Folklore studies - Knowledge

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of the theoretical thinking have been identified – {dynamicism : conservatism}, {anecdote : myth}, {process : structure}, {performance : tradition}, {improvisation : repetition}, {variation : traditionalism}, {repetition : innovation}; not to overlook the original binary of the first folklorists: {traditional : modern} or {old : new}. Bauman re-iterates this thought pattern in claiming that at the core of all folklore is the dynamic tension between tradition and variation (or creativity). Noyes uses similar vocabulary to define group as "the ongoing play and tension between, on the one hand, the fluid networks of relationship we constantly both produce and negotiate in everyday life and, on the other, the imagined communities we also create and enact but that serve as forces of stabilizing allegiance."

1321:). In comparison, our working concept of time as {past : present : future} looks almost quaint. How do we map "tradition" into this multiplicity of time scales? Folklore studies has already acknowledged this in the study of traditions which are either done in an annual cycle of circular time (ex. Christmas, May Day), or in a life cycle of linear time (ex. baptisms, weddings, funerals). This needs to be expanded to other traditions of oral lore. For folk narrative is NOT a linear chain of isolated tellings, going from one single performance on our time-space grid to the next single performance. Instead it fits better into a non-linear system, where one performer varies the story from one telling to the next, and the performer's understudy starts to tell the story, also varying each performance in response to multiple factors. 364: 1044: 1569:

university, set up camp, and practice our humble, archaic trade. They had let us in and we honored the established disciplines around us by stealing all we could. While the more advanced people around us slept, we slid in the shadows past their fires, rifled their baggage, stole their books, learned their language, and came to be able to ape their culture in a way that we at least found convincing. In our excitement we did not stop to ponder whether their theories sorted well with our traditional preoccupations. We learned the schemes of those we perceived to be higher in the academic hierarchy than ourselves, then applied those schemes to our own topics. We felt mature.

772:, also called the Finnish method. Using multiple variants of a tale, this investigative method attempted to work backwards in time and location to compile the original version from what they considered the incomplete fragments still in existence. This was the search for the "Urform", which by definition was more complete and more "authentic" than the newer, more scattered versions. The historic-geographic method has been succinctly described as a "quantitative mining of the resulting archive, and extraction of distribution patterns in time and space". It is based on the assumption that every text artifact is a variant of the original text. As a proponent of this method, 701:, how far we had moved forward into the industrial present and indeed removed ourselves from a past marked by poverty, illiteracy and superstition. The task of both the professional folklorist and the amateur at the turn of the 20th century was to collect and classify cultural artifacts from the pre-industrial rural areas, parallel to the drive in the life sciences to do the same for the natural world. "Folk was a clear label to set materials apart from modern life…material specimens, which were meant to be classified in the natural history of civilization. Tales, originally dynamic and fluid, were given stability and concreteness by means of the printed page." 831: 1163:, autochthonous languages, regional dialects, and peasant and indigenous customs. They published, mainly during the first decades of the 20th century, linguistic and philological studies, dictionaries, comparative studies between the national folklores of Ibero-America, compilations of stories, poetry, and religious traditions. In 1909, at the initiative of Laval, Vicuña and Lenz, the Chilean Folklore Society was founded, the first of its kind in America. Two years later, it would merge with the recently created Chilean Society of History and Geography. 292:"... means the traditional expressive culture shared within the various groups in the United States: familial, ethnic, occupational, religious, regional; expressive culture includes a wide range of creative and symbolic forms such as custom, belief, technical skill, language, literature, art, architecture, music, play, dance, drama, ritual, pageantry, handicraft; these expressions are mainly learned orally, by imitation, or in performance, and are generally maintained without benefit of formal instruction or institutional direction." 2049: 1195:. For folklorists, this country represents a trove of cultures rubbing elbows with each other, mixing and matching into exciting combinations as new generations come up. It is in the study of their folklife that we begin to understand the cultural patterns underlying the different ethnic groups. Language and customs provide a window into their view of reality. "The study of varying worldviews among ethnic and national groups in America remains one of the most important unfinished tasks for folklorists and anthropologists." 1333:

system and initiates a new action. The field has expanded from a focus on mechanistic and biological systems to an expanded recognition that these theoretical constructs can also be applied to many cultural and societal systems, including folklore. Once divorced from a model of tradition that works solely on a linear time scale (i.e. moving from one folklore performance to the next), we begin to ask different questions about how these folklore artifacts maintain themselves over generations and centuries.

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available to be analyzed and interpreted by folklorists and other cultural historians, and can become the basis for studies of either individual customs or comparative studies. There are multiple venues, be they museums, journals or folk festivals to present the research results. The final step in this methodology involves advocating for these groups in their distinctiveness.

827:. Not only were these distinct cultural groups all living in the same regions, but their proximity to each other caused their traditions and customs to intermingle. The lore of these distinct social groups, all of them Americans, was considered the bailiwick of American folklorists, and aligned American folklore studies more with ethnology than with literary studies. 1370:

themselves, to a performance for an outsider. "Naturally the researcher's presence changes things, in the way that any new entrant to a social setting changes things. When people of different backgrounds, agendas, and resources interact, there are social risks, and where representation and publication are taking place, these risks are exacerbated..."

1112: 855:. Its goal was to offer paid employment to thousands of unemployed writers by engaging them in various cultural projects around the country. These white collar workers were sent out as field workers to collect the oral folklore of their regions, including stories, songs, idioms and dialects. The most famous of these collections is the 1310:. Lacking the European mechanistic devices of marking time (clocks, watches, calendars), they depended on the cycles of nature: sunrise to sunset, winter to summer. Their stories and histories are not marked by decades and centuries, but remain close in, as they circle around the constant rhythms of the natural world. 1302:

are central to world and that all things are related within the Universe." He then suggests that "the concept of time for Indian people has been such a continuum that time becomes less relevant and the rotation of life or seasons of the year are stressed as important." In a more specific example, the folklorist

441:, with modern public sector folklorists working to document, preserve and present the beliefs and customs of diverse cultural groups in their region. These positions are often affiliated with museums, libraries, arts organizations, public schools, historical societies, etc. The most renowned of these is the 1265:

remains an important tool in the folklorist's toolbox. This does not mean that binary thinking was invented in recent times along with computers; only that we became aware of both the power and the limitations of the "either/or" construction. In folklore studies, the multiple binaries underlying much

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in the early 1970s. These public folklorists work in museums and cultural agencies to identify and document the diverse folk cultures and folk artists in their region. Beyond this, they provide performance venues for the artists, with the twin objectives of entertainment and education about different

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Folklore interest sparked in Turkey around the second half of the nineteenth century when the need to determine a national language came about. Their writings consisted of vocabulary and grammatical rule from the Arabic and Persian language. Although the Ottoman intellectuals were not affected by the

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This analysis then goes beyond the artifact itself, be it dance, music or story-telling. It goes beyond the performers and their message. As part of performance studies, the audience becomes part of the performance. If any folklore performance strays too far from audience expectations, it will likely

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There are several goals of active folklore research. The first objective is to identify tradition bearers within a social group and to collect their lore, preferably in situ. Once collected, these data need to be documented and preserved to enable further access and study. The documented lore is then

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following the 9/11 terrorist attack in the United States. "Previous folklore research has been limited to collecting and documenting successful jokes, and only after they had emerged and come to folklorists' attention. Now, an Internet-enhanced collection creates a time machine, as it were, where we

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Awareness has grown that different cultures have different concepts of time (and space). In his study "The American Indian Mind in a Linear World", Donald Fixico describes an alternate concept of time. "Indian thinking" involves "'seeing' things from a perspective emphasizing that circles and cycles

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is just one new field that has taken up the traditional oral forms of jokes and anecdotes for study, holding its first dedicated conference in 1996. This takes us beyond gathering and categorizing large joke collections. Scholars are using computers firstly to recognize jokes in context, and further

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held around the world, it becomes clear that the cultural multiplicity of a region is presented with pride and excitement. Public folklorists are increasingly being involved in economic and community development projects to elucidate and clarify differing world views of the social groups impacted by

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across the land. In fact, critics of this theory point out that as different cultures mix, the cultural landscape becomes multifaceted with the intermingling of customs. People become aware of other cultures and pick and choose different items to adopt from each other. One noteworthy example of this

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The study of folklore in Chile was developed in a systematic and pioneering way since the late 19th century. In the work of compiling the popular traditions of the Chilean people and of the original peoples, they stood out, not only in the study of national folklore, but also in Latin America. Ramón

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literature. A new generation of writers with contact to the West, especially France, noticed the importance of literature and its role in the development of institutions. Following the models set by Westerners, the new generation of writers returned to Turkey bringing the ideologies of novels, short

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by Franz Boas. Culture was no longer viewed in evolutionary terms; each culture has its own integrity and completeness, and was not progressing either toward wholeness or toward fragmentation. Individual artifacts must have meaning within the culture and for individuals themselves in order to assume

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In Europe during these same decades, folklore studies were drifting in a different direction. Throughout the 19th century folklore had been tied to romantic ideals of the soul of the people, in which folk tales and folksongs recounted the lives and exploits of ethnic folk heroes. Folklore chronicled

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were particularly influential during this time in expanding folklore collection techniques to include more detailing of the interview context. This was a significant move away from viewing the collected artifacts as isolated fragments, broken remnants of an incomplete pre-historic whole. Using these

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was established a decade later. These were just two of a plethora of academic societies founded in the latter half of the 19th century by educated members of the emerging middle class. For literate, urban intellectuals and students of folklore the folk was someone else and the past was recognized as

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with this new word. Folklore was to emphasize the study of a specific subset of the population: the rural, mostly illiterate peasantry. In his published call for help in documenting antiquities, Thoms was echoing scholars from across the European continent to collect artifacts of older, mostly oral

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For all folklorists terminology becomes a skill to master as they rub elbows not only with related academic fields but also with the colloquial understanding (what exactly is a fairy tale?). This shared vocabulary, with varying and sometimes divergent shades of meaning, needs to be used thoughtfully

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In addition to these terms, folklorism refers to "material or stylistic elements of folklore in a context which is foreign to the original tradition." This definition, offered by the folklorist Hermann Bausinger, does not discount the validity of meaning expressed in these "second hand" traditions.

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Following World War II, the discussion continued about whether to align folklore studies with literature or ethnology. Within this discussion, many voices were actively trying to identify the optimal approach to take in the analysis of folklore artifacts. One major change had already been initiated

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In the postwar years, departments of folklore were established in multiple German universities. However an analysis of just how folklore studies supported the policies of the Third Reich did not begin until 20 years after World War II in West Germany. Particularly in the works of Hermann Bausinger

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By the beginning of the 20th century these collections had grown to include artifacts from around the world and across several centuries. A system to organize and categorize them became necessary. Antti Aarne published a first classification system for folktales in 1910. It was later expanded into

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denotes the standard building form of a region, using the materials available and designed to address functional needs of the local economy. Folk architecture is a subset of this, in which the construction is not done by a professional architect or builder, but by an individual putting up a needed

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In a more dramatic and less technical approach, Henry Glassie describes the tools of the folklore trade: " hunters and gatherers of academe…still rooting about in reality, hunting down and gathering up facts that we brought back alive. In those days … we were delighted to be allowed to enter the

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published 1923. To explain the stability of the narrative, Anderson posited a “double redundancy”, in which the performer has heard the story from multiple other performers, and has himself performed it multiple times. This provides a feedback loop between repetitions at both levels to retain the

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worthy of protection. This law also marks a shift in our national awareness; it gives voice to the national understanding that diversity within the country is a unifying feature, not something that separates us. "We no longer view cultural difference as a problem to be solved, but as a tremendous

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at a performance of any kind will influence the performance itself in subtle and not-so-subtle ways. Because folklore is firstly an act of communication between parties, it is incomplete without inclusion of the reception in its analysis. The understanding of folklore performance as communication

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It was during the first decades of the 20th century that Folklore Studies in Europe and America began to diverge. The Europeans continued with their emphasis on oral traditions of the pre-literate peasant, and remained connected to literary scholarship within the universities. By this definition,

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Another characteristic of cybernetics and autopoiesis is self-generation within a system. Once again looking to jokes, we find new jokes generated in response to events on a continuing basis. The folklorist Bill Ellis accessed internet humor message boards to observe in real time the creation of

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The folklorist also rubs shoulders with researchers, tools and inquiries of neighboring fields: literature, anthropology, cultural history, linguistics, geography, musicology, sociology, psychology. This is just a partial list of the fields of study related to folklore studies, all of which are

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Because the transmission of folk artifacts preceded and ignored the establishment of national and political boundaries, it is important to cultivate international connections to folklorists in neighboring countries and around the world to compare both the artifacts researched and the methodology

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states that the system observer affects the systemic interplay; this interplay has long been recognized as problematic by folklorists. The act of observing and noting any folklore performance raises without exception the performance from an unconscious habitual acting within a group, to and for

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was first developed in the 20th century; it investigates the functions and processes of systems. The goal in cybernetics is to identify and understand a system's closed signaling loop, in which an action by the system generates a change in the environment, which in turn triggers feedback to the

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during his career. True to each of these approaches, and any others one might want to employ (political, women's issues, material culture, urban contexts, non-verbal text, ad infinitum), whichever perspective is chosen will spotlight some features and leave other characteristics in the shadows.

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In this period, folklore came to refer to the event of doing something within a given context, for a specific audience, using artifacts as necessary props in the communication of traditions between individuals and within groups. Beginning in the 1970s, these new areas of folklore studies became

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This law in conjunction with other legislation was designed to protect the natural and cultural heritage of the United States in alignment with efforts to promote and protect the cultural diversity of the United States and recognize it as a national strength and a resource worthy of protection.

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automatically flags the following as a joke. A performance can take place either within a cultural group, re-iterating and re-enforcing the customs and beliefs of the group. Or it can be performance for an outside group, in which the first goal is to set the performers apart from the audience.

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was one of the main analysts and critics of this ideology. "Nazi ideology presented racial purity as the means to heal the wounds of the suffering German state following World War I. Hitler painted the ethnic heterogeneity of Germany as a major reason for the country's economic and political

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Folklore is a naturally occurring and necessary component of any social group. Folklore does not need to be old; it continues through the modern day. It is created, transmitted, and used to establish "us" and "them" within a given group. The unique nature of a culture's folklore requires the

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was ideally suited for the kind of ideology that the National Socialists had built up. It was then another 20 years before convening the 1986 Munich conference on folklore and National Socialism. This continues to be a difficult and painful discussion within the German folklore community.

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stories, plays and journalism with them. These new forms of literature were set to enlighten the people of Turkey, influencing political and social change within the country. However, the lack of understanding for the language of their writings limited their success in enacting change.

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in folklore studies attempts to define the structures underlying oral and customary folklore. Once classified, it was easy for structural folklorists to lose sight of the overarching issue: what are the characteristics which keep a form constant and relevant over multiple generations?

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was to reconstruct from fragments of folk tales the Urtext of the original mythic (pre-Christian) world view. When and where was an artifact documented? Those were the important questions posed by early folklorists in their collections. Armed with these data points, a grid pattern of

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new interviewing techniques, the collected lore became embedded in and imbued with meaning within the framework of its contemporary practice. The emphasis moved from the lore to the folk, i.e. the groups and the people who gave this lore meaning within contemporary daily living.

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In his chapter "Folklore and Cultural Worldview", Toelken provides an illuminating comparison of the worldview of European Americans with Navajos. In the use of language, the two cultural groups express widely differing understandings of their spatial and temporal place in the

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as an example is found across all cultures, and is documented as early as 1600 B.C. Whereas the subject matter varies widely to reflect its cultural context, the form of the joke remains remarkably consistent. According to the theories of cybernetics and its secondary field of

1273:, which exposes the values intrinsic to any binary pair. Typically, one of the two opposites assumes a role of dominance over the other. The categorization of binary oppositions is "often value-laden and ethnocentric", imbuing them with illusory order and superficial meaning. 1040:. Words both reflect and shape our worldview. Oral traditions, particularly in their stability over generations and even centuries, provide significant insight into the ways in which insiders of a culture see, understand, and express their responses to the world around them. 359:

something – to the tale teller, to the song singer, to the fiddler, and to the audience or addressees". The field assumes cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group, though their meaning can shift and morph with time.

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and remains the standard classification system for European folktales and other types of oral literature. As the number of classified artifacts grew, similarities were noted in items which had been collected from very different geographic regions, ethnic groups and epochs.

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of the rural folk would be lost. It was posited that the stories, beliefs and customs were surviving fragments of a cultural mythology of the region, pre-dating Christianity and rooted in pagan peoples and beliefs. This thinking goes in lockstep with the rise of

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is used to describe the refinement and creative change of artifacts by community members within the folk tradition that defines the folk process. Professionals within this field, regardless of the other words they use, consider themselves to be folklorists.

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coined this word, clarifying it in his book "Folklore and Fakelore". Current thinking within the discipline is that this term places undue emphasis on the origination of the artifact as a sign of authenticity of the tradition. Adjacently, the adjective

1672:, p. 387. "a discipline which has been ahead of its time in recognizing the importance of folklore in promoting ethnic pride and in providing invaluable data for the discovery of native cognitive categories and patterns of worldview and values." 1138:, wrote a play in simple enough language that it could be understood by the masses. He later produced a collection of four thousand proverbs. Many other poets and writers throughout the Turkish nation began to join in on the movement including 510:

Many Walt Disney films and products belong in this category of folklorism; fairy tales become animated film characters, stuffed animals and bed linens. These manifestations of folklore traditions have their own significance for their audience.

423:. This the diverse alliance of folklore studies with other academic fields offers a variety of theoretical vantage points and research tools to the field of folklore studies even as it continues to be a point of discussion within the field. 275:

document titled "Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore" declared a global need to establish provisions protecting folklore from varying dangers identified in the document. UNESCO further published the

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With the passage in 1976 of the American Folklife Preservation Act, folklore studies in the United States came of age. This legislation follows in the footsteps of other legislation designed to safeguard more tangible aspects of our

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Viewed as fragments from a pre-literate culture, these stories and objects were collected without context to be displayed and studied in museums and anthologies, just as bones and potsherds were gathered for the life sciences.

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Schmidt-Lauber, Brigitta (2012). "Seeing, Hearing, Feeling, Writing: Approaches and Methods in Ethnographic Research from the Perspective of Ethnological Analyses of the Present". In Bendix, Regina; Hasan-Rokem, Galit (eds.).

1068:. This approach takes a more top-down approach to understand how a specific form fits into and expresses meaning within the culture as a whole. A third method of folklore analysis, popular in the late 20th century, is the 347:

is necessary to their preservation over time outside of study by cultural archaeologist. Beliefs and customs are passed informally within a folk group mainly anonymously and in multiple variants. This is in contrast to

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opportunity. In the diversity of American folklife we find a marketplace teeming with the exchange of traditional forms and cultural ideas, a rich resource for Americans". This diversity is celebrated annually at the

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these data. Along with these new challenges, electronic data collections provide the opportunity to ask different questions, and combine with other academic fields to explore new aspects of traditional culture.

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A knowledge of the history of folklore studies is called for to identify the direction and more importantly the biases which the field has taken in the past, enabling us to temper the current analysis with more

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across Europe. Some British folklorists, rather than lamenting or attempting to preserve rural or pre-industrial cultures, saw their work as a means of furthering industrialization, scientific rationalism, and

1006:, where traditional behaviors are evaluated and understood within the context of their performance. It is the meaning within the social group that becomes the focus for these folklorists, foremost among them 935:(heritage) were frequently referenced by the Nazi Party. Their expressed goal was to re-establish what they perceived as the former purity of the Germanic peoples of Europe. The German anti-Nazi philosopher 1076:. His monographs, including a study of homoerotic subtext in American football and anal-erotic elements in German folklore, were not always appreciated and involved Dundes in several major folklore studies 811:, sought to incorporate other cultural groups living in their region into the study of folklore. This included not only customs brought over by northern European immigrants, but also African Americans, 320:

is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. "Folk is a flexible concept which can refer to a nation as in

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all exemplify a cultural understanding of time as linear and progressive. In folklore studies, going backwards in time was also a valid avenue of exploration. The goal of the early folklorists of the

859:. The folklore collected under the auspices of the Federal Writers Project during these years continues to offer a goldmine of primary source materials for folklorists and other cultural historians. 796:. Unlike contemporary anthropology, however, many early European folklorists were themselves members of the prioritized groups that folkloristics was intended to study; for instance, Andrew Lang and 1646:

uses anthropomorphized animals and natural features to illustrate a moral lesson, frequently concluding with a moral. These are just a few of the many formulaic structures used in oral traditions.

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to include "things people make with words (verbal lore), things they make with their hands (material lore), and things they make with their actions (customary lore)". The folklorist studies the

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can observe what happens in the period before the risible moment, when attempts at humour are unsuccessful.", that is before they have successfully mapped into the traditional joke format.

884:. By the first decade of the 20th century there were scholarly societies as well as individual folklore positions within universities, academies, and museums. However, the study of German 449:

every summer in Washington, DC. Public folklore differentiates itself from the academic folklore supported by universities, in which collection, research and analysis are primary goals.

277: 1345:, this can be attributed to a closed loop auto-correction built into the system maintenance of oral folklore. Auto-correction in oral folklore was first articulated by the folklorist 1179:

in this new century. Although the profession in folklore grows and the articles and books on folklore topics proliferate, the traditional role of the folklorist is indeed changing.

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With increasing industrialization, urbanization, and the rise in literacy throughout Europe in the 19th century, folklorists were concerned that the oral knowledge and beliefs, the

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development of methods of study by the culture at hand for effective identification and research. As a modern academic discipline, folklore studies straddles the space between the

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Laval, Julio Vicuña, Rodolfo Lenz, José Toribio Medina, Tomás Guevara, Félix de Augusta, and Aukanaw, among others, generated an important documentary and critical corpus around

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weakness, and he promised to restore a German realm based on a cleansed, and hence strong, German people. Racial or ethnic purity" was the goal of the Nazis, intent on forging a

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who composed short stories based on the proverbs written by Sinasi. These short stories, like many folk stories today, were intended to teach moral lessons to its readers.

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As the need to collect these vestiges of rural traditions became more compelling, the need to formalize this new field of cultural studies became apparent. The British

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Using the language of the "common people" to create literature, influenced the Tanzimat writers to gain interest in folklore and folk literature. In 1859, writer

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In the 1920s this originally apolitical movement was coopted by nationalism in several European countries, including Germany, where it was absorbed into emerging

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In an effort to understand and explain the similarities found in tales from different locations, the Finnish folklorists Julius and Kaarle Krohne developed the

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The study of folklore originated in Europe in the first half of the 19th century with a focus on the oral folklore of the rural peasant populations. The "

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Once folklore artifacts have been recorded on the World Wide Web, they can be collected in large electronic databases and even moved into collections of

493:. However, pop culture tends to be in demand for a limited time, mass-produced and communicated using mass media. Individually, these tend to be labeled 391:, first published 1812, is the best known collection of the verbal folklore of the European peasantry. This interest in stories, sayings and songs, i.e. 411:

cultures in their research, and included the totality of their customs and beliefs as folklore. This distinction aligned American folklore studies with

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describes the Navajo as living in circular times, which is echoed and re-enforced in their sense of space, the traditional circular or multi-sided

139: 3753: 1619:, Polity, 1991) Ernst Bloch examined how the mythological way of scholarly thought of the 19th century was revived by the National Socialists. 1023:

be brought back by means of a negative feedback loop at the next iteration. Both performer and audience are acting within the "Twin Laws" of

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and assure continued transmission. Because the European folklore movement had been primarily oriented toward oral traditions, a new term,

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This blanket interpretation has been questioned by some as too simplistic in its sweeping application to all Native American tribes. See

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in 1889. He spoke in German to the Hungarian Folklore Society and referenced "Die Folkloristik". In contemporary scholarship, the word

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folklore was completely based in the European cultural sphere; any social group that did not originate in Europe was to be studied by

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proposed additionally a Law of Self-Correction, i.e. a feedback mechanism which would keep the variants closer to the original form.

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Another baseline of western thought has also been thrown into disarray in the recent past. In western culture, we live in a time of

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The use of printed sources to locate and identify further variants of a folk tradition is a necessary adjunct to the field research.

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structure in the local style. Therefore, all folklore is vernacular culture, but not all vernacular culture necessarily folklore.

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Sacks, Harvey (1974). "An Analysis of the Course of a Joke's telling in Conversation". In Bauman, Richard; Sherzer, Joel (eds.).

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is used to designate materials having the character of folklore or tradition, at the same time making no claim to authenticity.

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was an American academic who collected English and Scottish popular ballads and their American variants, published as the

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The folklorist study the significance of these beliefs, customs and objects for the group. In folklore studies "folklore

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The researchers must be comfortable in fieldwork; going out to meet their informants where they live, work, and perform.

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Dundes, Alan (2005). "Folkloristics in the Twenty-First Century (AFS Invited Presidential Plenary Address, 2004)".

2841: 602: 465:, came into circulation in the second half of the 20th century, at a time when some researchers felt that the term 557:

The use of indexes allow them to view and use the categorization of artifacts which have already been established.

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is a relatively new offshoot of folklore studies, starting after the Second World War and modeled on the work of

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Bibliographies maintained by libraries and on line contain an important trove of articles from around the world.

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Dundes, Alan (1978b). "Into the Endzone for a Touchdown: A Psychoanalytic Consideration of American Football".

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All work by a folklorist must be appropriately annotated in order to provide identifiable sources of the work.

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Three major approaches to folklore interpretation were developed during the second half of the 20th century.

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Wilson, William (2006). "Essays on Folklore by William A. Wilson". In Rudy, Jill Terry; Call, Diane (eds.).

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artifacts of a group and the groups within which these customs, traditions and beliefs are transmitted.

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Dundes, Alan (1972). "Folk ideas as units of World View". In Bauman, Richard; Paredes, Americo (eds.).

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essential elements of the tale, while at the same time allowing for the incorporation of new elements.

856: 621: 395:, continued throughout the 19th century and aligned the fledgling discipline of folklore studies with 384: 4487: 3527:

Frank, Russel (2009). "The Forward as Folklore: Studying E-Mailed Humor". In Blank, Trevor J. (ed.).

3095: 2745: 1446: 1380: 1214: 692: 233:

themselves. It became established as a field across both Europe and North America, coordinating with

3838: 3548:. Center for Multilingual, Multicultural Research. University of Southern California. Archived from 551:

They will want work with folk museums, to both view the collections, and present their own findings.

4335: 3939: 3868: 3536: 3204: 1598: 1583: 1366: 1350: 1057: 785: 739: 442: 316:

originally applied to rural, frequently poor and illiterate peasants. A contemporary definition of

3860: 1459:, a method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e., verbal lore) 419:. American folklorists thus used the same data collection techniques as these fields in their own 132:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

1682: 1246: 1199: 502: 792:, in parallel with the imperialistic dimensions of early 20th century cultural anthropology and 501:

differs from folklore in its overriding emphasis on a specific locality or region. For example,

284:

in conjunction with the Bicentennial Celebration included a definition of folklore, also called

4114: 2831: 2780: 1219: 1095: 941: 281: 3288:

Dorst, John (1990). "Tags and Burners, Cycles and Networks: Folklore in the Telectronic Age".

3272: 800:

were both themselves Scotsmen and studied rural folktales from towns near where they grew up.

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Attardo, Salvatore (2008). "A primer for the Linguistics of Humor". In Raskin, Victor (ed.).

1069: 1037: 645: 644:(Norwegian). Throughout Europe and America, other early collectors of folklore were at work. 412: 41: 3549: 3528: 2819: 4454: 1492: 1428: 1405: 789: 769: 3503: 1642:

uses words within a specific and well-defined narrative structure to make people laugh. A

880:

the mythical origins of different peoples across Europe and established the beginnings of

830: 135: 8: 4160: 3529: 2506: 1822: 1487: 1241: 1135: 1115: 1003: 965: 797: 722: 661: 629: 3415:

Dundes, Alan (2007). "Getting the Folk and the Lore Together". In Bronner, Simon (ed.).

4297: 4287: 4182: 4032: 3997: 3918: 3795: 3747: 3660: 3450: 3403: 3395: 3366: 3320: 3276: 3268: 3158: 2999: 2970: 2941: 2897: 2889: 2858: 2740: 1818:"Public Law 94-201 (The Creation of the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress)" 1282: 1198:

Contrary to a widespread concern, we are not seeing a loss of diversity and increasing

1192: 863: 744: 490: 250: 2982:

Bendix, Regina (1998). "Of Names, Professional Identities, and Disciplinary Futures".

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and Wolfgang Emmerich in the 1960s, it was pointed out that the vocabulary current in

803:

In contrast to this, American folklorists, under the influence of the German-American

548:

They need to access archives housing a vast array of unpublished folklore collections.

4459: 4107: 4022: 4001: 3970: 3943: 3932: 3799: 3785: 3766: 3726: 3711: 3692: 3629: 3471: 3464: 3407: 3337: 3280: 3235: 3224: 3208: 3127: 3099: 3088: 3059: 2901: 2827: 2820: 2804: 1441: 1415: 1270: 1258: 1086: 1077: 734: 344: 230: 1187:

The United States is known as a land of immigrants; with the exception of the first

648:

published fairy tales from southern Ireland and, together with his wife, documented

280:

in 2003. The American Folklife Preservation Act (P.L. 94-201) passed in 1976 by the

4073: 4014: 3989: 3882: 3652: 3442: 3387: 3358: 3312: 3264: 3260: 3171: 3150: 2991: 2962: 2931: 2881: 2850: 2796: 1497: 1410: 974:, was introduced to represent the full range of traditional culture. This included 844: 747:

is recognized as the most extensive literary use of American folklore of its time.

686: 601:. He fabricated it for use in an article published in the August 22, 1846 issue of 438: 260: 3993: 3673: 3603: 3249:

Dorst, John (2016). "Folklore's Cybernetic Imaginary, or, Unpacking the Obvious".

2936: 2919: 653: 4345: 4282: 4210: 4081: 3686: 3625:

The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences

3623: 3466:

Life Is like a Chicken Coop Ladder. A Portrait of German Culture through Folklore

2839:

Bauman, Richard (1971). "Differential Identity and the Social Base of Folklore".

1659:

that spontaneously appear in response to a national or world tragedy or disaster.

1602:(Folklore Fellows' Communications 42, Helsinki 1923) on folktales of type AT 922. 1520: 1482: 1210: 1160: 698: 668: 656:

is best known for his collection of epic Finnish poems published under the title

486: 457:

The field of folklore studies uses a wide-variety of sometimes synonymous terms.

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This thinking only becomes problematic in light of the theoretical work done on

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in folklore studies also came to the fore following World War II; as spokesman,

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Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (1985). "Di folkloristik: A Good Yiddish Word".

2768: 1817: 1578: 1544: 1127: 1061: 1007: 761: 678: 617: 616:

cultural traditions still flourishing among the rural populace. In Germany the

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is favored by Alan Dundes, and used in the title of his publication. The term

477:, is meant to include all aspects of a culture, not just the oral traditions. 4481: 4307: 4265: 4222: 3957: 3336:. Kirpa Dai series in folklore and anthropology. Meerut: Folklore Institute. 2885: 2791:]. Folklore Fellows’ Communications (in German). Vol. 42. Helsinki: 1556: 1502: 1313:

Within the last decades our time scale has expanded from unimaginably small (

1303: 1262: 1236: 1204: 1191:, everyone originally came from somewhere else. Americans are proud of their 808: 726: 598: 541:

The specific tools needed by folklorists to do their research are manifold.

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The earliest recorded joke is on an Egyptian papyrus dated at 1600 B.C. See

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According to Alan Dundes, this term was first introduced in an address by

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Living Folklore: Introduction to the Study of People and their Traditions

3428:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 20–32. 2487: 1525: 1342: 1329: 1314: 1175:, the question once again foregrounds itself concerning the relevance of 1172: 1073: 1015: 936: 893: 881: 793: 718: 714: 710: 673: 337: 4018: 2893: 4466: 4391: 4350: 4340: 4270: 4260: 4172: 4155: 3922: 3708:

The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich

3454: 3399: 3324: 3162: 3124:

The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich

2800: 1656: 1150: 867: 804: 730: 625: 434: 430: 404: 396: 377: 3664: 3370: 3003: 2974: 2945: 2862: 4444: 4401: 4355: 4322: 4277: 4242: 3303:

Dundes, Alan (1969). "The Devolutionary Premise in Folklore Theory".

1451: 1318: 1295: 1286: 866:

supervised the work of these folklore field workers. Both Botkin and

820: 781: 416: 400: 3446: 3316: 3154: 838: 750: 4386: 4365: 4330: 4130: 3817: 3733:. Vol. 13. Columbia, MO: Center for Studies in Oral Tradition. 3656: 3362: 2995: 2966: 2854: 1515: 1462: 1232: 1176: 995: 970: 862:

As chairman of the Federal Writers' Project between 1938 and 1942,

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was a charter member of the American Folklore Society. Both he and

657: 513: 285: 278:

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

226: 3865:

Folklore in the United States and Canada: An Institutional History

3141:

Burns, Thomas A. (1977). "Folkloristics: A Conception of Theory".

3052:

Following Tradition: Folklore in the Discourse of American Culture

2244: 697:

being something truly different. Folklore became a measure of the

4227: 4177: 3980:

Widdowson, J. D. A. (2016). "England, National Folklore Survey".

3201:

Folklore and Fakelore: Essays Toward a Discipline of Folk Studies

2379: 1681:

The newness of this discussion can be seen in the references for

1472: 991: 649: 633: 201:

The Brideling, Sadling, and Ryding, of a rich Churle in Hampshire

520:, manufactured items claiming to be traditional. The folklorist 4302: 4237: 4232: 4167: 2565: 1851: 987: 816: 713:

were active collectors of folk poetry in Finland. The Scotsman

272: 3740:

Die Unfaehigkeit zu trauern. Grundlagen kollektiven Verhaltens

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The Meaning of folklore: the Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes

2061: 2037: 2027: 2025: 1643: 1337: 1307: 1106: 979: 975: 664:

in the United States published the "Annals of Philadelphia".

607:. Thoms consciously replaced the contemporary terminology of 3013:

In Search of Authenticity: The Formation of Folklore Studies

1904: 1902: 624:" in 1812. They continued throughout their lives to collect 469:

was too closely tied exclusively to oral lore. The new term

461:

was the original term used in this discipline. Its synonym,

191: 4292: 4217: 2870:

Bauman, Richard (2008). "The Philology of the Vernacular".

2355: 1998: 1639: 1235:. This compels folklorists to find new ways to collect and 902: 494: 129:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3972:

Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the olden time

2953:

Ben-Amos, Dan (1985). "On the Final in 'Folkloristics'".

2637: 2280: 2181: 2109: 2073: 2022: 2010: 3780:

Noyes, Dorothy (2003). "Group". In Feintuch, Burt (ed.).

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Mitscherlich, Alexander; Mitscherlich, Margarete (1987).

3568:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 3417:

Meaning of Folklore: The Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes

3349:

Dundes, Alan (1971). "Folk Ideas as Units of Worldview".

2333: 2331: 1914: 1899: 1685:; all sources listed have been published in 21st century. 1276: 1111: 199:: "He loses his hat: Judith Philips riding a man", from: 3763:

An American Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity

3737: 2741:"AFS Position Statement on Research with Human Subjects" 2685: 2673: 2649: 2553: 2415: 2343: 2157: 1962: 1926: 737:

drew on folklore to write their stories. The 1825 novel

632:, intellectuals were also searching for their authentic 2589: 2222: 2220: 1938: 1373: 4088:

Introduction to Ethnographic Research, 101: The Basics

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Other terms which might be confused with folklore are

3671: 3642: 3489:. Bloomington, IN: Trickster Press. pp. 120–134. 2529: 2385: 2316: 2304: 2169: 2133: 2121: 2097: 1875: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 874: 4059:

American Folklore Scholarship: A Dialogue of Dissent

3765:. Newark, New Jersey: University of Delaware Press. 2709: 2613: 2577: 2541: 2403: 2391: 2292: 2217: 2205: 2145: 1863: 1772: 1748: 1736: 497:, and disappear as quickly as they appear. The term 3727:"E-Texts: The Orality and Literacy Issue Revisited" 3535:. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. pp. 2625: 2451: 1974: 4046:"On the history of comparison in folklore studies" 4011:The Marrow of Human Experience: Essays on Folklore 3931: 3907:Šmidchens, Guntis (1999). "Folklorism Revisited". 3463: 3424:Dundes, Alan (1980). "Texture, text and context". 3223: 3087: 3039:American Folklore Studies: An Intellectual History 2721: 2661: 2463: 2367: 1950: 1887: 1830: 1760: 1434: 1207:, a point of some contention among American Jews. 890:had yet to be defined as an academic discipline. 3934:Literary Folkloristics and the Personal Narrative 3818:"Re-examining American Indian Time Consciousness" 3672:Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (September 1999). 3419:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 273–284. 2697: 2601: 839:Great Depression and the Federal Writers' Project 751:Aarne–Thompson and the historic–geographic method 4479: 3564:Georges, Robert A.; Jones, Michael Owen (1995). 2909:Bauman, Richard; Paredes, Americo, eds. (1972). 1386:International Society for Ethnology and Folklore 3784:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 7–41. 3782:Eight Words for the Study of Expressive Culture 3618: 3604:"American Folklife: A Commonwealth of Cultures" 3169: 2913:. Bloomington, IN: Trickster Press. p. xv. 2250: 2238: 2091: 580:united by a common interest in subject matter. 244: 4094:"What is Folklore?" from Utah State University 3875: 3678:Rockefeller Foundation, Culture and Creativity 1721: 4129: 4115: 4057:Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy; Dundes, Alan (1988). 4056: 3710:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2908: 2785:Kaiser und Abt: die Geschichte eines Schwanks 2361: 2262: 2004: 1920: 254: 3893: 3858: 3563: 2571: 2445: 2286: 2274: 2187: 2115: 2079: 2067: 2043: 2031: 2016: 1908: 1298:coordinates for artifacts could be plotted. 1145: 949: 930: 924: 918: 912: 906: 885: 234: 4074:A Guide to Conducting Ethnographic Research 3968: 3848:Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking 3608:Publication of the American Folklife Center 2055: 1720:For a further discussion of this, see also 1257:As we move forward in the digital age, the 588: 50:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4122: 4108: 4043: 3809:Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8 3752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3705: 3684: 3520:The American Indian Mind in a Linear World 3121: 2822:Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8 2507:"Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografía" 2349: 2337: 2199: 1932: 1107:Folklore studies and nationalism in Turkey 1101: 516:refers to artifacts which might be termed 437:in the 1930s. Lomax and Botkin emphasized 3979: 3964:. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. 3906: 3706:Lixfeld, Hannjost; Dow, James R. (1994). 3685:Levy, Bronwen Ann; Murphy, Ffion (1991). 2935: 1944: 1742: 1596:Anderson is best known for his monograph 1427:For a list of notable folklorists, go to 176:Learn how and when to remove this message 158:Learn how and when to remove this message 100:Learn how and when to remove this message 3894:Sims, Martha; Stephens, Martine (2005). 3597:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3112: 3085: 2952: 2763: 2226: 1790: 1154:Chilean folklorist Rodolfo Lenz in 1915. 1149: 1110: 1042: 892: 829: 362: 190: 3956: 3601: 3572: 3470:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3432: 3331: 3189: 3117:. New York, London: Garland Publishing. 3072: 3049: 3036: 2817: 2789:Emperor and Abbot. The story of a farce 2679: 2643: 2523: 2457: 2433: 2421: 2163: 2151: 2127: 2103: 1992: 1845: 1778: 1766: 4480: 4008: 3811:. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 3806: 3760: 3546:"A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research" 3543: 3517: 3484: 3461: 3423: 3414: 3377: 3348: 3302: 3226:Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction 3221: 3198: 3122:Dow, James; Lixfeld, Hannjost (1994). 3010: 2981: 2917: 2869: 2838: 2793:Finnish Academy of Science and Letters 2595: 2535: 2469: 2397: 2373: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2175: 2139: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1893: 1881: 1869: 1857: 1754: 1669: 1422: 1277:Linear and non-linear concepts of time 843:Then came the 1930s and the worldwide 332:expands the material considered to be 4103: 3929: 3910:Journal of American Folklore Research 3845: 3815: 3779: 3724: 3592: 3526: 3493: 3287: 3248: 3192:God Is Red: A Native View of Religion 3140: 3023: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2667: 2655: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2583: 2559: 2547: 2409: 2211: 1695: 958: 597:was coined in 1846 by the Englishman 328:" This expanded social definition of 3595:The Domestication of the Savage Mind 3566:Folkloristics : an Introduction 1374:Scholarly organizations and journals 758:Aarne–Thompson classification system 593:It is well-documented that the term 445:at the Smithsonian, which hosts the 111: 56: 15: 3487:Toward New Perspectives in Folklore 2911:Toward New Perspectives in Folklore 1253:Binary thinking of the computer age 1227:Computerized databases and big data 905:ideology. The vocabulary of German 628:to include in their collection. In 13: 3115:American Folklore, an Encyclopedia 3113:Brunvand, Jan Harald, ed. (1996). 1468:Functionalism (philosophy of mind) 1047:2015 Smithsonian Folklife Festival 875:German folklore in the Third Reich 72:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 4499: 4067: 3305:Journal of the Folklore Institute 3194:. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. 3170:Del-Rio-Roberts, Maribel (2010). 1401:The Society for Folk Life Studies 1245:to attempt to create jokes using 652:and other Irish funeral customs. 31:This article has multiple issues. 4013:. University Press of Colorado. 3645:The Journal of American Folklore 3351:The Journal of American Folklore 3222:Dorson, Richard M., ed. (1972). 2984:The Journal of American Folklore 2955:The Journal of American Folklore 2842:The Journal of American Folklore 1182: 1122:communication gap, in 1839, the 690:was established in 1878 and the 116: 82:guide to writing better articles 61: 20: 4050:Folklore Fellows' Summer School 3879:A Companion to Folklore Studies 3628:. University of Chicago Press. 3073:Bronner, Simon J., ed. (2007). 2733: 2499: 2475: 1714: 1701: 1688: 1675: 1662: 1649: 1632: 1622: 1605: 1590: 1572: 1562: 1435:Associated theories and methods 1166: 851:was established as part of the 823:of the American southwest, and 717:is known for his 25 volumes of 39:or discuss these issues on the 4434:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature 4090:(PDF) (archived 26 April 2012) 3273:10.5406/jamerfolk.129.512.0127 3265:10.5406/jamerfolk.129.512.0127 3090:The Study of American Folklore 3024:Blank, Trevor J., ed. (2009). 1810: 1796: 1537: 1478:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature 1324: 1126:reform introduced a change to 1072:Interpretation, championed by 770:Historical-Geographical method 636:and had labeled their studies 532: 452: 1: 3994:10.1080/0015587X.2016.1198178 3969:Watson, John F. (1850–1860). 3086:Brunvand, Jan Harald (1968). 3017:University of Wisconsin Press 2937:10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00030 2756: 1092:Smithsonian Folklife Festival 1016:"So, have you heard the one…" 1012:Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 447:Smithsonian Folklife Festival 3807:Raskin, Victor, ed. (2008). 3725:Mason, Bruce Lionel (1998). 3575:"The Moral Lore of Folklore" 3496:"Making a Big Apple Crumble" 3380:Journal of American Folklore 3291:Journal of Folklore Research 3252:Journal of American Folklore 2873:Journal of Folklore Research 1804:"UNESCO Recommendation 1989" 1730: 1396:Journal of Folklore Research 1391:Journal of American Folklore 221:in the UK) is the branch of 7: 4061:. Indiana University Press. 4044:Wolf-Knuts, Ulrika (1999). 3975:. Philadelphia: The author. 3900:Utah State University Press 3232:University of Chicago Press 3079:Utah State University Press 3056:Utah State University Press 3030:Utah State University Press 2920:"Verbal Art as Performance" 1655:An example of this are the 1509: 847:. In the United States the 620:had first published their " 266: 10: 4504: 4428:Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index 4423:Morphology (folkloristics) 3887:10.1002/9781118379936.ch29 3852:Cambridge University Press 3691:. Univ. Queensland Press. 3518:Fixico, Donald L. (2003). 3500:New Directions in Folklore 3096:W. W. Norton & Company 3050:Bronner, Simon J. (1998). 3043:University Press of Kansas 3037:Bronner, Simon J. (1986). 2767:(1923). Anderson, Walter; 2386:Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1999 1860:, p. 13, footnote 34. 1291:historic-geographic school 857:Slave Narrative Collection 583: 4410: 4374: 4321: 4251: 4196: 4138: 3930:Stahl, Sandra D. (1989). 3761:Morgan, Winifred (1988). 3531:Folklore and the Internet 3026:Folklore and the Internet 2746:American Folklore Society 2362:Bauman & Paredes 1972 2263:Zumwalt & Dundes 1988 2005:Bauman & Paredes 1972 1921:Zumwalt & Dundes 1988 1447:Environmental Determinism 1381:American Folklore Society 1317:) to unimaginably large ( 1218:ethnic groups. Given the 1215:American Folklore Society 1146:Folklore studies in Chile 719:Andrew Lang's Fairy Books 693:American Folklore Society 473:, along with its synonym 304:contains component parts 4096:(archived 26 April 2012) 3962:The Dynamics of Folklore 3940:Indiana University Press 3869:Indiana University Press 3816:Rouse, Anderson (2012). 3544:Genzuk, Michael (2003). 3205:Harvard University Press 3199:Dorson, Richard (1976). 2918:Bauman, Richard (1975). 2886:10.2979/JFR.2008.45.1.29 2572:Sims & Stephens 2005 2446:Sims & Stephens 2005 2287:Sims & Stephens 2005 2275:Sims & Stephens 2005 2188:Georges & Jones 1995 2116:Georges & Jones 1995 2080:Georges & Jones 1995 2068:Sims & Stephens 2005 2044:Sims & Stephens 2005 2032:Sims & Stephens 2005 2017:Georges & Jones 1995 1909:Sims & Stephens 2005 1584:On the Origin of Species 1531: 1367:Second-order cybernetics 1349:in his monograph on the 1220:number of folk festivals 1213:was introduced into the 1034:modern linguistic theory 849:Federal Writers' Project 786:cultural anthropologists 729:. In the United States, 589:From antiquities to lore 443:American Folklife Center 225:devoted to the study of 3573:Glassie, Henry (1983). 3334:Essays in Folkloristics 3011:Bendix, Regina (1997). 2924:American Anthropologist 1683:Cultural homogenization 1555:is defined and used by 1247:artificial intelligence 1200:cultural homogenization 1171:With the advent of the 1102:Global folklore studies 1066:4 functions of folklore 834:Federal Writers Project 721:from around the world. 622:Kinder- und Hausmärchen 503:vernacular architecture 385:Kinder- und Hausmärchen 3833:Cite journal requires 3620:Josephson-Storm, Jason 3602:Hufford, Mary (1991). 3522:. New York: Routledge. 3332:Dundes, Alan (1978a). 3190:Deloria, Vine (1994). 3179:The Qualitative Report 2350:Lixfeld & Dow 1994 2338:Lixfeld & Dow 1994 1933:Levy & Murphy 1991 1336:The oral tradition of 1211:Public sector folklore 1155: 1118: 1048: 950: 942:Greater Germanic Reich 931: 925: 919: 913: 907: 898: 897:Greater Germanic Reich 886: 835: 368: 294: 282:United States Congress 255: 245: 235: 204: 188:Branch of anthropology 138:by rewriting it in an 3800:10.5406/j.ctt2ttc8f.5 3674:"Performance Studies" 3462:Dundes, Alan (1984). 3426:Interpreting Folklore 3392:10.1353/jaf.2005.0044 3203:. Cambridge, London: 2483:"Mission and History" 1722:Schmidt-Lauber (2012) 1709:Joke#History in print 1617:Heritage of Our Times 1613:Erbschaft dieser Zeit 1205:Jewish Christmas Tree 1153: 1114: 1046: 1038:communication studies 1025:folklore transmission 896: 833: 646:Thomas Crofton Croker 413:cultural anthropology 367:Brothers Grimm (1916) 366: 290: 194: 3881:. pp. 559–578. 3593:Goody, Jack (1977). 3494:Ellis, Bill (2002). 3094:. New York, London: 2826:. Berlin, New York: 2251:Josephson-Storm 2017 2239:Josephson-Storm 2017 2092:Josephson-Storm 2017 1615:(1935) (translation 1493:Romantic Nationalism 1406:The Folklore Society 1261:of the 20th century 1098:around the country. 1032:leads directly into 790:internal colonialism 407:, chose to consider 4019:10.2307/j.ctt4cgkmk 3854:. pp. 337–353. 3742:. Muenchen, Zurich. 3502:(6). Archived from 2694:, pp. 131–132. 2658:, pp. 128–129. 2646:, pp. 271–274. 2574:, pp. 184–187. 2562:, pp. 337–353. 2253:, pp. 128–130. 1823:Library of Congress 1488:Performance Studies 1423:Notable folklorists 1242:Computational humor 1140:Ahmet Midhat Efendi 1004:performance studies 815:of eastern Canada, 798:James George Frazer 723:Francis James Child 699:progress of society 662:John Fanning Watson 609:popular antiquities 4288:Luminous gemstones 4183:Personal narrative 4080:2016-05-08 at the 2749:. 8 February 2021. 2277:, pp. 10, 25. 1971:, pp. 81–106. 1351:King and the Abbot 1193:cultural diversity 1156: 1119: 1096:folklife festivals 1049: 966:cultural relevance 959:After World War II 899: 864:Benjamin A. Botkin 836: 613:popular literature 499:vernacular culture 491:vernacular culture 369: 334:folklore artifacts 231:folklore artifacts 205: 140:encyclopedic style 127:is written like a 4475: 4474: 3861:Zumwalt, Rosemary 3859:Sawin, Patricia; 3850:. Cambridge, UK: 3717:978-0-253-31821-3 3635:978-0-226-40336-6 3065:978-0-87421-239-6 2828:Mouton de Gruyter 2810:978-9916-21-798-6 2682:, pp. 275ff. 2598:, pp. 31–32. 2448:, p. 187ff.. 2424:, pp. 39–40. 2265:, pp. 16–20. 2166:, pp. 21–22. 2070:, pp. 23–24. 2046:, pp. 22–23. 1442:Cultural Heritage 1429:the category list 1416:Cultural Analysis 1271:binary opposition 1087:national heritage 1029:folklore observer 735:Washington Irving 626:German folk tales 564:and consistently. 322:American folklore 263:), among others. 219:folk life studies 215:tradition studies 186: 185: 178: 168: 167: 160: 110: 109: 102: 76:used on Knowledge 74:encyclopedic tone 54: 4495: 4488:Folklore studies 4418:Folklore studies 4133:genres and types 4124: 4117: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4062: 4053: 4040: 4005: 3976: 3965: 3953: 3937: 3926: 3903: 3890: 3872: 3855: 3842: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3776: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3734: 3721: 3702: 3681: 3668: 3651:(389): 331–334. 3639: 3615: 3598: 3589: 3579: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3540: 3534: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3490: 3481: 3469: 3458: 3435:Western Folklore 3429: 3420: 3411: 3386:(470): 385–408. 3374: 3345: 3328: 3299: 3284: 3259:(512): 127–145. 3245: 3229: 3218: 3195: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3143:Western Folklore 3137: 3118: 3109: 3093: 3082: 3069: 3046: 3041:. Lawrence, KS: 3033: 3020: 3007: 2990:(441): 235–246. 2978: 2961:(389): 334–336. 2949: 2939: 2914: 2905: 2866: 2835: 2825: 2814: 2781:von Sydow, C. W. 2765:Anderson, Walter 2751: 2750: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2491:. Archived from 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2056:Watson 1850–1860 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1828: 1827: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1725: 1724:, p. 362ff. 1718: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1660: 1653: 1647: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1609: 1603: 1594: 1588: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1553:Folklore Studies 1541: 1498:Social Evolution 1411:Western Folklore 953: 934: 928: 922: 916: 910: 889: 845:Great Depression 825:Native Americans 740:Brother Jonathan 687:Folklore Society 439:applied folklore 343:Transmission of 258: 248: 238: 208:Folklore studies 181: 174: 163: 156: 152: 149: 143: 120: 119: 112: 105: 98: 94: 91: 85: 84:for suggestions. 80:See Knowledge's 65: 64: 57: 46: 24: 23: 16: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4406: 4370: 4346:Folk instrument 4317: 4298:Old wives' tale 4283:Legend tripping 4247: 4192: 4134: 4128: 4082:Wayback Machine 4070: 4065: 4029: 3950: 3938:. Bloomington: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3792: 3773: 3745: 3744: 3731:Oral Traditions 3718: 3699: 3636: 3577: 3555: 3553: 3509: 3507: 3478: 3447:10.2307/1499315 3357:(331): 93–103. 3317:10.2307/3814118 3242: 3230:. Chicago, IL: 3215: 3174: 3155:10.2307/1498964 3134: 3106: 3066: 2811: 2769:Bolte, Johannes 2759: 2754: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2511:Memoria Chilena 2505: 2504: 2500: 2495:on 9 June 2020. 2481: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2200:Wolf-Knuts 1999 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1831: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1698:, p. 14ff. 1693: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1650: 1638:For example, a 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1610: 1606: 1595: 1591: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1521:Ethnomusicology 1512: 1507: 1483:Museum folklore 1437: 1425: 1420: 1376: 1347:Walter Anderson 1327: 1279: 1259:binary thinking 1255: 1229: 1185: 1169: 1161:oral literature 1148: 1109: 1104: 1094:and many other 1064:formulated the 1008:Richard Baumann 1002:articulated in 961: 877: 841: 774:Walter Anderson 753: 591: 586: 535: 518:pseudo-folklore 487:popular culture 455: 427:Public folklore 409:Native American 374:social sciences 269: 210:(also known as 195:Front cover of 189: 182: 171: 170: 169: 164: 153: 147: 144: 136:help improve it 133: 121: 117: 106: 95: 89: 86: 79: 70:This article's 66: 62: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4361:Folk wrestling 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4206:Folk etymology 4202: 4200: 4198:Oral tradition 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4069: 4068:External links 4066: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4041: 4027: 4006: 3988:(3): 257–269. 3977: 3966: 3958:Toelken, Barre 3954: 3949:978-0915305483 3948: 3927: 3904: 3891: 3873: 3856: 3843: 3835:|journal= 3813: 3804: 3790: 3777: 3771: 3758: 3735: 3722: 3716: 3703: 3697: 3682: 3669: 3657:10.2307/539939 3640: 3634: 3616: 3599: 3590: 3582:Folklore Forum 3570: 3561: 3541: 3524: 3515: 3491: 3482: 3476: 3459: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3375: 3363:10.2307/539737 3346: 3329: 3300: 3285: 3246: 3240: 3219: 3213: 3196: 3187: 3167: 3149:(2): 109–134. 3138: 3133:978-0253318213 3132: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3083: 3070: 3064: 3047: 3034: 3021: 3008: 2996:10.2307/541309 2979: 2967:10.2307/539940 2950: 2930:(2): 290–311. 2926:. New Series. 2915: 2906: 2867: 2855:10.2307/539731 2849:(331): 31–41. 2836: 2815: 2809: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2732: 2720: 2718:, p. 132. 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2622:, p. 134. 2612: 2600: 2588: 2586:, p. 133. 2576: 2564: 2552: 2550:, p. 142. 2540: 2538:, p. 401. 2528: 2526:, p. 297. 2516: 2498: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2436:, p. 226. 2426: 2414: 2412:, p. 139. 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2327: 2325:, p. 163. 2315: 2313:, p. 240. 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2241:, p. 128. 2231: 2216: 2214:, p. 131. 2204: 2192: 2180: 2178:, p. 156. 2168: 2156: 2144: 2142:, p. 402. 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2094:, p. 129. 2084: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1995:, p. 128. 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1945:Šmidchens 1999 1937: 1925: 1913: 1898: 1886: 1884:, p. 273. 1874: 1862: 1850: 1829: 1809: 1795: 1793:, p. 286. 1783: 1771: 1759: 1757:, p. 386. 1747: 1743:Widdowson 2016 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1713: 1700: 1687: 1674: 1661: 1648: 1631: 1621: 1604: 1599:Kaiser und Abt 1589: 1579:Charles Darwin 1571: 1561: 1545:Charles Leland 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1326: 1323: 1278: 1275: 1263:structuralists 1254: 1251: 1228: 1225: 1223:the projects. 1189:Indian nations 1184: 1181: 1168: 1165: 1147: 1144: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1070:Psychoanalytic 1062:William Bascom 960: 957: 882:national pride 876: 873: 840: 837: 819:of Louisiana, 762:Stith Thompson 752: 749: 679:disenchantment 634:Teutonic roots 618:Brothers Grimm 590: 587: 585: 582: 577: 576: 572: 568: 565: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 534: 531: 522:Richard Dorson 454: 451: 421:field research 389:Brothers Grimm 345:folk artifacts 326:single family. 268: 265: 212:folkloristics, 187: 184: 183: 166: 165: 124: 122: 115: 108: 107: 69: 67: 60: 55: 29: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4500: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4308:Silver bullet 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4266:Folk religion 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4223:Nursery rhyme 4221: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4028:9780874216530 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3898:. Logan, UT: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3827: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3791:9780252071096 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3772:0-87413-307-6 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3698:9780702232022 3694: 3690: 3689: 3688:Story/telling 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3588:(2): 123–151. 3587: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3552:on 2018-10-23 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3506:on 2016-10-22 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3477:9780231054942 3473: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3241:9780226158709 3237: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3216: 3214:9780674330207 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185:(3): 737–749. 3184: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3105:9780393098037 3101: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3077:. Logan, UT: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3054:. Logan, UT: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3028:. Logan, UT: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777:Liestøl, Knut 2774: 2773:Krohn, Kaarle 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2634:, p. 36. 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2513:(in Spanish). 2512: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2400:, p. 45. 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2364:, p. xv. 2363: 2358: 2352:, p. 11. 2351: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2301:, p. 15. 2300: 2295: 2289:, p. 25. 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2227:Anderson 1923 2223: 2221: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2190:, p. 54. 2189: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2130:, p. 11. 2129: 2124: 2118:, p. 32. 2117: 2112: 2106:, p. 17. 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2082:, p. 40. 2081: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2034:, p. 23. 2033: 2028: 2026: 2019:, p. 35. 2018: 2013: 2007:, p. xx. 2006: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1947:, p. 52. 1946: 1941: 1935:, p. 43. 1934: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1878: 1872:, p. 85. 1871: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1805: 1799: 1792: 1791:Brunvand 1996 1787: 1781:, p. xi. 1780: 1775: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1670:Dundes (2005) 1665: 1658: 1652: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1611:In his study 1608: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1565: 1558: 1557:Simon Bronner 1554: 1550: 1549:Folkloristics 1546: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1504: 1503:Structuralism 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1360:topical jokes 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1304:Barre Toelken 1299: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1183:Globalization 1180: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1078:controversies 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:Functionalism 1054: 1053:Structuralism 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972: 967: 956: 952: 945: 943: 938: 933: 929:(tribe), and 927: 921: 915: 909: 904: 895: 891: 888: 883: 872: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 832: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:Ruth Benedict 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 777: 775: 771: 766: 763: 759: 748: 746: 742: 741: 736: 732: 728: 727:Child Ballads 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 702: 700: 695: 694: 689: 688: 682: 680: 675: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 654:Elias Lönnrot 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 610: 606: 605: 604:The Athenaeum 600: 599:William Thoms 596: 581: 575:impartiality. 573: 569: 566: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 530: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 365: 361: 358: 353: 351: 346: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 293: 289: 287: 283: 279: 274: 264: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 202: 198: 193: 180: 177: 162: 159: 151: 141: 137: 131: 130: 125:This article 123: 114: 113: 104: 101: 93: 83: 77: 75: 68: 59: 58: 53: 51: 44: 43: 38: 37: 32: 27: 18: 17: 4440:Storytelling 4432: 4417: 4382:Cunning folk 4313:Weather lore 4188:Urban legend 4058: 4049: 4010: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3933: 3917:(1): 51–70. 3914: 3908: 3895: 3878: 3864: 3847: 3826:cite journal 3808: 3781: 3762: 3739: 3730: 3707: 3687: 3677: 3648: 3644: 3624: 3611: 3607: 3594: 3585: 3581: 3565: 3554:. 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