25:
398:
bed where a pre-clarified liquid passes downward through a column. Much work has been done at the
University of Western Ontario in London Ontario, Canada on the use of a continuous fluidized ion exchange system, named "Liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed" (LSCFB), recently being called "Circulating fluidized ion exchange" (CFIX). This system has widespread applications extending the use of traditional ion exchange systems because it can handle feed streams with large amounts of suspended solids due to the use of fluidization.
82:
128:
reach a critical value at which the upward drag forces will exactly equal the downward gravitational forces, causing the particles to become suspended within the fluid. At this critical value, the bed is said to be fluidized and will exhibit fluidic behavior. By further increasing gas velocity, the bulk density of the bed will continue to decrease, and its fluidization becomes more intense until the particles no longer form a bed and are "conveyed" upwards by the gas flow.
166:, all being fairly uniform in size and shape, are suspended in the hot air rising from the bottom chamber. Because of the intense mixing of the particles, akin to that of a boiling liquid, this allows for a uniform temperature of the kernels throughout the chamber, minimizing the amount of burnt popcorn. After popping, the now larger popcorn particles encounter increased aerodynamic drag which pushes them out of the chamber and into a bowl.
382:
gas. The silane gas is thermally cracked in a fluidized bed of seed silicon particles, and the silicon deposits on the seed particles. The cracking reaction is endothermic, and heat is provided through the bed wall, typically made of graphite (to avoid metal contamination of the product silicon). The
127:
on each particle is also low, and thus the bed remains in a fixed state. Increasing the velocity, the aerodynamic drag forces will begin to counteract the gravitational forces, causing the bed to expand in volume as the particles move away from each other. Further increasing the velocity, it will
397:
particles for the purification and processing of many industrial liquid streams. Industries such as food & beverage, hydrometallurgical, water softening, catalysis, bio-based chemical etc. use ion exchange as a critical step in processing. Conventionally ion exchange has been used in a packed
143:; objects with a lower density than the bed density will float on its surface, bobbing up and down if pushed downwards, while objects with a higher density sink to the bottom of the bed. The fluidic behavior allows the particles to be transported like a fluid, channeled through
289:, making its use economical in many new applications. The polymerization reaction generates heat and the intense mixing associated with fluidization prevents hot spots where the polyethylene particles would melt. A similar process is used for the synthesis of
366:
vapor is condensed, leaving pure carbon dioxide which can be sequestered. The solid metal particles are circulated to another fluidized bed where they react with air (and again, specifically oxygen in the air), producing heat and
884:
Prince, Andrew; Bassi, Amarjeet S; Haas, Christine; Zhu, Jesse X; Dawe, Jennifer (2012). "Soy protein recovery in a solvent-free process using continuous liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed ion exchanger".
278:. These chemical reactions are highly exothermic and fluidization ensures a uniform temperature, minimizing unwanted side reactions, and efficient heat transfer to cooling tubes, ensuring high productivity.
123:
When a gas flow is introduced through the bottom of a bed of solid particles, it will move upwards through the bed via the empty spaces between the particles. At low gas velocities, aerodynamic
615:
Baddour, Carole E.; Briens, Cedric L.; Bordere, Serge; Anglerot, Didier; Gaillard, Patrice (2009). "The fluidized bed jet grinding of carbon nanotubes with a nozzle/target configuration".
849:
Yiğit Hunce, Selda; Soyer, Elif; Akgiray, Ömer (2016-07-27). "Characterization of
Granular Materials with Internal Pores for Hydraulic Calculations Involving Fixed and Fluidized Beds".
519:
Business and
Technology of the Global Polyethylene Industry: An In-depth Look at the History, Technology, Catalysts, and Modern Commercial Manufacture of Polyethylene and Its Products
696:
Shekari, Ali; Patience, Gregory S.; Bockrath, Richard E. (2010-03-31). "Effect of feed nozzle configuration on n-butane to maleic anhydride yield: From lab scale to commercial".
390:
Liquid-solid fluidization has a number of applications in engineering The best-known application of liquid-solid fluidization is the backwash of granular filters using water.
244:. The fluidized catalyst particles are shuttled between the fluidized bed reactor and a fluidized bed burner where the coke deposits are burned off, generating heat for the
375:
through the partial oxidation of n-butane, with the circulating particles acting as both catalyst and oxygen carrier; pure oxygen is also introduced directly into the bed.
464:
383:
bed particle size can be controlled using attrition jets. Silane is often premixed with hydrogen to reduce the explosion risk of leaked silane in the air (see
653:
Chew, Jia Wei; LaMarche, W. Casey Q.; Cocco, Ray A. (2022). "100 years of scaling up fluidized bed and circulating fluidized bed reactors".
763:
Fair, Gordon M.; Hatch, Loranus P.; Hudson, Herbert E. (1933). "FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS GOVERNING THE STREAMLINE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SAND ".
371:
the metal particles to metal oxide particles that are recirculated to the fluidized bed combustor. A similar process is used to produce
354:
in the air) in a combustion reaction with a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel in a fluidized bed, producing solid metal particles from the
217:
In the 1920s, the
Winkler process was developed to gasify coal in a fluidized bed, using oxygen. It was not commercially successful.
378:
Nearly 50% of the silicon in solar cells is produced in fluidized beds. For example, metallurgical-grade silicon is first reacted to
928:
Mazumder; Zhu, Ray (April 2010). "Optimal design of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed for continuous protein recovery".
747:
526:
502:
432:
415:
Peters, Alan W.; Flank, William H.; Davis, Burtron H. (2008-12-31). "The
History of Petroleum Cracking in the 20th Century".
456:
732:
594:
339:(as it is air's main component at about 80% by volume), which prevents economical sequestration. Chemical looping uses a
68:
46:
39:
251:
By the 1950s, fluidized bed technology was being applied to mineral and metallurgical processes such as drying,
300:
use a fluidized bed. Arkema uses a fluidized bed to produce 400 tonnes/year of multiwall carbon nanotubes.
203:
Most of the fluidization applications use one or more of three important characteristics of fluidized beds:
806:
Hunce, Selda Yiğit; Soyer, Elif; Akgiray, Ömer (2018). "On the backwash expansion of graded filter media".
983:
304:
221:
194:
33:
494:
213:
There is excellent heat transfer between a fluidized bed and heat exchangers immersed in the bed.
50:
262:
In the 1960s, several fluidized bed processes dramatically reduced the cost of some important
978:
256:
198:
131:
When fluidized, a bed of solid particles will behave as a fluid, like a liquid or gas. Like
307:, which has not yet been commercialized. One solution to reducing the potential effect of
139:: the bed will conform to the volume of the chamber, its surface remaining perpendicular to
324:
296:
Currently, most of the processes that are being developed for the industrial production of
8:
910:
831:
788:
776:
678:
567:
542:
Baddour, Carole E; Briens, Cedric (2005-08-12). "Carbon
Nanotube Synthesis: A Review".
914:
902:
866:
835:
823:
780:
743:
713:
682:
670:
632:
559:
522:
498:
438:
428:
101:
571:
937:
894:
858:
815:
772:
705:
662:
624:
551:
490:
420:
372:
297:
178:
485:
941:
819:
709:
666:
628:
586:
210:
The intense mixing within a fluidized bed means that its temperature is uniform.
81:
424:
320:
308:
275:
124:
972:
870:
862:
827:
784:
717:
674:
636:
563:
442:
316:
290:
271:
220:
The first large scale commercial implementation, in the early 1940s, was the
190:
159:
155:
148:
521:. Salem, MA Hoboken, New Jersey: Scrivener Publishing, John Wiley and Sons.
906:
555:
394:
282:
170:
97:
359:
252:
245:
233:
792:
16:
Conversion of a granular material from a solid-like to liquid-like state
328:
312:
144:
898:
225:
336:
263:
237:
229:
174:
958:
286:
163:
140:
281:
In the late 1970s, a fluidized bed process for the synthesis of
419:. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. pp. 103–187.
384:
379:
351:
350:
carrier. These metal oxide particles replace air (specifically
347:
241:
136:
113:
368:
363:
355:
343:
340:
267:
132:
109:
105:
614:
207:
Fluidized solids can be easily transferred between reactors.
303:
A new potential application of fluidization technology is
457:"Sohio Acrylonitrile Process - American Chemical Society"
332:
117:
358:
of the metal oxides and a mixture of carbon dioxide and
848:
695:
362:, the major products of any combustion reaction. The
240:
particles and deactivates the catalyst in less than 1
544:
International
Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
742:. Chemical Industries. CRC Press. pp. 705–764.
963:
771:(11). American Water Works Association: 1551–1565.
740:
417:
Innovations in
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
393:Fluidization has many applications with the use of
154:A simplified every-day-life example of a gas-solid
883:
857:(31). American Chemical Society (ACS): 8636–8651.
587:"Graphistrength.com - Graphistrength® manufacture"
805:
652:
970:
927:
414:
285:dramatically reduced the cost of this important
851:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
762:
487:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
112:-like state. This process occurs when a fluid (
169:The process is also key in the formation of a
120:) is passed up through the granular material.
541:
495:10.1002/0471238961.1921182218050504.a01.pub2
85:Schematic drawing of a fluidized bed reactor
147:, not requiring mechanical transport (e.g.
765:Journal (American Water Works Association)
189:Further information on applications:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
484:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
730:
971:
648:
646:
516:
274:and the oxychlorination process for
18:
643:
13:
777:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1933.tb18342.x
584:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
995:
952:
224:process, which converted heavier
959:UBC Fluidization Research Centre
23:
921:
877:
842:
799:
756:
724:
597:from the original on 2017-04-23
467:from the original on 2017-09-06
184:
173:and fluid escape structures in
689:
608:
578:
535:
510:
478:
449:
408:
335:produces a gas that is mostly
222:fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
1:
550:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
401:
942:10.1016/j.powtec.2009.07.009
820:10.1016/j.powtec.2018.04.032
733:"Liquid-solids fluidization"
710:10.1016/j.apcata.2009.11.033
698:Applied Catalysis A: General
667:10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117813
629:10.1016/j.powtec.2008.08.016
325:carbon dioxide sequestration
7:
704:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 83–90.
623:(3). Elsevier BV: 372–384.
305:chemical looping combustion
104:is converted from a static
10:
1000:
517:Nowlin, Thomas E. (2014).
425:10.1021/bk-2009-1000.ch005
188:
96:) is a process similar to
461:American Chemical Society
108:-like state to a dynamic
863:10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00953
814:. Elsevier BV: 262–268.
731:Epstein, Norman (2003).
195:Fluidized bed combustion
738:. In Yang, W.C. (ed.).
661:. Elsevier BV: 117813.
53:more precise citations.
887:Biotechnology Progress
591:www.graphistrength.com
556:10.2202/1542-6580.1279
86:
199:Fluidized bed reactor
84:
266:. Examples are the
248:cracking reaction.
158:would be a hot-air
984:Chemical processes
236:" deposits on the
87:
930:Powder Technology
808:Powder Technology
749:978-0-203-91274-4
655:Powder Technology
617:Powder Technology
528:978-1-118-94603-9
504:978-0-471-48494-3
434:978-0-8412-6963-7
179:sedimentary rocks
102:granular material
79:
78:
71:
991:
946:
945:
925:
919:
918:
899:10.1002/btpr.725
881:
875:
874:
846:
840:
839:
803:
797:
796:
760:
754:
753:
737:
728:
722:
721:
693:
687:
686:
650:
641:
640:
612:
606:
605:
603:
602:
582:
576:
575:
539:
533:
532:
514:
508:
507:
482:
476:
475:
473:
472:
453:
447:
446:
412:
373:maleic anhydride
298:carbon nanotubes
232:. Carbon-rich "
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
999:
998:
994:
993:
992:
990:
989:
988:
969:
968:
955:
950:
949:
926:
922:
882:
878:
847:
843:
804:
800:
761:
757:
750:
735:
729:
725:
694:
690:
651:
644:
613:
609:
600:
598:
583:
579:
540:
536:
529:
515:
511:
505:
483:
479:
470:
468:
455:
454:
450:
435:
413:
409:
404:
313:fuel combustion
201:
187:
164:popcorn kernels
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
997:
987:
986:
981:
967:
966:
961:
954:
953:External links
951:
948:
947:
920:
893:(1): 157–162.
876:
841:
798:
755:
748:
723:
688:
642:
607:
577:
534:
527:
509:
503:
477:
448:
433:
406:
405:
403:
400:
321:global warming
317:power stations
309:carbon dioxide
276:vinyl chloride
255:, and sulfide
215:
214:
211:
208:
186:
183:
160:popcorn popper
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
996:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
751:
745:
741:
734:
727:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
596:
592:
588:
581:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
530:
524:
520:
513:
506:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
466:
462:
458:
452:
444:
440:
436:
430:
426:
422:
418:
411:
407:
399:
396:
391:
388:
386:
381:
376:
374:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:generated by
310:
306:
301:
299:
294:
292:
291:polypropylene
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:acrylonitrile
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
212:
209:
206:
205:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Fluidized bed
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
156:fluidized bed
152:
150:
149:conveyor belt
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
979:Fluidization
936:(1): 32–47.
933:
929:
923:
890:
886:
879:
854:
850:
844:
811:
807:
801:
768:
764:
758:
739:
726:
701:
697:
691:
658:
654:
620:
616:
610:
599:. Retrieved
590:
580:
547:
543:
537:
518:
512:
486:
480:
469:. Retrieved
460:
451:
416:
410:
395:ion exchange
392:
389:
377:
302:
295:
283:polyethylene
280:
270:process for
261:
250:
219:
216:
202:
185:Applications
171:sand volcano
168:
153:
130:
122:
98:liquefaction
94:fluidisation
93:
90:Fluidization
89:
88:
65:
56:
37:
360:water vapor
346:as a solid
327:. Regular
246:endothermic
51:introducing
973:Categories
601:2018-01-13
471:2018-01-13
402:References
329:combustion
228:cuts into
100:whereby a
59:March 2014
34:references
915:205534874
871:0888-5885
836:104007408
828:0032-5910
785:1551-8833
718:0926-860X
683:251426476
675:0032-5910
637:0032-5910
564:1542-6580
489:, Wiley,
443:0097-6156
369:oxidizing
356:reduction
315:(e.g. in
253:calcining
226:petroleum
175:sediments
907:22002948
793:41225921
595:Archived
585:Arkema.
572:95508695
465:Archived
337:nitrogen
264:monomers
257:roasting
238:catalyst
230:gasoline
287:polymer
162:. The
141:gravity
47:improve
913:
905:
869:
834:
826:
791:
783:
746:
716:
681:
673:
635:
570:
562:
525:
501:
441:
431:
385:silane
380:silane
352:oxygen
348:oxygen
242:second
197:, and
137:bucket
114:liquid
36:, but
964:ICFAR
911:S2CID
832:S2CID
789:JSTOR
736:(PDF)
679:S2CID
568:S2CID
364:water
344:oxide
341:metal
331:with
319:) on
268:Sohio
145:pipes
135:in a
133:water
110:fluid
106:solid
903:PMID
867:ISSN
824:ISSN
781:ISSN
744:ISBN
714:ISSN
671:ISSN
633:ISSN
560:ISSN
523:ISBN
499:ISBN
439:ISSN
429:ISBN
234:coke
177:and
125:drag
92:(or
938:doi
934:199
895:doi
859:doi
816:doi
812:333
773:doi
706:doi
702:376
663:doi
659:409
625:doi
621:190
552:doi
491:doi
421:doi
387:).
333:air
323:is
151:).
118:gas
116:or
975::
932:.
909:.
901:.
891:28
889:.
865:.
855:55
853:.
830:.
822:.
810:.
787:.
779:.
769:25
767:.
712:.
700:.
677:.
669:.
657:.
645:^
631:.
619:.
593:.
589:.
566:.
558:.
546:.
497:,
463:.
459:.
437:.
427:.
293:.
259:.
193:,
181:.
944:.
940::
917:.
897::
873:.
861::
838:.
818::
795:.
775::
752:.
720:.
708::
685:.
665::
639:.
627::
604:.
574:.
554::
548:3
531:.
493::
474:.
445:.
423::
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
