one of the
11912:
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13250:]. Skrifter utgit av Klaus Hansens fond, nr. III. Bergen: Haukeland Sykehus, 1923 (Writings published by the Klaus Hansen Foundation, No. III, Haukeland Hospital Bergen (in Norwegian). Grieg. p. 66.
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Yet the "Spanish" flu epidemic of 1918–19 resulted in about 25,000 extra deaths in Ireland, many of them young adults. This was almost as many deaths as occurred among the Irish fighting in the First World
905:) said, "Various countries have been assigning the origin of this imposing guest to each other for quite some time, and at one point in time they agreed to assign its origin to the kind and neutral Spain…"
2102:). The strong immune reactions of young adults were postulated to have ravaged the body, whereas the weaker immune reactions of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups.
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2854:, which severely worsened the chances of recovery. However, in India the opposite was true, potentially because Indian women were neglected with poorer nutrition, and were expected to care for the sick.
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In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 850,000 died (0.48 to 0.81 percent of the population). Native American tribes were particularly hard hit. In the
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In Japan, the flu killed nearly 500,000 people over two waves between 1918 and 1920, with nearly 300,000 excess deaths between October 1918 and May 1919 and 182,000 between December 1919 and May 1920.
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Choshunada and Wakagiyama, died before they could return from Taiwan. As the contagion spread, the summer sumo tournament, which would have been held on the grounds of Yasukuni shrine, was cancelled.
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Academic Andrew Price-Smith has made the argument that the virus helped tip the balance of power in the latter days of the war towards the Allied cause. He provides data that the viral waves hit the
1035:
names with new diseases, listing "Spanish flu" under "examples to be avoided". Many authors now eschew calling this the Spanish flu, instead using variations of '1918–19/20 flu/influenza pandemic'.
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Mamelund SE (February 2006). "A socially neutral disease? Individual social class, household wealth and mortality from Spanish influenza in two socially contrasting parishes in Kristiania 1918-19".
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Influenza entered Australia for the first time in January 1919 after a strict maritime quarantine had shielded the country through the latter part of 1918. It assumed epidemic proportions first in
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French press initially used 'American flu', but adopted 'Spanish flu' in lieu of antagonizing an ally. In the spring of 1918, British soldiers called it 'Flanders flu', while German soldiers used '
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estimated the total to be about 17 million, though this has been contested. With a world population of 1.8 to 1.9 billion, these estimates correspond to between 1 and 6 percent of the population.
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5754:(The forgotten song) due both, were 'highly contagious'. Today, there are many authors who avoid such a name (the Spanish flu) and they aptly refer to it as the '1918- 1819 influenza pandemic'
642:: "One thing is for certain—the doctors are at present flabbergasted; and we suggest that rather than calling the disease influenza they should for the present until they have it in hand, say
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6394:, p. 64: "In … Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) … officials labelled the new affliction 'influenza (vera)', adding the Latin word vera, meaning 'true' … German doctors … called it 'pseudo-influenza'"
2012:
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888:'s illness, making Spain the apparent locus of the epidemic. The censorship was so effective that Spain's health officials were unaware its neighboring countries were similarly affected.
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4684:"A possible European origin of the Spanish influenza and the first attempts to reduce mortality to combat superinfecting bacteria: an opinion from a virologist and a military historian"
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in the lungs. Modern analysis has shown the virus to be particularly deadly because in animal trials it triggers an overreaction of the body's immune system (sometimes referred to as a
1717:
In 1977, an influenza virus bearing a very close resemblance to the seasonal H1N1, which had not been seen since the 1950s, appeared in Russia and subsequently initiated a "technical"
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after the pandemic ended, in many parts its most significant occurrence since the main pandemic in late 1918. Northwestern Europe was particularly affected. All-cause mortality in the
1530:, which saw its first cases in April; the outbreak had spread to practically all sections of the island by June. In other parts, influenza recurred in the form of a true "third wave".
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that doctors became more effective in the prevention and treatment of pneumonia that developed after the victims had contracted the virus. However, John Barry stated in his 2004 book
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Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about
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and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s. This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic". However, this label has been challenged by the historian
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by mid-February, peaking in early March, though it did not fully subside until May. France also experienced a significant wave that peaked in February, alongside the Netherlands.
1913:
soldiers and sailors as the main disseminators. Hannoun considered several alternative hypotheses of origin, such as Spain, Kansas, and Brest, as being possible, but not likely.
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received compared with other birth cohorts." A 2018 study found that the pandemic reduced educational attainment in populations. The flu has also been linked to the outbreak of
696:, "the influenza pneumococcal purulent bronchitis we and others described in 1916 and 1917 is fundamentally the same condition as the influenza of this present pandemic." This "
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the pandemic and the war could have also played a role. The war, however, had initially been expected to end quickly but lasted for four years by the time the pandemic struck.
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5245:
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throughout 1918, thousands of male troops gathered at the Halifax port before heading to Europe. Any soldier that was ill and could not depart was added to the population of
1940:.) This has led to speculation that the Spanish flu pandemic originated in China, as the lower rates of flu mortality may be explained by the Chinese population's previously
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1545:
Parts of South America experienced a resurgence of pandemic activity throughout 1919. A third wave hit Brazil between January and June. Between July 1919 and February 1920,
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and Great Britain, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. It was in general less severe than the second wave but still much more deadly than the initial first wave.
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One of the few things known for certain about influenza in 1918 and for some years after was that it was, except in the laboratory, exclusively a disease of human beings.
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Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Schonberger LB, Arden NH, Cox NJ, Fukuda K (July 1998). "Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution".
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In Tehran, the disease was called the "illness of the wind" (nakhushi-yi bad) due to its initial occurrence during a strong westerly wind burst and its rapid spread.
2680:, the mortality was very high: according to an estimate, between 902,400 and 2,431,000, or 8% to 22% of the total population died. The country was going through the
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Because the virus that caused the disease was too small to be seen under a microscope at the time, there were problems with correctly diagnosing it. The bacterium
2016:
that researchers have found no evidence to support this position. Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain. Such
1794:
22381:
20852:
16756:
16179:"Using non-homogeneous models of nucleotide substitution to identify host shift events: application to the origin of the 1918 'Spanish' influenza pandemic virus"
12565:
11978:
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1654:, the capital city, between January and March, resulting in an all-cause excess mortality rate approximately four times greater than that of the 1918–1919 wave.
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I came across this seemingly astute analysis in the Dec. 21, 1913, Gazette.... It was a 'Special Cable to the Gazette Through the International News Service.'
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became common in some places, such as Japan, though there were debates over their efficacy. There was also some resistance to their use, as exemplified by the
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of the virus suggest that it originated long before 1918, and other studies suggest that the reassortment of the H1N1 virus likely occurred in or around 1915.
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2090:
associated with influenza. This pneumonia was itself caused by common upper respiratory-tract bacteria, which were able to get into the lungs via the damaged
1436:, where it was winter and thus the usual time for influenza activity. The pandemic nonetheless continued into 1919 largely independent of region and climate.
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antigen and observe the adaptive immunity in 32 survivors of the 1918 flu pandemic, all of them presented seroreactivity and 7 of 8 further tested presented
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measures were introduced, for example closing schools, theatres, and places of worship, limiting public transportation, and banning mass gatherings. Wearing
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reported over 100,000 victims of, "The unknown disease…clearly of a gripal character," without referring to "Spanish influenza" directly. Three weeks later
12756:
11594:
5458:
4478:, p. 65: "In Freetown, a newspaper suggested that the disease be called manhu until more was known about it. Manhu, a Hebrew word meaning 'what is it?'
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pandemic. In the United States, ~292,000 deaths were reported between September–December 1918, compared to ~26,000 during the same time period in 1915. The
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during the pandemic displayed reduced educational attainment, increased rates of physical disability, lower income, lower socioeconomic status, and higher
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people over 65, but 92% of deaths still occurred in people under 65. This is unusual since influenza is typically most deadly to weak individuals, such as
1871:
found evidence that the 1918 virus had been circulating in the European armies for months and possibly years before the 1918 pandemic. Political scientist
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10294:
5823:
bacterium criminal entreprise'. These discriminatory epithets reflect the many rumors and theories that quickly spread about the origins of the pathology.
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Estimates for the death toll in China have varied widely, a range which reflects the lack of centralized collection of health data at the time due to the
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published their first stories about the epidemic: 'What is the Cause? An Epidemic in Madrid' and 'Benign Epidemic. The Sickbay in Madrid,' respectively."
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Pandemic activity persisted, in general, into 1919 in many places. This persistence in activity is possibly attributable to climate, specifically in the
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18322:– largest digital collection of newspapers, archival manuscripts, and interpretive essays exploring the impact of the epidemic on 50 U.S. cities (
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set in Dublin during the Spanish flu. Its final draft was submitted in March 2020, and publishers fast-tracked publication because of the then ongoing
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territories were hit particularly hard. The pandemic reached them from New Zealand, which was too slow to implement measures to prevent ships, such as
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Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Innes W, Daniels RS, Johnson NP (February 2002). "World War I may have allowed the emergence of "Spanish" influenza".
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by imposing a blockade. The disease spread fastest through the higher social classes among the indigenous peoples, because of the custom of gathering
1809:
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On September 13, 1918, the first cases of the great influenza epidemic were admitted, and during the next 10 weeks over 4,100 patients were admitted.
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5212:[In Britain, on the other hand, the disease was called the 'Flanders flu' because many soldiers became infected in the trenches of Flanders.]
5210:
In Großbritannien wurde die Krankheit dagegen als 'Flandrische Grippe' bezeichnet, weil sich viele —en in den Schützengräben von Flandern ansteckten.
2572:) was one of the first Ethiopians who contracted influenza but survived. Many of his subjects did not; estimates for fatalities in the capital city,
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Almond D (1 August 2006). "Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S. Population".
11939:"Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis"
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to treat the secondary bacterial infections, doctors would rely on a random assortment of medicines with varying degrees of effectiveness, such as
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Land quarantine measures hindered the spread of the disease, resulting in varied experiences of exposures and outbreaks among the various states.
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There was a high west wind at the time and this was thought to be the carrying agent so that the affliction was called 'the disease of the wind.'
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It was not until later in the winter and into the spring that a clearer resurgence appeared in Europe. A significant third wave had developed in
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was regularly brought in from surrounding villages to feed the camp. Oxford and his team postulated that a precursor virus, harbored in birds,
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experienced its peak of the pandemic in early 1920, recording 1,489 deaths from flu-related causes, compared with 615 in 1918 and 796 in 1919.
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Birge JR, Kärtner FX (May 2007). "Efficient optimization of multilayer coatings for ultrafast optics using analytic gradients of dispersion".
17214:"Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus"
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instances and in the 1918 pandemic the disease was characterized by a 'dusky' cyanosis, a rapid progression from quite minor symptoms to death
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in the original Hebrew the people of Israel asked: "Ma'n Hu?" {?מן הוא} – English for 'what is it?' and that is the origin of the name 'manna'
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2588:, and the infrastructure of daily life had broken down; the study suggests that Russia's death toll was closer to 2%, or 2.7 million people.
2183:
associated with an anthropogenic increase in atmospheric dust, due to the incessant bombardment; increased nucleation due to dust particles (
2067:, dizziness, insomnia, loss of hearing or smell, and impaired vision. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was
137:
Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
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14561:"The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination"
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12992:
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1918 Chicago newspaper headlines reflect mitigation strategies such as increased ventilation, arrests for not wearing face masks, sequenced
1549:, which had been affected for the first time just in October 1918, experienced a severe second wave, with mortality peaking in August 1919.
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16313:
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1730:). For the first time, two influenza A viruses were observed in cocirculation. This state of affairs has persisted even after 2009, when a
14900:
14406:
Schwarzmann SW, Adler JL, Sullivan RJ, Marine WM (June 1971). "Bacterial pneumonia during the Hong Kong influenza epidemic of 1968-1969".
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similarly experienced another severe pandemic wave in 1920, between July and October. A fourth wave also occurred in Brazil, in February.
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12304:"1918–1920 – Influenza and Pneumonia Pandemic – Nationwide ~820,000–850,000 – Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events"
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Survivors faced an elevated mortality risk. Some survivors did not fully recover from physiological conditions resulting from infection.
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The pandemic is conventionally marked as having begun on 4 March 1918 with the recording of the case of Albert Gitchell, an army cook at
893:
454:
15659:
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14227:
7329:"Pandemic Reemergence and Four Waves of Excess Mortality Coinciding With the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Michigan: Insights for COVID-19"
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5479:
In turn, when Russia reported on the situation in Moscow, Pravda printed "Ispanka (The Spanish Lady) is in town" and the name has stuck.
2895:
study corroborates higher excess mortality rates in Germany (0.76%) and Austria (1.61%) compared to Britain (0.34%) and France (0.75%).
1210:. Within days of the 4 March first case at Camp Funston, 522 men at the camp had reported sick. By 11 March 1918, the virus had reached
22351:
22022:
19422:
14791:
14620:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
13914:
10694:"Temperature-dependent innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cells"
9813:
8568:"A comparative study of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Japan, USA and UK: mortality impact and implications for pandemic planning"
7462:
5806:
5040:
3476:
1969:
14221:"Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
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2753:
Although medical records from China's interior are lacking, extensive medical data were recorded in Chinese port cities, such as then
22375:
19752:
19030:
12080:
10571:"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness"
368:
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pest, the Italians name it the German disease, and the French call it sometimes the Italian fever and sometimes the Spanish catarrh.
3460:
in New York City. The effort resulted in the announcement (on 5 October 2005) that the group had successfully determined the virus'
2367:
and being "blown all over the world by winds". There were also rumors that the Germans were behind it, for example by poisoning the
2221:
22315:
22223:
22143:
21975:
19404:
16338:
14659:"Epidemiological characteristics of 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza based on paired sera from a longitudinal community cohort study"
12399:
11464:
Flecknoe D, Charles Wakefield B, Simmons A (June 2018). "Plagues & wars: the 'Spanish Flu' pandemic as a lesson from history".
10845:"Two interferon-independent double-stranded RNA-induced host defense strategies suppress the common cold virus at warm temperature"
6321:
5810:
1194:, United States, despite there having been cases before him. The disease had already been observed 200 miles (320 km) away in
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for World War I, resulted in 12,000 deaths after a major outbreak of the illness spread among people who had attended the parade.
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9937:. La Grippe Espagnole de 1918. Ed Techniques Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale (EMC), Maladies infectieuses. Vol. 8-069-A-10.
5959:
5926:
4836:"Relationship between "purulent bronchitis" in military populations in Europe prior to 1918 and the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic"
4095:
attributed to the influence of the stars... But the name for the infamous 1918 outbreak, the Spanish flu, is actually a misnomer.
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55:
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1643:. Five countries in Europe (Spain, Denmark, Finland, Germany and Switzerland) recorded a late peak between January–April 1920.
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reported that, "Everybody thinks of it as the 'Spanish' influenza to-day." Three days after that an advertisement appeared in
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2345:, many countries engaged in wartime censorship, and suppressed reporting of the pandemic. For example, the Italian newspaper
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by the middle of the month. It then quickly spread to the rest of France, Great Britain, Italy, and Spain and in May reached
1217:
As the U.S. had entered World War I, the disease quickly spread from Camp Funston, a major training ground for troops of the
17663:
16074:
14050:"Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature"
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17:
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in 1914. 90% of the population was infected; 30% of adult men, 22% of adult women, and 10% of children died. By contrast,
1973:
U.S. Army flu patients at Field Hospital No. 29 near Hollerich, Luxembourg 1918. As U.S. troops deployed en masse for the
1113:, false), while in Africa, doctors tried to get patients to take it more seriously by calling it 'influenza vera' (Latin:
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19874:
19379:
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18351:
16473:
He D, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ (2011). "Mechanistic modelling of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic".
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In flew Enza—say it fast and it becomes 'influenza.' It was a catchy little rhyme, and boys and girls skipped rope to it.
3446:
2846:
More men than women were killed by the flu, as they were more likely to go out and be exposed, while women would tend to
1921:
373:
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6222:
What's in a name. Spanish Influenza in sub-Saharan Africa and what local names say about the perception of this pandemic
2136:, which was common in circumstances of social upheaval, and was therefore also affecting Russia in the aftermath of the
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21963:
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21114:
20404:
19813:
19571:
18708:
17615:
16609:
Johnson NP, Mueller J (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic".
14342:
Johnson NP, Mueller J (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic".
12561:
12328:
5303:
spring of 1918, German soldiers called it Flanders fever, after one of the war's most notorious and deadly battlefields
3626:
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between US$ 15.3–27.8 billion in the United States alone", with 188,000–337,000 deaths in the United States.
2688:
2551:
2157:
1364:
From Europe, the second wave swept through Russia in a southwest–northeast diagonal front, as well as being brought to
14957:
13304:
11938:
11674:
Chandra S, Christensen J (July 2019). "Re: "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"".
10646:"Washington State Board of Health pessimistic about influenza pandemic in a report to the governor on January 1, 1919"
5445:
measures and over-the-counter remedies. 'Influenza!' proclaimed an advert extolling the virtues of Formamint lozenges.
4377:
1182:
policemen wearing cloth face masks handed out by the American Red Cross during the Spanish flu pandemic, December 1918
530:, creating a false impression of Spain as the epicenter and leading to the "Spanish flu" misnomer. Limited historical
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18682:
17505:
16937:
15902:
13970:
Hilleman MR (August 2002). "Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control".
13765:
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9254:
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5632:
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2703:, one official estimated that 7% of the native population died. This huge death toll resulted from an extremely high
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1338:
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378:
238:
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15359:"A shot-in-the-dark e-mail leads to a century-old family treasure – and hope of cracking a deadly flu's secret"
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7006:
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pretty name of Enza; But one day it flew away, but it didn't go to stay; For when she raised the window, in-flu-Enza
1849:
attacks, and other casualties of war, and 100,000 soldiers passed through the camp every day. It also was home to a
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20176:
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18943:
15074:
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13820:
12976:
Iijima W (2003). "Spanish influenza in China, 1918–1920: a preliminary probe". In Phillips H, Killingray D (eds.).
7447:
7007:"What happens if parades aren't canceled during pandemics? Philadelphia found out in 1918, with disastrous results"
3603:, the pandemic spread was highly variable. Influenza did not discriminate who was infected, indeed it attacked the
3164:
2774:
2427:
1993:
The severity of the second wave has been attributed to the circumstances of the First World War. In civilian life,
1699:
383:
323:
16253:"Age-specific mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic: unravelling the mystery of high young adult mortality"
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13858:
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1095:
This outbreak was also commonly known as the 'great influenza epidemic', after the 'great war', a common name for
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13098:. Spanish 'Flu 1918–1998: Reflections on the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 after 80 Years. Cape Town, South Africa.
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12438:"A gripe espanhola no Brasil – Elísio Augusto de Medeiros e Silva, empresário, escritor e membro da AEILIJ"
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17349:
Vana G, Westover KM (June 2008). "Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis".
16580:
Humphries MO (2014). "Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic".
15892:
14765:
13944:
13755:
13682:
12143:
11149:"How environmental conditions like cold and wet weather can affect pandemics, and what that means for COVID-19"
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6225:. Spanish 'Flu 1918–1998: Reflections on the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 after 80 Years. Cape Town, South Africa
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focuses on a town which attempts to limit the spread of the flu by preventing people from entering or leaving.
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555:
487:
199:
177:
93:
38:
15565:"Sex- and age-based differences in mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic on the island of Newfoundland"
13754:
Beiner G (2021). "Rediscovering the Great Flu between Pre-Forgetting and Post-Forgetting". In Beiner G (ed.).
12722:
9152:"The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Japanese Government-General of Korea's Preventive Measures against Epidemics"
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598:
This pandemic was known by many different names—some old, some new—depending on place, time, and context. The
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15461:"Brief communication: Rethinking the impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic on sex differentials in mortality"
13210:
Hong NH (2015). "Epidemic Analysis of 1918 Influenza in China – Research on Huolu County in Zhili Province".
10415:
6550:"The 1918 Flu Pandemic Killed Hundreds of Thousands of Americans. The White House Never Said a Word About It"
6134:
3789:
3453:
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1901:, asserted the precursor virus was likely to have come from China and then mutated in the United States near
1750:
data cannot identify the geographic origin of the Spanish flu. However, several theories have been proposed.
1389:
1218:
37:
This article is about the influenza pandemic that began in 1918. For the virus that caused the pandemic, see
15944:
12042:(in Swedish). Uppsala; Stockholm: Ubsaliensis Academiae; Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International.
8723:
8401:
6707:"Queer Epidemic Sweeps North China; Banks and Silk Stores in Peking Closed – Another Loan Sought from Japan"
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of the face. This characteristic blue-violet cyanosis in expiring patients led to the name 'purple death'.
22167:
21987:
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20103:
19889:
19593:
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19331:
13718:"Another warning from the 1918 flu for COVID-19: 'Survival does not mean that individuals fully recovered'"
13500:
12894:"Pacific islands which escaped the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic and their subsequent mortality experiences"
12281:
11118:"Catastrophic effect of 1918 flu may have been aided by peculiar influx of cold air into Europe during WWI"
9151:
6331:
5537:
5069:
4217:"What really happened during the 1918 influenza pandemic? The importance of bacterial secondary infections"
2504:, capital of the Ottoman Empire, 6,403 to 10,000 died, giving the city a mortality rate of at least 0.56%.
1974:
1345:, reaching Ethiopia in November. On 15 September, New York City saw its first fatality from influenza. The
1282:
534:
data make the pandemic's geographic origin indeterminate, with competing hypotheses on the initial spread.
15358:
13478:
7087:
6405:
6352:
Report of the Surgeon-General of the Army to the Secretary of War for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1919
1920:
to work behind the British and French lines might have been the source of the pandemic. Humphries, of the
1668:, both colonies of Japan at this time, also experienced pronounced outbreaks in late 1919 and early 1920.
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Tucker MA, Böhning-Gaese K, Fagan WF, Fryxell JM, Van Moorter B, Alberts SC, et al. (January 2018).
7523:
6779:
3778:"The 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City: age-specific timing, mortality, and transmission dynamics"
2619:, suffered a death rate of 40 percent of the total population, with some villages entirely disappearing.
2561:
1951:
1925:
1867:
1234:
388:
363:
19818:
17109:"Salicylates and pandemic influenza mortality, 1918-1919 pharmacology, pathology, and historic evidence"
15799:. Fasc. 2. Vol. XIII (Online ed.). New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 140–43.
15161:
Taubenberger JK, Baltimore D, Doherty PC, Markel H, Morens DM, Webster RG, et al. (November 2012).
14862:
10941:"Does influenza A virus infection affect movement behaviour during stopover in its wild reservoir host?"
4078:
1270:, with three-quarters of French troops, half the British forces, and over 900,000 German soldiers sick.
680:. Clinical indications in common with the 1918 pandemic included rapid symptom progression to a "dusky"
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21182:
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20181:
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19374:
16938:"The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas"
16783:
More AF, Loveluck CP, Clifford H, Handley MJ, Korotkikh EV, Kurbatov AV, et al. (September 2020).
12276:
11244:"We're celebrating Thanksgiving amid a pandemic. Here's how we did it in 1918 – and what happened next"
7075:
4122:
More AF, Loveluck CP, Clifford H, Handley MJ, Korotkikh EV, Kurbatov AV, et al. (September 2020).
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3010:
2777:, which was largely staffed by non-Chinese foreigners, such as the British, French, and other European
2659:
2655:
2565:
2457:
1665:
1413:
1203:
440:
18230:
15137:"The Deadliest Flu: The Complete Story of the Discovery and Reconstruction of the 1918 Pandemic Virus"
10368:
5371:
5339:
4489:
2600:
Deaths from all causes for New York, London, Paris, and Berlin with peaks in October and November 1918
1300:, plays a "tragic game of football" with a skeleton personification of the Spanish flu, November 1918
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19244:
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18162:"Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus"
16845:
15787:– Open access material by the Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Health Sciences Research Commons.
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1982:
1822:, painted a few days before his death and just after the death of his wife Edith from the Spanish flu
1783:
1661:
1388:), and then later India in September, as well as China and Japan in October. The celebrations of the
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1048:
1024:
20078:
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Death rates were particularly high in those aged 20–35. The only comparable disease to this was the
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million and 2.3 million. This represents a mortality rate of about 1.1% of the European population (
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14537:
13471:"The Forgotten American Pandemic: Historian Dr. Nancy K. Bristow on the Influenza Epidemic of 1918"
9533:"Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission"
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experienced another outbreak in June, as did South Africa during its fall and winter months in the
1416:
was especially deadly, with an estimated 12.5–20 million deaths in the last quarter of 1918 alone.
1320:, where it had likely arrived with American troops or French recruits for naval training. From the
1226:
936:
527:
17761:
Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It
15624:"The first wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic among soldiers of the Canadian expeditionary force"
14488:
Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, et al. (December 2009).
12341:
12112:
12110:
12000:
11846:
Arnold D (December 2019). "Death and the Modern Empire: The 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in India".
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Tolf C, Bengtsson D, Rodrigues D, Latorre-Margalef N, Wille M, Figueiredo ME, et al. (2012).
9224:"What Came Next?: Reflections on the Aftermath(s) of the 1918–19 Flu Pandemic in the Age of COVID"
5553:"Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic"
2227:
In September 1918, the Red Cross recommended two-layer gauze masks to halt the spread of "plague".
1782:
that the virus likely had a North American origin, though it was not conclusive. In addition, the
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19783:
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19072:
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18923:
18817:
18622:
18344:
18261:
18240:
17945:"The re-appearing shadow of 1918: trends in the historiography of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic"
17734:
Johnson N (2003). "Scottish 'flu – The Scottish mortality experience of the 'Spanish flu'".
17155:
11209:
6435:
3910:
3674:
3500:
3287:
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and mortality in Germany and Austria were considerably higher than in Britain and France. A 2006
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2034:
1735:
1539:
1246:
1141:
1133:
563:
358:
338:
20123:
18157:
17444:
17387:
16305:
15390:"Purulent bronchitis: A study of cases occurring amongst the British troops at a base in France"
15049:"Researchers reconstruct 1918 pandemic influenza virus; effort designed to advance preparedness"
13188:
12818:
12403:
10939:
Bengtsson D, Safi K, Avril A, Fiedler W, Wikelski M, Gunnarsson G, et al. (February 2016).
9689:
4615:"The Purple Death. Some things remembered about the influenza epidemic of 1918 at one army camp"
2351:
was prohibited from reporting daily death tolls. The newspapers of the time were also generally
2002:
showed that it must have been the same strain of flu. This was most dramatically illustrated in
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22235:
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18735:
18703:
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18323:
18269:
17554:"Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective"
17042:
16673:"Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus"
15925:
13534:"Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu"
12253:
12107:
11302:
10369:"Summer Flu Outbreak of 1918 May Have Provided Partial Protection Against Lethal Fall Pandemic"
7143:"Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective"
7061:
6045:翌月の東京の夏場所は高熱などによる全休力士が相次いだ。世間はこれを「相撲風邪」「力士風邪」と呼んだが、実はこの謎の感染症こそが同年初めから米国で流行の始まった「スペイン風邪」とみられている。
4905:
Grip Is a Disease Without a Country; All Nations Repudiate Malady: Each Blaming Other Kingdoms,
3298:
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2112:
2017:
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1731:
1572:
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1047:
did not name specific regions or groups of people. Examples specific to this pandemic include:
786:
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421:
411:
313:
18305:
17807:"The 1918 influenza epidemic's effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States"
16723:
16441:
16414:
15512:"The 1918 influenza epidemic's effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States"
14442:
9724:"The so-called Great Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 may have originated in France in 1916"
5428:
2790:– which had a population of over 2 million in 1918 – there were only 266 recorded deaths from
908:
22457:
22415:
21993:
20927:
20581:
20470:
20246:
20216:
20146:
20093:
20015:
19983:
19957:
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19838:
19740:
19693:
19477:
19346:
19229:
18713:
17480:
16520:"Inferring the causes of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic in England and Wales"
15564:
14220:
11000:"Birds and viruses at a crossroad--surveillance of influenza A virus in Portuguese waterfowl"
9693:
6603:
4787:
Honigsbaum M (June 2018). "Spanish influenza redux: revisiting the mother of all pandemics".
3541:
3037:
3020:
2520:
2033:, fell victim to the flu in April after an outbreak that resulted in the cancellation of the
2026:
1910:
1779:
1137:
665:
16915:
Patterson KD, Pyle GF (1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic".
14618:
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, et al. (September 2012).
14490:"Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study"
11348:"How NYC beat deadly 1918 flu without vaccines, lockdowns, mask mandates or school closures"
9844:
7442:
6495:
6022:
5193:
4298:"Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning"
2415:
Three pandemic waves: weekly combined flu and pneumonia mortality, United Kingdom, 1918–1919
22064:
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21277:
21192:
19879:
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19160:
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18173:
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16796:
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16264:
16190:
15699:
15277:
14572:
14112:
13505:
11386:
11070:
11011:
10952:
10856:
10705:
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7708:
Nunes B, Silva S, Rodrigues A, Roquette R, Batista I, Rebelo-de-Andrade H (December 2018).
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4495:
4135:
3618:
3604:
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3405:
2318:
1917:
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1650:
experienced "asynchronous recrudescent waves" throughout the year. A severe third wave hit
994:
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Other names derived from geopolitical borders and social boundaries. In Poland it was the '
881:
523:
19828:
15223:"Research on monkeys finds resurrected 1918 flu killed by turning the body against itself"
14538:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
12757:"South Africa bungled the Spanish flu in 1918. History mustn't repeat itself for COVID-19"
10804:"Avian influenza virus in water: infectivity is dependent on pH, salinity and temperature"
10692:
Foxman EF, Storer JA, Fitzgerald ME, Wasik BR, Hou L, Zhao H, et al. (January 2015).
9812:
Oxford JS, Lambkin R, Sefton A, Daniels R, Elliot A, Brown R, et al. (January 2005).
8985:
8189:"The 1918 influenza pandemic in Montevideo: The southernmost capital city in the Americas"
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from chiefs on their deathbeds; many community elders were infected through this process.
8:
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18384:
18231:
Presentation by Nancy Bristow on the Influenza Pandemic and World War I, November 1, 2019
17784:
If I Die Before I Wake: The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor, Toronto, Ontario, 1918
15264:
Yu X, Tsibane T, McGraw PA, House FS, Keefer CJ, Hicar MD, et al. (September 2008).
14419:
14304:
12641:
12599:
7659:"Spatial-temporal excess mortality patterns of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Spain"
7065:
5279:
More deadly than war : the hidden history of the Spanish flu and the First World War
5140:""Spanish Flu": When Infectious Disease Names Blur Origins and Stigmatize Those Infected"
4044:
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2569:
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of the victims. The virus also killed people directly by causing massive hemorrhages and
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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16486:
16330:
16268:
16194:
16123:
Denoon D (2004). "New Economic Orders: Land, Labour and Dependency". In Denoon D (ed.).
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Chowell G, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Hurtado J, Soto G, et al. (July 2011).
7202:
5807:"From the 'Spanish Flu' to COVID-19: lessons from the 1918 pandemic and First World War"
4139:
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able to produce antibodies that bound to the HA antigen highlighting the ability of the
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Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, Kash JC, Copps J, Ebihara H, et al. (January 2007).
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16384:
Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern-day Pandemic
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In the Face of Disaster: True Stories of Canadian Heroes from the Archives of Maclean's
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15725:
15651:
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15536:
15511:
15298:
15266:"Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors"
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15162:
14839:
14814:
14734:
14709:
14685:
14658:
14595:
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14514:
14489:
14470:
14443:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
14367:
14280:
14253:
14182:
14157:
14133:
14100:
14076:
14049:
14030:
13645:
13599:"RPT-COLUMN-Coronavirus lockdowns: can we learn from the 1918 influenza pandemic? Kemp"
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4925:
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4708:
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4447:
4405:
4358:
4329:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
4166:
4123:
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2811:
A nurse wears a cloth face mask while treating a flu patient in Washington, DC, c. 1919
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17861:
16863:"Questioning the salicylates and influenza pandemic mortality hypothesis in 1918-1919"
16251:
Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, et al. (2013).
16144:"The Politics of Pandemic Othering: Putting COVID-19 in Global and Historical Context"
15871:
15845:"The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications"
15844:
15408:
14970:
Sometimes a virus contains both avian-adapted genes and human-adapted genes. Both the
14922:
14635:
13983:
12203:
11958:
9876:"No evidence of 1918 influenza pandemic origin in Chinese laborers/soldiers in France"
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1526:
The disease also reached other parts of the world for the first time in 1919, such as
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13665:"Fetal shock or selection? The 1918 influenza pandemic and human capital development"
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7411:
7407:"Here are Exact Facts About the Influenza and Its Toll in City, State, Nation, world"
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2691:, during the worst 12 months, the Spanish flu accounted for one-third of all deaths.
2662:
2564:, the influenza epidemic killed at least 100,000 people. Tafari Makonnen (the future
2482:
2421:
2306:
2254:
1994:
1941:
1909:, France, Europe's battlefields, the rest of Europe, and the rest of the world, with
1898:
1876:
1634:
Poland experienced a devastating outbreak during the winter months, with its capital
1531:
1523:
third wave that was somewhat less extensive than its second, more akin to its first.
1515:
1472:
1377:
1214:, New York. Failure to take preventive measures in March/April was later criticized.
1032:
500:
491:
214:
18078:
16638:
16026:
15770:
15739:"Compromised constitutions: the Iranian experience with the 1918 influenza pandemic"
15655:
15596:
14923:"Open Collections Program: Contagion, Spanish Influenza in North America, 1918–1919"
14474:
14371:
14034:
13649:
13381:
12935:
12840:
Bell D, Nicoll A, Fukuda K, Horby P, Monto A, Hayden F, et al. (January 2006).
11974:
11493:
11426:
11375:"The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities"
9643:
7187:"The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities"
4816:
4773:
4409:
4362:
3434:
Dr Terrence Tumpey examines a reconstructed version of the Spanish flu virus at the
1985:
of the virus was between 2 and 3. The close quarters and massive troop movements of
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18095:
18056:
18021:
17987:
17956:
17912:
17890:
17857:
17826:
17818:
17743:
17608:
More Deadly Than War: The Hidden History of the Spanish Flu and the First World War
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16874:
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16804:
16714:
16692:
16618:
16589:
16563:
Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918
16539:
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16004:
15866:
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15635:
15576:
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15531:
15523:
15472:
15404:
15293:
15285:
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15174:
14834:
14826:
14729:
14721:
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14631:
14590:
14580:
14509:
14501:
14454:
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14351:
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14014:
13979:
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13551:
13377:
12913:
12905:
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11855:
11806:
11798:
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11683:
11473:
11404:
11394:
11088:
11078:
11029:
11019:
10970:
10960:
10911:
10874:
10864:
10815:
10774:
10764:
10723:
10713:
10590:
10582:
10496:
10486:
10234:
10226:
10177:
10105:
10059:
9887:
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8279:
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8065:
8025:
7985:
7945:
7937:
7896:
7856:
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7775:
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7721:
7710:"The 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic in Portugal: A Regional Analysis of Death Impact"
7680:
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7348:
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6889:
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6829:
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6497:
Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918
5995:
Black October: The Impact of the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 on South Africa
5730:
5722:
5503:
5159:
5151:
4855:
4847:
4796:
4751:
4703:
4695:
4549:
4389:
4340:
4269:
4228:
4161:
4143:
3922:
3914:
3801:
3793:
3625:. To determine the cause of the death during the pandemic, war scientists used the
3547:
3461:
3442:
3336:
3254:
2870:
are important, but human behavioral responses showed the most significant effects.
2821:
2121:
1759:
1718:
1321:
1297:
1109:). German doctors downplayed the severity by calling it 'pseudo influenza' (Latin:
1080:
1056:
869:
815:
Outside Spain, the disease was soon misnamed 'Spanish influenza'. In a 2 June 1918
718:
559:
333:
189:
184:
18160:, Mikulasova A, Taubenberger JK, Swayne DE, Palese P, et al. (October 2002).
17978:
Phillips H (1 September 2014). "The Recent Wave of 'Spanish' Flu Historiography".
15792:
14387:"Why the coronavirus outbreak isn't likely to be a repeat of the 1918 Spanish flu"
11572:"Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza (update of 14 October 2005)"
11477:
11059:"Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements"
10916:
10903:
9832:
9118:
7554:"Understanding mortality in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in England and Wales"
4699:
3410:
3057:
The Spanish flu killed a much lower percentage of the world's population than the
1738:, and thereafter took the place of the seasonal H1N1 to circulate alongside H3N2.
1341:
returning from France. From there it spread around southern Africa and beyond the
22591:
22101:
21657:
21612:
21585:
21288:
21119:
20959:
20298:
19858:
19833:
19532:
19440:
19279:
19053:
19037:
17759:
17718:
17647:
17165:"hsa-miR-33-5p as a Therapeutic Target Promotes Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells
16277:
16058:
15913:
15048:
14725:
14675:
14585:
13887:"1918 Flu Inspired Donoghue's 'Pull Of The Stars' — A Disquieting Pandemic Novel"
12842:"Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures"
11024:
10820:
10803:
6525:
5105:
3646:
3029:
is one of the most well-known fictional accounts of the pandemic. The 2006 novel
2975:
2916:
2364:
2152:
2072:
1711:
1503:
1499:
917:
865:
745:
began appearing on 21 May. Reports from both places called it 'three-day fever' (
726:
669:
579:
539:
531:
194:
172:
155:
17497:
Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918–1919
17370:
17255:
Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Lourens RM, Wang R, Jin G, Fanning TG (October 2005).
16785:"The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the "Spanish Flu" Pandemic and WWI"
15894:
Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918-1919
13757:
Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918–1919
13248:
Investigations into the appearance of influenza, especially in Bergen 1918-1922)
13093:
12463:
12040:
Spanska sjukan: den svenska epidemin 1918–1920 och dess internationella bakgrund
11620:
9660:[Influenza: a multi-millennial and pest virus discovered only in 1933].
9658:"Grippe : un virus plurimillénaire et ravageur découvert seulement en 1933"
9222:
Nichols CM, Ewing ET, Gaston KH, Marinari M, Lessoff A, Huyssen D (April 2022).
9175:"Excess deaths and immunoprotection during 1918-1920 influenza pandemic, Taiwan"
9058:"The Spanish influenza pandemic in occidental Europe (1918-1920) and victim age"
7764:"Public Health in a Federation: Lessons from the Spanish Influenza in Australia"
6810:"The Spanish influenza pandemic in occidental Europe (1918-1920) and victim age"
5494:
Trilla A, Trilla G, Daer C (September 2008). "The 1918 "Spanish flu" in Spain".
4537:
4124:"The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the "Spanish Flu" Pandemic and WWI"
2786:
or Bombay, where influenza was much more devastating. Similarly, in the city of
2512:
1677:
deaths from pneumonia and influenza were "very much lower than for many years".
1278:
131:
25–50 million (generally accepted), other estimates range from 17 to 100 million
22603:
22579:
21593:
20952:
20932:
20603:
20316:
20161:
19952:
19843:
19699:
19603:
19586:
18792:
18399:
18166:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
16647:
16419:
15075:"Closing In On a Killer: Scientists Unlock Clues to the Spanish Influenz Virus"
13262:
11379:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10849:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10698:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10318:"The most important lesson of the 1918 influenza pandemic: Tell the damn truth"
10182:
10165:
10110:
10093:
9892:
9875:
9288:
7191:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6885:
6355:. War Department Annual Reports. Vol. I. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4998:
Las primeras noticias aparecieron en la prensa de Madrid el 21 de mayo de 1918.
3660:
3578:
3561:
2884:
2866:
2754:
2704:
2670:
2666:
2647:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2540:
2356:
2278:
2099:
2075:, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and
1646:
Mexico experienced a fourth wave between February and March. In South America,
1333:
1304:
The second wave began in the second half of August 1918, probably spreading to
1255:
873:
849:(the Spanish lady) is in town," making 'the Spanish lady' another common name.
548:
18255:
18248:
18220:
18140:
18026:
18009:
17747:
17681:
The Last Plague: Spanish Influenza and the Politics of Public Health in Canada
17570:
17553:
17460:
17099:
16494:
16202:
16160:
16143:
16009:
15992:
15983:
15163:"Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus: unexpected rewards from the past"
14657:
Riley S, Kwok KO, Wu KM, Ning DY, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, et al. (June 2011).
14458:
13225:
13223:
13221:
12909:
11859:
10135:"1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say"
9962:"1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say"
8583:
8537:
8482:
7159:
7142:
5297:
5048:
4665:
4345:
4328:
1596:
intensified in the latter part of December before swiftly peaking in January.
837:
for Formamint tablets to prevent "Spanish influenza". When it reached Moscow,
22613:
22511:
21663:
21420:
21410:
21063:
20351:
20345:
19788:
19705:
19616:
19085:
18948:
17011:
16818:
16763:
16593:
16502:
15840:
15816:
14787:
14066:
13641:
13563:
12188:
12012:
11802:
10491:
10050:
Langford C (2005). "Did the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic Originate in China?".
9735:
9549:
8511:
7675:
7344:
6720:
6677:
5607:
5155:
4561:
4157:
4050:
4040:
3516:
3504:
3472:
and samples preserved from American soldiers Roscoe Vaughan and James Downs.
3209:
3042:
2719:
succeeded in preventing even a single death from influenza through effective
2716:
2638:, carrying the flu from leaving its ports. From New Zealand, the flu reached
2435:
2360:
2258:
1906:
1767:
1727:
1461:
1329:
1317:
1286:
1028:
989:
981:
738:
631:
328:
18010:"'17,'18,'19: religion and science in three pandemics, 1817, 1918, and 2019"
13177:"Epidemic analysisi of 1918 Spanish influenza in China based on literatures"
13078:
12057:
11399:
11083:
11058:
10869:
10718:
8724:"Health Service Reports Influenza Under Control in All Parts of the Country"
7608:
Ansart S, Pelat C, Boelle PY, Carrat F, Flahault A, Valleron AJ (May 2009).
7211:
5726:
3677: – 2009–2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus
3581:, in the 1300s. As other studies have shown, tuberculosis and influenza had
3503:
linked the presence of three specific genes (termed PA, PB1, and PB2) and a
2205:
574:
20513:
19947:
19095:
18718:
18394:
18205:
18186:
18115:
18070:
17970:
17904:
17869:
17840:
17411:
17378:
17341:
17323:
17290:
17247:
17229:
17204:
17150:
17134:
16888:
16836:
16706:
16630:
16553:
16535:
16296:
16220:
16018:
15880:
15762:
15721:
15647:
15588:
15545:
15484:
15307:
15196:
14995:
14993:
14991:
14949:
14848:
14743:
14694:
14643:
14604:
14559:
Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (5 August 2011).
14523:
14466:
14363:
14328:
14289:
14191:
14173:
14142:
14085:
14048:
Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L (September 2014).
14026:
13991:
13389:
13218:
12927:
12875:
12857:
12372:
12219:
11966:
11932:
11930:
11820:
11730:
11695:
11632:
11590:
11485:
11418:
11304:
Masking America, 1918-1919: Efforts to Control the Great Influenza Pandemic
11102:
11043:
10984:
10925:
10888:
10829:
10788:
10737:
10604:
10510:
10248:
10191:
10119:
9901:
9840:
9761:
9743:
9635:
9568:
9461:
9407:
9389:
9355:
9306:
9208:
9190:
9136:
9091:
9042:
8601:
8309:
8222:
8173:
8155:
8119:
8079:
8039:
7999:
7959:
7910:
7870:
7820:"Australia's Experience of the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons Learned"
7797:
7743:
7694:
7643:
7587:
7502:
7362:
7313:
7270:
7230:
6903:
6843:
6669:
5744:
5687:
5671:
5515:
5277:
5173:
4869:
4808:
4765:
4717:
4595:
4579:
4401:
4354:
4283:
4242:
4175:
3936:
3815:
3596:
3566:
3465:
3430:
2987:
2851:
2728:
2651:
2606:
2528:
2322:
2125:
1813:
1798:
1747:
1707:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1199:
1187:
1100:
1064:
985:
885:
591:
62:
18125:"The Diffusion of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 in Hartford, Connecticut"
17961:
17944:
17072:
16928:
16622:
15861:
15754:
15623:
15460:
15178:
14830:
14427:
14355:
12425:"A deadly virus rages throughout Canada at the end of the First World War"
11734:
9617:
9443:
7779:
6348:
6294:
A Modern Contagion: Imperialism and Public Health in Iran's Age of Cholera
4630:
4614:
2911:
2596:
2489:), 1.5 million were assumed to have died among 30 million inhabitants. In
1408:
reported over 40,000 deaths from influenza and acute respiratory disease.
801:
21675:
21458:
21415:
20629:
20327:
19762:
19183:
19100:
18827:
18822:
18810:
18265:
18155:
17991:
17787:
17779:
17755:
17516:
Influenza: The Hundred Year Hunt to Cure the Deadliest Disease in History
16809:
14271:
13555:
12342:"The silent invader – Digital Collections – National Library of Medicine"
11722:
11687:
10802:
Brown JD, Goekjian G, Poulson R, Valeika S, Stallknecht DE (April 2009).
10769:
10645:
9719:
9510:
9477:"Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1"
9337:
7725:
4148:
3918:
3582:
3574:
3058:
2778:
2743:
2612:
2573:
2511:(or "New Zealanders primarily of European descent") and 2,500 indigenous
2508:
2475:
In Finland, 20,000 died out of 210,000 infected. In Sweden, 34,000 died.
2461:
2411:
2352:
2342:
2242:
2058:, which was often the cause of death. This more serious type would cause
1986:
1933:
1916:
In 2014, historian Mark Humphries argued that the mobilization of 96,000
1834:
1682:
1588:
1484:
1449:
1405:
1365:
1325:
1267:
1096:
913:
861:
603:
515:
507:
283:
273:
268:
18148:
17877:
Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Johnson NP, Daniels RS (December 1999).
17535:
Fever of War: The Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army during World War I
17281:
17256:
17064:
16725:
Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present
16697:
16672:
15712:
15687:
15289:
14988:
14254:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
14124:
13533:
11927:
10965:
10230:
9492:
9024:
6190:"What the 1918 flu pandemic can teach us about COVID-19, in four charts"
5000:[The first news appeared in the press of Madrid on 21 May 1918.]
4986:
4013:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
3899:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
3530:
provided some cross-protection against the Spanish flu pandemic strain.
3526:
In June 2010, a team at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine reported the
2120:
During the deadly second wave there were also fears that it was in fact
27:
1918–1920 global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus
22052:
21900:
21425:
19058:
18976:
18852:
18805:
18800:
18404:
17440:
16652:
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005)
16443:
The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History
15993:"Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919: the case of India"
15888:
15639:
15622:
Rewegan A, Bogaert K, Yan M, Gagnon A, Herring DA (10 September 2015).
15580:
15476:
11093:
10071:
8291:
7552:
Pearce DC, Pallaghy PK, McCaw JM, McVernon J, Mathews JD (March 2011).
3695: – Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease
3469:
3324:
2991:
2979:
2720:
2677:
2467:
2359:
also spread along with the disease. In Ireland there was a belief that
2310:
2302:
2282:
2068:
2022:
2003:
1831:
1714:
virus, which thereafter became the active influenza A virus in humans.
1640:
1550:
1527:
1511:
1487:
saw recrudescences of pandemic activity in March, and Sweden in April.
1293:
857:
759:
700:
692:
587:), 28 May 1918: "The three-day fever – In Madrid 80,000 Are Infected –
511:
406:
288:
258:
66:
21548:
18107:
14708:
Wong JY, Kelly H, Ip DK, Wu JT, Leung GM, Cowling BJ (November 2013).
14505:
10997:
9249:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 69.
8204:
8138:
Chowell G, Simonsen L, Flores J, Miller MA, Viboud C (November 2014).
5895:
5013:"Spanish flu of 1918 no three-day fever. Try 365-day worldwide plague"
4645:
4117:
4115:
3797:
3722:
The Israelites asked: "Ma'n Hu?" {?מן הוא} – in English: 'what is it?'
2734:
2013:
The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague In History
1897:
In 1993, Claude Hannoun, the leading expert on the Spanish flu at the
1827:
1611:
1238:
661:
21435:
20519:
20286:
19110:
19105:
18885:
18844:
18837:
18832:
18360:
17212:
Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG (December 2001).
15822:
The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History
8566:
Richard SA, Sugaya N, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Viboud C (August 2009).
7656:
5931:
5404:
5376:
5344:
2888:
2850:. For the same reason men also were more likely to have pre-existing
2847:
2831:
Another major pattern was the differences between social classes. In
2791:
2758:
2633:
2585:
2486:
2298:
1839:
1758:
The first confirmed cases originated in the United States. Historian
1655:
1495:
1465:
1457:
1332:, also reaching Brazil and the Caribbean on ships. In July 1918, the
977:
817:
807:
782:
765:
714:
673:
635:
615:
599:
551:, killing most of the victims after a typically prolonged death bed.
293:
278:
226:
147:
82:
18320:
The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: A Digital Encyclopedia
14757:
14710:"Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review"
14619:
13664:
13244:
Undersøkelser over influenzaens optræden specielt i Bergen 1918-1922
10843:
Foxman EF, Storer JA, Vanaja K, Levchenko A, Iwasaki A (July 2016).
10753:"Roles of humidity and temperature in shaping influenza seasonality"
10475:"Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics"
10408:"The 1919 Stanley Cup Final and modern-history's deadliest pandemic"
8283:
7861:
7844:
6220:
6101:"WHO issues best practices for naming new human infectious diseases"
4833:
3953:"History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America"
2724:
2650:(5%, 9,000 people). Worst affected was Western Samoa, formerly
1553:
similarly experienced a second outbreak between July and September.
554:
The 1918 Spanish flu was the first of three flu pandemics caused by
22574:
22407:
21553:
21549:
20779:
18319:
18099:
17185:
17125:
17108:
17056:
16879:
16862:
14320:
13677:
13633:
13546:
11950:
10586:
10525:"Bacterial Pneumonia Caused Most Deaths in 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
7926:"Mortality burden of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Hong Kong"
5750:
zarzuela (popular musical genre or 'género chico' in Spain) called
5507:
5078:
Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics
4274:
4257:
4233:
4216:
4112:
4100:
4046:
The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History
3692:
3540:
In 2018, Michael Worobey, an evolutionary biology professor at the
2967:
2787:
2770:
2501:
2326:
2091:
2076:
2064:
1858:
1686:
1519:
1441:
1309:
1129:
1044:
984:
disease'. Some Africans called it a 'white man's sickness', but in
964:
811:, 28 June 1918 for Formamint tablets to prevent "Spanish influenza"
711:
697:
684:
627:
623:
476:
351:
17895:
17878:
17589:
The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19
15160:
14899:. Washington, D.C., US. Reuters. 17 September 2009. Archived from
14815:"Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States"
13786:
13428:"The 'Spanish' Influenza pandemic and its relation to World War I"
8561:
8559:
8506:
8504:
6027:[Speaking of "spring sekibu", something sounds good...].
3621:, which increased the case rate of influenza among men during the
2557:
In the UK, as many as 250,000 died; in France, more than 400,000.
2515:
in six weeks, with Māori dying at eight times the rate of Pākehā.
973:) is now a common name in Spain, but remains controversial there.
19020:
17211:
15966:
American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic
15948:
15029:
12951:
Pandemic Influenza: Emergency planning and community preparedness
11551:
11539:
10556:
9428:"The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the Gain-of-Function Debate"
7657:
Chowell G, Erkoreka A, Viboud C, Echeverri-Dávila B (July 2014).
7079:
6327:
4834:
Dennis Shanks G, Mackenzie A, Waller M, Brundage JF (July 2012).
2783:
2762:
2368:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2129:
1854:
1850:
1639:
with the age distribution of deaths beginning to take on that of
1618:
nurses tend to flu patients in temporary wards set up inside the
1480:
1397:
1385:
1342:
1250:
1179:
944:
940:
790:
778:
677:
606:
the scourge and its effects on people who would only learn years
588:
544:
17082:
Pale rider: the Spanish flu of 1918 and how it changed the world
16654:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 60–61.
15005:
14540:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 25 June 2012
13697:
13501:"What can the Spanish Flu teach us about the COVID-19 pandemic?"
12118:"İSPANYOL GRİBİNİN DÜNYA VE OSMANLI DEVLETİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ"
11937:
Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH (December 2006).
11827:
11463:
8477:
8475:
7610:"Mortality burden of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Europe"
6993:
On September 15, New York City's first influenza death occurred.
6270:
6081:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3486:
On 18 January 2007, Kobasa et al. (2007) reported that monkeys (
2524:
one-third of deaths recorded were in the Aboriginal population.
1498:, peaking in mid-February. The flu soon appeared in neighboring
1262:. After reaching Australia in July, the wave started to recede.
951:, 'German flu'. In Spain it was also known as the 'French flu' (
18890:
18234:
17649:
Hunting the 1918 flu: one scientist's search for a killer virus
17445:"Out in the Cold and Back: New-Found Interest in the Great Flu"
17257:"Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes"
16093:
The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918
13470:
12664:
11056:
8556:
8501:
7845:"An Australian perspective of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic"
7326:
5900:
5308:
5074:
Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría
4498:, School of Oriental and African Studies, p. 213, 10731720
3732:
3511:
In 2008 an investigation used the virus sequence to obtain the
3414:
An electron micrograph showing recreated 1918 influenza virions
2817:
2766:
2727:, in Brazil's Amazon River Delta had not reported an outbreak.
2490:
2380:
2314:
2133:
1902:
1763:
1635:
1561:
1557:
1476:
1409:
1305:
1242:
1211:
1191:
1124:
from the 1889–90 flu pandemic was shortened and adapted into a
948:
877:
839:
826:
822:
770:
734:
639:
584:
519:
495:
70:
19152:
17032:
13229:
12249:"Epidemics and pandemics in Victoria: Historical perspectives"
12073:"Looking Through Indonesia's History For Answers to Swine Flu"
8229:
7282:
7280:
4290:
494:. The earliest documented case was March 1918 in the state of
20947:
19090:
13351:
13349:
13347:
13345:
13332:
13330:
13328:
13326:
13324:
13322:
13139:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
13033:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
12994:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
12544:
12542:
12540:
10014:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
9007:
Grabowski ML, Kosińska B, Knap JP, Brydak LB (October 2017).
8906:
8904:
8472:
5708:
5107:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919: New Perspectives
3987:"The Discovery and Reconstruction of the 1918 Pandemic Virus"
3822:
3611:
3424:
2738:
Japanese women in Tokyo during the Spanish flu pandemic, 1919
2643:
2639:
2536:
2493:, 13% of the population died during one month. Similarly, in
2372:
2330:
2179:
2141:
2095:
1546:
1103:. French military doctors originally called it 'disease 11' (
1004:
1000:
902:
742:
611:
22598:
18329:
14305:"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century"
12689:"Coronavirus: forgotten lessons of the Spanish flu pandemic"
11284:
11282:
11280:
11267:
11265:
11263:
11261:
10904:"Pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza: a deadly combination"
10441:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10166:"What happened in China during the 1918 influenza pandemic?"
10094:"What happened in China during the 1918 influenza pandemic?"
8140:"Death patterns during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chile"
7327:
Chandra S, Christensen J, Chandra M, Paneth N (March 2021).
6752:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6742:
4740:"Purulent bronchitis in 1917 and pandemic influenza in 1918"
4258:"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century"
3654:
1491:
districts were affected between April and May specifically.
1412:
reported ~15,000 deaths in a population of 1.1 million. The
1027:'best practices' first published in 2015 now aim to prevent
825:
dispatch titled, "The Spanish Epidemic," a correspondent in
660:
were documented in 1916–17 at British military hospitals in
17719:"Measuring a pandemic: Mortality, demography and geography"
17700:
Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue
17388:"Children and encephalitis lethargica: a historical review"
17254:
16782:
14999:
14975:
14971:
13408:
13396:
12173:(Second, revised and enlarged ed.). Christchurch, NZ.
11655:
11180:"Six-year deluge linked to Spanish flu, World War I deaths"
10842:
10801:
10691:
9913:
9911:
9104:
9006:
8877:
8875:
8565:
8137:
7707:
7551:
7277:
6874:"The U.S. military and the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919"
5775:
4121:
3450:
3445:
of influenza A subtype H1N1) was a collaboration among the
3265:
3220:
3175:
3126:
2832:
2438:
have the total death toll alone at well above 100 million.
1651:
1647:
1393:
1373:
1008:
17876:
17551:
17016:
Black November; the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand
13342:
13319:
12791:
12537:
12171:
Black November: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand
11905:"What the history of pandemics tells us about coronavirus"
11701:
11445:
11433:
9991:
9989:
9811:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9221:
8901:
7140:
3896:
2402:
1384:, reaching Iran (where it spread through the holy city of
18122:
15203:
15017:
14979:
13891:
13863:
13798:
12513:
11505:
11503:
11277:
11258:
11152:
10938:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10628:
10626:
10430:
9374:"Pandemic influenza--including a risk assessment of H5N1"
8186:
6915:
6913:
6855:
6853:
6739:
6252:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)
5891:"How is the adjective 'Spanish' used in other languages?"
4822:'fundamentally the same condition' as 'Spanish' influenza
3851:"Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance"
3622:
3464:, using historic tissue samples recovered by pathologist
3435:
1879:
suggesting the influenza began in Austria in early 1917.
17847:
16518:
He D, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ (September 2013).
12525:
10366:
9908:
9530:
8872:
7141:
Chandra S, Christensen J, Likhtman S (6 November 2020).
6689:
6687:
6578:
6576:
6574:
5833:
5831:
5709:
Vázquez-Espinosa E, Laganà C, Vázquez F (October 2020).
2715:
In the Pacific, American Samoa and the French colony of
2497:
22% of the population of 38,000 died within two months.
1702:, in 1957, the virus was totally displaced by the novel
1440:
however, possibly on account of differing restrictions.
1428:
London weekly deaths from influenza during 1918 and 1919
1011:
wrestlers for bringing the disease home from a match in
793:
were re-used in the 1918 pandemic, along with new ones.
785:
seem foreign. This pattern was observed even before the
17627:"What the 1918 Flu Pandemic Can Teach Today's Insurers"
16189:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 333–345.
15688:"Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin?"
15621:
13732:
13263:"Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats"
12580:
12195:
10568:
10456:
10454:
10387:
10348:
10336:
9986:
9517:
9319:
7607:
6530:"General March's Narrative: Glimpses of Woodrow Wilson"
5843:
5663:
5596:"The centenary of the 20th century's worst catastrophe"
2998:
adults may have overshadowed the deaths caused by flu.
2707:
of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms.
2699:, consisting of workers in the diamond mines, died. In
17552:
Chandra S, Christensen J, Likhtman S (November 2020).
17146:"Aspirin Misuse May Have Made 1918 Flu Pandemic Worse"
15326:
14252:
Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (December 2018).
13838:
12779:
12623:
12621:
11527:
11515:
11500:
11328:
10668:
10623:
10255:
9941:
9580:
9578:
8964:
Mortality statistics, 1920. Twenty-First Annual Report
7041:
7029:
6958:
6936:"Atatürk işgalcilerden önce İspanyol Gribini yenmişti"
6910:
6850:
6406:"A look at art and music created in times of pandemic"
5960:"Fighting words: how war metaphors can trigger racism"
4647:
Purple death : the mysterious Spanish flu of 1918
3897:
Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (December 2018).
3468:
from an Inuit female flu victim buried in the Alaskan
980:
disease', while the Bolsheviks referred to it as the '
912:"Spanish influenza," "three-day fever," "the flu." by
22563:
13774:
13277:
13174:
12839:
12204:"The Spanish flu--part II: the second and third wave"
11936:
11619:
Jilani TN, Jamil RT, Siddiqui AH (14 December 2019).
11237:
11235:
10569:
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS (October 2008).
9367:
9365:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9247:
Espanjantauti Suomessa — Influenssapandemia 1918-1920
8613:
8611:
6773:"Mortality Statistics 1918: Nineteenth Annual Report"
6684:
6571:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6365:
5828:
4937:– via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
4885:"OLD NEWS: Influenza was an old foe long before 1918"
4191:"1918 flu pandemic myth debunked by skeletal remains"
61:
Soldiers sick with Spanish flu at a hospital ward at
16860:
16646:
Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S, eds. (2005).
16176:
15263:
15035:
14005:
Potter CW (October 2001). "A history of influenza".
10451:
7517:"Mortality Statistics 1919: Twentieth Annual Report"
7477:"Public Health Weekly Reports for FEBRUARY 21, 1919"
7245:"Public Health Weekly Reports for NOVEMBER 29, 1918"
6930:
6928:
6641:
5575:
5282:(First ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company.
4326:
3636:
1071:(disease from seeking to make a profit in wartime),
725:, influence), also known at the time as 'the grip' (
30:"Great Influenza" redirects here. For the book, see
17385:
16060:
America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918
15990:
15911:
15685:
15387:
15338:
15011:
13792:
13703:
13662:
13450:
13260:
13131:
13129:
13127:
13125:
13123:
13121:
13119:
13117:
12618:
12329:
The Great Pandemic: The United States in 1918–1919
11833:
11618:
11202:
10204:
10006:
10004:
9690:"Origins of the 1918 Pandemic: The Case for France"
9575:
9322:"The persistent legacy of the 1918 influenza virus"
7288:"Public Health Weekly Reports for DECEMBER 6, 1918"
6767:
6765:
5244:Harrison MA, Claiborne JH Jr, eds. (January 1890).
4535:
3385:
Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
2605:because they too were ill. Mass graves were dug by
1233:, and French ports by April 1918, and reaching the
21318:
18001:The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives
17998:
17921:
17305:
16898:An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia
16728:(3rd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 363.
16229:
16035:
15558:
15106:"Scientists Uncover Clues To Flu Epidemic of 1918"
13135:
13029:
12990:
12980:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 101–09.
12978:The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives
11702:Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (July 2019).
11673:
11557:
11545:
11232:
10611:
10472:
10267:
10010:
9475:Kung HC, Jen KF, Yuan WC, Tien SF, Chu CM (1978).
9371:
9362:
9320:Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS (July 2009).
9274:
9263:
8608:
8268:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 15, 1919"
8094:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 15, 1919"
8054:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 29, 1919"
7885:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 22, 1919"
7101:
6362:
5320:
5103:
4378:"Swine-origin influenza virus in young age groups"
3951:
3837:
3052:
2609:and bodies buried without coffins in many places.
2507:In New Zealand, the flu killed an estimated 6,400
1826:The major U.K. troop staging and hospital camp in
1285:flu patients at U.S. Army Camp Hospital no. 45 in
1273:
1079:(disease which passes through like a bullet), and
18260:(1919) – An 18-minute, dramatised
17485:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
16935:
16331:"Swine flu shot protects against 1918 flu: study"
16306:"Researchers unlock secrets of 1918 flu pandemic"
16250:
16177:dos Reis M, Hay AJ, Goldstein RA (October 2009).
15947:. Virology at Stanford University. Archived from
14099:Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004).
13821:"Why Did So Few Novels Tackle the 1918 Pandemic?"
13531:
12811:"Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy"
12507:Haile Sellassie I: The formative years, 1892–1936
12486:
12331:, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
12095:
10901:
10466:
10205:Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004).
9531:Saunders-Hastings PR, Krewski D (December 2016).
9228:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
9009:"The Lethal Spanish Influenza Pandemic in Poland"
8014:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 1, 1919"
7757:
7755:
7753:
7509:
6925:
6801:
5314:
5243:
4737:
4106:
3775:
3068:is estimated to have killed 17.5 - 31.4 million.
2147:
1198:as early as January 1918, prompting local doctor
22611:
18123:Tuckel P, Sassler S, Maisel R, Leykam A (2006).
17924:A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918–1920
17625:Dorratoltaj N (29 March 2018). Carrell H (ed.).
17500:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,
17018:(2nd ed.). University of Canterbury Press.
15897:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
15388:Hammond JA, Rolland W, Shore TH (14 July 1917).
15314:
15245:
14941:
14893:"H1N1 fatality rates comparable to seasonal flu"
13114:
10001:
9935:Documents de la Conférence de l'Institut Pasteur
9595:
9593:
9156:Journal of Humanities, Seoul National University
8187:Cristina J, Pollero R, Pellegrino A (May 2019).
8133:
8131:
8129:
7180:
7178:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
6762:
6619:"How NYC Survived the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic"
6433:
5888:
5493:
4536:Hammond JA, Rolland W, Shore TH (14 July 1917).
3441:An effort to recreate the Spanish flu strain (a
3005:
2460:, about 5% of the population. The death toll in
1685:approximately doubled in January 1922 alone. In
20129:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
16944:. Vol. 30. University of Rochester Press.
14441:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
13749:
13747:
13301:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
13175:Alita XP, Ling T, Bin ZH, Xiao-ting LI (2010).
12887:
12885:
12144:"1918 flu centenary: How to survive a pandemic"
11372:
9780:"Flu epidemic traced to Great War transit camp"
9474:
9162:(1): 203–207 – via Korea Journal Central.
8622:. The American Journal of Hygiene. p. 91.
7974:"Public Health Weekly Reports for MAY 30, 1919"
7842:
7838:
7836:
7436:
7434:
7184:
6349:United States Surgeon-General's Office (1920).
4625:(11). Industrial Medical Association: 593–598.
4506:– via ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
4327:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
3555:
2531:area, there were 3,293 registered deaths among
1861:and then migrated to pigs kept near the front.
1021:), even though three top wrestlers died there.
992:
943:where many soldiers on both sides fell ill. In
17386:Vilensky JA, Foley P, Gilman S (August 2007).
16608:
16517:
16472:
16125:The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
15686:Antonovics J, Hood ME, Baker CH (April 2006).
15134:
14245:
13414:
13402:
12891:
11661:
10902:Klugman KP, Chien YW, Madhi SA (August 2009).
10087:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10043:
9599:
8983:
7750:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7372:
6059:"How the Spanish flu of 1918-20 ravaged Japan"
5882:
5372:"The Spanish Influenza; A Sufferer's Symptoms"
4738:Cox J, Gill D, Cox F, Worobey M (April 2019).
4214:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
1774:, as the point of origin in his 2004 article.
1258:in April. In June an outbreak was reported in
1225:camps and Europe, becoming an epidemic in the
1063:(the disease of head and coughing and spine),
1016:
22539:
21534:
21480:
21304:
19168:
18345:
17804:
17308:"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics"
16914:
16861:Noymer A, Carreon D, Johnson N (April 2010).
16141:
15991:Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J (August 2012).
15698:(7088): E9, discussion E9-E9, discussion 10.
15509:
14158:"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics"
14101:"Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza"
13859:"Mullen's View from 'The Last Town on Earth'"
13760:. Oxford University Press. pp. 346–376.
12803:
11787:"Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans"
10207:"Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza"
9712:
9590:
9421:
9419:
9417:
8126:
7175:
7127:
6998:
6981:. United States: Penguin Books. p. 270.
6756:
6087:
5400:"Public Notice; 'Spanish Influenza' Epidemic"
5104:Killingray D, Phillips H (2 September 2003).
4010:
3740:
2966:Mass burial site of flu victims from 1918 in
2550:In Brazil, 300,000 died, including president
1959:
1845:The hospital treated thousands of victims of
968:
958:
952:
852:The outbreak did not originate in Spain (see
844:
746:
547:, exacerbated by the war, promoted bacterial
448:
18085:
17919:
17348:
16993:Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak
16757:"Modeling a Modern Day Spanish Flu Pandemic"
16670:
16063:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
15209:
15023:
13744:
12882:
12509:. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press. pp. 36ff.
12464:"The "bird flu" that killed 40 million"
12400:"The Great Pandemic of 1918: State by State"
11848:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
11569:
10170:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
10098:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
9869:
9867:
9865:
9807:
9805:
9425:
7833:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7431:
7399:
6274:Report on the Pandemic of Influenza, 1918–19
5924:
5711:"The Spanish flu and the fiction literature"
5459:"In Search of an Enigma: The "Spanish Lady""
3745:)—because the tune was as catchy as the flu.
2665:prevented the flu from reaching neighboring
2336:
1964:
1556:The third wave particularly affected Spain,
1400:, but by December the wave was mostly over.
1104:
930:
643:
20612:
17624:
17306:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006).
17162:
16970:
14978:pandemic strains contained avian flu virus
14434:
14156:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006).
12600:"The Flu Pandemic hit Nenana 100 Years Ago"
12243:
12241:
11241:
10078:
9928:
9926:
9917:
9773:
9771:
7369:
6513:throughout the country echoed to the chant.
6212:
6127:"Pandemic influenza: an evolving challenge"
5927:"How the Spanish Flu wasn't Spanish at all"
5652:Journal of the American Medical Association
4255:
3881:
3456:Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, and
3359:3–11% or 5–20% (240 million – 1.6 billion)
2820:under age two, adults over age 70, and the
2195:
1726:(which itself had displaced H2N2 through a
1170:
894:Journal of the American Medical Association
741:during late spring, and early reports from
499:possibly as high as 100 million, making it
21541:
21527:
21311:
21297:
19175:
19161:
18352:
18338:
16560:
14792:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
13738:
12833:
12368:"Flu Epidemic Hit Utah Hard in 1918, 1919"
11872:
11760:"Historical Estimates of World Population"
10750:
10163:
10091:
9880:Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
9414:
9244:
9107:"The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Peru"
7813:
7811:
7809:
7807:
6616:
6493:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5229:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. pp. 30–31.
4786:
4681:
3991:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3776:Yang W, Petkova E, Shaman J (March 2014).
3612:Influenza pandemic among Canadian soldiers
3477:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2187:) contributed to increased precipitation.
1762:stated in 2003 that the flu originated in
1518:avoided the disease until early June, and
891:In an October 1918 "Madrid Letter" to the
884:reported epidemic effects, including King
518:countries suppressed bad news to maintain
455:
441:
54:
21722:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
18221:We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918
18195:
18185:
18060:
18025:
17960:
17894:
17830:
17678:
17569:
17331:
17280:
17237:
17194:
17184:
17124:
17046:
16895:
16878:
16826:
16808:
16696:
16579:
16543:
16446:. Rutgers University Press. p. 274.
16286:
16276:
16210:
16159:
16008:
15870:
15860:
15711:
15535:
15465:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
15436:. Oxford, England: University of Oxford.
15356:
15297:
15186:
14838:
14733:
14684:
14674:
14594:
14584:
14513:
14385:Lin II RG, Karlamangla S (6 March 2020).
14279:
14215:
14213:
14211:
14209:
14207:
14205:
14203:
14201:
14181:
14132:
14075:
14065:
13676:
13545:
13261:Knobler SL, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon SM.
13095:The Spanish influenza in China, 1918–1920
13071:The Spanish influenza in China, 1918–1920
12971:
12969:
12917:
12865:
12797:
12531:
12519:
11810:
11408:
11398:
11115:
11092:
11082:
11033:
11023:
10974:
10964:
10915:
10878:
10868:
10819:
10778:
10768:
10727:
10717:
10594:
10500:
10490:
10238:
10181:
10109:
9947:
9891:
9862:
9802:
9751:
9687:
9625:
9558:
9548:
9500:
9481:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
9451:
9397:
9372:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (April 2009).
9345:
9296:
9277:"Influenza: the once and future pandemic"
9275:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (April 2010).
9198:
9126:
9081:
9032:
8883:"INFLUENZA CASES GROW THROUGHOUT COUNTRY"
8591:
8299:
8212:
8163:
8109:
8069:
8029:
7989:
7949:
7900:
7860:
7787:
7733:
7684:
7674:
7633:
7594:
7577:
7492:
7352:
7303:
7260:
7220:
7210:
7158:
6893:
6833:
6271:Great Britain Ministry of Health (1920).
5889:Rodríguez LP, Palomba AL (5 March 2019).
5861:
5734:
5672:"The Spanish flu--Part I: the first wave"
5587:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5163:
4859:
4755:
4707:
4677:
4675:
4580:"The Spanish flu--Part I: the first wave"
4344:
4273:
4232:
4165:
4147:
3949:
3926:
3805:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3589:
2591:
2576:, range from 5,000 to 10,000, or higher.
1977:, they carried the Spanish flu with them.
618:. The lack of scientific answers led the
501:one of the deadliest pandemics in history
20411:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
18007:
17977:
16843:
16409:
15942:
14947:
14813:Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C (May 2018).
13884:
13780:
13715:
13663:Beach B, Ferrie JP, Saavedra MH (2018).
13367:
12953:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 24.
12892:Shanks GD, Brundage JF (February 2013).
12754:
12238:
11875:"Why 1918 matters in India's corona war"
10473:Morris DE, Cleary DW, Clarke SC (2017).
10393:
10354:
10342:
10049:
9953:
9923:
9768:
9055:
8986:"Influenza Deaths in Hawai'i, 1918—1920"
8483:"Influenza Gradually Spreading In Japan"
7761:
7395:. Chicago: American Medical Association.
6807:
6647:
6538:. p. XX3, Special Features section.
6243:
5991:
5918:
5811:International Committee of the Red Cross
5593:
5550:
5489:
5487:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5222:
5133:
5131:
4976:
4524:, vol. XXXV, 9 July 1918, p. 6
4215:Brundage JF, Shanks GD (December 2007).
4208:
4188:
4072:
4070:
3671: – Known in India as "Bombay Fever"
3429:
3409:
3009:
2986:19th and early 20th centuries: typhoid,
2961:
2910:
2843:were relatively spared by the pandemic.
2806:
2733:
2595:
2410:
2401:
2169:and the Climate Change Institute at the
2151:
2044:
1968:
1808:
1793:
1610:
1571:
1423:
1292:
1277:
1174:
907:
800:
773:), 25 June 1918: "The Spanish Influenza"
758:
690:The Aldershot physicians later wrote in
573:
20788:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
18278:British Film Institute National Archive
17999:Phillips H, Killingray D, eds. (2003).
17942:
17764:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
17733:
17716:
17697:
17586:
17537:. New York: New York University Press.
17079:
16989:
16936:Porras-Gallo M, Davis RA, eds. (2014).
16645:
15963:
15790:
15736:
15458:
13355:
13336:
13241:
13235:
12785:
12674:
12670:
12639:
12586:
12548:
12498:
12201:
11533:
11521:
11509:
11451:
11439:
11334:
11300:
11288:
11271:
10679:
10632:
10460:
10445:
10309:
10261:
9995:
9959:
9932:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9062:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
8617:
8238:"Influenza in 1919 and 100 Years Later"
8193:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7930:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7804:
7614:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7558:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7440:
7047:
7035:
6964:
6919:
6859:
6814:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
6693:
6582:
6391:
6290:
6218:
6187:
5837:
5800:
5798:
5697:
5669:
5456:
5070:"Impacto de la gripe de 1918 en España"
5038:
5010:
4882:
4840:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
4688:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
4577:
4475:
3782:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
3683: – 1919 San Francisco organization
2915:Provincial Board of Health poster from
2887:before the Allied powers and that both
2802:
2444:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
1885:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
1576:Public health recommendations from the
1061:'Ugonjo huo kichwa na kukohoa na kiuno'
1055:(let enquiries be made concerning it),
935:' (Flemish fever), both after a famous
506:The pandemic broke out near the end of
14:
22612:
21498:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens
18227:interviews with Spanish Flu survivors.
18042:
17928:. Murfreesboro, TN: Timberlane Books.
17778:
17754:
17645:
17532:
17493:
17439:
17142:Infectious Diseases Society of America
17106:
16754:
16397:from the original on 22 September 2020
16380:
16368:from the original on 20 September 2011
16353:
16122:
16056:
16033:
15887:
15839:
15510:Noymer A, Garenne M (September 2000).
15344:
15332:
15103:
15079:National Museum of Health and Medicine
14198:
13915:"Human extinction isn't that unlikely"
13856:
13844:
13815:
13813:
13804:
13753:
13619:
13456:
13091:
13068:
12975:
12966:
12686:
12627:
12504:
12168:
11981:from the original on 27 September 2020
11845:
11254:from the original on 21 November 2020.
11242:Hauck G, Gellis K (22 November 2020).
11177:
10315:
9873:
9777:
9718:
9606:Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health
9584:
8402:"PARIS FEARS RETURN OF "FLU" EPIDEMIC"
8235:
7923:
7849:New South Wales Public Health Bulletin
7388:
7059:
6871:
6629:from the original on 29 September 2020
6379:
5804:
5765:
5426:
5326:
5180:
4913:
4876:
4733:
4731:
4682:Oxford JS, Gill D (2 September 2019).
4672:
4612:
4375:
4079:"The Origin Of The Name 'Spanish Flu'"
3764:
2584:that the country was in the grip of a
2215:) advice to influenza sufferers (1918)
1567:
853:
796:
21789:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
21522:
21292:
20741:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
20084:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
19156:
19142:US influenza statistics by flu season
18333:
18241:"Spanish Flu: a warning from history"
17605:
17513:
17351:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
16770:from the original on 26 February 2020
16658:from the original on 23 December 2020
16427:from the original on 15 December 2020
16227:
16089:
15815:
15803:from the original on 27 November 2020
14929:from the original on 20 November 2016
14873:from the original on 17 December 2019
13912:
13283:
12380:from the original on 30 November 2012
12070:
11784:
11210:"Gauze Mask to Halt Spread of Plague"
11190:from the original on 27 November 2020
11128:from the original on 11 December 2020
10617:
10405:
10273:
9172:
8776:"INFLUENZA CASES INCREASE IN CHICAGO"
8242:College of Physicians of Philadelphia
7004:
6976:
6524:
6463:
6403:
6200:from the original on 24 December 2020
5957:
5951:
5849:
5581:
5563:from the original on 25 November 2011
5484:
5275:
5264:
5196:[Pandemic - World in Fever].
5137:
5128:
4951:
4434:
4316:from the original on 3 December 2020.
4227:(11): 1717–18, author reply 1718–19.
4076:
4067:
4039:
3689: – Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
2695:quarter of the working population of
2040:
1937:
1770:described a January 1918 outbreak in
1419:
947:it was named 'Brazilian flu', and in
856:), but reporting did, due to wartime
482:, was an exceptionally deadly global
21145:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
17949:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
17633:from the original on 7 November 2020
17010:
16958:from the original on 22 January 2021
16942:Rochester Studies in Medical History
16721:
16439:
16316:from the original on 9 November 2020
15603:from the original on 19 October 2020
15440:from the original on 9 December 2018
15369:from the original on 5 December 2018
15128:
15055:from the original on 19 October 2011
14420:10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006
13596:
13532:Correia S, Luck S, Verner E (2020).
13209:
12948:
12743:Total deaths in Ireland 1916: 50,627
12723:"Official Ireland Statistics Office"
12492:
12474:from the original on 7 November 2017
12444:from the original on 2 February 2014
12269:
12124:from the original on 8 November 2020
12101:
12037:
12019:from the original on 6 February 2020
11373:Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM (May 2007).
11159:from the original on 2 December 2020
11146:
10328:from the original on 25 March 2020.
10297:from the original on 13 January 2021
9676:
9234:(2): 126 – via Cambridge Core.
8912:"COPELAND EXPECTS RISE IN INFLUENZA"
8750:"CHICAGO INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC SPREADS"
7185:Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM (May 2007).
6946:from the original on 8 November 2020
5998:. Government Printer, South Africa.
5864:"100 Years After: The Name of Death"
5795:
4643:
4487:
4035:
4033:
3869:from the original on 21 January 2021
3061:, which lasted for many more years.
2930:
2900:Oxford University Computing Services
2425:However, a 2018 reassessment in the
2363:were rising from the mass graves of
2272:
1741:
1542:also experienced some cases in May.
1136:of 'Influenza', where that name was
754:
651:
21074:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
19875:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
17629:. AIR Research and Modeling Group.
17404:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012
16917:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
16742:from the original on 1 January 2016
16611:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
16328:
16303:
15743:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
15320:
15251:
14447:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
14344:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
13810:
13468:
11627:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls.
11579:Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire
11307:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co.
11220:from the original on 8 October 2020
10132:
9602:"The origins of the great pandemic"
9426:Rozo M, Gronvall GK (August 2015).
9326:The New England Journal of Medicine
9149:
8626:from the original on 6 October 2020
8376:"INFLUENZA RETURN EXPECTED BY BLUE"
7443:"Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study"
5870:from the original on 16 August 2020
5759:
5191:
4728:
4448:"Biblical Hebrew Words and Meaning"
4333:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
3984:
3447:Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
2773:. These data were collected by the
2397:
1922:Memorial University of Newfoundland
1514:was not infected until late April;
24:
19814:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
19137:2017–2018 United States flu season
18247:. 30 November 2018. Archived from
17790:. Markham, ON: Scholastic Canada.
17702:. London and New York: Routledge.
17432:
17418:from the original on 17 April 2020
17035:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
15777:from the original on 31 March 2020
15116:from the original on 22 March 2020
15036:dos Reis, Hay & Goldstein 2009
14960:from the original on 9 August 2017
14309:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
14303:Morens DM, Fauci AS (April 2007).
13481:from the original on 8 August 2014
13438:from the original on 5 August 2020
13102:from the original on 11 April 2020
12652:from the original on 3 August 2018
11915:from the original on 21 April 2020
11885:from the original on 18 April 2020
11639:from the original on 12 March 2020
10575:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
10535:from the original on 22 April 2016
10287:"The Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918"
9700:from the original on 30 April 2009
8802:"INFLUENZA SHOWS A LARGE INCREASE"
8620:"Influenza: An Epidemologic Study"
7817:
7465:from the original on 24 July 2020.
7086:from the original on 27 May 2020.
6169:from the original on 20 March 2020
6033:Mainichi Shimbun morning newspaper
5469:from the original on 29 April 2018
4526:quoted in Mueller JW (1998), p. 8.
4262:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4256:Morens DM, Fauci AS (April 2007).
4221:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4011:Spreeuwenberg (7 September 2018).
3627:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
3086:
2615:, a region of Alaska populated by
2456:Some 12–17 million people died in
2158:Coughs and sneezes spread diseases
2132:. Another common misdiagnosis was
1948:A report published in 2016 in the
1864:A report published in 2016 in the
1803:Self-Portrait with the Spanish Flu
1700:first of these post-1918 pandemics
1357:, on 28 September 1918 to promote
707:virus, but it may be a precursor.
25:
22656:
18876:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
18287:
18003:. London and New York: Routledge.
17811:Population and Development Review
17666:from the original on 24 July 2020
17467:from the original on 24 July 2020
16460:from the original on 27 July 2021
16341:from the original on 18 June 2010
16110:from the original on 27 July 2021
16042:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
15849:Journal of Translational Medicine
15662:from the original on 27 July 2021
15628:American Journal of Human Biology
15569:American Journal of Human Biology
15516:Population and Development Review
15491:from the original on 27 July 2021
15233:from the original on 5 March 2009
15012:Antonovics, Hood & Baker 2006
14788:"Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)"
14768:from the original on 17 June 2009
13704:Vilensky, Foley & Gilman 2007
13685:from the original on 18 June 2018
13578:from the original on 27 July 2021
13513:from the original on 9 April 2020
13297:"Key Facts about Swine Influenza"
13156:from the original on 27 July 2021
13136:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
13050:from the original on 27 July 2021
13030:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
13011:from the original on 27 July 2021
12991:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
12767:from the original on 13 June 2020
12733:from the original on 14 June 2020
12727:Central Statistics Office Ireland
12564:. Fortune. CNN. 1 November 2004.
12440:(in Portuguese). Jornal de Hoje.
12348:from the original on 24 July 2020
11834:Chandra, Kuljanin & Wray 2012
11600:from the original on 27 July 2021
10656:from the original on 21 July 2020
10375:from the original on 27 July 2011
10052:Population and Development Review
10011:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
9600:Worobey M, Cox J, Gill D (2019).
9113:. 29 Suppl 2 (Suppl 2): B21–B26.
8248:from the original on 24 July 2020
7533:from the original on 12 July 2020
7419:from the original on 24 July 2020
7333:American Journal of Public Health
6789:from the original on 11 July 2020
6727:from the original on 24 June 2020
6596:"1918 Flu (Spanish flu epidemic)"
6436:"WWI Exhibit: Influenza Pandemic"
6250:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
5809:. Humanitarian Law & Policy.
5715:Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia
5144:American Journal of Public Health
4416:from the original on 27 July 2021
4030:
3966:from the original on 7 April 2020
3681:Anti-Mask League of San Francisco
3074:Major modern influenza pandemics
2263:Anti-Mask League of San Francisco
2082:The majority of deaths were from
1746:Despite its name, historical and
1710:product of the human H1N1 and an
1347:Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade
1339:South African Native Labour Corps
22597:
22585:
22573:
22494:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
20177:Second Battle of the Piave River
19799:Russian invasion of East Prussia
18294:
18062:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
17823:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00565.x
16846:"The Influenza Epidemic of 1918"
16524:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
16077:from the original on 3 June 2020
15615:
15552:
15528:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00565.x
15503:
15452:
15430:"The Influenza Pandemic of 1918"
15422:
15381:
15350:
15257:
15215:
15154:
15097:
15067:
15041:
14915:
14885:
14855:
14806:
14780:
14750:
14701:
14650:
14611:
14552:
14530:
14481:
14399:
14378:
14335:
14296:
14259:American Journal of Epidemiology
14233:from the original on 14 May 2015
14149:
14092:
14041:
14019:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
13998:
13963:
13945:"The pandemic's true death toll"
13937:
13878:
13850:
13709:
13656:
13613:
13590:
13525:
13493:
13462:
13420:
13361:
13289:
13254:
13203:
13168:
13085:
13062:
13023:
12984:
12957:
12942:
12748:
12715:
12680:
12633:
12592:
12554:
12456:
12430:
12418:
12392:
12360:
12334:
12322:
12310:from the original on 30 May 2020
12296:
12226:from the original on 9 July 2020
12162:
12150:from the original on 9 July 2019
12136:
12064:
12031:
11993:
11897:
11866:
11839:
11778:
11752:
11711:American Journal of Epidemiology
11676:American Journal of Epidemiology
11667:
11612:
11570:World Health O (December 2005).
11563:
11457:
11366:
11340:
11294:
11216:. 27 September 1918. p. 3.
11171:
11140:
11109:
11050:
10991:
10932:
10895:
10836:
10795:
10744:
10685:
10638:
10562:
10517:
10399:
10360:
10279:
10198:
10164:Cheng KF, Leung PC (July 2007).
10157:
10126:
10092:Cheng KF, Leung PC (July 2007).
10064:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00080.x
9688:Valentine V (20 February 2006).
9650:
9468:
9313:
9283:. 125 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): 16–26.
9238:
9215:
9166:
9143:
9098:
9074:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00125.x
9049:
9000:
8977:
8956:
8938:"Influenza Checked in 25 States"
8930:
8846:
8820:
8794:
8768:
8742:
8716:
8690:
8664:
8638:
8530:
8446:
8420:
8394:
8368:
8342:
8316:
8260:
8180:
8086:
8046:
8006:
7966:
7942:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00105.x
7924:Ho PL, Chow KH (November 2009).
7917:
7877:
7714:American Journal of Epidemiology
7701:
7650:
7626:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x
7570:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00186.x
7545:
7469:
7320:
7298:(49): 2153–2209. December 1918.
7255:(48): 2093–2152. November 1918.
7237:
7115:from the original on 4 July 2020
7053:
7017:from the original on 4 July 2020
6970:
6880:. 125 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): 82–91.
6865:
6826:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00125.x
6494:Honigsbaum M (18 October 2016).
6035:] (in Japanese). 15 May 2020
5862:Landgrebe P (29 December 2018).
4954:, p. 27: "On May 21, 1918,
4852:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00309.x
4619:Journal of Occupational Medicine
3903:American Journal of Epidemiology
3653:
3639:
3475:This enabled researchers at the
3379:
2927:problems with data reliability.
2775:Chinese Maritime Customs Service
2642:(killing 8% of the population),
2428:American Journal of Epidemiology
2234:
2220:
2204:
1830:in France has been theorized by
1753:
1671:
924:
868:unconcerned with appearances of
703:" is not yet linked to the same
384:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
154:
22272:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
21569:List of epidemics and pandemics
21241:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
20441:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
19182:
18049:Journal of Applied Microbiology
17850:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
17683:. University of Toronto Press.
17652:. University of Toronto Press.
16232:Evolution of infectious disease
15678:
15357:Branswell H (5 December 2018).
15085:from the original on 2 May 2020
14624:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
14007:Journal of Applied Microbiology
13925:from the original on 1 May 2016
13793:Benedict & Braithwaite 2000
13382:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.051
13307:from the original on 5 May 2009
12699:from the original on 5 May 2020
12568:from the original on 6 May 2009
11466:Medicine, Conflict and Survival
10751:Lowen AC, Steel J (July 2014).
10031:from the original on 9 May 2021
9933:Hannoun C (1993). "La Grippe".
9378:Revue Scientifique et Technique
8984:Schmitt RC, Nordyke EC (1999).
8973:(Report). 1922 – via CDC.
8428:"British Prepare for Influenza"
6699:
6653:
6610:
6588:
6542:
6518:
6487:
6457:
6427:
6397:
6385:
6342:
6314:
6284:
6264:
6237:
6181:
6157:"Influenza pandemic of 1918–19"
6149:
6119:
6093:
6051:
6015:
5985:
5855:
5639:
5594:Spinney L (29 September 2018).
5544:
5522:
5450:
5420:
5392:
5364:
5332:
5237:
5216:
5097:
5062:
5043:[The three-day fever].
5032:
5004:
4981:[The three-day fever].
4970:
4945:
4883:Storey, C (21 September 2020).
4827:
4780:
4744:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
4637:
4606:
4571:
4529:
4514:
4481:
4469:
4440:
4428:
4369:
4320:
4309:. April 1999. pp. 38, 41.
4249:
4182:
4107:Gagnon, Miller & et al 2013
3725:
3716:
3053:Comparison with other pandemics
2462:India's British-ruled districts
2105:
2049:US Army symptomology of the flu
1324:and Camp Devens (later renamed
1274:Deadly second wave of late 1918
963:), after a popular song from a
630:framing in July 1918, using an
21064:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
20923:Deportations from East Prussia
20720:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
17463:(inactive 12 September 2024).
17163:Zhuang W, Liu J, Li W (2010).
16873:(8): 1203, author reply 1203.
16183:Journal of Molecular Evolution
16142:Dionne KY, Turkmen FF (2020).
15135:Jordan D, Tumpey T, Jester B.
15051:. Center for Disease Control.
14950:"Chapter Two: Avian Influenza"
13857:Hansen L (24 September 2006).
13181:Journal of Medical Informatics
12963:"Colonial Annual Report", 1919
12640:Wishart S (July–August 2018).
12402:. 5 March 2018. Archived from
11873:Sreevatsan A (12 March 2020).
11558:Taubenberger & Morens 2006
11546:Taubenberger & Morens 2006
11116:Blakemore E (3 October 2020).
10367:Fogarty International Center.
8730:. 21 January 1920. pp. A2
8672:"Influenza Spreads in Chicago"
8652:. 28 September 1919. p. 5
8382:. 14 September 1919. p. 4
8278:(33): 1823–1926. August 1919.
8104:(33): 1823–1926. August 1919.
8064:(35): 1969–2012. August 1919.
8024:(31): 1673–1742. August 1919.
7895:(34): 1927–1968. August 1919.
7843:Curson P, McCracken K (2006).
6662:The American Historical Review
6617:Sheidlower N (17 March 2020).
6291:Afkhami AA (5 February 2019).
5946:source of irritation in Spain.
5557:American College of Physicians
5427:Arnold C (13 September 2018).
4977:Alfeirán X (7 December 2015).
4929:. 14 January 1899. p. 6 col. 6
4004:
3978:
3943:
3843:
3838:Taubenberger & Morens 2006
3495:In December 2008, research by
3481:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
3458:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
2878:
2782:other cities in Asia, such as
2710:
2355:and worried about mass panic.
2148:The role of climate conditions
1090:
1038:
781:in the practice of making new
569:
39:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
13:
1:
21597:
20975:Ukrainian Canadian internment
18934:Russian flu (1889–1890)
18359:
17862:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00185-8
15945:"The 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
15409:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)56229-7
15104:Kolata G (16 February 1999).
14636:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
14408:Archives of Internal Medicine
13984:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2
13716:Fottrell Q (25 August 2020).
13434:. University of Oxford JISC.
13370:Social Science & Medicine
12562:"Viruses of mass destruction"
11959:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4
11478:10.1080/13623699.2018.1472892
10917:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.007
10529:National Institutes of Health
9960:Vergano D (24 January 2014).
9833:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.06.035
9119:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.048
8944:. 8 February 1920. p. 15
8860:. 22 January 1920. p. 16
8808:. 21 January 1920. p. 32
8782:. 21 January 1920. p. 32
8756:. 18 January 1920. p. 14
8704:. 17 January 1920. p. 11
8518:. 28 January 1920. p. 10
8460:. 28 December 1919. p. 6
8434:. 30 October 1919. p. 17
7487:(8): 313–376. February 1919.
6942:(in Turkish). 23 April 2020.
6467:War, Peace, and All that Jazz
6323:Archives of Internal Medicine
6246:"Influenza Pandemic (Africa)"
6244:Phillips H (8 October 2014).
6133:. 22 May 2018. Archived from
5631:: CS1 maint: date and year (
5551:Anderson S (29 August 2006).
5477:– via web.archive.org.
5315:Porras-Gallo & Davis 2014
4801:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31360-6
4757:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30114-8
4700:10.1080/21645515.2019.1607711
4554:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)56229-7
4394:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61145-4
4189:Marshall L (9 October 2023).
3950:Rosenwald MS (7 April 2020).
3790:National Institutes of Health
3752:
3006:In literature and other media
2449:
2029:, who, while playing for the
1390:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1372:, and then spread throughout
1219:American Expeditionary Forces
21130:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
20429:Estonian War of Independence
20104:Southern Palestine offensive
18008:Phillips H (November 2020).
17805:Noymer A, Garenne M (2000).
17312:Emerging Infectious Diseases
17113:Clinical Infectious Diseases
16975:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
16867:Clinical Infectious Diseases
16356:"Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918"
16278:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586
15924:. New York: Viking. p.
15918:"The Year of the Killer Flu"
15791:Afkhami A (29 March 2012) .
14819:Clinical Infectious Diseases
14726:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448
14676:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000442
14586:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828
14162:Emerging Infectious Diseases
13622:Journal of Political Economy
13212:Historical Research in Auhui
12846:Emerging Infectious Diseases
12755:Phillips H (10 March 2020).
12282:National Museum of Australia
12001:"Historiallisia Papereita 1"
11621:"H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)"
11147:Kent L (28 September 2020).
11025:10.1371/journal.pone.0049002
10821:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.027
9664:(in French). 16 January 2019
9179:Emerging Infectious Diseases
8996:: 101–117 – via eVols.
8918:. 27 January 1920. p. 1
8889:. 25 January 1920. p. 2
8834:. 23 January 1920. p. 2
8678:. 15 January 1920. p. 1
8544:. 26 January 1920. p. 5
8489:. 10 January 1920. p. 3
8236:Najera RF (2 January 2019).
8144:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7392:Epidemic Influenza: A Survey
7060:Kenner R (18 January 2010).
6332:American Medical Association
5778:: Friedrich Ebert Foundation
5670:Radusin M (September 2012).
5659:(19): 1594. 9 November 1918.
5602:. Science & technology.
5496:Clinical Infectious Diseases
5457:Daniels R (29 April 2018) .
5041:"La fiebre de los tres días"
4979:"La fiebre de los tres días"
4644:Getz D (19 September 2017).
4578:Radusin M (September 2012).
4491:Sierra Leone and World War 1
3757:
3709:
3556:Sex differences in mortality
2937:Journal of Political Economy
2543:village communities died in
2386:
2190:
2079:in the skin also occurred".
1784:haemagglutinin glycoproteins
1283:American Expeditionary Force
957:), or the 'Naples Soldier' (
7:
21084:USA against Austria-Hungary
20483:Turkish War of Independence
20435:Latvian War of Independence
20167:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
19758:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
17920:Pettit D, Janice B (2008).
17449:Cultural and Social History
17371:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.003
17107:Starko KM (November 2009).
16648:"1: The Story of Influenza"
13885:Corrigan M (20 July 2020).
12071:Fitri E (28 October 2009).
11178:Powell A (5 October 2020).
10910:. 27 Suppl 3 (s3): C9–C14.
9778:Connor S (8 January 2000).
8990:Hawaiian Journal of History
8454:"GRIP IS EPIDEMIC IN JAPAN"
8408:. 19 August 1919. p. 4
8356:. 27 August 1919. p. 9
8330:. 15 August 1919. p. 6
7984:(22): 1171–1241. May 1919.
7524:United States Census Bureau
7448:American Journal of Hygiene
6780:United States Census Bureau
6470:. Oxford University Press.
6188:Chodosh S (18 March 2020).
5770:[The Spanish Flu].
5194:"Pandemie – Welt im Fieber"
4613:McCord CP (November 1966).
4077:Mayer J (29 January 2019).
3632:
3399:
3014:US comic published in 1922.
2906:
2682:Persian famine of 1917–1919
2281:to treat the virus, and no
2211:Coromandel Hospital Board (
1952:Chinese Medical Association
1868:Chinese Medical Association
1695:otherwise notable outbreaks
1245:. After the signing of the
1202:to warn the editors of the
1165:
1084:
777:Many alternative names are
239:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
22661:
22382:2024 Latin American dengue
22162:Western African meningitis
21976:Pacific Northwest smallpox
21167:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
20715:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
20182:Second Battle of the Marne
20069:Second battle of the Aisne
19938:Second Battle of Champagne
19779:German invasion of Belgium
18709:Transmission and infection
18043:Potter CW (October 2001).
17980:Social History of Medicine
17736:Scottish Historical Review
16900:. Trenton: Red Sea Press.
16755:Madhav N (February 2013).
16304:Fox M (29 December 2008).
16148:International Organization
15459:Sawchuk LA (August 2009).
14226:. 5 May 2011. p. 37.
13187:(1): 47–50. Archived from
13142:. Routledge. p. 105.
12898:Epidemiology and Infection
12202:Radusin M (October 2012).
11662:Johnson & Mueller 2002
10945:Royal Society Open Science
10316:Illing S (20 March 2020).
10183:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.07.009
10111:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.07.009
9893:10.1016/j.jcma.2015.08.009
9874:Shanks GD (January 2016).
9289:10.1177/00333549101250S305
8698:"525 NEW CASES IN CHICAGO"
8646:"300 "FLU" CASES REPORTED"
8572:Epidemiology and Infection
7768:Social History of Medicine
7762:Holbrook C (August 2022).
6886:10.1177/00333549101250S311
6464:Hakim J (September 2002).
6440:content.lib.washington.edu
6277:. H.M. Stationery Office.
5925:O'Reilly T (13 May 2020).
5805:Cotter C (23 April 2020).
5250:Gaillard's Medical Journal
5039:Calleja S (29 July 2021).
3669:1918 flu pandemic in India
3403:
3142:million) or >56% (>1
2873:
2547:. In Canada, 50,000 died.
2434:Estimates done in 2021 by
2390:
1960:Epidemiology and pathology
1414:1918 flu pandemic in India
1204:U.S. Public Health Service
1160:
1015:by calling it 'sumo flu' (
988:, white men also used the
374:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
111:February 1918 – April 1920
36:
29:
22406:
22082:
22003:
21988:Buenos Aires yellow fever
21908:
21899:
21886:Philadelphia yellow fever
21856:Great Plague of Marseille
21850:Great Northern War plague
21844:Iceland smallpox epidemic
21836:
21757:
21702:
21691:
21628:
21584:
21577:
21564:
21508:Social history of viruses
21490:
21449:
21393:
21327:
21273:
21232:
21153:
21092:
21054:
20998:
20987:
20948:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
20891:
20863:
20811:
20733:
20707:
20659:
20552:
20545:
20477:Irish War of Independence
20373:
20255:
20227:Armistice of Villa Giusti
20212:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
20137:
20039:
19966:
19867:
19824:First Battle of the Marne
19771:
19733:
19668:
19659:
19602:
19476:
19465:
19431:
19403:
19365:
19317:
19270:
19263:
19190:
19124:
19071:
19046:
19008:
19001:
18989:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
18967:
18929:Influenza pandemic (1557)
18924:Influenza pandemic (1510)
18914:
18903:
18866:
18791:
18782:
18762:
18753:
18696:
18660:
18651:
18631:
18603:
18594:
18449:
18413:
18367:
18272:, the predecessor of the
18214:
18141:10.1017/S0145553200013432
18027:10.1017/S1740022820000315
18014:Journal of Global History
17748:10.3366/shr.2004.83.2.216
17571:10.1017/S1740022820000261
17558:Journal of Global History
17461:10.1191/1478003806cs070ra
17006:– via Google Books.
16966:– via Google Books.
16750:– via Google Books.
16495:10.1007/s12080-011-0123-3
16468:– via Google Books.
16354:Galvin J (31 July 2007).
16203:10.1007/s00239-009-9282-x
16161:10.1017/S0020818320000405
16118:– via Google Books.
16085:– via Google Books.
16010:10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x
14867:World Health Organization
14762:World Health Organization
14459:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
13913:Meyer R (29 April 2016).
13538:SSRN Working Paper Series
12910:10.1017/S0950268812000866
12642:"How the 1918 flu spread"
12005:historiallinenyhdistys.fi
11860:10.1017/S0080440119000082
10479:Frontiers in Microbiology
9173:Hsieh YH (October 2009).
9056:Erkoreka A (March 2010).
8828:"SPREADS IN OTHER CITIES"
8584:10.1017/S0950268809002088
8516:The Sydney Morning Herald
7160:10.1017/S1740022820000261
7147:Journal of Global History
7005:Flynn M (12 March 2020).
6808:Erkoreka A (March 2010).
6757:Patterson & Pyle 1991
6404:Cross A (29 March 2020).
6131:World Health Organization
6088:Dionne & Turkmen 2020
6024:余録:「春のさきぶれ」といえば何か聞こえが良いが…
5138:Hoppe T (November 2018).
4890:Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
4346:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
4306:World Health Organization
3859:World Health Organization
3704:List of Spanish flu cases
3528:2009 flu pandemic vaccine
3372:
3310:11–21% (0.7–1.4 billion)
2957:
2731:also reported no deaths.
2393:List of Spanish flu cases
2337:Information dissemination
2185:cloud condensation nuclei
2156:Poster with the slogan: "
1983:basic reproduction number
1965:Transmission and mutation
1905:and from there spread to
1789:
1392:also caused outbreaks in
1370:North Russia intervention
1128:popular in 1918. It is a
1031:by no longer associating
1025:World Health Organization
135:
125:
115:
107:
99:
88:
78:
53:
48:
22552:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
22546:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
22506:Seventh cholera pandemic
21100:Constantinople Agreement
20393:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
20256:Co-belligerent conflicts
20232:Second Romanian campaign
20202:Third Transjordan attack
19913:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
19819:Battle of Grand Couronné
19031:2007 Australian outbreak
18268:) produced by Britain's
18045:"A history of influenza"
16594:10.1177/0968344513504525
16038:Epidemic and Peace, 1918
15795:. In Yarshater E (ed.).
15210:Kobasa & et al. 2007
15024:Vana & Westover 2008
15000:Taubenberger et al. 2005
14869:(WHO). 6 November 2018.
14758:"WHO Europe – Influenza"
14067:10.1186/1471-2334-14-480
13671:. Working Paper Series.
11803:10.1136/bmj.321.7265.852
11785:Mayor S (October 2000).
10557:Taubenberger et al. 2001
10492:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041
9550:10.3390/pathogens5040066
8618:Vaughan WT (July 1921).
8350:"AT ISSUE WITH COPELAND"
7676:10.1186/1471-2334-14-371
7441:Vaughan WT (July 1921).
7345:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305969
6872:Byerly CR (April 2010).
6444:University of Washington
6162:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6044:
6028:
6023:
5958:Takon L (7 April 2020).
5156:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304645
5011:McClure J (1 May 2009).
4522:Sierra Leone Weekly News
3985:CDC (17 December 2019).
3552:origin of the pathogen.
2857:A study conducted by He
2196:Public health management
1892:
1875:published data from the
1578:Illustrated Current News
1171:First wave of early 1918
620:Sierra Leone Weekly News
473:Great Influenza epidemic
22464:Fourth cholera pandemic
22446:Second cholera pandemic
22292:Équateur province Ebola
21880:North American smallpox
21795:Great Plague of Seville
21163:Modus vivendi of Acroma
21115:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
20423:Greater Poland Uprising
20323:National Protection War
20207:Meuse–Argonne offensive
20157:German spring offensive
20152:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
19928:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
19903:Second Battle of Artois
19784:Battle of the Frontiers
18818:Neuraminidase inhibitor
18307:1918-1920 flu pandemic
18262:public information film
16971:Price-Smith AT (2008).
14863:"Influenza: Fact sheet"
14054:BMC Infectious Diseases
13597:Kemp J (7 April 2020).
12208:Vojnosanitetski Pregled
11400:10.1073/pnas.0611071104
11084:10.1126/science.aam9712
10870:10.1073/pnas.1601942113
10808:Veterinary Microbiology
10719:10.1073/pnas.1411030112
9013:Medical Science Monitor
8971:US Bureau of the Census
8487:The Honolulu Advertiser
7663:BMC Infectious Diseases
7212:10.1073/pnas.0611071104
5676:Vojnosanitetski Pregled
5246:"Editorials: La Grippe"
4584:Vojnosanitetski Pregled
4376:Mermel LA (June 2009).
3911:Oxford University Press
3675:2009 swine flu pandemic
3501:University of Wisconsin
3288:2009 swine flu pandemic
2949:encephalitis lethargica
2865:. (2013) used a simple
2757:-controlled Hong Kong,
2656:occupied by New Zealand
2035:1919 Stanley Cup Finals
1247:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1087:(disease of the wind).
1068:
748:fiebre de los tres días
558:; the others being the
389:2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak
121:500 million (estimated)
22645:1920 disease outbreaks
22640:1919 disease outbreaks
22635:1918 disease outbreaks
22630:20th-century epidemics
22482:Sixth cholera pandemic
22470:Fifth cholera pandemic
22452:Third cholera pandemic
22440:First cholera pandemic
22422:Second plague pandemic
21982:Barcelona yellow fever
21827:Great Plague of Vienna
21813:Great Plague of London
21783:Massachusetts smallpox
21188:Paris Peace Conference
21176:Ukraine–Central Powers
20970:Massacres of Albanians
20938:Late Ottoman genocides
20745:Bulgarian occupations
20453:Third Anglo-Afghan War
20417:Hungarian–Romanian War
20242:Naval Victory Bulletin
20237:Armistice with Germany
20187:Hundred Days Offensive
20114:Battle of La Malmaison
20064:Second battle of Arras
20031:Battle of Transylvania
19885:Second Battle of Ypres
19753:Sarajevo assassination
19642:South African Republic
19132:Influenza-like illness
18801:Adamantane derivatives
18324:University of Michigan
18270:Local Government Board
18187:10.1073/pnas.212519699
18129:Social Science History
17494:Beiner G, ed. (2022),
17324:10.3201/eid1201.050979
17230:10.1098/rstb.2001.1020
16565:. Palgrave Macmillan.
16536:10.1098/rspb.2013.1345
16329:Fox M (16 June 2010).
16096:. Palgrave Macmillan.
14174:10.3201/eid1201.050979
12858:10.3201/eid1201.051370
12646:New Zealand Geographic
12254:Parliament of Victoria
10406:Joyce G (March 2020).
9744:10.1098/rstb.2001.1012
9390:10.20506/rst.28.1.1879
9191:10.3201/eid1510.080811
8156:10.3201/eid2011.130632
6434:University Libraries.
5408:. London. 28 June 1918
5380:. London. 25 June 1918
5340:"The Spanish Epidemic"
3741:
3737:The Song of Forgetting
3597:nutritional deficiency
3590:Island of Newfoundland
3438:
3415:
3156:2–3%, or ~4%, or ~10%
3032:The Last Town on Earth
3026:Pale Horse, Pale Rider
3015:
2971:
2919:
2812:
2739:
2601:
2592:Devastated communities
2416:
2408:
2161:
2113:Haemophilus influenzae
2050:
2018:evolution of influenza
1978:
1823:
1806:
1772:Haskell County, Kansas
1623:
1580:
1429:
1382:Trans-Siberian railway
1301:
1290:
1183:
1158:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1076:
1060:
1052:
1033:culturally significant
1017:
993:
969:
959:
953:
931:
921:
845:
812:
774:
747:
733:, grasp), appeared in
730:
722:
668:, and just across the
658:influenza-like illness
644:
595:
556:H1N1 influenza A virus
469:1918–1920 flu pandemic
427:Vaccine reformulations
422:Influenza-like illness
369:2007 Australian equine
22458:Third plague pandemic
22416:First plague pandemic
22210:Western African Ebola
22120:Chikungunya outbreaks
22072:Malaysian Nipah virus
21940:Great Plains smallpox
21198:Treaty of St. Germain
21171:Russia–Central Powers
21125:Sykes–Picot Agreement
20953:Pontic Greek genocide
20928:Destruction of Kalisz
20904:Eastern Mediterranean
20465:Polish–Lithuanian War
20247:Armistice of Belgrade
20217:Armistice of Salonica
20147:Operation Faustschlag
20094:Third Battle of Oituz
20016:Baranovichi offensive
19984:Lake Naroch offensive
19958:Battle of Robat Karim
19933:Vistula–Bug offensive
19908:Battles of the Isonzo
19839:First Battle of Ypres
18982:1989–1990 UK outbreak
18944:Asian flu (1957-1958)
18257:Dr. Wise on Influenza
17962:10.3138/cbmh.21.1.121
17679:Humphries MO (2013).
17610:. Henry Holt and Co.
17173:Frontiers in Medicine
16623:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022
16561:Honigsbaum M (2008).
16413:(29 September 1997).
15862:10.1186/1479-5876-2-3
15755:10.1353/bhm.2003.0049
15434:World War 1 Centenary
15179:10.1128/mBio.00201-12
14954:Influenza Report 2006
14948:Harder TC, Ortrud W.
14897:The Malaysian Insider
14356:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022
13432:World War I Centenary
10531:. 23 September 2015.
9694:National Public Radio
9444:10.1128/mBio.01013-15
9281:Public Health Reports
9245:Linnanmäki E (2005).
8854:"TOPICS OF THE TIMES"
8272:Public Health Reports
8098:Public Health Reports
8058:Public Health Reports
8018:Public Health Reports
7978:Public Health Reports
7889:Public Health Reports
7481:Public Health Reports
7292:Public Health Reports
7249:Public Health Reports
6878:Public Health Reports
5935:. Under the Influence
5752:La canción del olvido
5727:10.37201/req/049.2020
5348:. London. 2 June 1918
4538:"Purulent Bronchitis"
3742:La canción del olvido
3542:University of Arizona
3433:
3413:
3362:290,000–650,000/year
3038:The Pull of the Stars
3021:Katherine Anne Porter
3013:
2965:
2914:
2903:test these theories.
2810:
2737:
2599:
2414:
2405:
2155:
2077:petechial hemorrhages
2048:
1972:
1812:
1797:
1780:phylogenetic analyses
1614:
1575:
1427:
1296:
1281:
1208:Public Health Reports
1178:
1146:
911:
899:The Serbian Newspaper
864:nations. Spain was a
804:
762:
602:of alternative names
577:
314:1889-1890 Russian flu
22620:Spanish flu pandemic
22518:Russian flu pandemic
22260:Angolan yellow fever
22011:San Francisco plague
21964:Broad Street cholera
21862:Great Plague of 1738
21503:Smallpox eradication
21441:Israel Jacob Kligler
21193:Treaty of Versailles
20909:Mount Lebanon famine
20824:in the United States
20792:Russian occupations
20506:Turkish–Armenian War
20447:Polish–Ukrainian War
20387:Ukrainian–Soviet War
20334:Central Asian Revolt
20124:Armistice of Focșani
19854:Battle of Sarikamish
19804:Battle of Tannenberg
19200:Military engagements
18949:Hong Kong flu (1968)
18741:Pandemic preparation
18245:Cambridge University
17723:Popolazione e Storia
16896:Pankhurst R (1991).
16844:Morrisey CR (1986).
16810:10.1029/2020GH000277
16795:(9): e2020GH000277.
16127:. CUP. p. 247.
15797:Encyclopædia Iranica
14956:. published online.
13825:Smithsonian Magazine
13556:10.2139/ssrn.3561560
13506:World Economic Forum
13230:Simonsen et al. 1998
12949:Ryan J, ed. (2009).
12277:"Influenza pandemic"
11214:The Washington Times
10770:10.1128/JVI.03544-13
9786:. UK. Archived from
9338:10.1056/NEJMp0904819
8512:"INFLUENZA IN JAPAN"
8324:"WARNS OF INFLUENZA"
7526:. 1921. p. 30.
7109:"Epidemic Influenza"
7072:Season 10. Episode 5
6782:. 1920. p. 28.
6670:10.1086/ahr/57.3.709
6528:(4 September 1932).
6410:Global News (Canada)
5968:Macquarie University
5899:(English ed.).
5226:A System of Medicine
5223:Reynolds JR (1866).
4795:(10139): 2492–2495.
4496:University of London
4149:10.1029/2020GH000277
4134:(9): e2020GH000277.
4053:. pp. 397–398.
3862:. 2013. p. 25.
3523:many decades after.
3521:immunological memory
3406:Spanish flu research
3325:Typical seasonal flu
3094:Reproduction number
2939:found that "cohorts
2935:A 2006 study in the
2803:Patterns of fatality
2377:releasing poison gas
2319:traditional medicine
1975:war effort in Europe
1622:Municipal Auditorium
1586:U.S. Surgeon General
1308:, Massachusetts and
1206:'s academic journal
1153:I opened the window,
1149:I had a little bird,
880:; so its newspapers
471:, also known as the
18:Flu epidemic of 1918
22424:(1348–19th century)
22352:New Zealand measles
22180:Darfur yellow fever
22023:LA pneumonic plague
21640:Plague of Justinian
21328:Individual diseases
21321:infectious diseases
21260:They shall not pass
21183:Treaty of Bucharest
21140:Treaty of Bucharest
21079:USA against Germany
21056:Declarations of war
20760:German occupations
20673:British casualties
20532:Soviet–Georgian War
20459:Egyptian Revolution
20399:Armeno-Georgian War
20263:Somaliland campaign
20222:Armistice of Mudros
20099:Battle of Caporetto
20089:Battle of Mărășești
20059:Zimmermann telegram
20054:February Revolution
19999:Battle of the Somme
19923:Bug-Narew Offensive
19898:Battle of Gallipoli
19890:Sinking of the RMS
19682:Scramble for Africa
19676:Franco-Prussian War
19332:Sinai and Palestine
18251:on 27 October 2021.
18178:2002PNAS...9913849T
18172:(21): 13849–13854.
17518:. New York: Atria.
17392:Pediatric Neurology
17363:2008MolPE..47.1100V
17282:10.1038/nature04230
17273:2005Natur.437..889T
17224:(1416): 1829–1839.
17084:. London: Vintage.
16990:Qureshi AI (2016).
16973:Contagion and Chaos
16801:2020GHeal...4..277M
16698:10.1038/nature05495
16689:2007Natur.445..319K
16487:2011ThEco...4..283H
16475:Theoretical Ecology
16269:2013PLoSO...869586G
16195:2009JMolE..69..333D
15964:Bristow NK (2012).
15943:Billings M (1997).
15713:10.1038/nature04824
15704:2006Natur.440E...9A
15290:10.1038/nature07231
15282:2008Natur.455..532Y
14831:10.1093/cid/cix1060
14577:2011PLoSO...621828K
14125:10.1038/nature03063
14117:2004Natur.432..904M
12470:. 19 October 2005.
11704:"The Authors Reply"
11391:2007PNAS..104.7588B
11354:. 20 September 2021
11122:The Washington Post
11075:2018Sci...359..466T
11016:2012PLoSO...749002T
10966:10.1098/rsos.150633
10957:2016RSOS....350633B
10861:2016PNAS..113.8496F
10757:Journal of Virology
10710:2015PNAS..112..827F
10650:www.historylink.org
10559:, pp. 1829–39.
10231:10.1038/nature03063
10223:2004Natur.432..904M
10139:National Geographic
9967:National Geographic
9618:10.1093/emph/eoz001
9025:10.12659/MSM.906280
7827:University of Otago
7780:10.1093/shm/hkac005
7415:. 9 February 1919.
7203:2007PNAS..104.7588B
7067:American Experience
7011:The Washington Post
6979:The Great Influenza
6219:Mueller JW (1998).
6090:, pp. 213–230.
5992:Phillips H (1990).
5540:on 27 January 2010.
5534:Channel 4 News
5530:"Spanish flu facts"
4959:The following day,
4921:"Grippe is not new"
4388:(9681): 2108–2109.
4140:2020GHeal...4..277M
3959:The Washington Post
3489:Macaca fascicularis
3075:
3041:is a 2020 novel by
2570:Emperor of Ethiopia
2422:deadliest pandemics
2348:Corriere della Sera
2333:were also applied.
2178:, in Turkey, where
2171:University of Maine
2088:secondary infection
2084:bacterial pneumonia
2060:heliotrope cyanosis
2056:bacterial pneumonia
1734:emerged, sparked a
1629:Territory of Hawaii
1568:Fourth wave of 1920
1536:Southern Hemisphere
1434:Northern Hemisphere
1126:skipping-rope rhyme
920:, 28 September 1918
876:machine to prop up
797:'Spanish' influenza
783:infectious diseases
412:Influenza evolution
324:1957-1958 Asian flu
32:The Great Influenza
22434:Influenza pandemic
22428:Influenza pandemic
22376:Bangsamoro measles
22358:Singaporean dengue
22322:Pacific NW measles
22316:Philippine measles
22304:Madagascar measles
22286:Kerala Nipah virus
22279:Saudi Arabian MERS
22192:Singaporean dengue
22138:Zimbabwean cholera
22108:Singaporean dengue
21952:Copenhagen cholera
21934:Groningen epidemic
21728:Influenza pandemic
21710:Influenza pandemic
21220:Treaty of Lausanne
21135:Paris Economy Pact
21069:UK against Germany
20999:Entry into the war
20965:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
20684:Ottoman casualties
20494:Franco-Turkish War
20374:Post-War conflicts
20358:Russian Revolution
20340:Invasion of Darfur
20305:Kelantan rebellion
20293:Kurdish rebellions
20269:Mexican Revolution
20109:October Revolution
20074:Kerensky offensive
20049:Capture of Baghdad
20026:Monastir offensive
20011:Brusilov offensive
19849:Battle of Kolubara
19688:Russo-Japanese War
18939:Spanish flu (1918)
18858:Baloxavir marboxil
18683:West Bengal (2008)
18618:1977 (Russian flu)
18613:1918 (Spanish flu)
18304:has a profile for
18274:Ministry of Health
17992:10.1093/shm/hku066
17943:Philips H (2010).
17879:"Who's that lady?"
17717:Johnson N (2003).
17698:Johnson N (2006).
17587:Collier R (1974).
17533:Byerly CR (2005).
17158:on 9 January 2021.
17144:(3 October 2009).
17080:Spinney L (2018).
16996:. Academic Press.
16530:(1766): 20131345.
16381:Garret TA (2007).
16057:Crosby AW (2003).
16034:Crosby AW (1976).
15825:. Viking Penguin.
15737:Afkhami A (2003).
15640:10.1002/ajhb.22713
15581:10.1002/ajhb.23198
15477:10.1002/ajpa.21022
15418:on 26 August 2019.
15110:The New York Times
14903:on 20 October 2009
14764:(WHO). June 2009.
14272:10.1093/aje/kwy191
13978:(25–26): 3068–87.
13807:, pp. 320–22.
13728:on 24 August 2020.
13358:, pp. 183–84.
13339:, pp. 180–82.
13242:Hanssen O (1923).
12821:on 11 January 2015
12551:, pp. 167–69.
12169:Rice G, Bryder L.
12083:on 2 November 2009
11723:10.1093/aje/kwz041
11688:10.1093/aje/kwz044
11585:(49–50): 428–431.
11454:, pp. 111–12.
11442:, pp. 109–10.
11301:Segrave K (2024).
9974:on 26 January 2014
8942:The New York Times
8916:The New York Times
8887:The New York Times
8858:The New York Times
8832:The New York Times
8806:The New York Times
8780:The New York Times
8754:The New York Times
8702:The New York Times
8676:The New York Times
8650:The New York Times
8458:The New York Times
8432:The New York Times
8380:The New York Times
8354:The New York Times
8328:The New York Times
7726:10.1093/aje/kwy164
7389:Jordan EO (1927).
6712:The New York Times
6535:The New York Times
5866:. History Campus.
5852:, pp. 103–36.
5768:"Spanische Grippe"
5433:Lapham's Quarterly
5429:"Eat More Onions!"
5080:] (in Spanish)
4926:Los Angeles Herald
3919:10.1093/aje/kwy191
3513:Hemagglutinin (HA)
3439:
3416:
3104:Case fatality rate
3073:
3016:
2972:
2920:
2813:
2740:
2701:British Somaliland
2602:
2579:The death toll in
2417:
2409:
2176:Gallipoli campaign
2167:Harvard University
2162:
2138:October Revolution
2051:
2041:Signs and symptoms
2031:Montreal Canadiens
1979:
1873:Andrew Price-Smith
1824:
1807:
1624:
1616:American Red Cross
1581:
1430:
1420:Third wave of 1919
1302:
1291:
1184:
1151:its name was Enza.
960:Soldado de Nápoles
922:
874:wartime propaganda
813:
787:1889–1890 pandemic
775:
596:
484:influenza pandemic
417:Influenza research
329:1968 Hong Kong flu
264:Baloxavir marboxil
22561:
22560:
22402:
22401:
22398:
22397:
22334:Kuala Koh measles
22248:South Korean MERS
22236:Polio declaration
22224:Madagascar plague
22156:Gujarat hepatitis
22144:Madagascar plague
22096:Midwest monkeypox
22047:Yugoslav smallpox
22017:Manchurian plague
21958:Stockholm cholera
21895:
21894:
21682:Sweating sickness
21670:Japanese smallpox
21619:Plague of Cyprian
21558:disease outbreaks
21516:
21515:
21477:COVID-19 pandemic
21471:HIV/AIDS pandemic
21401:Alexander Fleming
21286:
21285:
21269:
21268:
21253:The Golden Virgin
21247:Mutilated victory
21228:
21227:
21208:Treaty of Trianon
21203:Treaty of Neuilly
21110:Damascus Protocol
20983:
20982:
20943:Armenian genocide
20900:Allied blockades
20872:Belgian refugees
20655:
20654:
20565:Strategic bombing
20541:
20540:
20526:Franco-Syrian War
20500:Greco-Turkish War
20488:Anglo-Turkish War
20471:Polish–Soviet War
20405:German Revolution
20381:Russian Civil War
20364:Finnish Civil War
20197:Battle of Megiddo
20172:Battle of Goychay
20119:Battle of Cambrai
20079:Battle of Mărăști
19994:Battle of Jutland
19974:Erzurum offensive
19829:Siege of Przemyśl
19809:Siege of Tsingtao
19794:Battle of Galicia
19724:Second Balkan War
19712:Italo-Turkish War
19669:Pre-War conflicts
19655:
19654:
19545:Portuguese Empire
19461:
19460:
19423:German New Guinea
19405:Asian and Pacific
19150:
19149:
19067:
19066:
18997:
18996:
18977:Fujian flu (H3N2)
18899:
18898:
18778:
18777:
18749:
18748:
18704:Genetic structure
18647:
18646:
18451:Influenza A virus
18390:Genome sequencing
18310:
18094:(14): 2656–2662.
17935:978-0-9715428-2-2
17889:(12): 1351–1352.
17797:978-0-439-98837-7
17771:978-0-374-15706-7
17709:978-0-415-36560-4
17690:978-1-4426-1044-6
17659:978-0-8020-8748-5
17646:Duncan K (2003).
17606:Davis KC (2018).
17598:978-0-689-10592-0
17525:978-1-5011-8124-5
17267:(7060): 889–893.
17091:978-1-78470-240-3
17025:978-1-877257-35-3
17003:978-0-12-804242-7
16982:978-0-262-66203-1
16951:978-1-58046-496-3
16907:978-0-932415-45-5
16735:978-0-8160-6935-4
16683:(7125): 319–323.
16572:978-0-230-21774-4
16453:978-0-8135-2528-0
16361:Popular Mechanics
16243:978-0-19-506058-4
16228:Ewald PW (1994).
16154:(S1): E213–E230.
16134:978-0-521-00354-4
16103:978-1-137-33921-8
16090:Davis RA (2013).
16070:978-0-521-54175-6
16049:978-0-8371-8376-3
15975:978-0-19-023855-1
15968:. New York: OUP.
15935:978-0-670-88883-2
15843:(January 2004b).
15832:978-0-670-89473-4
15276:(7212): 532–536.
14825:(10): 1511–1518.
14794:. 28 October 2019
14506:10.1136/bmj.b5213
14392:Los Angeles Times
14266:(12): 2561–2567.
13951:. 25 October 2022
13149:978-1-134-56640-2
13092:Iijima W (1998).
13069:Iijima W (1998).
13043:978-1-134-56640-2
13004:978-1-134-56640-2
12606:. 27 October 2021
12505:Marcus H (1996).
12376:. 28 March 1995.
12180:978-1-927145-91-3
12077:The Jakarta Globe
12049:978-91-554-2587-6
11911:. 15 April 2020.
11385:(18): 7588–7593.
11314:978-1-4766-9449-8
11291:, pp. 87–88.
11274:, pp. 83–84.
11069:(6374): 466–469.
10855:(30): 8496–8501.
10763:(14): 7692–7695.
10448:, pp. 45–47.
10291:The History Press
10217:(7019): 904–906.
10024:978-1-134-56640-2
9722:(December 2001).
9185:(10): 1617–1619.
8205:10.1111/irv.12619
8150:(11): 1803–1811.
7720:(12): 2541–2549.
7458:978-0-598-84038-7
7412:Los Angeles Times
7197:(18): 7588–7593.
6977:Barry JM (2005).
6623:Untapped New York
6507:978-0-230-23921-0
6477:978-0-19-515335-4
6304:978-1-4214-2722-5
6005:978-0-7970-1580-7
5766:Müller S (2020).
5289:978-1-250-14512-3
5276:Davis KC (2018).
5150:(11): 1462–1464.
5117:978-1-134-56640-2
5018:York Daily Record
4983:La Voz de Galicia
4657:978-1-250-13909-2
4109:, p. e69586.
4060:978-0-14-303649-4
3798:10.1111/irv.12217
3699:List of epidemics
3687:COVID-19 pandemic
3497:Yoshihiro Kawaoka
3394:
3393:
3109:Pandemic severity
3100:Deaths worldwide
3066:COVID-19 pandemic
3047:COVID-19 pandemic
2945:transfer payments
2931:Long-term effects
2841:African Americans
2837:Italian Americans
2822:immunocompromised
2663:John Martin Poyer
2654:, which had been
2617:indigenous people
2483:Dutch East Indies
2277:As there were no
2273:Medical treatment
2255:Social distancing
1995:natural selection
1942:acquired immunity
1899:Pasteur Institute
1877:Austrian archives
1778:evidence through
1742:Potential origins
1516:Western Australia
1473:England and Wales
1452:, New York City,
1378:Russian Civil War
1155:and in-flu-enza.
1085:'nakhushi-yi bad'
805:Advertisement in
755:Associative names
652:Descriptive names
522:, but newspapers
492:influenza A virus
475:or by the common
465:
464:
142:
141:
16:(Redirected from
22652:
22602:
22601:
22590:
22589:
22588:
22578:
22577:
22569:
22541:
22328:New York measles
22282:
22242:Indian swine flu
22230:Odisha hepatitis
22220:
22174:Pakistani dengue
22126:Pakistani dengue
22075:
22041:Wrocław smallpox
21994:Hong Kong plague
21928:Caragea's plague
21906:
21905:
21823:
21716:Mexican smallpox
21700:
21699:
21652:Plague of Sheroe
21607:Plague of Athens
21602:
21599:
21582:
21581:
21543:
21536:
21529:
21520:
21519:
21482:
21431:Ignaz Semmelweis
21406:Maurice Hilleman
21313:
21306:
21299:
21290:
21289:
21213:Treaty of Sèvres
21105:Treaty of London
20996:
20995:
20774:Northeast France
20705:
20704:
20677:Parliamentarians
20610:
20609:
20572:Chemical weapons
20550:
20549:
20311:Senussi campaign
20281:Muscat rebellion
20275:Maritz rebellion
20192:Vardar offensive
20021:Battle of Romani
19989:Battle of Asiago
19979:Battle of Verdun
19943:Kosovo offensive
19718:First Balkan War
19666:
19665:
19565:Russian Republic
19474:
19473:
19268:
19267:
19210:Economic history
19177:
19170:
19163:
19154:
19153:
19081:Acute bronchitis
19006:
19005:
18959:Swine flu (2009)
18954:1977 Russian flu
18912:
18911:
18848:
18789:
18788:
18760:
18759:
18658:
18657:
18623:2009 (Swine flu)
18601:
18600:
18421:Orthomyxoviridae
18354:
18347:
18340:
18331:
18330:
18308:
18298:
18297:
18252:
18209:
18199:
18189:
18152:
18119:
18082:
18064:
18039:
18029:
18004:
17995:
17974:
17964:
17939:
17927:
17916:
17898:
17873:
17844:
17834:
17801:
17775:
17751:
17730:
17713:
17694:
17675:
17673:
17671:
17642:
17640:
17638:
17621:
17602:
17583:
17573:
17548:
17529:
17514:Brown J (2018).
17510:
17490:
17484:
17476:
17474:
17472:
17427:
17425:
17423:
17382:
17357:(3): 1100–1110.
17345:
17335:
17302:
17284:
17251:
17241:
17208:
17198:
17188:
17169:Selenoprotein T"
17159:
17154:. Archived from
17139:Lay summary in:
17138:
17128:
17119:(9): 1405–1410.
17103:
17076:
17050:
17029:
17007:
16986:
16967:
16965:
16963:
16932:
16911:
16892:
16882:
16857:
16840:
16830:
16812:
16779:
16777:
16775:
16761:
16751:
16749:
16747:
16722:Kohn GC (2007).
16718:
16700:
16667:
16665:
16663:
16642:
16605:
16576:
16557:
16547:
16514:
16469:
16467:
16465:
16440:Hays JN (1998).
16436:
16434:
16432:
16406:
16404:
16402:
16396:
16389:
16377:
16375:
16373:
16350:
16348:
16346:
16325:
16323:
16321:
16300:
16290:
16280:
16247:
16235:
16224:
16214:
16173:
16163:
16138:
16119:
16117:
16115:
16086:
16084:
16082:
16053:
16041:
16030:
16012:
15987:
15960:
15958:
15956:
15939:
15908:
15884:
15874:
15864:
15836:
15812:
15810:
15808:
15786:
15784:
15782:
15733:
15715:
15672:
15671:
15669:
15667:
15619:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15608:
15563:(January 2019).
15556:
15550:
15549:
15539:
15507:
15501:
15500:
15498:
15496:
15456:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15445:
15426:
15420:
15419:
15417:
15411:. Archived from
15394:
15385:
15379:
15378:
15376:
15374:
15354:
15348:
15342:
15336:
15330:
15324:
15318:
15312:
15311:
15301:
15261:
15255:
15249:
15243:
15242:
15240:
15238:
15219:
15213:
15207:
15201:
15200:
15190:
15158:
15152:
15151:
15149:
15147:
15132:
15126:
15125:
15123:
15121:
15101:
15095:
15094:
15092:
15090:
15071:
15065:
15064:
15062:
15060:
15045:
15039:
15033:
15027:
15021:
15015:
15009:
15003:
14997:
14986:
14985:
14967:
14965:
14945:
14939:
14938:
14936:
14934:
14919:
14913:
14912:
14910:
14908:
14889:
14883:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14859:
14853:
14852:
14842:
14810:
14804:
14803:
14801:
14799:
14784:
14778:
14777:
14775:
14773:
14754:
14748:
14747:
14737:
14705:
14699:
14698:
14688:
14678:
14654:
14648:
14647:
14615:
14609:
14608:
14598:
14588:
14556:
14550:
14549:
14547:
14545:
14534:
14528:
14527:
14517:
14485:
14479:
14478:
14438:
14432:
14431:
14403:
14397:
14396:
14382:
14376:
14375:
14339:
14333:
14332:
14300:
14294:
14293:
14283:
14249:
14243:
14242:
14240:
14238:
14232:
14225:
14217:
14196:
14195:
14185:
14153:
14147:
14146:
14136:
14096:
14090:
14089:
14079:
14069:
14045:
14039:
14038:
14002:
13996:
13995:
13967:
13961:
13960:
13958:
13956:
13941:
13935:
13934:
13932:
13930:
13910:
13904:
13903:
13901:
13899:
13882:
13876:
13875:
13873:
13871:
13854:
13848:
13842:
13836:
13835:
13833:
13831:
13817:
13808:
13802:
13796:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13772:
13771:
13751:
13742:
13736:
13730:
13729:
13724:. Archived from
13713:
13707:
13701:
13695:
13694:
13692:
13690:
13680:
13660:
13654:
13653:
13617:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13606:
13594:
13588:
13587:
13585:
13583:
13549:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13509:. 2 April 2020.
13497:
13491:
13490:
13488:
13486:
13466:
13460:
13454:
13448:
13447:
13445:
13443:
13424:
13418:
13412:
13406:
13400:
13394:
13393:
13365:
13359:
13353:
13340:
13334:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13312:
13293:
13287:
13281:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13258:
13252:
13251:
13239:
13233:
13227:
13216:
13215:
13207:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13196:
13172:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13161:
13133:
13112:
13111:
13109:
13107:
13089:
13083:
13082:
13066:
13060:
13059:
13057:
13055:
13027:
13021:
13020:
13018:
13016:
12988:
12982:
12981:
12973:
12964:
12961:
12955:
12954:
12946:
12940:
12939:
12921:
12889:
12880:
12879:
12869:
12837:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12826:
12817:. Archived from
12815:history.navy.mil
12807:
12801:
12800:, pp. 51ff.
12795:
12789:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12761:The Conversation
12752:
12746:
12745:
12740:
12738:
12719:
12713:
12712:
12706:
12704:
12684:
12678:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12657:
12637:
12631:
12625:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12611:
12596:
12590:
12584:
12578:
12577:
12575:
12573:
12558:
12552:
12546:
12535:
12529:
12523:
12517:
12511:
12510:
12502:
12496:
12490:
12484:
12483:
12481:
12479:
12460:
12454:
12453:
12451:
12449:
12434:
12428:
12422:
12416:
12415:
12413:
12411:
12396:
12390:
12389:
12387:
12385:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12355:
12353:
12338:
12332:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12315:
12306:. January 1918.
12300:
12294:
12293:
12291:
12289:
12273:
12267:
12266:
12264:
12262:
12245:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12199:
12193:
12192:
12166:
12160:
12159:
12157:
12155:
12140:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12114:
12105:
12099:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12088:
12079:. Archived from
12068:
12062:
12061:
12035:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12024:
11997:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11986:
11934:
11925:
11924:
11922:
11920:
11901:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11890:
11870:
11864:
11863:
11843:
11837:
11831:
11825:
11824:
11814:
11782:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11771:
11762:. Archived from
11756:
11750:
11749:
11747:
11745:
11740:on 12 March 2020
11739:
11733:. Archived from
11717:(7): 1405–1406.
11708:
11699:
11682:(7): 1404–1406.
11671:
11665:
11659:
11653:
11652:
11646:
11644:
11616:
11610:
11609:
11607:
11605:
11599:
11576:
11567:
11561:
11555:
11549:
11543:
11537:
11531:
11525:
11519:
11513:
11507:
11498:
11497:
11461:
11455:
11449:
11443:
11437:
11431:
11430:
11412:
11402:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11359:
11344:
11338:
11332:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11298:
11292:
11286:
11275:
11269:
11256:
11255:
11239:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11206:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11175:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11164:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11113:
11107:
11106:
11096:
11086:
11054:
11048:
11047:
11037:
11027:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10978:
10968:
10936:
10930:
10929:
10919:
10899:
10893:
10892:
10882:
10872:
10840:
10834:
10833:
10823:
10799:
10793:
10792:
10782:
10772:
10748:
10742:
10741:
10731:
10721:
10689:
10683:
10677:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10642:
10636:
10630:
10621:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10598:
10566:
10560:
10554:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10521:
10515:
10514:
10504:
10494:
10470:
10464:
10458:
10449:
10443:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10418:on 31 March 2020
10414:. Archived from
10403:
10397:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10364:
10358:
10352:
10346:
10340:
10334:
10333:
10313:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10283:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10242:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10185:
10161:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10150:
10141:. Archived from
10130:
10124:
10123:
10113:
10089:
10076:
10075:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10008:
9999:
9993:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9970:. Archived from
9957:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9938:
9930:
9921:
9918:Price-Smith 2008
9915:
9906:
9905:
9895:
9871:
9860:
9859:
9857:
9855:
9850:on 12 March 2020
9849:
9843:. Archived from
9818:
9809:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9790:on 8 August 2009
9775:
9766:
9765:
9755:
9716:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9685:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9654:
9648:
9647:
9629:
9597:
9588:
9582:
9573:
9572:
9562:
9552:
9528:
9515:
9514:
9504:
9472:
9466:
9465:
9455:
9423:
9412:
9411:
9401:
9369:
9360:
9359:
9349:
9317:
9311:
9310:
9300:
9272:
9261:
9260:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9202:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9130:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9085:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9036:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8981:
8975:
8974:
8968:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8934:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8908:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8879:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8746:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8728:The Evening Star
8720:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8668:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8615:
8606:
8605:
8595:
8578:(8): 1062–1072.
8563:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8508:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8479:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8346:
8340:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8303:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8216:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8167:
8135:
8124:
8123:
8113:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8073:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8033:
8010:
8004:
8003:
7993:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7953:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7904:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7864:
7855:(7–8): 103–107.
7840:
7831:
7830:
7824:
7815:
7802:
7801:
7791:
7759:
7748:
7747:
7737:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7688:
7678:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7637:
7605:
7592:
7591:
7581:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7532:
7521:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7496:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7386:
7367:
7366:
7356:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7307:
7284:
7275:
7274:
7264:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7224:
7214:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7162:
7138:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7062:"Influenza 1918"
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6974:
6968:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6940:www.sozcu.com.tr
6932:
6923:
6917:
6908:
6907:
6897:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6848:
6847:
6837:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6777:
6769:
6760:
6754:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6682:
6681:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6602:. Archived from
6592:
6586:
6580:
6569:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6360:
6359:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6326:. Vol. 24.
6318:
6312:
6311:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6165:. 4 March 2020.
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6137:on 20 March 2020
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6019:
6013:
6012:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5802:
5793:
5792:
5785:
5783:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5738:
5706:
5695:
5694:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5536:. Archived from
5526:
5520:
5519:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5474:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5273:
5262:
5261:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:Chinese Catarrh;
5220:
5214:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5200:(in German) (13)
5189:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4974:
4968:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4759:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4711:
4694:(9): 2009–2012.
4679:
4670:
4669:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4348:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4302:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4268:(7): 1018–1028.
4253:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4195:CU Boulder Today
4186:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4151:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3894:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3855:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3773:
3746:
3744:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3462:genetic sequence
3386:
3383:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3335:A/H3N2, A/H1N1,
3313:151,700–575,400
3306:
3255:1977 Russian flu
3242:
3235:
3232:>14% (>500
3228:
3197:
3190:
3187:>17% (>500
3183:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3097:Infected (est.)
3088:
3076:
3072:
3023:'s 1939 novella
2898:Kenneth Kahn at
2533:Native Americans
2451:
2441:A 2009 study in
2398:Around the globe
2371:manufactured by
2317:. Treatments of
2238:
2224:
2208:
2073:mucous membranes
1938:Around the globe
1918:Chinese laborers
1882:A 2009 study in
1760:Alfred W. Crosby
1732:novel H1N1 virus
1728:pandemic in 1968
1359:government bonds
1322:Boston Navy Yard
1316:, by ships from
1298:Mars, god of war
1134:transmissibility
1108:
1049:Northern Ndebele
1020:
998:
972:
962:
956:
934:
872:, and without a
870:combat readiness
848:
750:
648:—'What is it?'"
647:
560:1977 Russian flu
526:the outbreak in
457:
450:
443:
379:2008 West Bengal
334:1977 Russian flu
319:1918 Spanish flu
158:
144:
143:
118:
58:
46:
45:
21:
22660:
22659:
22655:
22654:
22653:
22651:
22650:
22649:
22610:
22609:
22608:
22596:
22586:
22584:
22572:
22564:
22562:
22557:
22394:
22277:
22215:
22198:Swansea measles
22150:Bolivian dengue
22078:
22070:
22059:Indian smallpox
22029:Croydon typhoid
21999:
21891:
21832:
21818:
21753:
21694:
21687:
21658:Plague of Amwas
21631:
21624:
21613:Antonine Plague
21600:
21573:
21560:
21547:
21517:
21512:
21486:
21451:Major epidemics
21445:
21389:
21323:
21317:
21287:
21282:
21265:
21224:
21156:
21149:
21120:Treaty of Darin
21088:
21050:
21006:Austria-Hungary
20992:
20979:
20960:Rape of Belgium
20887:
20859:
20807:
20801:Western Armenia
20796:Eastern Galicia
20729:
20703:
20667:
20666:Civilian impact
20665:
20651:
20608:
20537:
20369:
20299:Ovambo Uprising
20251:
20133:
20035:
19962:
19880:Battle of Łomża
19863:
19859:Christmas truce
19834:Race to the Sea
19767:
19729:
19651:
19622:Austria-Hungary
19598:
19533:Empire of Japan
19470:
19468:
19457:
19441:U-boat campaign
19427:
19399:
19361:
19313:
19259:
19240:Popular culture
19186:
19181:
19151:
19146:
19120:
19063:
19042:
18993:
18963:
18908:
18906:
18895:
18862:
18846:
18793:Antiviral drugs
18774:
18745:
18731:Human mortality
18724:clinical trials
18692:
18643:
18627:
18590:
18454:
18452:
18445:
18409:
18363:
18358:
18316:
18315:
18314:
18299:
18295:
18290:
18284:
18239:
18217:
18212:
18158:García-Sastre A
17936:
17883:Nature Medicine
17798:
17772:
17710:
17691:
17669:
17667:
17660:
17636:
17634:
17618:
17599:
17545:
17526:
17508:
17478:
17477:
17470:
17468:
17435:
17433:Further reading
17430:
17421:
17419:
17140:
17092:
17048:10.1.1.327.2581
17026:
17004:
16983:
16961:
16959:
16952:
16908:
16773:
16771:
16759:
16745:
16743:
16736:
16661:
16659:
16573:
16463:
16461:
16454:
16430:
16428:
16415:"The Dead Zone"
16400:
16398:
16394:
16387:
16371:
16369:
16344:
16342:
16319:
16317:
16244:
16135:
16113:
16111:
16104:
16080:
16078:
16071:
16050:
15976:
15954:
15952:
15951:on 27 June 2009
15936:
15905:
15833:
15806:
15804:
15780:
15778:
15681:
15676:
15675:
15665:
15663:
15620:
15616:
15606:
15604:
15557:
15553:
15508:
15504:
15494:
15492:
15457:
15453:
15443:
15441:
15428:
15427:
15423:
15415:
15403:(4898): 41–45.
15392:
15386:
15382:
15372:
15370:
15355:
15351:
15343:
15339:
15331:
15327:
15319:
15315:
15262:
15258:
15250:
15246:
15236:
15234:
15221:
15220:
15216:
15208:
15204:
15159:
15155:
15145:
15143:
15141:archive.cdc.gov
15133:
15129:
15119:
15117:
15102:
15098:
15088:
15086:
15073:
15072:
15068:
15058:
15056:
15047:
15046:
15042:
15034:
15030:
15022:
15018:
15010:
15006:
14998:
14989:
14963:
14961:
14946:
14942:
14932:
14930:
14921:
14920:
14916:
14906:
14904:
14891:
14890:
14886:
14876:
14874:
14861:
14860:
14856:
14812:
14811:
14807:
14797:
14795:
14786:
14785:
14781:
14771:
14769:
14756:
14755:
14751:
14707:
14706:
14702:
14669:(6): e1000442.
14656:
14655:
14651:
14617:
14616:
14612:
14558:
14557:
14553:
14543:
14541:
14536:
14535:
14531:
14487:
14486:
14482:
14440:
14439:
14435:
14405:
14404:
14400:
14384:
14383:
14379:
14341:
14340:
14336:
14302:
14301:
14297:
14251:
14250:
14246:
14236:
14234:
14230:
14223:
14219:
14218:
14199:
14155:
14154:
14150:
14111:(7019): 904–6.
14098:
14097:
14093:
14047:
14046:
14042:
14004:
14003:
13999:
13969:
13968:
13964:
13954:
13952:
13943:
13942:
13938:
13928:
13926:
13911:
13907:
13897:
13895:
13883:
13879:
13869:
13867:
13855:
13851:
13843:
13839:
13829:
13827:
13819:
13818:
13811:
13803:
13799:
13791:
13787:
13779:
13775:
13768:
13752:
13745:
13739:Honigsbaum 2008
13737:
13733:
13714:
13710:
13702:
13698:
13688:
13686:
13661:
13657:
13618:
13614:
13604:
13602:
13595:
13591:
13581:
13579:
13530:
13526:
13516:
13514:
13499:
13498:
13494:
13484:
13482:
13467:
13463:
13455:
13451:
13441:
13439:
13426:
13425:
13421:
13413:
13409:
13401:
13397:
13366:
13362:
13354:
13343:
13335:
13320:
13310:
13308:
13295:
13294:
13290:
13282:
13278:
13268:
13266:
13259:
13255:
13240:
13236:
13228:
13219:
13208:
13204:
13194:
13192:
13191:on 29 July 2021
13173:
13169:
13159:
13157:
13150:
13134:
13115:
13105:
13103:
13090:
13086:
13067:
13063:
13053:
13051:
13044:
13028:
13024:
13014:
13012:
13005:
12989:
12985:
12974:
12967:
12962:
12958:
12947:
12943:
12890:
12883:
12838:
12834:
12824:
12822:
12809:
12808:
12804:
12796:
12792:
12784:
12780:
12770:
12768:
12753:
12749:
12736:
12734:
12721:
12720:
12716:
12702:
12700:
12693:The Irish Times
12685:
12681:
12669:
12665:
12655:
12653:
12638:
12634:
12626:
12619:
12609:
12607:
12598:
12597:
12593:
12585:
12581:
12571:
12569:
12560:
12559:
12555:
12547:
12538:
12530:
12526:
12522:, pp. 48f.
12518:
12514:
12503:
12499:
12491:
12487:
12477:
12475:
12462:
12461:
12457:
12447:
12445:
12436:
12435:
12431:
12423:
12419:
12409:
12407:
12398:
12397:
12393:
12383:
12381:
12366:
12365:
12361:
12351:
12349:
12340:
12339:
12335:
12327:
12323:
12313:
12311:
12302:
12301:
12297:
12287:
12285:
12275:
12274:
12270:
12260:
12258:
12257:. 23 April 2020
12247:
12246:
12239:
12229:
12227:
12214:(10): 917–927.
12200:
12196:
12181:
12167:
12163:
12153:
12151:
12142:
12141:
12137:
12127:
12125:
12116:
12115:
12108:
12100:
12096:
12086:
12084:
12069:
12065:
12050:
12038:Åman M (1990).
12036:
12032:
12022:
12020:
11999:
11998:
11994:
11984:
11982:
11935:
11928:
11918:
11916:
11909:Hindustan Times
11903:
11902:
11898:
11888:
11886:
11871:
11867:
11844:
11840:
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11828:
11783:
11779:
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11758:
11757:
11753:
11743:
11741:
11737:
11706:
11672:
11668:
11660:
11656:
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11617:
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11603:
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11597:
11574:
11568:
11564:
11556:
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11528:
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11508:
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11462:
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11438:
11434:
11371:
11367:
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11346:
11345:
11341:
11333:
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11319:
11317:
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11299:
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11287:
11278:
11270:
11259:
11240:
11233:
11223:
11221:
11208:
11207:
11203:
11193:
11191:
11184:Harvard Gazette
11176:
11172:
11162:
11160:
11145:
11141:
11131:
11129:
11114:
11110:
11055:
11051:
10996:
10992:
10937:
10933:
10900:
10896:
10841:
10837:
10800:
10796:
10749:
10745:
10690:
10686:
10678:
10669:
10659:
10657:
10644:
10643:
10639:
10631:
10624:
10616:
10612:
10567:
10563:
10555:
10548:
10538:
10536:
10523:
10522:
10518:
10471:
10467:
10459:
10452:
10444:
10431:
10421:
10419:
10404:
10400:
10392:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10371:. Fic.nih.gov.
10365:
10361:
10353:
10349:
10341:
10337:
10314:
10310:
10300:
10298:
10285:
10284:
10280:
10272:
10268:
10260:
10256:
10203:
10199:
10162:
10158:
10148:
10146:
10145:on 3 March 2020
10131:
10127:
10090:
10079:
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8809:
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8461:
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8437:
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8409:
8400:
8399:
8395:
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8383:
8374:
8373:
8369:
8359:
8357:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8333:
8331:
8322:
8321:
8317:
8284:10.2307/4575271
8266:
8265:
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8251:
8249:
8234:
8230:
8185:
8181:
8136:
8127:
8092:
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8047:
8012:
8011:
8007:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7922:
7918:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7862:10.1071/NB06025
7841:
7834:
7822:
7816:
7805:
7760:
7751:
7706:
7702:
7655:
7651:
7606:
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7510:
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7474:
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7400:
7387:
7370:
7325:
7321:
7286:
7285:
7278:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7183:
7176:
7139:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7107:
7106:
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7092:
7090:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7020:
7018:
7003:
6999:
6989:
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6971:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6918:
6911:
6870:
6866:
6858:
6851:
6806:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6763:
6755:
6740:
6730:
6728:
6715:. 1 June 1918.
6705:
6704:
6700:
6692:
6685:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6615:
6611:
6606:on 21 May 2008.
6594:
6593:
6589:
6581:
6572:
6558:
6556:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6523:
6519:
6508:
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6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6432:
6428:
6414:
6412:
6402:
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6390:
6386:
6378:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6289:
6285:
6269:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6068:
6066:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6006:
5990:
5986:
5972:
5970:
5956:
5952:
5938:
5936:
5923:
5919:
5905:
5903:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5836:
5829:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5796:
5781:
5779:
5764:
5760:
5707:
5698:
5668:
5664:
5647:"Madrid Letter"
5645:
5644:
5640:
5624:
5623:
5612:
5610:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5549:
5545:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5492:
5485:
5472:
5470:
5455:
5451:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5351:
5349:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5290:
5274:
5265:
5242:
5238:
5221:
5217:
5203:
5201:
5190:
5181:
5136:
5129:
5118:
5102:
5098:
5083:
5081:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5009:
5005:
4991:
4989:
4975:
4971:
4950:
4946:
4932:
4930:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4896:
4894:
4881:
4877:
4832:
4828:
4785:
4781:
4736:
4729:
4680:
4673:
4658:
4650:. Square Fish.
4642:
4638:
4611:
4607:
4576:
4572:
4548:(4898): 41–46.
4534:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4501:
4499:
4488:Cole F (1994),
4486:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4457:
4455:
4454:. 14 March 2018
4446:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4374:
4370:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4254:
4250:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4187:
4183:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4087:
4085:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4038:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4017:Oxford Academic
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3948:
3944:
3895:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3823:
3774:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3731:Then paying in
3730:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3659:
3652:
3647:Medicine portal
3645:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3614:
3592:
3558:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3304:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3055:
3008:
2960:
2933:
2917:Alberta, Canada
2909:
2881:
2876:
2805:
2713:
2594:
2552:Rodrigues Alves
2400:
2395:
2389:
2365:Flanders Fields
2339:
2279:antiviral drugs
2275:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2198:
2193:
2150:
2108:
2092:bronchial tubes
2043:
1967:
1962:
1950:Journal of the
1895:
1866:Journal of the
1792:
1756:
1748:epidemiological
1744:
1712:avian influenza
1674:
1570:
1504:South Australia
1500:New South Wales
1422:
1276:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1122:children's song
1093:
1069:'chipindupindu'
1041:
967:. Spanish flu (
932:Flandern-Fieber
927:
918:Surgeon General
866:neutral country
799:
757:
670:English Channel
654:
626:) to suggest a
610:that invisible
572:
540:disease vectors
532:epidemiological
524:freely reported
510:, when wartime
490:subtype of the
461:
432:
431:
402:
394:
393:
364:2006 H5N1 India
354:
344:
343:
309:
299:
298:
254:
244:
243:
234:Live attenuated
217:
207:
206:
168:
148:Influenza (flu)
128:
117:Suspected cases
116:
74:
73:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22658:
22648:
22647:
22642:
22637:
22632:
22627:
22622:
22607:
22606:
22594:
22582:
22559:
22558:
22556:
22555:
22549:
22543:
22533:
22527:
22526:(1981–present)
22521:
22515:
22509:
22503:
22497:
22491:
22485:
22479:
22473:
22467:
22461:
22455:
22449:
22443:
22437:
22431:
22425:
22419:
22412:
22410:
22404:
22403:
22400:
22399:
22396:
22395:
22393:
22392:
22391:
22390:
22379:
22378:(2023–present)
22373:
22370:Jamaica dengue
22367:
22361:
22355:
22349:
22343:
22337:
22331:
22325:
22319:
22313:
22307:
22301:
22295:
22289:
22283:
22275:
22269:
22266:Yemeni cholera
22263:
22257:
22251:
22245:
22239:
22233:
22227:
22221:
22217:DR Congo Ebola
22213:
22207:
22201:
22195:
22189:
22183:
22177:
22171:
22165:
22159:
22153:
22147:
22141:
22135:
22129:
22123:
22117:
22111:
22105:
22099:
22093:
22086:
22084:
22080:
22079:
22077:
22076:
22068:
22062:
22056:
22050:
22044:
22038:
22032:
22026:
22020:
22014:
22007:
22005:
22001:
22000:
21998:
21997:
21991:
21985:
21979:
21973:
21967:
21961:
21955:
21949:
21943:
21937:
21931:
21925:
21922:Maltese plague
21919:
21916:Ottoman plague
21912:
21910:
21903:
21897:
21896:
21893:
21892:
21890:
21889:
21883:
21877:
21874:Persian Plague
21871:
21868:Russian plague
21865:
21859:
21853:
21847:
21840:
21838:
21834:
21833:
21831:
21830:
21824:
21820:Maltese plague
21816:
21810:
21804:
21801:Maltese plague
21798:
21792:
21786:
21780:
21777:Italian plague
21774:
21771:Maltese plague
21768:
21761:
21759:
21755:
21754:
21752:
21751:
21749:
21743:
21740:Maltese plague
21737:
21731:
21725:
21719:
21713:
21706:
21704:
21697:
21689:
21688:
21686:
21685:
21679:
21673:
21667:
21661:
21655:
21649:
21643:
21636:
21634:
21626:
21625:
21623:
21622:
21616:
21610:
21604:
21594:Hittite plague
21590:
21588:
21579:
21575:
21574:
21572:
21571:
21565:
21562:
21561:
21546:
21545:
21538:
21531:
21523:
21514:
21513:
21511:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21494:
21492:
21488:
21487:
21485:
21484:
21474:
21473:(1981–present)
21468:
21462:
21455:
21453:
21447:
21446:
21444:
21443:
21438:
21433:
21428:
21423:
21418:
21413:
21408:
21403:
21397:
21395:
21391:
21390:
21388:
21387:
21382:
21377:
21372:
21367:
21362:
21357:
21352:
21347:
21342:
21337:
21331:
21329:
21325:
21324:
21316:
21315:
21308:
21301:
21293:
21284:
21283:
21281:
21280:
21274:
21271:
21270:
21267:
21266:
21264:
21263:
21256:
21249:
21244:
21236:
21234:
21230:
21229:
21226:
21225:
21223:
21222:
21217:
21216:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21185:
21180:
21179:
21178:
21173:
21165:
21159:
21157:
21155:Peace treaties
21154:
21151:
21150:
21148:
21147:
21142:
21137:
21132:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21107:
21102:
21096:
21094:
21090:
21089:
21087:
21086:
21081:
21076:
21071:
21066:
21060:
21058:
21052:
21051:
21049:
21048:
21043:
21041:United Kingdom
21038:
21033:
21031:Ottoman Empire
21028:
21023:
21018:
21013:
21008:
21002:
21000:
20993:
20988:
20985:
20984:
20981:
20980:
20978:
20977:
20972:
20967:
20962:
20957:
20956:
20955:
20950:
20945:
20935:
20933:Sack of Dinant
20930:
20925:
20920:
20919:
20918:
20913:
20912:
20911:
20897:
20895:
20889:
20888:
20886:
20885:
20884:
20883:
20881:United Kingdom
20878:
20869:
20867:
20861:
20860:
20858:
20857:
20856:
20855:
20850:
20841:
20835:POW locations
20833:
20828:
20827:
20826:
20817:
20815:
20809:
20808:
20806:
20805:
20804:
20803:
20798:
20790:
20785:
20784:
20783:
20776:
20771:
20766:
20758:
20757:
20756:
20751:
20743:
20737:
20735:
20731:
20730:
20728:
20727:
20722:
20717:
20711:
20709:
20702:
20701:
20700:
20699:
20694:
20686:
20681:
20680:
20679:
20670:
20668:
20660:
20657:
20656:
20653:
20652:
20650:
20649:
20644:
20643:
20642:
20635:United Kingdom
20632:
20630:Ottoman Empire
20627:
20622:
20616:
20614:
20607:
20606:
20604:Trench warfare
20601:
20600:
20599:
20589:
20584:
20579:
20574:
20569:
20568:
20567:
20556:
20554:
20547:
20543:
20542:
20539:
20538:
20536:
20535:
20529:
20523:
20517:
20511:
20510:
20509:
20503:
20497:
20491:
20480:
20474:
20468:
20462:
20456:
20450:
20444:
20438:
20432:
20426:
20420:
20414:
20408:
20402:
20396:
20390:
20384:
20377:
20375:
20371:
20370:
20368:
20367:
20361:
20355:
20349:
20343:
20337:
20331:
20325:
20320:
20317:Volta-Bani War
20314:
20308:
20302:
20296:
20290:
20284:
20278:
20272:
20266:
20259:
20257:
20253:
20252:
20250:
20249:
20244:
20239:
20234:
20229:
20224:
20219:
20214:
20209:
20204:
20199:
20194:
20189:
20184:
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20162:Zeebrugge Raid
20159:
20154:
20149:
20143:
20141:
20135:
20134:
20132:
20131:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20106:
20101:
20096:
20091:
20086:
20081:
20076:
20071:
20066:
20061:
20056:
20051:
20045:
20043:
20037:
20036:
20034:
20033:
20028:
20023:
20018:
20013:
20008:
20007:
20006:
19996:
19991:
19986:
19981:
19976:
19970:
19968:
19964:
19963:
19961:
19960:
19955:
19953:Battle of Loos
19950:
19945:
19940:
19935:
19930:
19925:
19920:
19915:
19910:
19905:
19900:
19895:
19887:
19882:
19877:
19871:
19869:
19865:
19864:
19862:
19861:
19856:
19851:
19846:
19844:Black Sea raid
19841:
19836:
19831:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19806:
19801:
19796:
19791:
19786:
19781:
19775:
19773:
19769:
19768:
19766:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19749:
19748:
19746:Historiography
19737:
19735:
19731:
19730:
19728:
19727:
19721:
19715:
19709:
19703:
19700:Bosnian Crisis
19697:
19694:Tangier Crisis
19691:
19685:
19679:
19672:
19670:
19663:
19657:
19656:
19653:
19652:
19650:
19649:
19644:
19639:
19634:
19629:
19627:Ottoman Empire
19624:
19619:
19614:
19608:
19606:
19604:Central Powers
19600:
19599:
19597:
19596:
19591:
19590:
19589:
19587:British Empire
19582:United Kingdom
19579:
19574:
19569:
19568:
19567:
19562:
19560:Russian Empire
19552:
19547:
19542:
19537:
19536:
19535:
19525:
19520:
19515:
19514:
19513:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19482:
19480:
19478:Entente Powers
19471:
19466:
19463:
19462:
19459:
19458:
19456:
19455:
19450:
19449:
19448:
19446:North Atlantic
19437:
19435:
19429:
19428:
19426:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19409:
19407:
19401:
19400:
19398:
19397:
19392:
19387:
19382:
19377:
19371:
19369:
19363:
19362:
19360:
19359:
19357:Central Arabia
19354:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19329:
19323:
19321:
19319:Middle Eastern
19315:
19314:
19312:
19311:
19306:
19305:
19304:
19294:
19289:
19288:
19287:
19276:
19274:
19265:
19261:
19260:
19258:
19257:
19252:
19247:
19242:
19237:
19232:
19227:
19222:
19220:Historiography
19217:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19197:
19191:
19188:
19187:
19180:
19179:
19172:
19165:
19157:
19148:
19147:
19145:
19144:
19139:
19134:
19128:
19126:
19125:Related topics
19122:
19121:
19119:
19118:
19113:
19108:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19077:
19075:
19069:
19068:
19065:
19064:
19062:
19061:
19056:
19050:
19048:
19044:
19043:
19041:
19040:
19035:
19034:
19033:
19023:
19018:
19012:
19010:
19003:
18999:
18998:
18995:
18994:
18992:
18991:
18986:
18985:
18984:
18973:
18971:
18965:
18964:
18962:
18961:
18956:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18936:
18931:
18926:
18920:
18918:
18909:
18904:
18901:
18900:
18897:
18896:
18894:
18893:
18888:
18883:
18878:
18872:
18870:
18864:
18863:
18861:
18860:
18855:
18850:
18847:(experimental)
18842:
18841:
18840:
18835:
18830:
18825:
18815:
18814:
18813:
18808:
18797:
18795:
18786:
18780:
18779:
18776:
18775:
18773:
18772:
18766:
18764:
18757:
18751:
18750:
18747:
18746:
18744:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18727:
18726:
18716:
18711:
18706:
18700:
18698:
18694:
18693:
18691:
18690:
18688:2020s outbreak
18685:
18680:
18675:
18670:
18668:Croatia (2005)
18664:
18662:
18655:
18649:
18648:
18645:
18644:
18642:
18641:
18635:
18633:
18629:
18628:
18626:
18625:
18620:
18615:
18609:
18607:
18598:
18592:
18591:
18589:
18588:
18583:
18578:
18573:
18568:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18533:
18528:
18523:
18518:
18513:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18468:
18463:
18457:
18455:
18450:
18447:
18446:
18444:
18443:
18438:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18417:
18415:
18411:
18410:
18408:
18407:
18402:
18400:Superinfection
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18377:
18371:
18369:
18368:General topics
18365:
18364:
18357:
18356:
18349:
18342:
18334:
18328:
18327:
18300:
18293:
18292:
18291:
18289:
18288:External links
18286:
18282:
18281:
18253:
18237:
18228:
18216:
18213:
18211:
18210:
18153:
18135:(2): 167–196.
18120:
18100:10.2307/132645
18088:Applied Optics
18083:
18055:(4): 572–579.
18040:
18005:
17996:
17986:(4): 789–808.
17975:
17955:(1): 121–134.
17940:
17934:
17917:
17874:
17856:(2): 111–114.
17845:
17817:(3): 565–581.
17802:
17796:
17776:
17770:
17752:
17731:
17714:
17708:
17695:
17689:
17676:
17658:
17643:
17622:
17617:978-1250145123
17616:
17603:
17597:
17584:
17549:
17543:
17530:
17524:
17511:
17506:
17491:
17455:(4): 496–505.
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17428:
17383:
17346:
17303:
17252:
17209:
17186:10.1086/651473
17160:
17126:10.1086/606060
17104:
17090:
17077:
17057:10.1086/515616
17030:
17024:
17008:
17002:
16987:
16981:
16968:
16950:
16933:
16912:
16906:
16893:
16880:10.1086/651472
16858:
16841:
16780:
16752:
16734:
16719:
16668:
16643:
16617:(1): 105–115.
16606:
16582:War in History
16577:
16571:
16558:
16515:
16470:
16452:
16437:
16420:The New Yorker
16407:
16378:
16351:
16326:
16301:
16248:
16242:
16225:
16174:
16139:
16133:
16120:
16102:
16087:
16069:
16054:
16048:
16031:
16003:(3): 857–865.
15988:
15974:
15961:
15940:
15934:
15909:
15903:
15891:, ed. (2022).
15885:
15837:
15831:
15813:
15788:
15749:(2): 367–392.
15734:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15674:
15673:
15634:(5): 638–645.
15614:
15551:
15522:(3): 565–581.
15502:
15471:(4): 584–590.
15451:
15421:
15380:
15349:
15337:
15335:, p. 295.
15325:
15313:
15256:
15244:
15214:
15202:
15153:
15127:
15096:
15066:
15040:
15028:
15016:
15004:
14987:
14940:
14914:
14884:
14854:
14805:
14779:
14749:
14700:
14649:
14610:
14551:
14529:
14480:
14433:
14414:(6): 1037–41.
14398:
14377:
14334:
14321:10.1086/511989
14315:(7): 1018–28.
14295:
14244:
14197:
14148:
14091:
14040:
13997:
13962:
13936:
13905:
13877:
13849:
13847:, p. 315.
13837:
13809:
13797:
13785:
13773:
13766:
13743:
13731:
13708:
13696:
13678:10.3386/w24725
13655:
13634:10.1086/507154
13628:(4): 672–712.
13612:
13589:
13524:
13492:
13461:
13449:
13419:
13415:He et al. 2013
13407:
13403:He et al. 2011
13395:
13376:(4): 923–940.
13360:
13341:
13318:
13288:
13286:, p. 239.
13276:
13253:
13234:
13217:
13202:
13167:
13148:
13113:
13084:
13061:
13042:
13022:
13003:
12983:
12965:
12956:
12941:
12904:(2): 353–356.
12881:
12832:
12802:
12798:Pankhurst 1991
12790:
12778:
12747:
12714:
12687:FitzGerald J.
12679:
12663:
12632:
12617:
12591:
12589:, p. 134.
12579:
12553:
12536:
12532:Pankhurst 1991
12524:
12520:Pankhurst 1991
12512:
12497:
12485:
12455:
12429:
12427:. CBC History.
12417:
12391:
12359:
12333:
12321:
12295:
12268:
12237:
12194:
12179:
12161:
12135:
12120:(in Turkish).
12106:
12094:
12063:
12048:
12030:
11992:
11926:
11896:
11865:
11838:
11826:
11777:
11766:on 9 July 2012
11751:
11666:
11654:
11611:
11562:
11550:
11538:
11526:
11514:
11499:
11456:
11444:
11432:
11365:
11339:
11327:
11313:
11293:
11276:
11257:
11231:
11201:
11170:
11139:
11108:
11049:
11010:(11): e49002.
10990:
10931:
10894:
10835:
10814:(1–2): 20–26.
10794:
10743:
10704:(3): 827–832.
10684:
10667:
10637:
10622:
10610:
10587:10.1086/591708
10581:(7): 962–970.
10561:
10546:
10516:
10465:
10450:
10429:
10398:
10386:
10359:
10347:
10335:
10308:
10278:
10266:
10254:
10197:
10176:(4): 360–364.
10156:
10125:
10104:(4): 360–364.
10077:
10058:(3): 473–505.
10042:
10023:
10000:
9998:, p. 143.
9985:
9952:
9948:Humphries 2014
9940:
9922:
9907:
9861:
9827:(7): 940–945.
9801:
9767:
9711:
9675:
9662:France Culture
9649:
9589:
9574:
9516:
9487:(6): 913–918.
9467:
9413:
9384:(1): 187–202.
9361:
9332:(3): 225–229.
9312:
9262:
9255:
9237:
9214:
9165:
9150:Kim T (2017).
9142:
9097:
9048:
8999:
8976:
8955:
8929:
8900:
8871:
8845:
8819:
8793:
8767:
8741:
8715:
8689:
8663:
8637:
8607:
8555:
8529:
8500:
8471:
8445:
8419:
8393:
8367:
8341:
8315:
8259:
8228:
8199:(3): 219–225.
8179:
8125:
8085:
8045:
8005:
7965:
7936:(6): 261–263.
7916:
7876:
7832:
7803:
7774:(3): 818–846.
7749:
7700:
7649:
7593:
7544:
7508:
7468:
7457:
7430:
7398:
7368:
7339:(3): 430–437.
7319:
7276:
7236:
7174:
7153:(3): 408–420.
7126:
7111:. p. 93.
7100:
7052:
7040:
7028:
6997:
6987:
6969:
6957:
6924:
6909:
6864:
6849:
6800:
6761:
6738:
6698:
6683:
6652:
6640:
6609:
6600:Avian Bird Flu
6587:
6570:
6541:
6517:
6506:
6486:
6476:
6456:
6426:
6396:
6384:
6361:
6341:
6313:
6303:
6283:
6263:
6236:
6211:
6180:
6148:
6118:
6092:
6080:
6050:
6014:
6004:
5984:
5964:The Lighthouse
5950:
5917:
5881:
5854:
5842:
5827:
5794:
5758:
5721:(5): 296–312.
5696:
5682:(9): 812–817.
5662:
5638:
5586:
5584:, p. 171.
5574:
5543:
5521:
5508:10.1086/590567
5502:(5): 668–673.
5483:
5449:
5419:
5391:
5363:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5288:
5263:
5236:
5215:
5192:Bax D (2020).
5179:
5127:
5116:
5096:
5061:
5047:(in Spanish).
5045:Diario de León
5031:
5003:
4985:(in Spanish).
4969:
4944:
4912:
4875:
4846:(4): 235–239.
4826:
4779:
4750:(4): 360–361.
4727:
4671:
4656:
4636:
4605:
4590:(9): 812–817.
4570:
4528:
4513:
4480:
4468:
4439:
4427:
4368:
4339:(3): 175–183.
4319:
4289:
4275:10.1086/511989
4248:
4234:10.1086/522355
4207:
4181:
4111:
4099:
4083:Science Friday
4066:
4059:
4029:
4003:
3977:
3942:
3880:
3842:
3821:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3661:Viruses portal
3650:
3634:
3631:
3613:
3610:
3591:
3588:
3579:bubonic plague
3562:mortality rate
3557:
3554:
3517:memory B cells
3479:(CDC) and the
3404:Main article:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3147:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3054:
3051:
3007:
3004:
2959:
2956:
2951:in the 1920s.
2932:
2929:
2908:
2905:
2885:Central Powers
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2867:epidemic model
2804:
2801:
2744:Warlord period
2712:
2709:
2705:infection rate
2684:concurrently.
2671:oral tradition
2667:American Samoa
2630:Pacific island
2623:Nenana, Alaska
2593:
2590:
2566:Haile Selassie
2541:Alaskan Native
2399:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2357:Misinformation
2338:
2335:
2274:
2271:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2149:
2146:
2107:
2104:
2100:cytokine storm
2042:
2039:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1934:Warlord Period
1894:
1891:
1791:
1788:
1755:
1752:
1743:
1740:
1673:
1670:
1569:
1566:
1421:
1418:
1376:following the
1334:Ottoman Empire
1289:, France, 1918
1275:
1272:
1256:Southeast Asia
1249:(March 1918),
1196:Haskell County
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1092:
1089:
1077:'kaapitohanga'
1043:Some language
1040:
1037:
995:'kaffersiekte'
970:gripe española
954:gripe francesa
926:
923:
798:
795:
763:Front page of
756:
753:
653:
650:
571:
568:
564:2009 Swine flu
549:superinfection
486:caused by the
463:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:1976 swine flu
355:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
339:2009 swine flu
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
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261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
230:
229:
218:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
203:
202:
200:A/H1N1 subtype
192:
187:
182:
181:
180:
178:A/H5N1 subtype
169:
164:
163:
160:
159:
151:
150:
140:
139:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22657:
22646:
22643:
22641:
22638:
22636:
22633:
22631:
22628:
22626:
22623:
22621:
22618:
22617:
22615:
22605:
22600:
22595:
22593:
22583:
22581:
22576:
22571:
22570:
22567:
22553:
22550:
22547:
22544:
22538:(2019–present
22537:
22534:
22531:
22528:
22525:
22522:
22519:
22516:
22513:
22512:Hong Kong flu
22510:
22507:
22504:
22501:
22498:
22495:
22492:
22489:
22486:
22483:
22480:
22477:
22474:
22471:
22468:
22465:
22462:
22459:
22456:
22453:
22450:
22447:
22444:
22441:
22438:
22435:
22432:
22429:
22426:
22423:
22420:
22417:
22414:
22413:
22411:
22409:
22405:
22388:
22385:
22384:
22383:
22380:
22377:
22374:
22371:
22368:
22365:
22362:
22359:
22356:
22353:
22350:
22347:
22344:
22341:
22340:Tonga measles
22338:
22335:
22332:
22329:
22326:
22323:
22320:
22317:
22314:
22311:
22310:Samoa measles
22308:
22305:
22302:
22299:
22296:
22293:
22290:
22287:
22284:
22280:
22276:
22273:
22270:
22267:
22264:
22261:
22258:
22255:
22252:
22249:
22246:
22243:
22240:
22237:
22234:
22231:
22228:
22225:
22222:
22218:
22214:
22211:
22208:
22205:
22202:
22199:
22196:
22193:
22190:
22187:
22184:
22181:
22178:
22175:
22172:
22169:
22168:Haiti cholera
22166:
22163:
22160:
22157:
22154:
22151:
22148:
22145:
22142:
22139:
22136:
22133:
22132:Iraqi cholera
22130:
22127:
22124:
22121:
22118:
22115:
22114:Indian dengue
22112:
22109:
22106:
22103:
22100:
22097:
22094:
22091:
22088:
22087:
22085:
22081:
22073:
22069:
22066:
22063:
22060:
22057:
22054:
22051:
22048:
22045:
22042:
22039:
22036:
22033:
22030:
22027:
22024:
22021:
22018:
22015:
22012:
22009:
22008:
22006:
22002:
21995:
21992:
21989:
21986:
21983:
21980:
21977:
21974:
21971:
21970:Guam smallpox
21968:
21965:
21962:
21959:
21956:
21953:
21950:
21947:
21944:
21941:
21938:
21935:
21932:
21929:
21926:
21923:
21920:
21917:
21914:
21913:
21911:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21898:
21887:
21884:
21881:
21878:
21875:
21872:
21869:
21866:
21863:
21860:
21857:
21854:
21851:
21848:
21845:
21842:
21841:
21839:
21835:
21828:
21825:
21821:
21817:
21814:
21811:
21808:
21807:Naples Plague
21805:
21802:
21799:
21796:
21793:
21790:
21787:
21784:
21781:
21778:
21775:
21772:
21769:
21766:
21765:London plague
21763:
21762:
21760:
21756:
21750:
21747:
21746:London plague
21744:
21741:
21738:
21735:
21734:London plague
21732:
21729:
21726:
21723:
21720:
21717:
21714:
21711:
21708:
21707:
21705:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21690:
21683:
21680:
21677:
21674:
21671:
21668:
21665:
21664:Plague of 664
21662:
21659:
21656:
21653:
21650:
21647:
21644:
21641:
21638:
21637:
21635:
21633:
21627:
21620:
21617:
21614:
21611:
21608:
21605:
21595:
21592:
21591:
21589:
21587:
21583:
21580:
21576:
21570:
21567:
21566:
21563:
21559:
21555:
21551:
21544:
21539:
21537:
21532:
21530:
21525:
21524:
21521:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21496:
21495:
21493:
21489:
21479:(2019–present
21478:
21475:
21472:
21469:
21466:
21463:
21460:
21457:
21456:
21454:
21452:
21448:
21442:
21439:
21437:
21434:
21432:
21429:
21427:
21424:
21422:
21421:Louis Pasteur
21419:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21411:Edward Jenner
21409:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21398:
21396:
21392:
21386:
21383:
21381:
21380:Typhoid fever
21378:
21376:
21373:
21371:
21368:
21366:
21363:
21361:
21358:
21356:
21353:
21351:
21348:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21336:
21333:
21332:
21330:
21326:
21322:
21314:
21309:
21307:
21302:
21300:
21295:
21294:
21291:
21279:
21276:
21275:
21272:
21262:
21261:
21257:
21255:
21254:
21250:
21248:
21245:
21243:
21242:
21238:
21237:
21235:
21231:
21221:
21218:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21194:
21191:
21190:
21189:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21177:
21174:
21172:
21169:
21168:
21166:
21164:
21161:
21160:
21158:
21152:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21111:
21108:
21106:
21103:
21101:
21098:
21097:
21095:
21091:
21085:
21082:
21080:
21077:
21075:
21072:
21070:
21067:
21065:
21062:
21061:
21059:
21057:
21053:
21047:
21046:United States
21044:
21042:
21039:
21037:
21034:
21032:
21029:
21027:
21024:
21022:
21019:
21017:
21014:
21012:
21009:
21007:
21004:
21003:
21001:
20997:
20994:
20991:
20986:
20976:
20973:
20971:
20968:
20966:
20963:
20961:
20958:
20954:
20951:
20949:
20946:
20944:
20941:
20940:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20929:
20926:
20924:
20921:
20917:
20914:
20910:
20907:
20906:
20905:
20902:
20901:
20899:
20898:
20896:
20894:
20890:
20882:
20879:
20877:
20874:
20873:
20871:
20870:
20868:
20866:
20862:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20845:
20842:
20840:
20837:
20836:
20834:
20832:
20829:
20825:
20822:
20821:
20819:
20818:
20816:
20814:
20810:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20793:
20791:
20789:
20786:
20782:
20781:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20762:
20761:
20759:
20755:
20752:
20750:
20747:
20746:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20738:
20736:
20732:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20712:
20710:
20706:
20698:
20695:
20693:
20690:
20689:
20687:
20685:
20682:
20678:
20675:
20674:
20672:
20671:
20669:
20663:
20658:
20648:
20647:United States
20645:
20641:
20638:
20637:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20617:
20615:
20611:
20605:
20602:
20598:
20597:Convoy system
20595:
20594:
20593:
20592:Naval warfare
20590:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20578:
20575:
20573:
20570:
20566:
20563:
20562:
20561:
20558:
20557:
20555:
20551:
20548:
20544:
20533:
20530:
20527:
20524:
20521:
20518:
20515:
20512:
20507:
20504:
20501:
20498:
20495:
20492:
20489:
20486:
20485:
20484:
20481:
20478:
20475:
20472:
20469:
20466:
20463:
20460:
20457:
20454:
20451:
20448:
20445:
20442:
20439:
20436:
20433:
20430:
20427:
20424:
20421:
20418:
20415:
20412:
20409:
20406:
20403:
20400:
20397:
20394:
20391:
20388:
20385:
20382:
20379:
20378:
20376:
20372:
20365:
20362:
20359:
20356:
20353:
20352:Kaocen revolt
20350:
20347:
20346:Easter Rising
20344:
20341:
20338:
20335:
20332:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20321:
20318:
20315:
20312:
20309:
20306:
20303:
20300:
20297:
20294:
20291:
20288:
20285:
20282:
20279:
20276:
20273:
20270:
20267:
20264:
20261:
20260:
20258:
20254:
20248:
20245:
20243:
20240:
20238:
20235:
20233:
20230:
20228:
20225:
20223:
20220:
20218:
20215:
20213:
20210:
20208:
20205:
20203:
20200:
20198:
20195:
20193:
20190:
20188:
20185:
20183:
20180:
20178:
20175:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20144:
20142:
20140:
20136:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20065:
20062:
20060:
20057:
20055:
20052:
20050:
20047:
20046:
20044:
20042:
20038:
20032:
20029:
20027:
20024:
20022:
20019:
20017:
20014:
20012:
20009:
20005:
20002:
20001:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19971:
19969:
19965:
19959:
19956:
19954:
19951:
19949:
19946:
19944:
19941:
19939:
19936:
19934:
19931:
19929:
19926:
19924:
19921:
19919:
19918:Great Retreat
19916:
19914:
19911:
19909:
19906:
19904:
19901:
19899:
19896:
19894:
19893:
19888:
19886:
19883:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19872:
19870:
19866:
19860:
19857:
19855:
19852:
19850:
19847:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19800:
19797:
19795:
19792:
19790:
19789:Battle of Cer
19787:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19776:
19774:
19770:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19747:
19744:
19743:
19742:
19739:
19738:
19736:
19732:
19725:
19722:
19719:
19716:
19713:
19710:
19707:
19706:Agadir Crisis
19704:
19701:
19698:
19695:
19692:
19689:
19686:
19683:
19680:
19677:
19674:
19673:
19671:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19658:
19648:
19645:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19633:
19630:
19628:
19625:
19623:
19620:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19609:
19607:
19605:
19601:
19595:
19594:United States
19592:
19588:
19585:
19584:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19557:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19534:
19531:
19530:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19512:
19511:French Empire
19509:
19508:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19484:
19483:
19481:
19479:
19475:
19472:
19464:
19454:
19453:Mediterranean
19451:
19447:
19444:
19443:
19442:
19439:
19438:
19436:
19434:
19433:Naval warfare
19430:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19410:
19408:
19406:
19402:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19372:
19370:
19368:
19364:
19358:
19355:
19353:
19350:
19348:
19345:
19343:
19340:
19338:
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19325:
19324:
19322:
19320:
19316:
19310:
19309:Italian Front
19307:
19303:
19300:
19299:
19298:
19297:Eastern Front
19295:
19293:
19292:Western Front
19290:
19286:
19283:
19282:
19281:
19278:
19277:
19275:
19273:
19269:
19266:
19262:
19256:
19253:
19251:
19250:Puppet states
19248:
19246:
19243:
19241:
19238:
19236:
19233:
19231:
19228:
19226:
19223:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19201:
19198:
19196:
19193:
19192:
19189:
19185:
19178:
19173:
19171:
19166:
19164:
19159:
19158:
19155:
19143:
19140:
19138:
19135:
19133:
19130:
19129:
19127:
19123:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19086:Bronchiolitis
19084:
19082:
19079:
19078:
19076:
19074:
19073:Complications
19070:
19060:
19059:Fujian (H5N1)
19057:
19055:
19052:
19051:
19049:
19045:
19039:
19036:
19032:
19029:
19028:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19013:
19011:
19007:
19004:
19000:
18990:
18987:
18983:
18980:
18979:
18978:
18975:
18974:
18972:
18970:
18966:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18922:
18921:
18919:
18917:
18913:
18910:
18905:Pandemics and
18902:
18892:
18889:
18887:
18884:
18882:
18879:
18877:
18874:
18873:
18871:
18869:
18865:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18843:
18839:
18836:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18826:
18824:
18821:
18820:
18819:
18816:
18812:
18809:
18807:
18804:
18803:
18802:
18799:
18798:
18796:
18794:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18781:
18771:
18768:
18767:
18765:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18752:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18736:Social impact
18734:
18732:
18729:
18725:
18722:
18721:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18714:Global spread
18712:
18710:
18707:
18705:
18702:
18701:
18699:
18695:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18665:
18663:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18650:
18640:
18637:
18636:
18634:
18630:
18624:
18621:
18619:
18616:
18614:
18611:
18610:
18608:
18606:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18593:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18524:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18458:
18456:
18448:
18442:
18439:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18418:
18416:
18412:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18372:
18370:
18366:
18362:
18355:
18350:
18348:
18343:
18341:
18336:
18335:
18332:
18325:
18321:
18318:
18317:
18312:
18311:
18303:
18285:
18279:
18275:
18271:
18267:
18263:
18259:
18258:
18254:
18250:
18246:
18242:
18238:
18236:
18232:
18229:
18226:
18222:
18219:
18218:
18207:
18203:
18198:
18193:
18188:
18183:
18179:
18175:
18171:
18167:
18163:
18159:
18154:
18150:
18146:
18142:
18138:
18134:
18130:
18126:
18121:
18117:
18113:
18109:
18105:
18101:
18097:
18093:
18089:
18084:
18080:
18076:
18072:
18068:
18063:
18058:
18054:
18050:
18046:
18041:
18037:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18020:(3): 434–43.
18019:
18015:
18011:
18006:
18002:
17997:
17993:
17989:
17985:
17981:
17976:
17972:
17968:
17963:
17958:
17954:
17950:
17946:
17941:
17937:
17931:
17926:
17925:
17918:
17914:
17910:
17906:
17902:
17897:
17896:10.1038/70913
17892:
17888:
17884:
17880:
17875:
17871:
17867:
17863:
17859:
17855:
17851:
17846:
17842:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17824:
17820:
17816:
17812:
17808:
17803:
17799:
17793:
17789:
17785:
17781:
17777:
17773:
17767:
17763:
17762:
17757:
17753:
17749:
17745:
17742:(2): 216–26.
17741:
17737:
17732:
17728:
17724:
17720:
17715:
17711:
17705:
17701:
17696:
17692:
17686:
17682:
17677:
17665:
17661:
17655:
17651:
17650:
17644:
17632:
17628:
17623:
17619:
17613:
17609:
17604:
17600:
17594:
17590:
17585:
17581:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17564:(3): 408–20.
17563:
17559:
17555:
17550:
17546:
17540:
17536:
17531:
17527:
17521:
17517:
17512:
17509:
17507:9780192843739
17503:
17499:
17498:
17492:
17488:
17482:
17466:
17462:
17458:
17454:
17450:
17446:
17442:
17438:
17437:
17417:
17413:
17409:
17405:
17401:
17397:
17393:
17389:
17384:
17380:
17376:
17372:
17368:
17364:
17360:
17356:
17352:
17347:
17343:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17325:
17321:
17317:
17313:
17309:
17304:
17300:
17296:
17292:
17288:
17283:
17278:
17274:
17270:
17266:
17262:
17258:
17253:
17249:
17245:
17240:
17235:
17231:
17227:
17223:
17219:
17215:
17210:
17206:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17179:(8): 651473.
17178:
17174:
17170:
17168:
17161:
17157:
17153:
17152:
17147:
17143:
17136:
17132:
17127:
17122:
17118:
17114:
17110:
17105:
17101:
17097:
17093:
17087:
17083:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17066:
17062:
17058:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17040:
17036:
17031:
17027:
17021:
17017:
17013:
17009:
17005:
16999:
16995:
16994:
16988:
16984:
16978:
16974:
16969:
16957:
16953:
16947:
16943:
16939:
16934:
16930:
16926:
16922:
16918:
16913:
16909:
16903:
16899:
16894:
16890:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16872:
16868:
16864:
16859:
16855:
16851:
16850:Navy Medicine
16847:
16842:
16838:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16820:
16816:
16811:
16806:
16802:
16798:
16794:
16790:
16786:
16781:
16769:
16765:
16764:AIR Worldwide
16758:
16753:
16741:
16737:
16731:
16727:
16726:
16720:
16716:
16712:
16708:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16690:
16686:
16682:
16678:
16674:
16669:
16657:
16653:
16649:
16644:
16640:
16636:
16632:
16628:
16624:
16620:
16616:
16612:
16607:
16603:
16599:
16595:
16591:
16587:
16583:
16578:
16574:
16568:
16564:
16559:
16555:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16537:
16533:
16529:
16525:
16521:
16516:
16512:
16508:
16504:
16500:
16496:
16492:
16488:
16484:
16481:(2): 283–88.
16480:
16476:
16471:
16459:
16455:
16449:
16445:
16444:
16438:
16426:
16422:
16421:
16416:
16412:
16408:
16393:
16386:
16385:
16379:
16367:
16363:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16340:
16336:
16332:
16327:
16315:
16311:
16307:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16270:
16266:
16263:(8): e69586.
16262:
16258:
16254:
16249:
16245:
16239:
16234:
16233:
16226:
16222:
16218:
16213:
16208:
16204:
16200:
16196:
16192:
16188:
16184:
16180:
16175:
16171:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16153:
16149:
16145:
16140:
16136:
16130:
16126:
16121:
16109:
16105:
16099:
16095:
16094:
16088:
16076:
16072:
16066:
16062:
16061:
16055:
16051:
16045:
16040:
16039:
16032:
16028:
16024:
16020:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16002:
15998:
15994:
15989:
15985:
15981:
15977:
15971:
15967:
15962:
15950:
15946:
15941:
15937:
15931:
15927:
15923:
15919:
15915:
15914:Braithwaite M
15912:Benedict ML,
15910:
15906:
15904:9780192843739
15900:
15896:
15895:
15890:
15886:
15882:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15863:
15858:
15854:
15850:
15846:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15828:
15824:
15823:
15818:
15814:
15802:
15798:
15794:
15789:
15776:
15772:
15768:
15764:
15760:
15756:
15752:
15748:
15744:
15740:
15735:
15731:
15727:
15723:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15705:
15701:
15697:
15693:
15689:
15684:
15683:
15661:
15657:
15653:
15649:
15645:
15641:
15637:
15633:
15629:
15625:
15618:
15602:
15598:
15594:
15590:
15586:
15582:
15578:
15575:(1): e23198.
15574:
15570:
15566:
15562:
15561:Sattenspiel L
15555:
15547:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15529:
15525:
15521:
15517:
15513:
15506:
15490:
15486:
15482:
15478:
15474:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15455:
15439:
15435:
15431:
15425:
15414:
15410:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15391:
15384:
15368:
15364:
15360:
15353:
15346:
15341:
15334:
15329:
15322:
15317:
15309:
15305:
15300:
15295:
15291:
15287:
15283:
15279:
15275:
15271:
15267:
15260:
15253:
15248:
15232:
15228:
15224:
15218:
15211:
15206:
15198:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15180:
15176:
15172:
15168:
15164:
15157:
15142:
15138:
15131:
15115:
15111:
15107:
15100:
15084:
15080:
15076:
15070:
15054:
15050:
15044:
15037:
15032:
15025:
15020:
15013:
15008:
15001:
14996:
14994:
14992:
14984:
14981:
14977:
14973:
14959:
14955:
14951:
14944:
14928:
14924:
14918:
14902:
14898:
14894:
14888:
14872:
14868:
14864:
14858:
14850:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14832:
14828:
14824:
14820:
14816:
14809:
14793:
14789:
14783:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14753:
14745:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14727:
14723:
14720:(6): 830–41.
14719:
14715:
14711:
14704:
14696:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14668:
14664:
14663:PLOS Medicine
14660:
14653:
14645:
14641:
14637:
14633:
14630:(9): 687–95.
14629:
14625:
14621:
14614:
14606:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14578:
14574:
14571:(8): e21828.
14570:
14566:
14562:
14555:
14539:
14533:
14525:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14495:
14491:
14484:
14476:
14472:
14468:
14464:
14460:
14456:
14453:(3): 175–83.
14452:
14448:
14444:
14437:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14417:
14413:
14409:
14402:
14394:
14393:
14388:
14381:
14373:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14350:(1): 105–15.
14349:
14345:
14338:
14330:
14326:
14322:
14318:
14314:
14310:
14306:
14299:
14291:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14273:
14269:
14265:
14261:
14260:
14255:
14248:
14229:
14222:
14216:
14214:
14212:
14210:
14208:
14206:
14204:
14202:
14193:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14175:
14171:
14167:
14163:
14159:
14152:
14144:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14126:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14102:
14095:
14087:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14051:
14044:
14036:
14032:
14028:
14024:
14020:
14016:
14012:
14008:
14001:
13993:
13989:
13985:
13981:
13977:
13973:
13966:
13950:
13949:The Economist
13946:
13940:
13924:
13920:
13916:
13909:
13894:
13893:
13888:
13881:
13866:
13865:
13860:
13853:
13846:
13841:
13826:
13822:
13816:
13814:
13806:
13801:
13795:, p. 38.
13794:
13789:
13782:
13781:Morrisey 1986
13777:
13769:
13767:9780192843739
13763:
13759:
13758:
13750:
13748:
13740:
13735:
13727:
13723:
13719:
13712:
13705:
13700:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13670:
13666:
13659:
13651:
13647:
13643:
13639:
13635:
13631:
13627:
13623:
13616:
13600:
13593:
13577:
13573:
13569:
13565:
13561:
13557:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13539:
13535:
13528:
13512:
13508:
13507:
13502:
13496:
13480:
13476:
13472:
13465:
13458:
13453:
13437:
13433:
13429:
13423:
13416:
13411:
13404:
13399:
13391:
13387:
13383:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13364:
13357:
13352:
13350:
13348:
13346:
13338:
13333:
13331:
13329:
13327:
13325:
13323:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13292:
13285:
13280:
13264:
13257:
13249:
13245:
13238:
13231:
13226:
13224:
13222:
13213:
13206:
13190:
13186:
13182:
13178:
13171:
13155:
13151:
13145:
13141:
13140:
13132:
13130:
13128:
13126:
13124:
13122:
13120:
13118:
13101:
13097:
13096:
13088:
13080:
13076:
13072:
13065:
13049:
13045:
13039:
13036:. Routledge.
13035:
13034:
13026:
13010:
13006:
13000:
12997:. Routledge.
12996:
12995:
12987:
12979:
12972:
12970:
12960:
12952:
12945:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12911:
12907:
12903:
12899:
12895:
12888:
12886:
12877:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12847:
12843:
12836:
12820:
12816:
12812:
12806:
12799:
12794:
12788:, p. 72.
12787:
12782:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12751:
12744:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12718:
12711:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12683:
12676:
12672:
12667:
12651:
12647:
12643:
12636:
12629:
12624:
12622:
12605:
12601:
12595:
12588:
12583:
12567:
12563:
12557:
12550:
12545:
12543:
12541:
12534:, p. 63.
12533:
12528:
12521:
12516:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12489:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12459:
12443:
12439:
12433:
12426:
12421:
12406:on 6 May 2009
12405:
12401:
12395:
12379:
12375:
12374:
12369:
12363:
12347:
12343:
12337:
12330:
12325:
12309:
12305:
12299:
12284:
12283:
12278:
12272:
12256:
12255:
12250:
12244:
12242:
12225:
12221:
12217:
12213:
12209:
12205:
12198:
12190:
12186:
12182:
12176:
12172:
12165:
12149:
12145:
12139:
12123:
12119:
12113:
12111:
12103:
12098:
12082:
12078:
12074:
12067:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12045:
12041:
12034:
12018:
12014:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11996:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11953:: 2211–2218.
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11933:
11931:
11914:
11910:
11906:
11900:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11869:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11842:
11835:
11830:
11822:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11797:(7265): 852.
11796:
11792:
11788:
11781:
11765:
11761:
11755:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11705:
11700:and response
11697:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11670:
11663:
11658:
11650:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11615:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11573:
11566:
11560:, p. 17.
11559:
11554:
11548:, p. 19.
11547:
11542:
11536:, p. 70.
11535:
11530:
11524:, p. 69.
11523:
11518:
11512:, p. 92.
11511:
11506:
11504:
11495:
11491:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11460:
11453:
11448:
11441:
11436:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11369:
11353:
11349:
11343:
11337:, p. 91.
11336:
11331:
11316:
11310:
11306:
11305:
11297:
11290:
11285:
11283:
11281:
11273:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11262:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11238:
11236:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11174:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11143:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11112:
11104:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11053:
11045:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10994:
10986:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10951:(2): 150633.
10950:
10946:
10942:
10935:
10927:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10898:
10890:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10839:
10831:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10798:
10790:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10747:
10739:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10688:
10682:, p. 62.
10681:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10641:
10635:, p. 61.
10634:
10629:
10627:
10619:
10614:
10606:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10565:
10558:
10553:
10551:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10520:
10512:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10469:
10462:
10457:
10455:
10447:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10436:
10434:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10402:
10396:, p. 56.
10395:
10394:Gladwell 1997
10390:
10374:
10370:
10363:
10357:, p. 63.
10356:
10355:Gladwell 1997
10351:
10345:, p. 55.
10344:
10343:Gladwell 1997
10339:
10332:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10312:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10282:
10275:
10270:
10264:, p. 42.
10263:
10258:
10250:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10201:
10193:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10160:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10129:
10121:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10046:
10030:
10026:
10020:
10017:. Routledge.
10016:
10015:
10007:
10005:
9997:
9992:
9990:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9963:
9956:
9949:
9944:
9936:
9929:
9927:
9919:
9914:
9912:
9903:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9806:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9774:
9772:
9763:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9738:: 1857–1859.
9737:
9736:Royal Society
9733:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9715:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9663:
9659:
9653:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9596:
9594:
9586:
9581:
9579:
9570:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9512:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9368:
9366:
9357:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9316:
9308:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9258:
9256:9789517467162
9252:
9248:
9241:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9169:
9161:
9158:(in Korean).
9157:
9153:
9146:
9138:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9101:
9093:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9052:
9044:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9019:: 4880–4884.
9018:
9014:
9010:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8980:
8972:
8965:
8959:
8943:
8939:
8933:
8917:
8913:
8907:
8905:
8888:
8884:
8878:
8876:
8859:
8855:
8849:
8833:
8829:
8823:
8807:
8803:
8797:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8651:
8647:
8641:
8625:
8621:
8614:
8612:
8603:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8562:
8560:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8505:
8488:
8484:
8478:
8476:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8433:
8429:
8423:
8407:
8403:
8397:
8381:
8377:
8371:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8329:
8325:
8319:
8311:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8232:
8224:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8183:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8121:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8041:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8009:
8001:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7920:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7837:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7745:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7620:(3): 99–106.
7619:
7615:
7611:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7589:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7548:
7529:
7525:
7518:
7512:
7504:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7435:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7402:
7394:
7393:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7364:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7315:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7281:
7272:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7179:
7170:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7056:
7050:, p. 42.
7049:
7044:
7038:, p. 41.
7037:
7032:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6990:
6988:0-670-89473-7
6984:
6980:
6973:
6967:, p. 40.
6966:
6961:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6929:
6922:, p. 39.
6921:
6916:
6914:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6862:, p. 38.
6861:
6856:
6854:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6804:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6758:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6702:
6696:, p. 37.
6695:
6690:
6688:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6648:Billings 1997
6644:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6585:, p. 36.
6584:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6567:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6460:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6388:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6297:. JHU Press.
6296:
6295:
6287:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6267:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6224:
6223:
6215:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6034:
6026:
6018:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5988:
5981:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5885:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5846:
5840:, p. 58.
5839:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5777:
5774:(in German).
5773:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5753:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5600:The Economist
5597:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5488:
5480:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5360:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5317:, p. 51.
5316:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5199:
5195:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5110:. Routledge.
5109:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4941:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4909:
4906:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4453:
4452:hebrewversity
4449:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4051:Penguin Books
4048:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:: 2561–2567.
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3609:
3606:
3605:socioeconomic
3602:
3598:
3587:
3584:
3583:comorbidities
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3505:nucleoprotein
3502:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3332:7.75 billion
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:6.85 billion
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:4.21 billion
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:3.53 billion
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Hong Kong flu
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:2.90 billion
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:1.80 billion
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:Emma Donoghue
3040:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:, New Zealand
2969:
2964:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:New Caledonia
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2495:Western Samoa
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2436:John M. Barry
2432:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2413:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:noxious gases
2358:
2354:
2353:paternalistic
2350:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2237:
2223:
2214:
2207:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1816:(1890–1918),
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:(1863–1944),
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:John M. Barry
1766:, and author
1765:
1761:
1754:United States
1751:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1672:Post-pandemic
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:San Francisco
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1415:
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22004:20th century
21909:19th century
21837:18th century
21758:17th century
21724:(1545, 1576)
21703:16th century
21646:Roman Plague
21615:(165–180 AD)
21609:(429–426 BC)
21556:and notable
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21385:Yellow fever
21375:Tuberculosis
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20846: /
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20613:Conscription
20577:Cryptography
20514:Iraqi Revolt
19948:Siege of Kut
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19469:participants
19418:German Samoa
19352:South Arabia
19116:Strep throat
19096:Otitis media
18673:India (2006)
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18395:Reassortment
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3070:
3063:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3000:
2996:
2988:yellow fever
2984:
2973:
2953:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:tuberculosis
2848:stay at home
2845:
2830:
2826:
2814:
2797:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2729:Saint Helena
2714:
2693:
2686:
2675:
2652:German Samoa
2634:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2607:steam shovel
2603:
2578:
2559:
2556:
2549:
2529:Four Corners
2526:
2517:
2506:
2499:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2466:
2455:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2346:
2340:
2323:bloodletting
2276:
2267:
2253:many lives.
2251:
2243:inoculations
2163:
2126:dengue fever
2119:
2111:
2109:
2106:Misdiagnosis
2081:
2059:
2052:
2011:
2008:
1992:
1980:
1949:
1947:
1930:
1915:
1896:
1883:
1881:
1865:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1817:
1814:Egon Schiele
1802:
1799:Edvard Munch
1776:
1757:
1745:
1716:
1691:
1679:
1675:
1660:
1645:
1641:seasonal flu
1633:
1625:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1582:
1577:
1555:
1544:
1525:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1470:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1402:
1363:
1355:Pennsylvania
1351:Philadelphia
1314:Sierra Leone
1303:
1264:
1216:
1207:
1200:Loring Miner
1188:Camp Funston
1185:
1148:
1119:
1106:maladie onze
1101:World War II
1094:
1042:
1023:
986:South Africa
975:
928:
898:
892:
890:
886:Alfonso XIII
851:
843:announced, "
838:
834:
830:
816:
814:
806:
776:
764:
709:
691:
689:
655:
619:
604:historicises
597:
578:
553:
536:
505:
479:
472:
468:
466:
318:
136:
89:Virus strain
63:Camp Funston
43:
22554:(2023–2024)
22548:(2022–2023)
22532:(2009–2010)
22520:(1977–1979)
22514:(1968–1970)
22508:(1961–1975)
22502:(1957–1958)
22496:(1919–1930)
22490:(1918–1920)
22488:Spanish flu
22484:(1899–1923)
22478:(1889–1890)
22476:Russian flu
22472:(1881–1896)
22466:(1863–1879)
22460:(1855–1860)
22454:(1852–1860)
22448:(1829–1851)
22442:(1816–1826)
22436:(1557–1559)
22366:(2022–2023)
22354:(2019–2020)
22348:(2019–2020)
22346:DRC measles
22300:(2018–2020)
22268:(2016–2022)
22256:(2015–2016)
22212:(2013–2016)
22206:(2013–2014)
22204:Chikungunya
22170:(2010–2019)
22164:(2009–2010)
22146:(2008–2017)
22140:(2008–2009)
22104:(2003–2005)
22092:(2002–2004)
22074:(1998–1999)
22055:(1972–1973)
22019:(1910–1911)
22013:(1900–1904)
21978:(1862–1863)
21948:(1847–1848)
21942:(1837–1838)
21924:(1813–1814)
21918:(1812–1819)
21888:(1793–1798)
21882:(1780–1782)
21870:(1770–1772)
21858:(1720–1722)
21852:(1710–1712)
21846:(1707–1708)
21822:(1675–1676)
21815:(1665–1666)
21797:(1647–1652)
21791:(1633–1644)
21779:(1629–1631)
21748:(1592–1593)
21742:(1592–1593)
21736:(1563–1564)
21730:(1557–1559)
21684:(1485–1551)
21678:(1346–1353)
21676:Black Death
21601: 1330
21467:(1918–1920)
21465:Spanish flu
21461:(1346–1353)
21459:Black Death
21416:Robert Koch
21319:History of
20876:Netherlands
20853:Switzerland
20734:Occupations
20725:Spanish flu
20502:(1919–1922)
20496:(1918–1921)
20490:(1918–1923)
20479:(1919–1921)
20473:(1919–1921)
20467:(1919–1920)
20443:(1918–1920)
20437:(1918–1920)
20431:(1918–1920)
20413:(1918–1920)
20395:(1918–1920)
20389:(1917–1921)
20383:(1917–1921)
20330:(1916-1918)
20328:Arab Revolt
20319:(1915–1917)
20313:(1915–1917)
20301:(1914-1917)
20295:(1914–1917)
20289:(1914–1921)
20283:(1913–1920)
20271:(1910–1920)
20265:(1900–1920)
19763:July Crisis
19684:(1880–1914)
19347:Mesopotamia
19225:Home fronts
19184:World War I
19101:Pharyngitis
19047:Non-mammals
18828:Laninamivir
18823:Oseltamivir
18811:Rimantadine
18639:2009 A/H1N1
18441:Influenza D
18436:Influenza C
18431:Influenza B
18426:Influenza A
18156:Tumpey TM,
17788:Dear Canada
17729:(2): 31–52.
17422:22 November
16923:(1): 4–21.
16856:(3): 11–17.
16401:22 November
16320:2 September
15793:"Influenza"
15666:10 December
15607:10 December
15559:Paskoff T,
15495:10 December
15345:Madhav 2013
15333:Crosby 1976
15059:2 September
14933:22 November
13845:Crosby 2003
13805:Crosby 2003
13722:MarketWatch
13469:Lindley R.
13457:Garret 2007
12648:(152): 23.
12628:Denoon 2004
11854:: 181–200.
11320:1 September
11194:29 November
11163:29 November
11132:29 November
11094:10174/25640
10301:20 February
10133:Vergano D.
9585:Crosby 2003
8538:"INFLUENZA"
7818:Shanks GD.
6380:Barry 2004b
6105:www.who.int
6063:Japan Today
5913:pandemic...
5327:Galvin 2007
5198:Der Freitag
5049:León, Spain
3792:: 177–188.
3575:Black Death
3353:million – 1
3346:1.19–1.37)
3329:Every year
3307:1.30–1.70)
3229:1.56–1.85)
3184:1.53–1.70)
3135:1.47–2.27)
3116:Spanish flu
3064:The recent
3059:Black Death
2879:World War I
2721:quarantines
2711:Other areas
2646:(16%), and
2613:Bristol Bay
2574:Addis Ababa
2343:World War I
2307:epsom salts
2283:antibiotics
2213:New Zealand
2086:, a common
1987:World War I
1835:John Oxford
1819:Die Familie
1708:reassortant
1683:Netherlands
1589:Rupert Blue
1540:New Zealand
1485:Switzerland
1450:Los Angeles
1406:Netherlands
1366:Arkhangelsk
1326:Fort Devens
1268:World War I
1221:, to other
1097:World War I
1091:Other names
1053:'Malibuzwe'
1039:Local names
937:battlefield
914:Rupert Blue
862:belligerent
638:in ancient
570:Etymologies
566:pandemics.
516:belligerent
508:World War I
480:Spanish flu
284:Rimantadine
274:Oseltamivir
269:Laninamivir
92:Strains of
49:Spanish flu
22614:Categories
22298:Kivu Ebola
22053:London flu
21426:Jonas Salk
21093:Agreements
20893:War crimes
20769:Luxembourg
20662:Casualties
19540:Montenegro
19375:South West
19255:Technology
19245:Propaganda
19235:Opposition
18853:Umifenovir
18845:Peramivir
18806:Amantadine
18784:Treatments
18405:Flu season
18276:. Via the
17544:0814799248
17100:1090305029
16962:9 November
16746:29 October
16411:Gladwell M
16114:9 November
15997:Demography
15984:1231722653
15444:8 December
15397:The Lancet
15373:5 December
14964:26 October
14877:25 January
14060:(1): 480.
13929:6 February
13547:2207.11636
13284:Barry 2004
13160:9 November
13054:9 November
13015:9 November
12448:22 January
12128:2 November
11625:StatPearls
10618:Barry 2004
10331:happening.
10274:Ewald 1994
10035:9 November
9978:4 November
7088:Transcript
6950:2 November
5850:Davis 2013
5772:www.fes.de
5582:Barry 2004
5298:1034984776
5054:21 October
4956:El Liberal
4952:Davis 2013
4666:1006711971
4542:The Lancet
4435:Davis 2013
3753:References
3586:pandemic.
3470:permafrost
3349:5–15% (340
3342:1.28 (IQR,
3303:1.46 (IQR,
3225:1.80 (IQR,
3180:1.65 (IQR,
3131:1.80 (IQR,
2992:diphtheria
2980:Guy Beiner
2521:Aboriginal
2468:The Lancet
2391:See also:
2321:, such as
2311:castor oil
2303:strychnine
2259:face masks
2069:hemorrhage
2023:ice hockey
2004:Copenhagen
1926:St. John's
1847:poison gas
1832:virologist
1551:Montevideo
1528:Madagascar
1512:Queensland
1349:, held in
1231:East Coast
1073:Otjiherero
1003:disease).
858:censorship
710:In 1918, '
701:bronchitis
693:The Lancet
682:heliotrope
407:Flu season
289:Umifenovir
259:Amantadine
67:Fort Riley
22625:Pandemics
22530:Swine flu
22500:Asian flu
22418:(541–767)
22387:Argentina
21672:(735–737)
21666:(664–689)
21660:(638–639)
21654:(627–628)
21642:(541–542)
21632:classical
21621:(250–266)
21554:epidemics
21550:Pandemics
21436:John Snow
20990:Diplomacy
20697:Olympians
20620:Australia
20587:Logistics
20520:Vlora War
20449:(1918–19)
20425:(1918–19)
20419:(1918–19)
20407:(1918–19)
20354:(1916–17)
20336:(1916–17)
20287:Zaian War
20277:(1914–15)
20004:first day
19892:Lusitania
19720:(1912–13)
19714:(1911–12)
19702:(1908–09)
19696:(1905–06)
19678:(1870–71)
19467:Principal
19327:Gallipoli
19230:Memorials
19215:Geography
19205:Aftermath
19111:Sinusitis
19106:Pneumonia
19002:Non-human
18969:Epidemics
18916:Pandemics
18907:epidemics
18886:Pandemrix
18838:Zanamivir
18833:Peramivir
18770:2020–2022
18763:Outbreaks
18678:UK (2007)
18661:Outbreaks
18605:Pandemics
18385:Treatment
18361:Influenza
18309:(Q178275)
18036:228999483
17580:228988279
17043:CiteSeerX
16819:2471-1403
16789:GeoHealth
16662:20 August
16602:159563767
16503:1874-1738
16372:2 October
16170:230561266
15807:3 October
15781:3 October
15237:14 August
15227:USA Today
14500:: b5213.
13642:0022-3808
13605:17 August
13601:. Reuters
13572:216202133
13564:1556-5068
13442:11 August
13269:17 August
12493:Hays 1998
12189:960210402
12102:Kohn 2007
12013:1456-8055
11248:USA Today
11224:5 October
10412:Sportsnet
9720:Oxford JS
9543:(4): 66.
9537:Pathogens
8630:13 August
7169:228988279
6721:0362-4331
6678:1937-5239
6633:8 October
6559:10 August
6256:13 August
6229:13 August
5932:CBC Radio
5874:16 August
5627:cite news
5608:0013-0613
5567:2 October
5438:12 August
5412:11 August
5405:The Times
5377:The Times
5345:The Times
4893:. Opinion
4562:0140-6736
4502:11 August
4458:11 August
4158:2471-1403
4128:GeoHealth
3873:21 August
3758:Citations
3710:Footnotes
3560:The high
3365:<0.1%
3246:<0.2%
3236:million)
3201:<0.2%
3191:million)
3165:Asian flu
3146:billion)
2889:morbidity
2792:influenza
2697:Kimberley
2586:civil war
2535:. Entire
2487:Indonesia
2387:Mortality
2299:digitalis
2191:Responses
1840:Aldershot
1532:Hong Kong
1496:Melbourne
1466:St. Louis
1458:Nashville
1223:U.S. Army
1142:apheresis
1117:, true).
1018:Sumo Kaze
978:Bolshevik
835:The Times
831:The Times
818:The Times
808:The Times
766:The Times
731:la grippe
723:influenza
715:influenza
674:Aldershot
636:Exodus 16
616:influenza
600:etymology
352:Outbreaks
307:Pandemics
294:Zanamivir
279:Peramivir
252:Treatment
227:Pandemrix
103:Worldwide
83:Influenza
22592:Medicine
22536:COVID-19
22524:HIV/AIDS
22102:Bird flu
21370:Syphilis
21365:Smallpox
21340:HIV/AIDS
21278:Category
20865:Refugees
20831:Italians
20820:Germans
20780:Ober Ost
20560:Aviation
19661:Timeline
19632:Bulgaria
19413:Tsingtao
19390:Togoland
19337:Caucasus
19272:European
19264:Theatres
18868:Vaccines
18453:subtypes
18375:Research
18206:12368467
18149:40267904
18116:17446914
18079:26392163
18071:11576290
17971:15202430
17905:10581070
17870:11901642
17841:19530360
17782:(2007).
17780:Little J
17758:(1999).
17756:Kolata G
17664:Archived
17631:Archived
17465:Archived
17443:(2006).
17441:Beiner G
17416:Archived
17412:17675021
17379:18353690
17342:16494711
17291:16208372
17248:11779381
17205:33987194
17135:19788357
17065:30114117
17014:(2005).
16956:Archived
16889:20233050
16837:33005839
16768:Archived
16740:Archived
16707:17230189
16656:Archived
16639:22974230
16631:11875246
16554:23843396
16458:Archived
16431:16 March
16425:Archived
16392:Archived
16366:Archived
16339:Archived
16314:Archived
16297:23940526
16257:PLOS ONE
16221:19787384
16108:Archived
16075:Archived
16027:39247719
16019:22661303
15916:(2000).
15889:Beiner G
15881:14733617
15855:(1): 3.
15841:Barry JM
15819:(2004).
15817:Barry JM
15801:Archived
15775:Archived
15771:37523219
15763:12955964
15722:16641950
15660:Archived
15656:11033776
15648:25820782
15601:Archived
15597:54122685
15589:30488509
15546:19530360
15489:Archived
15485:19280673
15438:Archived
15367:Archived
15321:Fox 2010
15308:18716625
15252:Fox 2008
15231:Archived
15197:22967978
15120:23 March
15114:Archived
15089:23 March
15083:Archived
15053:Archived
14958:Archived
14927:Archived
14871:Archived
14849:29206909
14798:10 March
14766:Archived
14744:24045719
14695:21713000
14644:22738893
14605:21850217
14565:PLOS ONE
14524:20007665
14475:20496301
14467:19543913
14372:22974230
14364:11875246
14329:17330793
14290:30202996
14228:Archived
14192:16494711
14143:15602562
14086:25186370
14035:26392163
14027:11576290
13992:12163258
13923:Archived
13683:Archived
13669:nber.org
13650:20055129
13582:14 April
13576:Archived
13511:Archived
13485:4 August
13479:Archived
13436:Archived
13390:16084634
13311:30 April
13305:Archived
13154:Archived
13106:11 April
13100:Archived
13079:46987588
13048:Archived
13009:Archived
12936:23794327
12928:22564320
12876:16494722
12765:Archived
12731:Archived
12697:Archived
12656:3 August
12650:Archived
12610:12 April
12572:30 April
12566:Archived
12478:26 April
12472:Archived
12468:BBC News
12442:Archived
12378:Archived
12352:15 April
12346:Archived
12308:Archived
12230:23 April
12224:Archived
12220:23155616
12148:Archived
12122:Archived
12087:28 March
12058:22451542
12017:Archived
11979:Archived
11975:22787011
11967:17189032
11951:Elsevier
11949:(9554).
11913:Archived
11883:Archived
11821:11021855
11770:29 March
11744:12 March
11731:30824908
11696:30824934
11643:11 March
11637:Archived
11633:30020613
11604:11 March
11595:Archived
11591:16372665
11494:21694687
11486:29764189
11427:11280273
11419:17416677
11252:Archived
11218:Archived
11188:Archived
11157:Archived
11126:Archived
11103:29371471
11044:23145046
11004:PLOS ONE
10985:26998334
10926:19683658
10889:27402752
10830:19081209
10789:24789791
10738:25561542
10654:Archived
10605:18710327
10539:17 April
10533:Archived
10511:28690590
10485:: 1041.
10422:23 March
10373:Archived
10326:Archived
10295:Archived
10249:15602562
10192:17379558
10120:17379558
10029:Archived
9902:26542935
9854:12 March
9841:15603896
9762:11779384
9734:(1416).
9704:13 April
9698:Archived
9644:67863937
9636:30805187
9569:27929449
9462:26286690
9408:19618626
9356:19564629
9307:20568566
9209:19861055
9137:21757099
9092:20167048
9043:29021518
8948:12 April
8922:12 April
8893:12 April
8864:12 April
8838:12 April
8812:12 April
8786:12 April
8760:12 April
8734:12 April
8708:12 April
8682:12 April
8656:12 April
8624:Archived
8602:19215637
8548:17 March
8522:17 March
8493:17 March
8464:17 March
8438:12 April
8412:12 April
8386:12 April
8360:12 April
8334:12 April
8310:19314682
8252:23 April
8246:Archived
8223:30422393
8174:25341056
8120:19314682
8080:19314684
8040:19314680
8000:19314671
7960:19903207
7911:19314683
7871:17136138
7798:36046217
7744:30099487
7695:24996457
7644:19453486
7588:21306572
7528:Archived
7503:19314657
7463:Archived
7417:Archived
7363:33566641
7314:19314646
7271:19314645
7231:17416677
7113:Archived
7084:Archived
7015:Archived
6944:Archived
6904:20568570
6844:20167048
6784:Archived
6725:Archived
6627:Archived
6526:March PC
6449:9 August
6415:9 August
6334:. 1919.
6204:20 March
6198:Archived
6173:20 March
6167:Archived
6141:20 March
6111:4 August
6069:8 August
6039:8 August
5973:8 August
5939:1 August
5906:1 August
5868:Archived
5816:7 August
5745:32633114
5688:23050410
5613:3 August
5561:Archived
5516:18652556
5473:9 August
5467:Archived
5174:30252513
5123:disease.
4987:A Coruña
4933:7 August
4897:7 August
4870:22118532
4817:49709093
4809:29976462
4774:91189842
4766:30938298
4718:31121112
4601:correct.
4596:23050410
4414:Archived
4410:27656702
4402:19541030
4363:20496301
4355:19543913
4311:Archived
4284:17330793
4243:18008258
4200:26 March
4176:33005839
4043:(2021).
4041:Barry JM
3970:11 April
3964:Archived
3937:30202996
3864:Archived
3816:24299150
3693:Pandemic
3633:See also
3400:Research
3357:billion)
3292:2009–10
3259:1977–79
3243:million
3214:1968–69
3198:million
3169:1957–58
3153:million
3138:33% (500
3120:1918–20
3091:Subtype
2976:bird flu
2968:Auckland
2941:in utero
2907:Economic
2788:Shanghai
2784:Calcutta
2779:colonial
2771:Shanghai
2660:Governor
2628:Several
2502:Istanbul
2375:, or by
2327:ayurveda
2295:arsenics
2065:delirium
2027:Joe Hall
1736:pandemic
1719:pandemic
1687:Helsinki
1520:Tasmania
1442:Michigan
1380:and the
1310:Freetown
1166:Timeline
1144:'Enza':
1132:for the
1130:metaphor
1045:endonyms
965:zarzuela
791:epithets
712:epidemic
698:purulent
685:cyanosis
628:biblical
624:Freetown
594:is sick"
592:the King
562:and the
477:misnomer
401:See also
215:Vaccines
100:Location
22604:Viruses
22580:Biology
22566:Portals
21586:Ancient
21350:Malaria
21345:Leprosy
21335:Cholera
21016:Germany
20916:Germany
20844:Germany
20764:Belgium
20749:Albania
20708:Disease
20688:Sports
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19637:Senussi
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19612:Leaders
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19302:Romania
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19009:Mammals
18719:Vaccine
18697:Science
18632:Science
18414:Viruses
18380:Vaccine
18302:Scholia
18174:Bibcode
17913:5065916
17832:2740912
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17333:3291398
17299:4405787
17269:Bibcode
17239:1088558
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16929:2021692
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16715:4431644
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16545:3730600
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16483:Bibcode
16345:30 June
16335:Reuters
16310:Reuters
16288:3734171
16265:Bibcode
16236:. OUP.
16212:2772961
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15730:4382489
15700:Bibcode
15537:2740912
15299:2848880
15278:Bibcode
15188:3448162
15146:22 June
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14735:3809029
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14596:3151238
14573:Bibcode
14515:2791802
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14183:3291398
14134:7095078
14113:Bibcode
14077:4169819
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13955:31 July
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13689:18 June
13517:8 April
13195:29 July
12919:9152047
12867:3291414
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12154:19 June
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11387:Bibcode
11071:Bibcode
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10976:4785985
10953:Bibcode
10908:Vaccine
10880:4968739
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10780:4097773
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10660:21 July
10596:2599911
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10240:7095078
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10149:5 March
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9821:Vaccine
9753:1088561
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7222:1849868
7199:Bibcode
6895:2862337
6835:5779284
6731:22 June
6328:Chicago
5980:Poland.
5896:El País
5782:31 July
5736:7528412
5384:29 July
5352:29 July
5256:: 217.
5204:31 July
5165:6187801
5084:29 July
5024:29 July
4992:29 July
4861:5779808
4709:6773402
4631:5334191
4567:Alt URL
4420:5 April
4167:7513628
4136:Bibcode
4088:30 July
3928:7314216
3807:4082668
3619:Halifax
3499:of the
3299:H1N1/09
2874:Effects
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2755:British
2689:Ireland
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2381:U-boats
2369:aspirin
2341:Due to
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2025:player
1859:mutated
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1161:History
1140:to the
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1007:blamed
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737:in the
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512:censors
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22430:(1510)
22408:Global
22389:(2024)
22372:(2023)
22360:(2020)
22342:(2019)
22336:(2019)
22330:(2019)
22324:(2019)
22318:(2019)
22312:(2019)
22306:(2018)
22294:(2018)
22288:(2018)
22281:(2018)
22274:(2017)
22262:(2016)
22250:(2015)
22244:(2015)
22238:(2014)
22232:(2014)
22226:(2014)
22219:(2014)
22200:(2013)
22194:(2013)
22188:(2012)
22182:(2012)
22176:(2011)
22158:(2009)
22152:(2009)
22134:(2007)
22128:(2006)
22122:(2006)
22116:(2006)
22110:(2005)
22098:(2003)
22067:(1994)
22061:(1974)
22049:(1972)
22043:(1963)
22037:(1947)
22031:(1937)
22025:(1924)
21996:(1894)
21990:(1871)
21984:(1870)
21972:(1856)
21966:(1854)
21960:(1853)
21954:(1853)
21946:Typhus
21936:(1829)
21930:(1813)
21901:Modern
21876:(1772)
21864:(1738)
21829:(1679)
21809:(1656)
21803:(1655)
21785:(1633)
21773:(1623)
21767:(1603)
21718:(1520)
21712:(1510)
21695:modern
21394:People
21355:Plague
21036:Russia
21011:France
20839:Canada
20754:Serbia
20625:Canada
20582:Horses
20534:(1921)
20528:(1920)
20522:(1920)
20516:(1920)
20508:(1920)
20461:(1919)
20455:(1919)
20401:(1918)
20366:(1918)
20360:(1917)
20348:(1916)
20342:(1916)
20307:(1915)
19726:(1913)
19708:(1911)
19690:(1905)
19647:Darfur
19572:Serbia
19555:Russia
19518:Greece
19506:France
19496:Brazil
19342:Persia
19285:Serbia
19026:Equine
19021:Feline
19016:Canine
18891:Audenz
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18266:silent
18235:C-SPAN
18215:Videos
18204:
18197:129786
18194:
18147:
18114:
18108:132645
18106:
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17706:
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17656:
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17614:
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17504:
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17410:
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17261:Nature
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15270:Nature
15195:
15185:
14983:2005).
14847:
14837:
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14544:7 July
14522:
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13990:
13898:6 June
13830:6 June
13764:
13648:
13640:
13570:
13562:
13475:hnn.us
13388:
13265:. NCBI
13146:
13077:
13040:
13001:
12934:
12926:
12916:
12874:
12864:
12825:14 May
12771:26 May
12384:7 July
12314:22 May
12218:
12187:
12177:
12056:
12046:
12011:
11973:
11965:
11943:Lancet
11919:7 June
11889:7 June
11819:
11809:
11729:
11694:
11631:
11589:
11492:
11484:
11425:
11417:
11407:
11352:silive
11311:
11101:
11042:
11032:
10983:
10973:
10924:
10887:
10877:
10828:
10787:
10777:
10736:
10726:
10603:
10593:
10509:
10499:
10379:19 May
10247:
10237:
10211:Nature
10190:
10118:
10070:
10021:
9900:
9839:
9760:
9750:
9642:
9634:
9624:
9567:
9557:
9511:310732
9509:
9499:
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9450:
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9090:
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9031:
8600:
8590:
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8211:
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7732:
7693:
7683:
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7632:
7586:
7576:
7537:11 May
7501:
7491:
7455:
7423:10 May
7361:
7351:
7312:
7302:
7269:
7259:
7229:
7219:
7167:
7119:4 July
7093:27 May
7021:9 July
6985:
6902:
6892:
6842:
6832:
6793:29 May
6719:
6676:
6504:
6474:
6301:
6194:PopSci
6002:
5901:Madrid
5743:
5733:
5686:
5606:
5514:
5296:
5286:
5172:
5162:
5114:
4961:El Sol
4868:
4858:
4815:
4807:
4789:Lancet
4772:
4764:
4716:
4706:
4664:
4654:
4629:
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4382:Lancet
4361:
4353:
4282:
4241:
4174:
4164:
4156:
4057:
3935:
3925:
3909:(12).
3814:
3804:
3733:Madrid
3548:Lancet
3449:, the
3443:strain
3425:clades
3355:
3351:
3344:
3339:, ...
3316:0.01%
3305:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3151:
3149:17–100
3144:
3140:
3133:
3085:World
2958:Legacy
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2509:Pākehā
2491:Tahiti
2329:, and
2315:iodine
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2134:typhus
2122:plague
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1936:, see
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1805:(1919)
1790:Europe
1764:Kansas
1706:, the
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1562:Mexico
1558:Serbia
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1212:Queens
1192:Kansas
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21693:Early
21648:(590)
21630:Post-
21578:Local
21491:Other
21360:Polio
21233:Other
21026:Japan
21021:Italy
20848:camps
20692:Rugby
19528:Japan
19523:Italy
19501:China
19395:North
19091:Croup
19054:Avian
19038:Swine
18586:H11N9
18581:H11N2
18576:H10N8
18571:H10N7
18566:H10N3
18145:JSTOR
18104:JSTOR
18075:S2CID
18032:S2CID
17909:S2CID
17670:3 May
17576:S2CID
17295:S2CID
17061:JSTOR
16774:5 May
16760:(PDF)
16711:S2CID
16635:S2CID
16598:S2CID
16507:S2CID
16464:3 May
16395:(PDF)
16388:(PDF)
16166:S2CID
16081:3 May
16023:S2CID
15955:1 May
15767:S2CID
15726:S2CID
15652:S2CID
15593:S2CID
15416:(PDF)
15393:(PDF)
15173:(5).
14471:S2CID
14368:S2CID
14231:(PDF)
14224:(PDF)
14031:S2CID
13646:S2CID
13568:S2CID
13542:arXiv
13246:[
12932:S2CID
12410:4 May
11971:S2CID
11738:(PDF)
11707:(PDF)
11598:(PDF)
11575:(PDF)
11490:S2CID
11423:S2CID
10068:JSTOR
9848:(PDF)
9817:(PDF)
9794:9 May
9640:S2CID
9438:(4).
8967:(PDF)
8288:JSTOR
7823:(PDF)
7531:(PDF)
7520:(PDF)
7165:S2CID
6787:(PDF)
6776:(PDF)
6337:same.
6031:[
6029:=毎日新聞
5076:[
4813:S2CID
4770:S2CID
4406:S2CID
4359:S2CID
4314:(PDF)
4301:(PDF)
3867:(PDF)
3854:(PDF)
3788:(2).
3599:. In
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3374:Notes
3082:Date
3079:Name
2863:et al
2859:et al
2644:Nauru
2640:Tonga
2562:Ghana
2537:Inuit
2519:some
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2485:(now
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2140:. In
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2096:edema
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1662:Korea
1547:Chile
1318:Brest
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1005:Japan
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22254:Zika
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22090:SARS
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19772:1914
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