1142:) is typically injected rapidly into a saline drip running into a vein, in a patient who has been fasting for at least six hours, and who has a suitably low blood sugar. (This is a problem for some diabetics; usually PET scanning centers will not administer the isotope to patients with blood glucose levels over about 180 mg/dL = 10 mmol/L, and such patients must be rescheduled). The patient must then wait about an hour for the sugar to distribute and be taken up into organs which use glucose – a time during which physical activity must be kept to a minimum, in order to minimize uptake of the radioactive sugar into muscles (this causes unwanted artifacts in the scan, interfering with reading especially when the organs of interest are inside the body vs. inside the skull). Then, the patient is placed in the PET scanner for a series of one or more scans which may take from 20 minutes to as long as an hour (often, only about one-quarter of the body length may be imaged at a time).
37:
385:
787:
940:
1058:
contrast to other medical radioisotopes like carbon-11. Due to transport regulations for radioactive compounds, delivery is normally done by specially licensed road transport, but means of transport may also include dedicated small commercial jet services. Transport by air allows to expand the distribution area around a FDG production site to deliver the compound to PET scanning centres even hundreds of miles away.
1071:
2815:
626:
1102:
form is greatly elevated in rapidly growing malignant tumours). Phosphorylated FDG cannot be further metabolised and is thus retained by tissues with high metabolic activity, such as most types of malignant tumours. As a result, FDG-PET can be used for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring treatment of
1044:
are the only producers in the United
Kingdom. A dose of FDG in England costs about £130. In Northern Ireland, where there is a single supplier, doses cost up to £450. IBA Molecular North America and Zevacor Molecular, both of which are owned by Illinois Health and Science (IBAM having been purchased
1003:
by two hours after a dose of FDG, with a rapid half-life of about 16 minutes (this portion makes the renal-collecting system and bladder prominent in a normal PET scan). This short biological half-life indicates that this 20% portion of the total fluorine-18 tracer activity is eliminated renally much
994:
Although in theory all FDG is metabolized as above with a radioactivity elimination half-life of 110 minutes (the same as that of fluorine-18), clinical studies have shown that the radioactivity of FDG partitions into two major fractions. About 75% of the fluorine-18 activity remains in tissues and
1007:
All radioactivity of FDG, both the 20% which is rapidly excreted in the first several hours of urine which is made after the exam, and the 80% which remains in the patient, decays with a half-life of 110 minutes (just under two hours). Thus, within 24 hours (13 half-lives after the injection), the
1004:
more quickly than the isotope itself can decay. Unlike normal glucose, FDG is not fully reabsorbed by the kidney. Because of this rapidly excreted urine F, the urine of a patient undergoing a PET scan may therefore be especially radioactive for several hours after administration of the isotope.
1057:
The labeled FDG compound has a relatively short shelf life which is dominated by the physical decay of fluorine-18 with a half-life of 109.8 minutes, or slightly less than two hours. Still, this half life is sufficiently long to allow shipping the compound to remote PET scanning facilities, in
990:
in its aqueous environment, the molecule becomes glucose-6-phosphate labeled with harmless nonradioactive "heavy oxygen" in the hydroxyl at the C-2 position. The new presence of a 2-hydroxyl now allows it to be metabolized normally in the same way as ordinary glucose, producing non-radioactive
1061:
Recently, on-site cyclotrons with integral shielding and portable chemistry stations for making FDG have accompanied PET scanners to remote hospitals. This technology holds some promise in the future, for replacing some of the scramble to transport FDG from site of manufacture to site of use.
1018:
of the initial radioactivity of the dose. In practice, patients who have been injected with FDG are told to avoid the close vicinity of especially radiation-sensitive persons, such as infants, children and pregnant women, for at least 12 hours (7 half-lives, or decay to
790:
Comparative images of the first X-ray (left) and the first total body FDG-PET scan (right), the latter pioneered by Abass Alavi. These diagnostic tools have revolutionized modern medicine, with the FDG-PET scan having an impact akin to that of the first
749:. The subsequent discovery in 1980 that FDG accumulates in tumors underpins the evolution of PET as a major clinical tool in cancer diagnosis. FDG is now the standard radiotracer used for PET neuroimaging and cancer patient management.
995:
is eliminated with a half-life of 110 minutes, presumably by decaying in place to O-18 to form O-glucose-6-phosphate, which is non-radioactive (this molecule can soon be metabolized to carbon dioxide and water, after
1330:
Ido T, Wan CN, Casella V, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, Reivich M, Kuhl DE (1978). "Labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose analogs: F-labeled 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose and C-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose".
1235:
Som P, Atkins HL, Bandoypadhyay D, Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Matsui K, et al. (July 1980). "A fluorinated glucose analog, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18): nontoxic tracer for rapid tumor detection".
780:
in August, 1976 at the
University of Pennsylvania. Brain images obtained with an ordinary (non-PET) nuclear scanner demonstrated the concentration of FDG in that organ (see history reference below).
861:
Anhydrous fluoride salts, which are easier to handle than fluorine gas, can be produced in a cyclotron. To achieve this chemistry, the F is separated from the aqueous solvent by trapping it on an
1532:
854:
with high probability where an incoming proton "knocks out" a neutron) in the O. This produces "carrier-free" dissolved fluoride (F) ions in the water. The 109.8-minute
1173:
36:
1791:
999:
of the fluorine to oxygen ceases to prevent metabolism). Another fraction of FDG, representing about 20% of the total fluorine-18 activity of an injection, is
111:
1479:
Moran, J. K., Lee, H. B., & Blaufox, M. D. (1999). Optimization of urinary FDG excretion during PET imaging. The
Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 40(8), 1352.
2478:
496:
959:
prevents the glucose from being released again from the cell, once it has been absorbed. The 2-hydroxyl group (–OH) in normal glucose is needed for further
1359:
1008:
radioactivity in the patient and in any initially voided urine which may have contaminated bedding or objects after the PET exam will have decayed to 2 =
742:. After FDG is injected into a patient, a PET scanner can form two-dimensional or three-dimensional images of the distribution of FDG within the body.
639:
1619:
827:
begins with synthesis of the unattached fluoride radiotracer, since cyclotron bombardment destroys organic molecules of the type usually used for
1200:
Newberg A, Alavi A, Reivich M (January 2002). "Determination of regional cerebral function with FDG-PET imaging in neuropsychiatric disorders".
776:
were the first to describe the synthesis of FDG labeled with fluorine-18. The compound was first administered to two normal human volunteers by
1784:
1645:
884:
but its anhydrous conditions are required to avoid competing reactions involving hydroxide, which is also a good nucleophile. The use of the
975:. As a result, the distribution of FDG is a good reflection of the distribution of glucose uptake and phosphorylation by cells in the body.
2504:
424:
2438:
1510:
634:
2598:
1777:
1576:
1550:
971:, FDG cannot be further metabolized in cells. The FDG-6-phosphate formed when FDG enters the cell cannot exit the cell before
2001:
17:
1134:
In body-scanning applications in searching for tumor or metastatic disease, a dose of -FDG in solution (typically 5 to 10
2144:
2161:
963:(metabolism of glucose by splitting it), but FDG is missing this 2-hydroxyl. Thus, in common with its sister molecule
2845:
2156:
772:, Czechoslovakia were the first to describe the synthesis of FDG. Later, in the 1970s, Tatsuo Ido and Al Wolf at the
662:
399:
2005:
1941:
1892:
1830:
646:
1368:
2134:
2100:
2090:
2033:
1826:
773:
2870:
1937:
2549:
2222:
2139:
2095:
2028:
702:
342:
2239:
2063:
363:
171:
2805:
2175:
801:
674:
670:
1601:
1265:"Progress and promise of FDG-PET imaging for cancer patient management and oncologic drug development"
2860:
2519:
1083:
903:
380:
2855:
2310:
2043:
1649:
768:
In 1968, Dr. Josef Pacák, Zdeněk Točík and
Miloslav Černý at the Department of Organic Chemistry,
545:
1814:
1128:
2850:
2840:
2448:
2375:
996:
828:
217:
198:
49:
1665:"High aerobic glycolysis of rat hepatoma cells in culture: role of mitochondrial hexokinase"
1263:
Kelloff GJ, Hoffman JM, Johnson B, Scher HI, Siegel BA, Cheng EY, et al. (April 2005).
1082:, where a static FDG PET scan is performed and the tumor FDG uptake is analyzed in terms of
191:
2573:
2494:
2489:
2408:
2053:
1915:
1676:
1108:
1104:
952:
588:
351:
75:
1045:
as of 1 August 2015), Siemens' PETNET Solutions (a subsidiary of
Siemens Healthcare), and
8:
690:
408:
InChI=1S/C6H11FO5/c7-3-5(10)4(9)2(1-8)12-6(3)11/h2-6,8-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4-,5-,6+/m1/s1/i7-1
65:
1769:
1680:
384:
151:
2865:
2564:
2433:
2428:
2293:
2277:
2246:
2212:
2016:
1979:
1869:
1750:
1723:
1489:
1457:
1432:
1041:
824:
769:
731:
substituted for the normal hydroxyl group at the C-2 position in the glucose molecule.
717:
517:
131:
1699:
1664:
1580:
892:
between free potassium and fluoride ions, rendering the fluoride anion more reactive.
786:
2539:
2499:
2423:
2418:
2370:
2340:
1865:
1845:
1801:
1755:
1704:
1462:
1413:
1286:
1245:
1217:
1112:
972:
964:
323:
270:
285:
2835:
1952:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1745:
1735:
1694:
1684:
1452:
1444:
1405:
1340:
1309:
1276:
1209:
1182:
1037:
851:
808:. Subsequently, a "nucleophilic synthesis" was devised with the same radioisotope.
753:
558:
507:
447:
304:
1281:
1264:
946:
2819:
2307:
2227:
1880:
1046:
1000:
956:
951:
FDG, as a glucose analog, is taken up by high-glucose-using cells such as brain,
927:
783:
Please see the comparative figure below for further history of the FDG molecule.
698:
574:
2775:
2661:
2256:
2129:
2086:
2024:
1997:
1933:
1888:
1822:
1669:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
870:
858:
of fluorine-18 makes rapid and automated chemistry necessary after this point.
847:
745:
Since its development in 1976, FDG had a profound influence on research in the
735:
617:
1740:
1086:(SUV). FDG PET/CT can be used for the assessment of glucose metabolism in the
1074:
Whole-body PET scan using F-FDG to show liver metastases of a colorectal tumor
2829:
2473:
2396:
2323:
1304:
Pacák J, Točík Z, Černý M (1969). "Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose".
1171:
Pacák J, Točík Z, Černý M (1969). "Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose".
1116:
1099:
987:
911:
746:
480:
1409:
1344:
1213:
2793:
2780:
2765:
2666:
2651:
2602:
2509:
2443:
2288:
2074:
1805:
1759:
1689:
1466:
1417:
1290:
1221:
1135:
866:
862:
725:
502:
1249:
850:(sometimes called a "knockout reaction" – a common type of
834:
Cyclotron production of fluorine-18 may be accomplished by bombardment of
2770:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2710:
2695:
2656:
2646:
2611:
2569:
2463:
2391:
2345:
2207:
2049:
1992:
1964:
1861:
1708:
1448:
1313:
1186:
1124:
889:
881:
816:
812:
777:
757:
728:
694:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2579:
2524:
2484:
2467:
2458:
2413:
2380:
2365:
2360:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2168:
2151:
2111:
2106:
2059:
2039:
1911:
1836:
1151:
1095:
960:
739:
579:
567:
470:
182:
2785:
2755:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2671:
2616:
2590:
2554:
2403:
2385:
2329:
2319:
2234:
2078:
1987:
1921:
1361:
Radiopharmaceutical development at the
Massachusetts General hospital
1139:
979:
939:
855:
839:
820:
604:
1393:
819:, the fluorine-18 must be made initially as the fluoride anion in a
616:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2303:
1120:
1079:
885:
873:
and potassium carbonate. Evaporation of the eluate gives F (
738:, which in turn is closely correlated with certain types of tissue
721:
245:
930:
removes the acetyl protecting groups, giving the desired product (
110:
2452:
2335:
1956:
1646:"Radiation Testing and PET Minding the Radiopharmaceutical Store"
900:
835:
714:
257:
1070:
2594:
2544:
2529:
1968:
1094:. FDG is taken up by cells, and subsequently phosphorylated by
983:
947:
Mechanism of action, metabolic end-products, and metabolic rate
843:
162:
2558:
2514:
2121:
1903:
1091:
1087:
142:
100:
1394:"Initial and subsequent approach for the synthesis of 18FDG"
1234:
1078:
In PET imaging, FDG is primarily used for imaging tumors in
368:
2534:
2355:
2350:
1926:
978:
The fluorine in FDG decays radioactively via beta-decay to
485:
170 to 176 °C (338 to 349 °F; 443 to 449 K)
236:
1620:"Siemens' PETNET Solutions to Aid The US Oncology Network"
1306:
Journal of the
Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications
1262:
1174:
Journal of the
Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications
1799:
915:
734:
The uptake of FDG by tissues is a marker for the tissue
1551:"Fludeoxyglucose F 18- fludeoxyglucose f-18 injection"
2803:
760:
to provide diagnoses of various medical conditions.
1329:
1199:
1662:
1127:. It has also been approved for use in diagnosing
922:, giving the protected fluorinated deoxyglucose (
2827:
934:) after removing the cryptand via ion-exchange:
610:20% Radioactivity renally excreted in two hours
322:
303:
284:
269:
1433:"Review of F-FDG Synthesis and Quality Control"
1303:
1170:
74:
1513:. Local Government Chronicle. 12 February 2015
1785:
910:); the fluoride anion displaces the triflate
381:DTXSID50894178 DTXSID40212908, DTXSID50894178
1663:Bustamante E, Pedersen PL (September 1977).
1511:"'Monopoly' fears over £350m scans contract"
831:, and in particular, would destroy glucose.
1721:
1533:"What is the impact of 21 C.F.R. Part 212?"
1437:Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal
846:bombardment of O-enriched water, causing a
1792:
1778:
1643:
383:
216:
197:
190:
1749:
1739:
1698:
1688:
1456:
1391:
1280:
350:
1617:
1357:
1069:
785:
1164:
888:to sequester the potassium ions avoids
379:
14:
2828:
2794:Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)
1773:
1543:
1325:
1323:
411:Key: ZCXUVYAZINUVJD-AHXZWLDOSA-N
170:
150:
1722:Hofman MS, Hicks RJ (October 2016).
506:
260:
244:
24:
1724:"How We Read Oncologic FDG PET/CT"
1490:"Fludeoxyglucose drug information"
1430:
1320:
955:, kidney, and cancer cells, where
25:
2882:
1648:. Medical Imaging. Archived from
1606:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1392:Fowler JS, Ido T (January 2002).
529:
2813:
1618:Matthews M (19 September 2013).
938:
752:The images can be assessed by a
624:
35:
1715:
1656:
1637:
1611:
1595:
1577:"Fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG)"
1569:
1525:
1503:
1482:
1473:
1065:
1052:
1029:the initial radioactive dose).
620:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1602:"National Drug Code Directory"
1424:
1385:
1351:
1333:J Labeled Compounds Radiopharm
1297:
1256:
1228:
1193:
899:is treated with the protected
800:FDG was first synthesized via
774:Brookhaven National Laboratory
13:
1:
1282:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2626
1157:
1032:
1608:, Retrieved 5 February 2016.
1398:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
1202:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
823:. Synthesis of complete FDG
795:
703:positron emission tomography
475:181.1495 g mol
7:
1238:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1145:
865:column, and eluted with an
10:
2887:
1049:are producers in the U.S.
802:electrophilic fluorination
763:
2684:
2589:
2302:
2287:
2255:
2120:
2073:
2015:
1978:
1951:
1902:
1879:
1813:
1741:10.1186/s40644-016-0091-3
1103:cancers, particularly in
1084:Standardized Uptake Value
842:, but usually is done by
705:(PET). Chemically, it is
614:
557:
489:
440:
420:
395:
58:
48:
43:
34:
2846:Medicinal radiochemistry
1269:Clinical Cancer Research
677:), also commonly called
2520:Gallium (Ga) gozetotide
2064:Iodinated human albumin
1410:10.1053/snuc.2002.29270
1345:10.1002/jlcr.2580140204
1214:10.1053/snuc.2002.29276
667:fluorodeoxyglucose F 18
53:2-Deoxy-2-fluoroglucose
30:Fluorodeoxyglucose (F)
1815:Central nervous system
1690:10.1073/pnas.74.9.3735
1075:
880:The fluoride anion is
792:
2449:Fludeoxyglucose (18F)
2376:Pittsburgh compound B
2017:Cardiovascular system
1431:Yu S (October 2006).
1073:
997:nuclear transmutation
982:. After picking up a
789:
18:Fludeoxyglucose (18F)
2871:Radiopharmaceuticals
2495:Fluorothymidine F-18
2490:Fluoroestradiol F-18
2409:Desmethoxyfallypride
1916:Sodium iodohippurate
1802:radiopharmaceuticals
1652:on 20 November 2008.
1449:10.2349/biij.2.4.e57
1314:10.1039/C29690000077
1187:10.1039/C29690000077
1109:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
589:Biological half-life
2479:Fluorodeoxysorbitol
2223:Fluoroethyltyrosine
2162:Satumomab pendetide
1681:1977PNAS...74.3735B
1644:Lisa Fratt (2003).
1374:on 11 February 2015
1129:Alzheimer's disease
691:radiopharmaceutical
534: X (High risk)
132:Beilstein Reference
31:
2565:Piflufolastat F-18
2434:Flotufolastat F-18
2429:Flortaucipir (18F)
2247:Piflufolastat F-18
2218:Fluorodeoxyglucose
2157:Capromab pendetide
1980:Respiratory system
1870:Flutemetamol (18F)
1076:
1042:Siemens Healthcare
825:radioactive tracer
793:
770:Charles University
679:fluorodeoxyglucose
659:Fluorodeoxyglucose
647:Infobox references
29:
2801:
2800:
2680:
2679:
2574:Rubidium chloride
2540:N-Methylspiperone
2500:Flurpiridaz (18F)
2424:Florbetapir (18F)
2419:Florbetaben (18F)
2371:N-Methylspiperone
2202:Iobenguane (131I)
2189:Iobenguane (123I)
2054:Rubidium chloride
1866:Florbetapir (18F)
1846:Iofetamine (123I)
1624:Axis Imaging News
1113:colorectal cancer
1105:Hodgkin's disease
973:radioactive decay
968:
736:uptake of glucose
710:
707:2-deoxy-2-fluoro-
693:, specifically a
655:Chemical compound
653:
652:
533:
364:CompTox Dashboard
334:
319:
300:
281:
228:
213:
112:Interactive image
90:
16:(Redirected from
2878:
2861:PET radiotracers
2818:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2300:
2299:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2145:Hynic-octreotide
1953:Gastrointestinal
1851:Iolopride (123I)
1841:Ioflupane (123I)
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:. Archived from
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1367:, archived from
1366:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1168:
1038:Alliance Medical
1028:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1001:excreted renally
966:
953:brown adipocytes
942:
852:nuclear reaction
754:nuclear medicine
708:
681:and abbreviated
637:
631:
628:
627:
597:16 min (at 20%)
594:110 min (at 70%)
559:Pharmacokinetics
531:
528:
510:
448:Chemical formula
432:OCC1OC(O)()(O)1O
388:
387:
372:
370:
354:
328:
326:
309:
307:
290:
288:
275:
273:
262:
248:
222:
220:
203:
201:
194:
174:
154:
114:
80:
78:
39:
32:
28:
21:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2856:Organofluorides
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2686:Isotopes used:
2676:
2585:
2291:
2283:
2278:Iodocholesterol
2251:
2228:Sodium fluoride
2197:
2184:
2171:
2116:
2069:
2011:
1974:
1947:
1898:
1881:Skeletal system
1875:
1809:
1798:
1768:
1767:
1720:
1716:
1661:
1657:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1583:on 25 July 2015
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1537:Cardinal Health
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1429:
1425:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1328:
1321:
1302:
1298:
1275:(8): 2785–808.
1261:
1257:
1233:
1229:
1198:
1194:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1148:
1068:
1055:
1047:Cardinal Health
1035:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1009:
957:phosphorylation
949:
928:Base hydrolysis
919:
807:
798:
766:
699:medical imaging
656:
649:
644:
643:
642: ?)
633:
629:
625:
621:
607:
595:
591:
577:
575:Phosphorylation
570:
550:
547:
539:
522:
519:
499:
464:
460:
456:
450:
436:
433:
428:
427:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
391:
373:
366:
357:
337:
263:
251:
231:
177:
157:
134:
117:
104:
93:
68:
54:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:technetium-99m
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2316:
2314:
2297:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2257:Adrenal cortex
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1728:Cancer Imaging
1714:
1655:
1636:
1610:
1594:
1568:
1542:
1524:
1502:
1481:
1472:
1423:
1384:
1358:Janet Miller,
1350:
1339:(2): 174–183.
1319:
1296:
1255:
1227:
1192:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1138:or 200 to 400
1067:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1031:
991:end-products.
948:
945:
944:
943:
917:
871:2,2,2-cryptand
848:(p-n) reaction
805:
797:
794:
765:
762:
697:, used in the
654:
651:
650:
645:
623:
622:
618:standard state
615:
612:
611:
608:
603:
600:
599:
592:
587:
584:
583:
571:
566:
563:
562:
555:
554:
551:
548:administration
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
535:
525:
523:
516:
513:
512:
500:
495:
492:
491:
487:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
467:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
446:
443:
442:
438:
437:
435:
434:
431:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:
398:
397:
396:
393:
392:
390:
389:
376:
374:
362:
359:
358:
356:
355:
347:
345:
339:
338:
336:
335:
320:
318:)-6-meth,-2-ol
301:
299:)-6-meth,-2-ol
282:
266:
264:
256:
253:
252:
250:
249:
241:
239:
233:
232:
230:
229:
214:
212:)-6-meth,-2-ol
195:
187:
185:
179:
178:
176:
175:
167:
165:
159:
158:
156:
155:
147:
145:
139:
138:
135:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:Abbreviations
119:
118:
116:
115:
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
89:)-6-meth,-2-ol
71:
69:
64:
61:
60:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Fluorocholine
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2289:Radionuclides
2286:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2006:Pentetic acid
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1942:Pentetic acid
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1893:Medronic acid
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:Pentetic acid
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:(9): 3735–9.
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1512:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:breast cancer
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1100:mitochondrial
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1005:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
988:hydronium ion
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
962:
958:
954:
941:
937:
936:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
912:leaving group
909:
905:
902:
898:
895:Intermediate
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
803:
788:
784:
781:
779:
775:
771:
761:
759:
756:physician or
755:
750:
748:
747:neurosciences
743:
741:
737:
732:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
712:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
648:
641:
636:
619:
613:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
572:
569:
565:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
543:
542:
536:
527:
526:
524:
521:
515:
514:
509:
504:
501:
498:
494:
493:
490:Pharmacology
488:
484:
482:
481:Melting point
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
468:
452:
449:
445:
444:
439:
430:
429:
426:
419:
405:
404:
401:
394:
386:
382:
378:
377:
375:
365:
361:
360:
353:
349:
348:
346:
344:
341:
340:
332:
325:
321:
317:
313:
306:
302:
298:
294:
287:
283:
279:
272:
268:
267:
265:
259:
255:
254:
247:
243:
242:
240:
238:
235:
234:
226:
219:
215:
211:
207:
200:
196:
193:
189:
188:
186:
184:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
166:
164:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
146:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
106:
102:
97:
96:
88:
84:
77:
73:
72:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2851:Neuroimaging
2841:Deoxy sugars
2781:thallium-201
2766:samarium-153
2603:scintigraphy
2510:Flutemetamol
2444:Fluciclovine
2217:
2213:Fluciclovine
2176:Minretumomab
2075:Inflammation
1731:
1727:
1717:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1650:the original
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1557:. 8 May 2018
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1376:, retrieved
1369:the original
1360:
1353:
1336:
1332:
1305:
1299:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1244:(7): 670–5.
1241:
1237:
1230:
1208:(1): 13–34.
1205:
1201:
1195:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1133:
1077:
1066:Applications
1060:
1056:
1053:Distribution
1036:
1006:
993:
977:
950:
931:
923:
907:
896:
894:
882:nucleophilic
879:
874:
869:solution of
867:acetonitrile
863:ion-exchange
860:
833:
817:radioligands
811:As with all
810:
799:
782:
767:
751:
744:
733:
726:radionuclide
706:
686:
682:
678:
666:
658:
657:
596:
578:
553:Intravenous
330:
315:
311:
296:
292:
277:
224:
209:
205:
172:ChEMBL497613
86:
82:
59:Identifiers
26:
2771:selenium-75
2761:rubidium-82
2751:nitrogen-13
2746:krypton-81m
2711:fluorine-18
2696:chromium-51
2346:Carfentanil
2292:(including
2135:Arcitumomab
2101:Tilmanocept
2091:Exametazime
2034:Tetrofosmin
1827:Exametazime
1800:Diagnostic
1517:22 February
1404:(1): 6–12.
1136:millicuries
1125:lung cancer
890:ion-pairing
813:radioactive
778:Abass Alavi
758:radiologist
729:fluorine-18
720:, with the
695:radiotracer
441:Properties
152:CHEBI:49130
2830:Categories
2792:See also:
2741:iodine-131
2736:iodine-125
2731:iodine-123
2726:indium-111
2721:gallium-68
2716:gallium-67
2580:Setoperone
2505:Fluspidine
2485:Fluorodopa
2468:Altanserin
2459:Flumazenil
2414:Fallypride
2381:Raclopride
2366:Methionine
2361:Flumazenil
2332:(Cimbi-36)
1938:Mertiatide
1629:5 February
1561:29 January
1443:(4): e57.
1158:References
1152:Fluorodopa
1096:hexokinase
1033:Production
961:glycolysis
920:2 reaction
815:F-labeled
740:metabolism
724:-emitting
683:FDG, 2-FDG
580:Glycolysis
568:Metabolism
471:Molar mass
352:0Z5B2CJX4D
183:ChemSpider
99:3D model (
76:63503-12-8
66:CAS Number
50:IUPAC name
2866:Pyranoses
2786:xenon-133
2756:oxygen-15
2706:copper-64
2701:cobalt-57
2691:carbon-11
2591:gamma ray
2439:Flubatine
2386:Verapamil
2330:25B-NBOMe
2324:ME@HAPTHI
2140:Votumumab
2096:Sulesomab
2079:infection
2044:Imciromab
2029:Sestamibi
1856:Iomazenil
1734:(1): 35.
1308:(2): 77.
1181:(2): 77.
986:H from a
856:half-life
840:deuterons
821:cyclotron
796:Synthesis
701:modality
605:Excretion
546:Routes of
518:Pregnancy
2820:Medicine
2455:analogue
2304:positron
2240:Dotatate
1760:27756360
1555:DailyMed
1495:19 April
1467:21614337
1418:11839070
1291:15837727
1222:11839066
1146:See also
1121:melanoma
1090:and the
1080:oncology
969:-glucose
965:2-deoxy-
904:triflate
886:cryptand
722:positron
711:-glucose
520:category
511:)
497:ATC code
324:25173432
280:)-6-meth
271:11469444
227:)-6-meth
137:2047723
2836:Aldoses
2453:glucose
2397:Ammonia
2341:Choline
2336:Acetate
2294:tracers
1957:Hepatic
1751:5067887
1677:Bibcode
1587:24 July
1539:. 2021.
1458:3097819
1378:12 June
1250:7391842
1098:(whose
1024:⁄
1013:⁄
901:mannose
836:neon-20
829:ligands
764:History
715:glucose
689:, is a
640:what is
638: (
505: (
503:V09IX04
465:
286:9920539
258:PubChem
218:9644274
199:8096174
2806:Portal
2595:photon
2545:Nifene
2530:Mefway
2451:(FDG)-
2198:
2185:
2172:
2002:Tc-MAA
1969:SeHCAT
1758:
1748:
1709:198801
1707:
1700:431708
1697:
1465:
1455:
1416:
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1904:Renal
1372:(PDF)
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