Food loss and waste

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restaurants and other consumers in order to rate the quality of food. These guidelines and how they rate are readily available on their website. For example, apples get graded by their size, color, wax residue, firmness, and skin appearance. If apples rank highly in these categories and show close to no superficial defects, they are rated as "U.S. Extra Fancy" or "U.S. Fancy", these are the typical ratings sought out by grocery stores when purchasing their produce. Any apples with suboptimal levels of appearance are ranked as either "U.S. Number 1" or "Utility" and are not normally purchased for retail, as recommended by produce marketing sources, despite being safe and edible. A number of regional programs and organizations have been established by the EPA and USDA in an attempt to reduce such produce waste. Organizations in other countries, such as Good & Fugly in Australia and No Food Waste in India, are making similar efforts worldwide. The popular trend of selling "imperfect" produce at retail has been criticized for overlooking existing markets for these foods (eg the food processing industry and bargain grocery stores) and downplaying the household-level wasting of food that is statistically a larger part of the overall problem.

1707:, which is a market-driven system. Each stakeholder and their food waste quantification can be dependent on geographical scales. This geographical scale then results in the production of different definitions of food waste, as mentioned earlier, with respect to the complexities of food supply chains and then create a narrative that further shows the needs for specific research on important stakeholders. The food service industry suggests to be a key stakeholder to achieve mitigation. The key players within the food service industry include the manufacturers, producers, farmers, managers, employees, and consumers. The key factors relating to food waste in restaurants include the food menu, the production procedure, the use of pre-prepared versus whole food products, dinnerware size, type of ingredients used, the dishes served, opening hours, and disposal methods. These factors then can be categorized in the different stages of operations that relate to pre-kitchen, kitchen-based, and post-kitchen processes. 1847: 1728:

but is still perfectly fine to eat. In addition to inedible and edible food waste generated by consumers, substantial amounts of food is wasted through food overconsumption, also referred to as metabolic food waste, estimated globally as 10% of foods reaching the consumer. Several interventions have been designed to achieve food waste reduction at the consumer level, such as reducing portion size and changing plates. However, despite being practical to some extent, these interventions can result in unintended consequences due to the lack of understanding of underlying causes and what influences consumers to act on specific behaviors. Unintended consequences, for example, could be prioritizing unhealthy food at the expense of healthy food or reduced consumption and calorie intake in general.

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target water scarcity, cereals and pulses make the largest contribution (more than 70 percent), followed by fruits and vegetables. In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with food loss and waste, the biggest contribution is again from cereals and pulses (more than 60 percent), followed by roots, tubers and oil-bearing crops. However, the environmental footprint for different commodities also varies across regions and countries, due, among other things, to differences in crop yields and production techniques. According to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, the reduction of food waste would be beneficial for improving availability of resources such as "water, land-use, energy consumption" and the overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.

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inputs, livelihoods, investments, and scarce resources such as water. Post-harvest losses for horticultural produce are, however, difficult to measure. In some cases everything harvested by a farmer may end up being sold to consumers. In others, losses or waste may be considerable. Occasionally, losses may be 100%, for example when there is a price collapse and it would cost the farmer more to harvest and market the produce than to plough it back into the ground. Use of average loss figures is thus often misleading. There can be losses in quality, as measured both by the price obtained and the nutritional value, as well as in quantity.

1666:, stores have widely varying policies to handle the above mentioned foods. Much of the food discarded by stores is still edible. Some stores put efforts into preventing access to poor or homeless people, while others work with charitable organization to distribute food. Retailers also contribute to waste as a result of their contractual arrangements with suppliers. Failure to supply agreed quantities renders farmers or processors liable to have their contracts cancelled. As a consequence, they plan to produce more than actually required to meet the contract, to have a margin of error. Surplus production is often simply disposed of. 1300: 3189: 2562: 2634:'s The State of Food and Agriculture 2019, the case for reducing food loss and waste includes gains that society can reap but which individual actors may not take into account, namely: (i) increased productivity and economic growth; (ii) improved food security and nutrition; and (iii) mitigation of environmental impacts of losing and wasting food, in particular terms of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG emissions as well as lowering pressure on land and water resources. The last two societal gains, in particular, are typically seen as externalities of reducing food loss and waste. 1546:, which cause losses before harvest. Since natural forces (e.g. temperature and precipitation) remain the primary drivers of crop growth, losses from these can be experienced by all forms of outdoor agriculture. On average, farms in the United States lose up to six billion pounds of crops every year because of these unpredictable conditions. According to the IPCC sixth assessment report, encouraging the development of technologies that address issues in food harvesting and post-harvesting could have a significant impact on decreasing food waste in the supply chain early-on. 1045: 22: 1751: 2588: 2295:, an average Hungarian consumer generated 68 kg food waste annually in 2016, and 49% of this amount could have been prevented (avoidable food waste). The research team replicated the study in 2019, According to the second measurement, food waste generated by the Hungarian households was estimated to be 65.5 kg per capita annually. Between the two periods, a 4% decrease was observed, despite significant economic expansion, likely due to the very intense media campaign of Project Wasteless. 10131: 989: 1447:'The notion of food being lost or wasted is deceptively simple, but in practice there is no commonly agreed definition of food loss and waste. FAO has worked towards the harmonization of concepts related to food loss and waste, and the definitions adopted in this report are the result of a consensus reached in consultation with experts in this field. This report understands food loss and waste as the decrease in quantity or quality of food along the food supply chain. Empirically it considers 2597: 2940: 2995:

have very limited available space. One municipality who chose to regulate MFW is San Francisco, who requires citizens to separate compost from trash on their own, instituting fines for non-compliance at $ 100 for individual homes and $ 500 for businesses. The city's economic reasoning for this controversial mandate is supported by their estimate that one business can save up to $ 30,000 annually on garbage disposal costs with the implementation of the required composting.

2760: 2747:, called Cambio Verde allows farmers to provide surplus produce (produce they would otherwise discard due to too low prices) to people that bring glass and metal to recycling facilities (to encourage further waste reduction). In Europe, the Food Surplus Entrepreneurs Network (FSE Network), coordinates a network of social businesses and nonprofit initiatives with the goal to spread best practices to increase the use of surplus food and reduction of food waste. 10142: 1558:. However, usually when culling occurs at the production, food processing, retail and consumption stages, it is to remove or dispose of produce with a strange or imperfect appearance rather than produce that is spoiled or unsafe to eat. In urban areas, fruit and nut trees often go unharvested because people either do not realize that the fruit is edible or they fear that it is contaminated, despite research which shows that urban fruit is safe to consume. 2258: 2414: 1855: 1511: 4009:"Excess food refers to food that is recovered and donated to feed people. Food waste refers to food such as plate waste (i.e., food that has been served but not eaten), spoiled food, or peels and rinds considered inedible that is sent to feed animals, to be composted or anaerobically digested, or to be landfilled or combusted with energy recovery. Food loss refers to unused product from the agricultural sector, such as unharvested crops." 1689: 1435:

losses if the cost of recovered food is higher than the average cost of inputs in the alternative, nonfood use. Second, the definition creates practical problems for measuring food waste because the measurement requires tracking food loss in every stage of the supply chain and its proportion that flows to nonfood uses." They argued that only food that ends up in landfills should be counted as food waste, pointing to the 2016

1001: 50: 2987:. Composting is the aerobic process completed by microorganisms in which the bacteria break down the food waste into simpler organic materials that can then be used in soil. By redistributing nutrients and high microbial populations, compost reduces water runoff and soil erosion by enhancing rainfall penetration, which has been shown to reduce the loss of sediment, nutrients, and pesticide losses to streams by 75–95%. 1811: 9559: 2649:. Prevention of food waste infers all actions that reduce food production and ultimately prevent food from being produced in vain, such as food donations or re-processing into new food products. Valorisation on the other hand comprise actions that recover the materials, nutrients or energy in food waste, for instance by producing animal feed, fuel or energy from the "wastes" making it as potential resource. 3123: 2991:

does not produce methane, but instead produces organic compost that can then be utilized in agriculture. Recently, the city of New York has begun to require that restaurants and food-producing companies begin to compost their leftover food. Another instance of composting progress is a Wisconsin-based company called WasteCap, who is dedicated towards aiding local communities create composting plans.

1834:, and dried. Other on-farm losses include inadequate harvesting time, climatic conditions, practices applied at harvest and handling, and challenges in marketing produce. Significant losses are caused by inadequate storage conditions as well as decisions made at earlier stages of the supply chain, including transportation, storage, and processing, which predispose products to a shorter shelf life. 1628: 1348: 2784:. Waste container design is therefore essential to making such operations feasible. Curbside collection of food waste is also done in the U.S., some ways by combining food scraps and yard waste together. Several states in the U.S. have introduced a yard waste ban, not accepting leaves, brush, trimmings, etc. in landfills. Collection of food scraps and yard waste combined is then recycled and 1455:, on the other hand, occurs at the retail and consumption level. This definition also aligns with the distinction implicit in SDG Target 12.3. This report also asserts that, although there may be an economic loss, food diverted to other economic uses, such as animal feed, is not considered as quantitative food loss or waste. Similarly, inedible parts are not considered as food loss or waste.' 1658:. This United States-based study looked at the intertwining laws which lead labeling to end up unclear and erratic. This uncertainty leads to consumers to toss food, most often because they think the food may be unsafe or misunderstand the labeling on the food completely. Lack of regulation on labeling can result in large quantities of food being removed from the market overall. 1327:

required to discard". Meanwhile, Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 (the General Food Law Regulation), as amended on 1 July 2022, defined food as "any substance or product, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be, or reasonably expected to be ingested by humans (...)", including things such as drinks and chewing gum, excluding things such as

1142:. Prevention of food waste is the highest priority, and when prevention is not possible, the food waste hierarchy ranks the food waste treatment options from preferred to least preferred based on their negative environmental impacts. Reuse pathways of surplus food intended for human consumption, such as food donation, is the next best strategy after prevention, followed by 2392:, 788,600 tonnes (776,100 long tons; 869,300 short tons) of food was wasted in 2014. Of that, 101,400 tonnes (99,800 long tons; 111,800 short tons) were recycled. Since Singapore has limited agriculture ability, the country spent about S$ 14.8 billion (US$ 10.6 billion) on importing food in 2014. US$ 1.4 billion of it ends up being wasted, or 13 percent. 3111:

sewer overflows also occur due to the improper discharge of FOGs to the collection system. Overflows discharge 3–10 billion U.S. gallons (11–38 million cubic meters) of untreated wastewater annually into local waterways, and up to 5,500 illnesses annually are due to exposure to contamination from sanitary sewer overflows into recreational waters.

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kilograms of "solid food (including dairy products, fats, sauces and soups)" in 2010, to 41.2 kilograms in 2016, to 34.3 kilograms in 2019. The waste of liquid foods (excluding beer and wine, first measured in 2019) that ended up in the sewer through sinks or toilets was analysed to have decreased from 57.3 litres per capita in 2010 to 45.5 litres in 2019.

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more than 40% of losses occur at the post-harvest and processing stages, while in the latter, more than 40% of losses occur at the retail and consumer levels. The total food waste by consumers in industrialized countries (222 million tonnes or 218,000,000 long tons or 245,000,000 short tons) is almost equal to the entire food production in

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combined the two (after waste was redefined in 2008 by Article 3.1 of 2008/98/EC as "any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard") by defining food waste as "all food as defined in Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council that has become waste."

2540:(USDA), between 30–40 percent of food in the U.S. is wasted. Estimates of food waste in the United States range from 35 million tons to 103 million tons. In a study done by National Geographic in 2014, Elizabeth Royte indicated more than 30 percent of food in the United States, valued at $ 162 billion annually, is not eaten. The 1406:(FAO) 2016 report: "Food loss is defined as 'the decrease in quantity or quality of food.' Food waste is part of food loss and refers to discarding or alternative (nonfood) use of food that is safe and nutritious for human consumption along the entire food supply chain, from primary production to end household consumer level"; 1278:, exacerbating hunger and affecting child growth. In alignment with SDG 12.3, the report compiles 194 data points from 93 countries to illustrate the widespread nature of food waste, highlights the lack of disparity in waste levels across nations of varying income levels, and underscores the leadership roles of 1311:(EU), food waste is defined by combining the definitions of food and waste, namely: "any substance or product, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be, or reasonably expected to be ingested by humans (...)" (including things such as drinks and chewing gum; excluding things such as 2780:

waste), which enable a wider range of recyclable materials to be collected at reasonable cost, and improve their collection rates. However, they result in a two-week wait before the waste will be collected. The criticism is that particularly during hot weather, food waste rots and stinks, and attracts

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gases. It is referred to as fats, oils, and grease (FOG) waste or more commonly "brown grease" (versus "yellow grease", which is fryer oil that is easily collected and processed into biodiesel) and is an overwhelming problem, especially in the US, for the aging sewer systems. Per the US EPA, sanitary

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On January 1, 2020, Singapore implemented the Zero Waste Masterplan which aims to reduce Singapore's daily waste production by 30 percent. The project also aims to extend the lifespan of the Semaku Landfill, Singapore's only landfill, beyond 2025. As a direct result of the project, food waste dropped

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In Canada, 58% of all food is wasted, amounting to 35.5 million tonnes of food per annuum. The value of this lost food is equivalent to CA$ 21 billion. Such quantities of food would be enough to feed all Canadians for five months. It is estimated that about one-third of this waste could be spared and

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10 short tons) per year. As the following table shows, industrialized and developing countries differ substantially. In developing countries, it is estimated that 400–500 calories per day per person are wasted, while in developed countries 1,500 calories per day per person are wasted. In the former,

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report interpreted this to mean that Americans threw away up to 40% of food that was safe to eat. Buzby & Hyman (2012) estimated both the total weight (in kg and lbs) and monetary value (in USD) of food loss in the United States, concluding that "the annual value of food loss is almost 10% of the

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definition as a good example. Bellemare et al. also noted that "the FAO and ERS definitions only apply to edible and safe and nutritious food, whereas the definitions of FUSIONS and the EPA apply to both edible and inedible parts of food. Finally, the ERS and EPA definitions of food waste exclude the

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2016 report: "The amount of food going to landfills from residences, commercial establishments (e.g., grocery stores and restaurants), institutional sources (e.g., school cafeterias), and industrial sources (e.g., factory lunchrooms). Pre-consumer food generated during the manufacturing and packaging

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nations in data tracking. It argues for a comprehensive definition of food waste, including both edible and inedible parts, and calls for improved data collection, particularly in retail and food service sectors of low-income countries, to enhance global efforts in halving food waste by 2030, with an

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An overarching consensus exists on the substantial environmental benefits of food waste reduction. However, rebound effects may cause substitutive consumption as a result of economic savings made from food waste prevention, potentially offsetting more than half of the avoided emissions (depending on

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Many initiatives were taken by the Australian government in order to help achieve this goal. In fact, they financed $ 1.2 million in organization that invest in renewable energies systems to store and transport food. They also funded more than $ 10 million for research on food waste reduction. Local

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Consumers are directly and indirectly responsible for wasting a lot of food, which could for a large part be avoided if they were willing to accept suboptimal food (SOF) that deviates in sensory characteristics (odd shapes, discolorations) or has a best-before date that is approaching or has passed,

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a FUSIONS (an EU project) 2016 report: "Food waste is any food, and inedible parts of food, removed from the food supply chain to be recovered or disposed (including composed , crops ploughed in/not harvested, anaerobic digestion, bioenergy production, co-generation, incineration, disposal to sewer,

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Food loss and waste occurs at all stages of the food supply chain – production, processing, sales, and consumption. Definitions of what constitutes food loss versus food waste or what parts of foods (i.e., inedible parts) exit the food supply chain are considered lost or wasted vary. Terms are often

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Composting food waste leads to a decrease in the quantity of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. In landfills, organic food waste decomposes anaerobically, producing methane gas that is emitted into the atmosphere. When this biodegradable waste is composted, it decomposes aerobically and

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or juice from leftovers. Food waste can also be used to produce multiple high-value products, such as a fish oil substitute for food or feed use via marine micro algae, without compromising the ability to produce energy via biogas. The general consensus currently suggest that reducing food waste by

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report stated that the Dutch population wasted 'at least 9.5m tonnes of food per year, worth at least €4.4bn.' In 2019, three studies into food waste in households in the Netherlands commissioned by the LNV were conducted, showing that the average household waste per capita had been reduced from 48

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According to REDUCE project, which produced the first baseline dataset for Italy based on official EU methodological framework, food waste is 530 g per person per week at household stage (only edible fraction); food waste in school canteens corresponds to 586 g per pupil per week; retail food waste

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significantly affected the food waste behaviour of Hungarians: while the total food waste basically did not change, the edible (avoidable) and inedible (unavoidable) fractions show a particular transformation. Spending more time at home the discarded leftovers were reduced, resulting in a drop from

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emission. In response to this issue, in 2016, France became the first country in the world to pass a unanimous legislation that bans supermarkets from throwing away or destroying unsold food. Instead, supermarkets are expected to donate such food to charities and food banks. In addition to donating

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protects food from damage during its transportation from farms and factories via warehouses to retailing, as well as preserving its freshness upon arrival. Although it avoids considerable food waste, packaging can compromise efforts to reduce food waste in other ways, such as by contaminating waste

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evidence at the global level on the environmental footprints for major commodity groups suggests that, if the aim is to reduce land use, the primary focus should be on meat and animal products, which account for 60 percent of the land footprint associated with food loss and waste. If the aim is to

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USDA data from 2010 shows that 26% of fish, meat, and poultry were thrown away at the retail and consumer level. Since then, meat production has increased by more than 10%. Data scientist Harish Sethu says this means that billions of animals are raised and slaughtered only to end up in a landfill.

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agency) 2014 report: "Food loss represents the amount of food postharvest, that is available for human consumption but is not consumed for any reason. It includes cooking loss and natural shrinkage (for example, moisture loss); loss from mould, pests, or inadequate climate control; and food waste.

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Municipal Food Waste (MFW) can be composted to create this product of organic fertilizer, and many municipalities choose to do this citing environmental protection and economic efficiency as reasoning. Transporting and dumping waste in landfills requires both money and room in the landfills that

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is a subject of environmental, and socioeconomic concern that has received widespread media coverage and been met with varying responses from government. Since 1915, food waste has been identified as a considerable problem and has been the subject of ongoing media attention, intensifying with the

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identifies three main factors contributing to household waste: (1) buying too much food and not eating it before it spoils, (2) malfunctioning or poorly-designed packaging that does not deter spoilage rates or contamination, and (3) improper disposing of food – using garbage bins instead of those

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Separate curbside collection of food wastes is now being revived in some areas. To keep collection costs down and raise the rate of food waste segregation, some local authorities, especially in Europe, have introduced "alternate weekly collections" of biodegradable waste (including, e.g., garden

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stated that ending food waste in Quebec would be a priority of the party if they were in government. The party seeks to cut food waste by 50% by mandating large businesses and institutions to give unsold food to groups that would distribute the food, or to businesses that would process the food.

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is generated by the disposed food in landfills. It is also the cause of odour, leaching, and potential generation for diseases. In March 2019, the Australian ministry of the environment shared the key findings of Australia's National food waste baseline, which will facilitate the tracking of the

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Serving plate size reduction has been identified as an intervention effective at reducing restaurant food waste. Under such interventions, restaurants decrease the size of plates for meals provided to diners. Similar interventions which have been found to be effective at reducing restaurant food

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In restaurants in developing countries, the lack of infrastructure and associated technical and managerial skills in food production have been identified as the key drivers in the creation of food waste currently and in the future. Comparatively, the majority of food waste in developed countries

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Losses of horticultural produce are a major problem in the post-harvest chain. They can be caused by a wide variety of factors, ranging from growing conditions to handling at retail level. Not only are losses clearly a waste of food, but they also represent a similar waste of human effort, farm

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According to Bellemare et al., the inclusion of food that goes to nonfood productive use is flawed for two reasons: "First, if recovered food is used as an input, such as animal feed, fertilizer, or biomass to produce output, then by definition it is not wasted. However, there might be economic

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special report had criticised the lack of a common definition of food waste as hampering progress, and a May 2017 resolution by the European Parliament supported a legally binding definition of food waste. Finally, the 2018/851/EU directive of 30 May 2018 (the revised Waste Framework Directive)

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75/442/EEC as "any food substance, raw or cooked, which is discarded, or intended or required to be discarded" in 1975. In 2006, 75/442/EEC was repealed by 2006/12/EC, which defined waste as "any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is

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The 2019 FAO report stated: "Food loss and waste has typically been measured in physical terms using tonnes as reporting units. This measurement fails to account for the economic value of different commodities and can risk attributing a higher weight to low-value products just because they are

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Multiple private enterprises have developed hardware and software solutions dealing mainly with the prevention of food waste within foodservice production facilities (contract catering, hotels & resorts, cruise ships, casinos etc.), by gathering quantitative and qualitative data about the

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As of December 2020, a draft law is under consideration to penalise food outlets if they encourage or mislead customers to order excessive meals causing obvious waste, first with a warning and then fines of up to 10,000 yuan. It would allow restaurants to charge customers who leave excessive

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or superficially bruised, they are often not put on the shelf. In the United States, some of the estimated six billion pounds of produce wasted each year are discarded because of appearance. The USDA publishes guidelines used as a baseline assessment by produce distributors, grocery stores,

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in harvesting can cause losses, as harvesters may be unable to discern between ripe and immature crops, or collect only part of a crop. Economic factors, such as regulations and standards for quality and appearance, also cause food waste; farmers often harvest selectively via field gleaning,

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are able to claim foods that contradict standards before they reach markets. Although this can conflict with efforts to reuse food loss (such as in animal feed), safety regulations are in place to ensure the health of the consumer; they are vitally important, especially in the processing of

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In France, approximately 1.3–1.9 million tonnes of food waste is produced every year, or between 20 and 30 kilograms per person per year. Out of the 10 million tonnes of food that is either lost or wasted in the country, 7.1 million tonnes of food wasted in the country, only 11% comes from

1498:. These losses are higher than all conventional food losses combined. This is because livestock eat more human-edible food than their products provide. Research estimated that if the US would eat all human-edible food instead of feeding it to animals in order to eat their meat, dairy and 1554:

preferring to not waste crops "not to standards" in the field (where they can still be used as fertilizer or animal feed), since they would otherwise be discarded later. This method of removing undesirable produce from harvest collection, distribution sites and grocery stores is called

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In the UK, it was stated in 2007 that 6,700,000 tonnes (6,590,000 long tons; 7,390,000 short tons) per year of wasted food (purchased and edible food which is discarded) amounted to a cost of £10.2 billion each year. This represented costs of £250 to £400 a year per household.

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Composting is an economical and environmentally conscious step many homeowners could take to reduce their impact on landfill waste. Instead of food scraps and spoiled food taking up space in trashcans or stinking up the kitchen before the bag is full, it could be put outside and

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From the end of the 19th century through the middle of the 20th century, many municipalities collected food waste (called "garbage" as opposed to "trash") separately. This was typically disinfected by steaming and fed to pigs, either on private farms or in municipal piggeries.

7467: 1469:"by comparing the US food supply data with the calculated food consumed by the US population." The result was that food waste among American consumers increased from "about 30% of the available food supply in 1974 to almost 40% in recent years" (the early 2000s), or about 900 2733:" has raised awareness about preventative measures to address food waste for consumers. Through advertisements, information on food storage and preparation and in-store education, the UK observed a 21% decrease in avoidable household food waste over the course of 5 years. 3049:

states that the use of anaerobic composting allows for large amounts of food waste to avoid the landfills. Instead of producing these greenhouse gasses into the environment from being in a landfill, the gasses can alternatively be harnessed in these facilities for reuse.

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produces both useful gaseous products and a solid fibrous "compostable" material. Anaerobic digestion plants can provide energy from waste by burning the methane created from food and other organic wastes to generate electricity, defraying the plants' costs and reducing

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of food waste. Potatoes, bread slices and apples are the most wasted foods by quantity, while salads are thrown away in the greatest proportion. A majority of food waste food is avoidable, with the rest being divided almost equally into foods which are unavoidable (e.g.

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In 2006, the EPA defined food waste as "uneaten food and food preparation wastes from residences and commercial establishments such as grocery stores, restaurants, produce stands, institutional cafeterias and kitchens, and industrial sources like employee lunchrooms".

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conducted a study in 2004 that indicated that 14% to 15% of United States edible food is untouched or unopened, amounting to $ 43 billion worth of discarded, but edible, food. In 2010, the United States Department of Agriculture came forth with estimations from the

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governments have also implemented programs such as information sessions on storing food and composting, diversion of waste from restaurants and cafes from landfills to shared recycling facilities and donation of food to organization that would otherwise be wasted.

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sent to those in need. There are many factors that contribute to such large-scale waste. Manufacturing and processing food alone incur costs of CA$ 21 billion, or 4.82 million tons. Per household, it is estimated that $ 1,766 is lost in food loss and waste. The

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Food Waste Index Report, "Think Eat Save: Tracking Progress to Halve Global Food Waste," addresses the severe issue of food waste that accounts for US$ 1 trillion in losses, 8–10% of global greenhouse emissions, and the unnecessary use of 30% of the world's

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refers to food such as plate waste (i.e., food that has been served but not eaten), spoiled food, or peels and rinds considered inedible that is sent to feed animals, to be composted or anaerobically digested, or to be landfilled or combusted with energy

1502:, it would free up enough food for an additional 350 million people. At a global level livestock is fed an average of 1738 kcal/person/day of human-edible food, and just 594 kcal/p/d of animal products return to the human food supply, a net loss of 66%. 4485: 2767:

In areas where the waste collection is a public function, food waste is usually managed by the same governmental organization as other waste collection. Most food waste is combined with general waste at the source. Separate collections, also known as

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is not known as food waste has not been investigated at all stages of the supply chain. However, research has been undertaken into household food waste, supermarket food waste and hospitality sector food waste. The Environment Select Committee held a

1586:. This is a particular problem for countries that experience a combination of heat (around 30 °C) and ambient humidity (between 70 and 90 per cent), as such conditions encourage the reproduction of insect pests and micro-organisms. Losses in the 2652:

Multiple studies have studied the environmental benefits of food waste prevention measures, including food donations, recovery of unharvested vegetables for re-use in food production, re-processing of surplus bread for beer production, and producing

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kg/capita/year food waste production in the households, and the avoidable food waste part of it is 24 kg (40%). This indicates a reduction of 12% in total food waste and a reduction of 27% in avoidable food waste since the first measurement in 2016.

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from food that would otherwise be wasted. Each year, the Australian economy loses $ 20 billion in food waste. This has a crucial environmental impact through the waste of resources used to produce, manufacture, package, and distribute that food.

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Bernstad Saraiva Schott, A., Wenzel, H., la Cour Jansen, J., 2016. Identification of decisive factors for greenhouse gas emissions in comparative lifecycle assessments of food waste management – an analytical review. J. Clean. Prod. 119, 13–24.

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such as pigs or chickens is, historically, the most common way of dealing with household food waste. The animals turn roughly two thirds of their ingested food into gas or fecal waste, while the last third is digested and repurposed as meat or

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Estimates from UN Environment's Food Waste Index suggest that about 931 million tonnes of food, or 17 percent of total food available to consumers in 2019, went into the waste bins of households, retailers, restaurants and other food services.

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tends to be produced post-consumer, which is driven by the low prices of food, greater disposable income, consumers' high expectations of food cosmetic standards, and the increasing disconnect between consumers and how food is being produced (

2432:" campaign in 2007. Food waste has been discussed in newspaper articles, news reports and television programmes, which have increased awareness of it as a public issue. To tackle waste issues, encompassing food waste, the government-funded " 8503: 9988: 7456: 1225:(FAO) of the United Nations defines food loss and waste as the decrease in quantity or quality of food along the food supply chain. Within this framework, UN Agencies distinguish loss and waste at two different stages in the process: 2834:

and Waste Regulations, like regulations in other countries, enjoin diverting organic wastes away from landfill disposal for these reasons. Starting in 2015, organic waste from New York City restaurants will be banned from landfills.

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Mrema, C. G. and Rolle, S. R. (2002). Status of the postharvest sector and its contribution to agricultural development and economic growth. 9th JIRCAS International Symposium – Value Addition to Agricultural Product, pp. 13-20.

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In the food industry of the United States, the food supply of which is the most diverse and abundant of any country in the world, loss occurs from the beginning of food production chain. From planting, crops can be subjected to

2523:. Two years after its launch, the "Love Food, Hate Waste" campaign was claiming it had already prevented 137,000 tonnes of waste and, through the help it had given to over 2,000,000 households, had made savings of £300,000,000. 2640:

As suggested by the food waste hierarchy, prevention and reuse pathways for human consumption have the highest priority levels for food waste treatment. The general approach to food waste reduction comprise two main pathways:

2379:

Research done on household food waste in New Zealand found that larger households and households with more young people created more food waste. The average household in this case study put 40% of food waste into the rubbish.

1661:

Retail stores throw away large quantities of food. Usually, this consists of items that have reached either their best-before, sell-by, or use-by dates. Some stores make an effort to markdown these goods with systems like

4875: 6326:

Reynolds, Christian; Goucher, Liam; Quested, Tom; Bromley, Sarah; Gillick, Sam; Wells, Victoria K.; Evans, David; Koh, Lenny; Carlsson Kanyama, Annika; Katzeff, Cecilia; Svenfelt, Åsa; Jackson, Peter (February 1, 2019).

5958:

3880:"For the purposes of this Directive: (a) "waste" means any substance or object which the holder disposes of or is required to dispose of pursuant to the provisions of national law in force;" (Amended by Directive 91/156) 2225:

leftovers. Broadcasters-– radio, TV, or online – which produces publishes or disseminates the promotion of food waste, including overeating. who promote overeating or food waste could also be fined up to 100,000 yuan.

5424: 2772:, have the advantage that food waste can be disposed of in ways not applicable to other wastes. In the United States, companies find higher and better uses for large commercial generators of food and beverage waste. 1594:

and edibility of crops, by extremes of temperature, humidity or the action of micro-organisms, also account for food waste. Further losses are generated in the handling of food and by shrinkage in weight or volume.

2721:

One way of dealing with food waste is to reduce its creation. Consumers can reduce spoilage by planning their food shopping, avoiding potentially wasteful spontaneous purchases, and storing foods properly (and also

1087:. Overall, about one-third of the world's food is thrown away. A similar amount is lost on top of that by feeding human-edible food to farm animals (the net effect wastes an estimated 1144 kcal/person/day). A 2021 2838:

In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, food scraps constitute around 19% of the waste buried in landfills, where it biodegrades very easily and produces methane, a powerful greenhouse gas.

1836:

Important in many developing countries, particularly in Africa, are on-farm losses during storage, when the grain is being stored for auto-consumption or while the farmer awaits a selling opportunity or a rise in

6994:

De Clercq, Djavan; Wen, Zongguo; Gottfried, Oliver; Schmidt, Franziska; Fei, Fan (November 1, 2017). "A review of global strategies promoting the conversion of food waste to bioenergy via anaerobic digestion".

2676:

There are multiple initiatives that rescue food that would otherwise not be consumed by humans anymore. The food can come from supermarkets, restaurants or private households for example. Such initiatives are:

6875: 4469: 3023:, in which a majority of people transition to a new habit; a 2018 study published in Nature claims that with only 25 per cent of a population, a minority perspective was able to overturn the majority. 2157:

In February 2019, the government brought together several experts from different sectors to share ideas and discuss opportunities for measuring and reducing food loss and waste across the food supply chain.

5150: 1530:, the amounts of food loss are unknown, but are likely to be insignificant by comparison, due to the limited stages at which loss can occur, and given that food is grown for projected need as opposed to a 6594: 6502: 5695: 4767: 7990: 6763: 8499: 1913:(SIK) found that the total of global amount of food loss and waste was around one third of the edible parts of food produced for human consumption, amounting to about 1.3 billion tonnes (1.28 4613:

Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Iglesias, Ana; Yang, X.B; Epstein, Paul R; Chivian, Eric (2001). "Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events; Implications for Food Production, Plant Diseases, and Pests".

3061:

is utilized. Certain U.S. states, such as Oregon, have implemented the requirement for permits on such facilities, based on the potential danger to the population and surrounding environment.

5666: 6823: 2266:

supermarkets. Not only does this cost the French €16 billion per year, but also the negative impact on the environment is also shocking. In France, food waste emits 15.3 million tonnes of CO

9066: 7766: 1886:, globally, in 2016, around 14 percent of the world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level. Generally, levels of loss are higher for fruits and vegetables than for 2637:

Response to the problem of food waste at all social levels has varied hugely, including campaigns from advisory and environmental groups, and concentrated media attention on the subject.

8656:"Most of the smaller cities in this country dispose of a part or all their garbage by feeding to swine, but ... only four maintain municipal piggeries." Capes and Carpenter, 1918, p. 169 2846:, is the second most prevalent greenhouse gas that is released into the air, also produced by landfills in the U.S. Although methane spends less time in the atmosphere (12 years) than CO 8938: 6703: 5299: 769: 5610: 1465:

heavier. report acknowledges this by adopting a measure that accounts for the economic value of produce." Hall et al. (2009) calculated food waste in the United States in terms of

948: 5222: 4867: 2300:

32 to 25 kg/capita/year in avoidable food waste, while home cooking became more prevalent, contributing to a significant rise in the amount of unavoidable food waste from 31 to 36

2186:

reported that in big cities there was 17 to 18 million tons of food waste, enough to feed over 30 million people. About 25% of the waste was staple foods and about 18% from meat.

1418:

Food waste is a component of food loss and occurs when an edible item goes unconsumed, as in food discarded by retailers due to color or appearance, and plate waste by consumers";

943: 1534:

demand. Nevertheless, on-farm losses in storage in developing countries, particularly in African countries, can be high although the exact nature of such losses is much debated.

1180:

seeks to "halve global per capita food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses" by 2030.

5193: 1818:

Grains may be lost in the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. Pre-harvest losses occur before the process of harvesting begins, and may be due to insects, weeds, and

5482: 3243:

Global food losses and food waste : extent, causes and prevention : study conducted for the International Congress "Save Food!" at Interpack 2011 Düsseldorf, Germany

4145:"Many states surveyed for this paper do not define food waste or distinguish between pre-consumer and post consumer food waste, while other states classify food waste types." 5408: 4805: 3995: 3019:

can learn new behaviors such as home composting, and the new behavior can spread spontaneously through the group. If enough people are influenced, the community can reach a

2658:

either prevention or valorisation, for human consumption, infers higher environmental benefits compared to the lower priority levels, such as energy production or disposal.

7039: 1894:. However, even for the latter, significant levels are found in sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, while they are limited in Central and Southern Asia. 8367: 2335:

According to Meeusen & Hagelaar (2008), between 30% and 50% of all food produced was estimated to be lost or thrown away at that time in the Netherlands, while a 2010

1650:(NRDC) performed research that suggests that the leading cause of food waste in America is due to uncertainty over food expiration dates, such as confusion in deciphering 1258:) is not counted as food loss or waste. Inedible parts are not considered as food loss or waste (these inedible parts are sometimes referred to as unavoidable food waste) 7902:

Accelerating the transition in the context of 2 sustainable development, Ch 17 in "Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change". www.ipcc.ch. Retrieved 2022-04-06.

7107: 5386: 7858: 3831: 2866:

Large quantities of fish, meat, dairy and grain are discarded at a global scale annually, when they can be used for things other than human consumption. The feeding of

2501: 8694: 2121:

Canada, Mexico, and the United States are working together under the Commission for Environmental Cooperation in order to address the severe problem of food waste in

9119: 6913: 7542: 6883: 4506: 7137: 5641: 7563: 5161: 3391: 3268: 2736:

Another potential solution is for "smart packaging" which would indicate when food is spoiled more precisely than expiration dates currently do, for example with

6586: 6494: 8528: 8048: 6673: 6561: 5687: 4775: 1859: 9143: 7982: 7592: 7352: 1570:

involved are relatively unknown and difficult to estimate. Regardless, the variety of factors that contribute to food loss, both biological/environmental and

10045: 7069: 6755: 2699: 3197: 3963: 3934: 3866: 1099:. The analysis estimated that global food waste was 931 million tonnes of food waste (about 121 kg per capita) across three sectors: 61 percent from 9981: 8459: 8331:

Calvo-Porral, Cristina; Medín, Andrés Faiña; Losada-López, Chema (2016). "Can Marketing Help in Tackling Food Waste?: Proposals in Developed Countries".

6853: 2133: 4117: 8671: 5229: 2507:

announced the Government's "War on waste", a programme aimed at reducing Britain's food waste. The proposed plans under the scheme included: scrapping

9172: 4440: 6793: 6532: 4273: 3473: 3420: 3308: 5662: 3726: 6815: 3366: 2336: 2193: 9062: 8431: 7799: 7774: 7721: 6378: 5557: 3900: 3505: 2479:

that left millions worldwide starving and impoverished. In the context of the 2007–2008 world food price crisis, food waste was discussed at the

8402: 4548: 3914:"'waste' shall mean any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard" 1677:

The fishing industry wastes substantial amounts of food: about 40–60% of fish caught in Europe is discarded as the wrong size or wrong species.

8600:

Hegwood, Margaret; Burgess, Matthew G.; Costigliolo, Erin M.; Smith, Pete; Bajželj, Bojana; Saunders, Harry; Davis, Steven J. (July 20, 2023).

7940: 7658: 6451: 3579: 953: 8765:

Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Boudon A., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2018. Bakery waste. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.

9966: 5528: 5313: 4025: 3046: 1436: 1426: 1356: 8261: 7828: 7491:

Tucker, C.A.; Farrelly, T. (March 10, 2015). "Household food waste: the implications of consumer choice in food from purchase to disposal".

6695: 9201: 4124: 4083: 4054: 1910: 1879:(UNEP) to measure progress towards SDG Target 12.3 through two separate indices: the Food Loss Index (FLI) and the Food Waste Index (FWI). 1243: 1084: 9345: 8482: 5606: 2456: 1846: 5864:"Restaurant food waste and the determinants of its effective management in Bulgaria: An exploratory case study of restaurants in Plovdiv" 5233: 5129: 4228: 2624: 1185: 1031: 719: 8823: 8745: 7821:"USDA ERS - The Estimated Amount, Value, and Calories of Postharvest Food Losses at the Retail and Consumer Levels in the United States" 1266:, the Food and Agriculture Organization is responsible for measuring food loss, while the UN Environmental Program measures food waste. 9813: 5902: 5278: 3656: 2221:) was started to reduce waste, including encouraging food outlets to limit orders to one fewer main dish than the number of customers. 5185: 2894:

products discarded from the human food chain could be used to feed chickens. Chickens have traditionally been given mixtures of waste

2662:

specific food waste, helping chefs and managers reduce food waste by up to 70% by improving and optimising their workflows and menus.

8871: 5934: 5474: 1115: 7629: 4387:"Current global food production is sufficient to meet human nutritional needs in 2050 provided there is radical societal adaptation" 2326: 4797: 4079: 3987: 10075: 9089:"Incomplete understanding of biogas chemical hazards – Serious gas poisoning accident while unloading food waste at biogas plant" 8378: 7957: 7031: 4900: 3337: 2537: 1822:. Harvest losses occur between the beginning and completion of harvesting, and are primarily caused by losses due to shattering. 1414: 2143: 7397: 5091: 5027: 2627:

nations adopted an agreement for preserving biodiversity, including a commitment to reduce food waste by 50% by the year 2030.

7091: 5370: 4574:"Rice Pest Constraints in Tropical Asia: Quantification of Yield Losses Due to Rice Pests in a Range of Production Situations" 3755: 1901:

According to a report from Feedback EU, the EU wastes 153 million tonnes of food each year, around double previous estimates.

9976: 9823: 7919: 7850: 6473: 5458: 5307: 5272: 5123: 4843: 4715: 4479: 3820: 3691: 3650: 3558: 3171: 2614: 2498:

said of the issue: "We must do more to deal with unnecessary demand, such as by all of us doing more to cut our food waste".

2476: 2433: 938: 4910: 3697: 1486:

Net animal losses are the difference between the calories in human-edible crops fed to animals and the calories returned in

10090: 8794: 8691: 6905: 2925:. The maggots can then be fed to other animals. In China, some food waste is being processed by feeding it to cockroaches. 1876: 1270: 1092: 212: 9088: 4528:"... there is certainly a lot of waste in the system ... Unless, that is, we were to go back to subsistence agriculture …" 7534: 4514: 2372: 2051: 1166: 1127: 339: 259: 9833: 8711: 7422:

Waarts, Yuca; Eppink, Mieke; Oosterkamp, Elsje; Hiller, Sabine; van der Sluis, Addie; Timmermans, Toine (October 2011).

7129: 5631: 4050: 4021: 2826:

Dumping food waste in a landfill causes odour as it decomposes, attracts flies and vermin, and has the potential to add

10156: 10151: 9309: 7571: 6973: 5585: 3387: 3264: 3057:, there are potential safety issues such as explosion and poisoning. These interactions require proper maintenance and 933: 847: 289: 7160:"Consumer awareness campaign to reduce household food waste based on structural equation behavior modeling in Hungary" 6943: 5503: 4998: 2136:

to reduce avoidable food waste within the country. This will help to reduce methane emissions from Canadian landfills.

10197: 9808: 9411: 8013:"Bread loss rates at the supplier-retailer interface – Analysis of risk factors to support waste prevention measures" 5418: 5087: 5023: 3302: 2631: 2292: 2234: 1872: 1647: 1474: 1403: 1390:

The states remain free to define food waste differently for their purposes, though as of 2009, many had not done so.

1222: 789: 694: 6665: 6554: 5348: 10070: 8226:"Carbon footprint and energy use of food waste management options for fresh fruit and vegetables from supermarkets" 7600: 7225:

Szabó-Bódi, Barbara; Kasza, Gyula; Szakos, Dávid (March 5, 2018). "Assessment of household food waste in Hungary".

3161: 2406: 1758: 1743: 1715:). That being said, in United States restaurants alone, an estimated 22 to 33 billion pounds are wasted each year. 1700: 1567: 9151: 8974:

Hargreaves, J; Adl, M; Warman, P (2008). "A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture".

7061: 7032:"France was the first country to ban supermarkets from throwing away unused food — and the world is taking notice" 6329:"Review: Consumption-stage food waste reduction interventions – What works and how to design better interventions" 5961:"Review: Consumption-stage food waste reduction interventions – What works and how to design better interventions" 5862:

Viachaslau Filimonau; Hafize Fidan; Iordanka Alexieva; Stefan Dragoev; Denitsa Dimitrova Marinova (October 2019).

5782:"Tackling the issue of food waste in restaurants: Options for measurement method, reduction and behavioral change" 3955: 3926: 2910:

is a large part of that movement's claim to sustainability, though not all backyard chicken growers recommend it.

2812:

to extract useful substances for the industry (i.e. succinic acid from orange peels, lycopene from tomato peels).

1765:

from production in the field to the food being placed on a plate for consumption. Post-harvest activities include

1451:

as occurring along the food supply chain from harvest/slaughter/catch up to, but not including, the retail level.

9873: 9863: 9778: 9628: 9378: 6269:

Alexander, Peter; Brown, Calum; Arneth, Almut; Finnigan, John; Moran, Dominic; Rounsevell, Mark D.A. (May 2017).

1263: 1177: 1024: 734: 497: 79: 8769: 5823:"Food waste in hospitality and food services: A systematic literature review and framework development approach" 3858: 3102:

to minimize flow to the sewer system. This often foul-smelling waste contains both organic and inorganic waste (

1611:(e.g. meat and dairy products), as contaminated products from these sources can lead to and are associated with 9971: 9848: 9803: 9226: 9173:"State of Oregon: Solid Waste Disposal Site Permits - Regulating Composting Facilities and Anaerobic Digesters" 5048:

Lacey, J (1989). "Pre- and post-harvest ecology of fungi causing spoilage of foods and other stored products".

4933:"Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries" 8453: 6845: 2275:

food, many businesses claim to prevent food waste by selling soon-to-be wasted products at discounted prices.

1826:

occur between harvest and the moment of human consumption. They include on-farm losses, such as when grain is

9868: 9828: 9793: 7376: 6725: 4128: 3448: 3058: 2200: 969: 419: 8667: 8118:

Eriksson, Mattias; Bartek, Louise; Löfkvist, Klara; Malefors, Christopher; Olsson, Marie E. (January 2021).

4101:"Food Material" means any material that was acquired for animal or human consumption, is separated from the 2452:) and those that are unavoidable due to preference (e.g. bread crusts) or cooking type (e.g. potato skins). 1213:, including international organizations, state governments, and secretariats may use their own definitions. 10166: 10161: 9956: 9893: 9883: 9180: 7293:

Madarász, Tamás; Kontor, Enikő; Antal, Emese; Kasza, Gyula; Szakos, Dávid; Szakály, Zoltán (January 2022).

3156: 2569:

According to United Nations, about a third of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions is linked to food.

2162: 1823: 1803: 507: 359: 334: 129: 8120:"Environmental Assessment of Upgrading Horticultural Side Streams—The Case of Unharvested Broccoli Leaves" 6785: 6524: 4253: 3412: 10080: 10050: 9903: 9798: 9788: 9783: 9633: 9451: 8742:"Feeding Chickens: What to feed chickens to keep them healthy | Keeping Chickens: A Beginners Guide" 8545:

Salemdeeb, Ramy; Font Vivanco, David; Al-Tabbaa, Abir; zu Ermgassen, Erasmus K. H. J. (January 1, 2017).

7431: 3892: 3777: 3294: 3203:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief

2723: 2313: 2183: 1232:

occurs along the food supply chain from harvest/slaughter/catch up to, but not including, the sales level

618: 369: 7713: 7353:"Újabb lépés a fenntarthatóság felé: a magyar háztartások egyre kevesebb élelmiszert pazarolnak - Nébih" 6638: 6016:

Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica; De Hooge, Ilona; Amani, Pegah; Bech-Larsen, Tino; Oostindjer, Marije (2015).

4833:

Gustavson, Jenny; Cederberg, Christel; Sonesson, Ulf; van Otterdijk, Robert; Meybeck, Alexandre (2011).

3718: 3358: 9934: 9908: 9898: 9888: 9858: 9838: 9668: 8427: 7795: 6389: 5546: 1670: 1335: 1323: 1196: 1017: 374: 224: 8546: 7262:"Quantification of Household Food Waste in Hungary: A Replication Study Using the FUSIONS Methodology" 6407: 6328: 5960: 3497: 3465: 2520: 9951: 9878: 9843: 9818: 8406: 6367: 5985: 5451:

Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal: The True Cost of What the Global Food Industry Throws Away

4541: 3166: 3020: 2850:, it is more efficient at trapping radiation. It is 25 times greater to impact climate change than CO 2769: 2737: 2546: 2357: 2350: 1410: 1181: 749: 714: 674: 327: 294: 144: 7650: 4572:

Savary, Serge; Willocquet, Laetitia; Elazegui, Francisco A; Castilla, Nancy P; Teng, Paul S (2000).

6236:

Sundin, Niina; Rosell, Magdalena; Eriksson, Mattias; Jensen, Carl; Bianchi, Marta (November 2021).

5532: 3042: 2827: 2460: 1762: 1210: 1119: 744: 364: 299: 236: 9302:

Biting the Hands that Feed Us: How Fewer, Smarter Laws Would Make Our Food System More Sustainable

7879: 7680: 4451: 2726:). Widespread educational campaigns have been shown to be an effective way to reduce food waste. 9993: 8961:

American Wasteland: How America Throws Away Nearly Half of Its Food (and What We Can Do about It)

8225: 8161:"Environmental impacts of waste management and valorisation pathways for surplus bread in Sweden" 7915:

In brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction

7820: 7742: 6437:

In brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction

4294: 3554:

In brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction

3441: 3085: 2249:

movement, Denmark has achieved a national reduction in food waste by 25% in 5 years (2010–2015).

2190: 2151: 1527: 1316: 774: 729: 349: 4439:

Kantor, Linda Scott; Lipton, Kathryn; Manchester, Alden; Oliveira, Victor (January–April 1997).

3188: 9703: 8479: 5861: 5115:

Food industry and the environment in the European Union: practical issues and cost implications

4080:"Chapter 3.1. Compostable Materials Handling Operations and Facilities Regulatory Requirements" 2512: 2396:

to 665,000 tonnes, showing a significant decrease from 2017's all-time high of 810,000 tonnes.

1550: 912: 399: 9268: 8930: 5113: 3606:

Bellemare, Marc F.; Çakir, Metin; Peterson, Hikaru Hanawa; Novak, Lindsey; Rudi, Jeta (2017).

2561: 1299: 9503: 9483: 8815: 8741: 7377:"Parl't Passes New Bill Dealing Severe Blow to Hungary's Largest, Foreign Supermarket Chains" 4217: 4102: 2730: 2549:

that approximates food waste in the United States to be equivalent to 141 trillion calories.

2541: 2429: 2170: 1750: 1640: 882: 724: 590: 502: 199: 9242:

Aging Water Infrastructure Research: Addressing the Challenge Through Science and Innovation

8069:

Sundin, Niina; Persson Osowski, Christine; Strid, Ingrid; Eriksson, Mattias (June 1, 2022).

5863: 5258: 3640: 3498:"COP15: Nations Adopt Four Goals, 23 Targets for 2030 in Landmark UN Biodiversity Agreement" 3442:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

1719:

waste include utilizing reusable rather than disposable plates and decreasing serving size.

10105: 9853: 9698: 9603: 9240: 9022: 8983: 8879: 8558: 8237: 8172: 6282: 4398: 4331: 4170: 2114: 1096: 424: 157: 7621: 6179:"Corrigendum: Metabolic Food Waste and Ecological Impact of Obesity in FAO World's Region" 5926: 3802:

Food Waste Index Report 2024. Think Eat Save: Tracking Progress to Halve Global Food Waste

2740:, plastic that changes color when exposed to oxygen, or gels that change color with time. 2279:

in France has outlined eleven measures to achieve a food waste reduction by half by 2025.

1680:

This comes to about 2.3 million tonnes per annum in the North Atlantic and the North Sea.

1063:

that is not eaten. The causes of food waste or loss are numerous and occur throughout the

8: 10187: 10065: 9653: 9573: 9518: 9416: 9403: 9371: 9356: 9340: 5341:"New Report: Food Expiration Date Confusion Causing up to 90% of Americans to Waste Food" 5189: 4771: 4510: 4218:"Wasted: How America Is Losing Up to 40 Percent of Its Food from Far to Fork to Landfill" 3151: 3136: 3037: 3032: 2875: 2361: 1608: 759: 704: 669: 595: 522: 467: 452: 109: 9026: 8987: 8562: 8241: 8176: 6286: 4402: 4335: 4174: 2804:

to produce soil and fertilizer, fed to animals or insects, or used to produce energy or

2166: 10135: 10110: 10055: 9961: 9750: 9720: 9436: 9288: 9111: 8912: 8853: 8639: 8348: 8313: 8282:

Bartek, L.; Strid, I.; Henryson, K.; Junne, S.; Rasi, S.; Eriksson, M. (July 1, 2021).

8206: 8100: 8040: 7961: 7934: 7516: 7329: 7294: 7207: 7194: 7159: 6445: 6303: 6270: 6213: 6178: 6154: 6119: 6095: 6060: 5998: 5894: 5844: 5803: 5757: 5725:"Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050" 5724: 5061: 4967: 4932: 4749: 4684: 4659: 4640: 4362: 4319: 4193: 4158: 4087: 3573: 2899: 2831: 2570: 2464: 2199:

said the amount of food waste was shocking and distressing. A local authority campaign

1850:

Food loss from post-harvest to distribution in 2016, percentages globally and by region

1157:. Other considerations include unreclaimed phosphorus in food waste leading to further 993: 754: 630: 392: 174: 114: 84: 33: 9063:"The Benefits of Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste At Wastewater Treatment Facilities" 9010: 8284:"Life cycle assessment of fish oil substitute produced by microalgae using food waste" 3329: 10014: 9944: 9939: 9924: 9715: 9683: 9678: 9658: 9598: 9523: 9305: 9246: 9220: 9038: 8643: 8631: 8601: 8582: 8574: 8352: 8317: 8305: 8253: 8210: 8198: 8190: 8141: 8104: 8092: 8044: 8032: 8012: 7520: 7508: 7334: 7316: 7242: 7211: 7199: 7181: 7099: 7012: 6348: 6308: 6218: 6200: 6159: 6141: 6100: 6082: 6002: 5990: 5898: 5886: 5848: 5762: 5744: 5475:"6 Billion Pounds Of Perfectly Edible Produce Is Wasted Every Year Because It's Ugly" 5454: 5414: 5378: 5268: 5119: 5065: 4972: 4954: 4753: 4689: 4595: 4475: 4471:

The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: life beneath the level of the marketplace

4367: 4349: 4198: 3687: 3646: 3298: 3246: 2907: 2855: 2492: 2472: 2296: 2288: 2287:

According to the research of the Hungarian national food waste prevention programme,

2246: 2140: 1926:

Africa (230 million tonnes or 226,000,000 long tons or 254,000,000 short tons).

1704: 1612: 1466: 1275: 1139: 1076: 642: 565: 558: 512: 379: 169: 164: 74: 9331: 9292: 9115: 8087: 8070: 8028: 6254: 6237: 5807: 5083: 5019: 4644: 2471:. Equally great emphasis has been placed on the reduction of food waste, across all 21: 9998: 9929: 9770: 9740: 9730: 9688: 9663: 9643: 9638: 9478: 9446: 9441: 9421: 9395: 9334: 9280: 9103: 9030: 8991: 8621: 8613: 8566: 8525: 8340: 8295: 8245: 8180: 8131: 8082: 8024: 7500: 7324: 7306: 7273: 7234: 7189: 7171: 7004: 6340: 6298: 6290: 6249: 6208: 6190: 6149: 6131: 6090: 6072: 6039: 6029: 5980: 5972: 5878: 5834: 5793: 5752: 5736: 5057: 4962: 4944: 4741: 4679: 4671: 4630: 4622: 4585: 4406: 4357: 4339: 4265: 4188: 4178: 3619: 3176: 3107: 3103: 3065: 3012: 2744: 2508: 2204: 1663: 1654:. Joined by Harvard's Food Law and Policy Clinic, the NRDC produced a study called 1495: 1158: 1049: 902: 799: 739: 625: 578: 527: 487: 462: 447: 429: 404: 344: 229: 179: 8344: 7913: 7504: 6465: 6435: 6344: 5976: 5839: 5822: 5798: 5781: 4834: 4707: 4269: 3747: 3552: 3201: 1602:

can be difficult to reduce without affecting the quality of the finished product.

1382:

refers to unused product from the agricultural sector, such as unharvested crops."

1331:, medicine, cosmetics, tobacco products, and narcotic or psychotropic substances. 1254:

Food redirected to nonfood chains (including animal feed, compost, or recovery to

1205:

defined on a situational basis (as is the case more generally with definitions of

1044: 10100: 10024: 9760: 9755: 9725: 9623: 9608: 9513: 9508: 9468: 9350: 8786: 8773: 8698: 8570: 8532: 8486: 8249: 8185: 8160: 4904: 4660:"Weather patterns, food security and humanitarian response in sub-Saharan Africa" 4183: 3681: 3452: 3440:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

2709: 2147: 2084: 1774: 1616: 1599: 1579: 1539: 1135: 1100: 1072: 1068: 687: 647: 517: 482: 414: 354: 282: 219: 119: 9107: 5663:"India has a food wastage problem. Here's how individuals can make a difference" 5207:"Foodstuffs of animal origin … may present microbiological and chemical hazards" 4159:"The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its Environmental Impact" 2587: 2455:

Reducing the amount of food waste has been deemed critical if the UK is to meet

10192: 10146: 10019: 9693: 9673: 9583: 9543: 9431: 9364: 9202:"Shelton, Conn. Fined $ 142K for Illegal Sewage Discharges to Housatonic River" 8995: 8617: 8011:

Brancoli, Pedro; Lundin, Magnus; Bolton, Kim; Eriksson, Mattias (August 2019).

7295:"Food Purchase Behavior during The First Wave of COVID-19: The Case of Hungary" 7176: 7008: 6495:"EU wastes 153m tonnes of food a year – much more than it imports, says report" 6294: 5821:

Dhir, Amandeep; Talwar, Shalini; Kaur, Puneet; Malibari, Areej (October 2020).

5371:"Can Walmart's food labels make a dent in America's $ 29bn food waste problem?" 4590: 4573: 3016: 2976: 2922: 2703: 2688: 2516: 2480: 2424: 1782: 1669:

Retailers usually have strict cosmetic standards for produce, and if fruits or

1635: 1583: 1571: 1543: 1473:

per person per day (1974) to about 1400 kcal per person per day (2003). A 2012

1308: 1283: 1151: 1005: 809: 709: 664: 657: 652: 409: 104: 8719: 8547:"A holistic approach to the environmental evaluation of food waste prevention" 8300: 8283: 6756:"China to bring in law against food waste with fines for promoting overeating" 6666:"More than half of all food produced in Canada is lost or wasted, report says" 6587:"'We are gluttons': our excessive food habits are creating a global wasteland" 6238:"The climate impact of excess food intake - An avoidable environmental burden" 5882: 4626: 3359:"A third of food is wasted, making it third-biggest carbon emitter, U.N. says" 3250: 2241:

in the entire food value chain from farm to fork. Due to the work of activist

1656:

The Dating Game: How Confusing Food Date Labels Leads to Food Waste in America

10181: 10130: 10085: 9745: 9493: 9250: 8578: 8309: 8194: 8145: 8096: 8036: 7512: 7320: 7246: 7238: 7185: 7103: 7016: 6965: 6352: 6204: 6145: 6120:"Metabolic Food Waste and Ecological Impact of Obesity in FAO World's Region" 6086: 5994: 5890: 5748: 5382: 4958: 4898: 4353: 4058: 3223: 2880: 2763:

Bins of food waste in ReFood bins locked in a cage to prevent dumpster diving

2519:, constructing more "on-the-go" recycling points and unveiling five flagship 2122: 1819: 1531: 1523: 1491: 1239: 1108: 1088: 1080: 988: 824: 314: 309: 304: 62: 9034: 8602:"Rebound effects could offset more than half of avoided food loss and waste" 8071:"Surplus food donation: Effectiveness, carbon footprint, and rebound effect" 7424:"Reducing food waste - Obstacles experienced in legislation and regulations" 6935: 6466:"Technical Platform on the Measurement and Reduction of Food Loss and Waste" 6195: 6136: 6077: 5581: 5511: 4344: 4295:"Food waste: The biggest loss could be what you choose to put in your mouth" 4029: 1146:, recycling of nutrients and energy followed by the least preferred option, 10029: 9735: 9613: 9593: 9538: 9042: 8635: 8586: 8257: 8202: 7685: 7338: 7311: 7203: 6312: 6222: 6163: 6104: 5766: 5740: 4990: 4976: 4693: 4675: 4599: 4371: 4202: 3193: 3005: 2939: 2915: 2821: 2610: 2495: 2128:

Canada specifically is working in the following ways to reduce food waste:

1770: 1712: 1575: 1499: 857: 819: 804: 635: 600: 545: 264: 124: 8903:

Meadows, Robin (August 2009). "Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment".

8544: 5069: 4635: 3624: 3607: 2054:(IME) likewise estimated that 30–50% (or 1.2–2 billion tonnes or 1.18 10060: 9710: 9548: 9463: 9426: 9325: 6399: 5723:

Parfitt, Julian; Barthel, Mark; Macnaughton, Sarah (September 27, 2010).

5636: 5340: 4949: 4411: 4386: 4105:

stream, and that does not meet the definition of "agricultural material."

4022:"Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms (Glossary F)" 3141: 3128: 3099: 2809: 2671: 2606: 2596: 2504: 2367: 2242: 1923: 1603: 1328: 1312: 1162: 1143: 1104: 1064: 779: 477: 457: 94: 8916: 8857: 7260:

Gyula, Kasza; Annamária, Dorkó; Atilla, Kunszabó; Dávid, Szakos (2020).

6177:

Toti, Elisabetta; Di Mattia, Carla; Serafini, Mauro (October 11, 2019).

6044: 6015: 4745: 3818: 2484: 2276: 1095:

found that food waste was a challenge in all countries at all levels of

10115: 9473: 9458: 8668:"Turning Food Waste Into Fuel Takes Gumption And Trillions Of Bacteria" 8136: 8119: 7672: 7278: 7261: 6118:

Toti, Elisabetta; Di Mattia, Carla; Serafini, Mauro (August 23, 2019).

5410:

What the Fork Are You Eating?: An Action Plan for Your Pantry and Plate

4832: 3095: 3091: 2980: 2968: 2895: 2801: 2692: 2420: 2413: 2257: 2196: 1854: 1766: 1651: 1060: 829: 585: 89: 8626: 6034: 6017: 5729:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4664:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3683:

Utilization of by-products and treatment of waste in the food industry

10095: 9648: 9387: 8766: 5264: 2964: 2956: 2911: 2903: 2884: 2681: 2440: 2389: 2088: 1831: 1827: 1786: 1778: 1587: 1510: 1255: 897: 852: 814: 764: 699: 605: 69: 41: 8159:

Brancoli, Pedro; Bolton, Kim; Eriksson, Mattias (November 1, 2020).

7851:"Billions of animals are slaughtered every year — just to be wasted" 4320:"The opportunity cost of animal based diets exceeds all food losses" 4318:

Shepon, Alon; Eshel, Gidon; Noor, Elad; Milo, Ron (April 10, 2018).

2100:

progress towards their goal to halve Australian food waste by 2030.

1574:, would limit the usefulness and reliability of general figures. In 1319:) "which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard". 9618: 9578: 9498: 9284: 8685: 6617:

National Food Waste Strategy Halving Australia's Food Waste by 2030

5223:"Making the most of packaging, A strategy for a low-carbon economy" 4798:"Half of all US food produce is thrown away, new research suggests" 3146: 3011:

There also exists an opportunity for increased home composting via

2797: 2565:

Food waste is responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions

2468: 1688: 1627: 1170: 1147: 1131: 269: 8739: 8068: 6726:"Quebec Liberal leader faces questions about her political future" 3445: 1566:

Food loss continues in the post-harvest stage, but the amounts of

9588: 9009:

Centola, Damon; Becker, Joshua; Brackbill, Devon (June 8, 2018).

7398:"This is how the government wants to reduce Hungary's food waste" 7299:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

6630: 5151:"Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Meat Processing" 4385:

Berners-Lee, M.; Kennelly, C.; Watson, R.; Hewitt, C. N. (2018).

3862: 2934: 2805: 2785: 2759: 2654: 2449: 2364:

that is being addressed by industry, individuals and government.

2238: 1887: 1591: 1555: 1470: 1291:

upcoming focus on public-private partnerships as a key strategy.

1154: 49: 9558: 4571: 1909:

In 2011, an FAO publication based on studies carried out by The

1810: 1522:

In the United States, food loss can occur at most stages of the

1430:

of food products is not included in EPA's food waste estimates."

9533: 9488: 9011:"Experimental evidence for tipping points in social convention" 8816:"Cockroaches are helping a Chinese city process its food waste" 7880:"Food and Climate Change: Healthy diets for a healthier planet" 6816:"How did Denmark become a leader in the food waste revolution?" 6552: 4991:"Agricultural engineering in development - Post-harvest losses" 4384: 3297:(Report). United Nations Environment Programme. March 4, 2021. 3073: 3069: 3054: 2960: 2944: 2921:

Certain food waste (such as flesh) can also be used as feed in

2891: 2883:. There are also different ways of growing produce and feeding 2781: 2237:, over 700,000 tonnes per year of food is wasted every year in 2212: 1891: 1052:

in Madison, Wisconsin, from two days of recovery from dumpsters

907: 887: 794: 784: 492: 8844:

Roy, Ken (October 2011). "Trash talk: How to compost safely".

8599: 8117: 7423: 6018:"Consumer-Related Food Waste: Causes and Potential for Action" 4438: 4254:"Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States" 9528: 9391: 8330: 6325: 5957: 5607:"Wasted Food Programs and Resources Across the United States" 4612: 4157:

Hall, K. D.; Guo, J.; Dore, M.; Chow, C. C. (November 2009).

2952: 2948: 2488: 2444: 1693: 1367:

refers to food that is recovered and donated to feed people."

1347: 1279: 1206: 917: 862: 254: 9269:"Household Food Waste Behavior: Avenues for Future Research" 9245:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 2011. 8010: 7457:"Synthesis report on Food Waste in Dutch Households in 2019" 7421: 6993: 6271:"Losses, inefficiencies and waste in the global food system" 6268: 3122: 1188:

nations agree to reduce food waste by 50% by the year 2030.

8931:"NY Will Require More Restaurants to Put Waste to Good Use" 8787:"AgriProtein using food and abattoir waste to farm maggots" 8428:"The smart way to reduce food waste – Global Food Security" 6694:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (October 19, 2018).

6379:"Title: Disappearing Food: How Big are Postharvest Losses?" 5780:

Sakaguchi, Leo; Pak, Nina; Potts, Matthew D. (April 2018).

3605: 2984: 1754:

Discarded tomatoes on a compost heap at nurseries in the UK

1487: 1184:

strategies prominently feature reducing food waste. In the

1091:, that did not include food lost during production, by the 892: 139: 134: 99: 9386: 7130:"France Moves Toward a National Policy Against Food Waste" 6235: 3819:

Tarja Laaninen & Maria Paola Calasso (December 2020).

3224:"The Food Waste Fiasco: You Have to See it to Believe it!" 3053:

Since this process of composting produces high volumes of

2439:

A significant proportion of food waste is produced by the

2095:

In addition, it is estimated that 7.6 million tonnes of CO

7983:"Britain's colossal food waste is stoking climate change" 7464:

Voedingscentrum (Netherlands Nutrition Centre Foundation)

7450: 7448: 7259: 7158:

Dávid, Szakos; Barbara, Szabó-Bódi; Gyula, Kasza (2020).

5722: 3330:"FAO - News Article: Food wastage: Key facts and figures" 2304:

kg/capita/year. The last measurement in 2022 reports 59.9

1315:, medicine, cosmetics, tobacco products, and narcotic or 1287: 9065:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. April 15, 2013. 8740:

Chicken Feed: How to Feed Chickens (November 19, 2010).

8281: 7564:"2 hawker centres to pilot food waste recycling systems" 7292: 6408:"A Market-Orientated Approach to Post-Harvest Marketing" 1703:

requires involving multiple stakeholders throughout the

1578:, considerable quantitative losses can be attributed to 1398:

Bellemare et al. (2017) compared four definitions from:

8224:

Eriksson, Mattias; Spångberg, Johanna (February 2017).

7767:"One-Third of Food Is Lost or Wasted: What Can Be Done" 6966:"How one woman is winning the fight against food waste" 4542:"A Market-Oriented Approach to Post-harvest Management" 3859:"Council Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 on waste" 3679: 9008: 8158: 7445: 6786:"Will Denmark Win The Global Race Against Food Waste?" 5820: 5688:"Farms Aren't Tossing Perfectly Good Produce. You Are" 3098:

and floor drains is collected in holding tanks called

2605:

Limiting food wastage has seen the adoption of former

2087:, more than 25 million meals are delivered by charity 2070:

10 short tons ) of all food produced remains uneaten.

7224: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6614: 6176: 6117: 5020:"Loss and waste: Do we really know what is involved?" 2325:

per capita, per year corresponds to 2.9 kg. See

25:

Fruit and vegetables in a dumpster, discarded uneaten

6867: 6777: 4931:

Kumar, Deepak; Kalita, Prasanta (January 15, 2017).

4738:

OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Finland 2021

3118: 1478:

average amount spent on food per consumer in 2008".

1200:

A conceptual framework for food loss and waste (FLW)

1161:. Moreover, reducing food waste in all parts of the 8973: 7593:"Food waste: Where food matters, looks matter more" 7535:"Most people here concerned about food waste: Poll" 6876:"Denmark Capitalizes on Culture to Stop Food Waste" 6061:"Unsustainability of Obesity: Metabolic Food Waste" 4317: 3064:Food waste coming through the sanitary sewers from 2751:the type of food and price elasticities involved). 10046:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 9299: 6742: 5186:"Specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin" 2854:in a 100-year period. Humans accounts over 60% of 2724:preventing a too large buildup of perishable stock 8223: 7157: 6388:. World Resources Institute. 1998. Archived from 5779: 4868:"Is it safe to eat apples picked off city trees?" 4441:"Estimating and Addressing America's Food Losses" 2918:have also been fed bakery waste for a long time. 2815: 1250:Important components of this definition include: 10179: 9273:Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 8963:. Cambridge, MA: 1st Da Capo Press. p. 140. 7454: 7062:"4 ways France is leading the food waste agenda" 6927: 6906:"The country where unwanted food is selling out" 6525:"Food Waste – a Bigger Problem Than You Thought" 3988:"Sustainable Management of Food Basics | US EPA" 8526:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.079 7952: 7950: 7092:"French law forbids food waste by supermarkets" 6837: 4906:Postharvest food losses in developing countries 4768:"Wonky fruit & vegetables make a comeback!" 4324:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4252:Buzby, Jean C.; Hyman, Jeffrey (October 2012). 4156: 3265:"UN Calls for Action to End Food Waste Culture" 3079: 2270:, which represents 3% of the country's total CO 2132:Canada pledged to consult on strategies in the 1930:Food loss and waste per person per year (2007) 1440:food that is not harvested at the farm level." 7711: 7490: 3956:"EUR-Lex - 02008L0098-20180705 - EN - EUR-Lex" 3927:"EUR-Lex - 02002R0178-20220701 - EN - EUR-Lex" 2577: 1639:that could be used for animal feedstocks with 9372: 9206:United States Environmental Protection Agency 9086: 8420: 6846:"Denmark leads Europe in tackling food waste" 6813: 6807: 4539: 4026:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3992:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3804:. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/45230. 3800:United Nations Environment Programme (2024). 3047:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1357:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1025: 7975: 7947: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7164:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 6963: 6058: 5300:"Review of Food Waste Depackaging Equipment" 5217: 5215: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4125:California Integrated Waste Management Board 4084:California Integrated Waste Management Board 4055:California Integrated Waste Management Board 3240: 3192: This article incorporates text from a 2556: 1911:Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology 1759:Post-harvest losses of vegetables and fruits 8451: 8403:"Food spoilage indicator – Packaging World" 6783: 5160:. April 30, 2007. p. 2. Archived from 4930: 3821:"Reducing food waste in the European Union" 3814: 3812: 3810: 3775: 3632: 3388:"Brief on food waste in the European Union" 3196:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( 2625:2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference 1303:Protest against food waste, Berlin, Germany 1186:2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference 1114:Food loss and waste is a major part of the 9379: 9365: 8455:Smart tags change color when food goes bad 8368:"Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK" 7939:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7714:"Call to use leftovers and cut food waste" 6873: 6631:"Department of the Environment and Energy" 6450:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6059:Serafini, Mauro; Toti, Elisabetta (2016). 5632:"Plans for imperfect fruit and vegetables" 4795: 4251: 3638: 3612:American Journal of Agricultural Economics 3578:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3221: 2830:(BOD) to the leachate. The European Union 2134:Strategy on Short-lived Climate Pollutants 1032: 1018: 48: 8976:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 8665: 8625: 8299: 8184: 8135: 8086: 7700: 7328: 7310: 7277: 7193: 7175: 7090:Chrisafis, Angelique (February 4, 2016). 7089: 6957: 6933: 6302: 6253: 6212: 6194: 6153: 6135: 6094: 6076: 6043: 6033: 5986:1983/7648588b-f7cc-44e3-bff5-a99861d7b89f 5984: 5838: 5797: 5756: 5413:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 155. 5368: 5256: 5212: 4966: 4948: 4894: 4892: 4819: 4683: 4634: 4589: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4410: 4361: 4343: 4192: 4182: 3853: 3851: 3680:Oreopoulou, Vasso; Winfried Russ (2007). 3623: 2861: 1169:, by reducing the total amount of water, 8480:Cambio verde project in Curitiba, Brazil 7848: 6997:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6903: 6753: 6723: 6635:Department of the Environment and Energy 6546: 3807: 3390:. European Commission. August 25, 2020. 3094:coming from commercial kitchens' sinks, 3090:Commercially, food waste in the form of 2938: 2758: 2560: 2412: 2256: 1853: 1845: 1809: 1749: 1687: 1683: 1626: 1509: 1346: 1298: 1195: 1178:Sustainable Development Goal Target 12.3 1043: 20: 16:Food that is discarded, lost or uneaten 10076:High-level radioactive waste management 9266: 9144:"Anaerobic Digesters and Biogas Safety" 9096:Journal of Chemical Health & Safety 8902: 8876:United States Department of Agriculture 8776:Last updated on February 1, 2018, 15:46 8716:United States Department of Agriculture 8365: 7681:"Brown urges Britons to cut food waste" 7678: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5260:Food packaging: principles and practice 5111: 4901:United States National Research Council 4215: 4051:"Organic Materials Management Glossary" 3675: 3673: 3106:, etc.) and may also contain hazardous 2808:. Some wasted fruit parts, can also be 2538:United States Department of Agriculture 2467:to reduce biodegradable waste going to 2073: 1736: 1116:impact of agriculture on climate change 10180: 9341:Food Waste and Rescue Report in Israel 9080: 8898: 8896: 8497: 8288:Sustainable Production and Consumption 7651:"Food Wastage Statistics in Singapore" 7127: 6843: 6724:Serebrin, Jacob (September 19, 2022). 6693: 5953: 5951: 5448: 5308:Waste & Resources Action Programme 4889: 4467: 4419: 3848: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3492: 3490: 3172:Waste & Resources Action Programme 3026: 2434:Waste & Resources Action Programme 2316:passed a law dealing with food waste. 1884:The State of Food and Agriculture 2019 1322:Previously, food waste was defined by 9360: 9332:Reduced Food Waste - Solution Summary 8958: 8593: 8075:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 8017:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 7788: 6754:Davidson, Helen (December 23, 2020). 6663: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6553:Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 6242:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 5523: 5521: 5443: 5441: 5406: 5369:Greenaway, Twilight (June 26, 2016). 5335: 5333: 5084:"Post-harvest system and food losses" 5047: 4796:Goldenberg, Suzanna (July 13, 2016). 4657: 4391:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 3893:"EUR-Lex - 32006L0012 - EN - EUR-Lex" 3776:Environment, U. N. (March 21, 2024). 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3267:. Daily News Brief. October 4, 2021. 3222:Greenfield, Robin (October 6, 2014). 2716: 2150:, which is a movement towards a more 1652:best-before, sell-by, or use-by dates 1165:is an important part of reducing the 10091:Sewage regulation and administration 7849:Torrella, Kenny (January 30, 2022). 7029: 6897: 6584: 6405: 5709: 5012: 4110: 3670: 2887:that could ultimately reduce waste. 2613:slogans by antiwaste groups such as 2277:The National Pact Against Food Waste 1904: 1877:United Nations Environment Programme 1481: 1393: 1093:United Nations Environment Programme 1048:Food recovered by food waste critic 8893: 8843: 8837: 8538: 7911: 7712:Juliette Jowit (October 28, 2007). 6522: 6433: 5948: 5076: 4118:"Food Waste Composting Regulations" 4043: 4014: 3719:"Definition of food loss and waste" 3550: 3487: 2366:The total volume of food wasted in 2052:Institution of Mechanical Engineers 2007:North Africa, West and Central Asia 1858:Food waste infographic produced by 1692:Lunch leftovers in a restaurant in 1422:landfill or discarded to sea)"; and 1167:environmental impact of agriculture 1118:(it amounts to 3.3 billion tons of 260:Radium and radon in the environment 13: 9260: 8767:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/70 8701:. // The New York Times, 1.11.2010 8692:From Farm to Fridge to Garbage Can 8333:Journal of Food Products Marketing 7773:. October 13, 2014. Archived from 6664:Janus, Andrea (January 17, 2019). 6652: 6555:"Global Food: Waste not, want not" 5518: 5438: 5330: 5062:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb03766.x 3608:"On the Measurement of Food Waste" 3586: 3519: 3502:Convention on Biological Diversity 3458: 3434: 3322: 3282: 2998: 2906:. As well, giving table scraps to 2531: 2443:, which in 2007 created 6,700,000 2360:in New Zealand is one of the many 1598:Some of the food loss produced by 1561: 14: 10209: 9319: 7679:Wintour, Patrick (July 7, 2008). 7455:Corné van Dooren (October 2019). 7059: 5158:International Finance Corporation 5088:Food and Agriculture Organization 5024:Food and Agriculture Organization 4836:Global Food Losses and Food Waste 3295:UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2021 2399: 2293:National Food Chain Safety Office 2235:Ministry of Environment (Denmark) 2139:The government has implemented a 1873:Food and Agriculture Organization 1648:Natural Resources Defense Council 1475:Natural Resources Defense Council 1404:Food and Agriculture Organization 1359:(EPA) employed three categories: 1294: 1223:Food and Agriculture Organization 1216: 1150:, which is a major source of the 10141: 10140: 10129: 10071:Extended producer responsibility 9557: 9328:(advocacy site with suggestions) 9233: 9194: 9165: 9136: 9055: 9002: 8967: 8952: 8923: 8864: 8808: 8779: 8759: 8733: 8704: 8659: 8650: 8517: 8491: 8473: 8445: 8395: 8359: 8324: 8275: 8217: 8152: 8111: 8062: 8004: 7905: 7896: 7872: 7842: 7813: 7759: 7735: 7643: 7614: 7585: 7556: 7527: 7484: 7415: 7390: 7369: 7345: 7286: 7253: 7218: 7151: 7121: 7083: 7053: 7023: 6987: 6936:"Denmark's Food Waste Vigilante" 6717: 6585:Wood, Stephanie (June 1, 2019). 6523:Kim, Jim Yong (March 21, 2014). 4909:. National Academy of Sciences. 3187: 3162:Post-harvest losses (vegetables) 3121: 2902:by-products in a mixture called 2595: 2586: 2407:Food waste in the United Kingdom 2405:This section is an excerpt from 2349:This section is an excerpt from 1866: 1802:This section is an excerpt from 1744:Post-harvest losses (vegetables) 1742:This section is an excerpt from 1342: 999: 987: 9629:Mechanical biological treatment 9150:. April 2, 2012. Archived from 9125:from the original on 2021-06-25 9087:Hedlund, FH; Madsen, M (2018). 9069:from the original on 2017-12-01 8941:from the original on 2023-03-02 8826:from the original on 2018-12-16 8797:from the original on 2017-08-07 8748:from the original on 2012-10-16 8674:from the original on 2018-10-04 8506:from the original on 2016-01-18 8462:from the original on 2016-03-18 8434:from the original on 2016-12-15 8264:from the original on 2022-06-15 8088:10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106271 8051:from the original on 2023-03-02 8029:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.027 7993:from the original on 2012-10-25 7922:from the original on 2021-04-29 7861:from the original on 2022-01-31 7831:from the original on 2017-12-01 7802:from the original on 2008-07-05 7724:from the original on 2015-11-17 7661:from the original on 2021-07-28 7632:from the original on 2020-06-13 7545:from the original on 2016-01-18 7473:from the original on 2022-08-05 7434:from the original on 2019-02-18 7140:from the original on 2020-09-22 7110:from the original on 2020-05-03 7072:from the original on 2020-12-02 7042:from the original on 2019-10-21 6976:from the original on 2017-02-27 6946:from the original on 2017-02-18 6916:from the original on 2017-01-24 6856:from the original on 2016-07-18 6826:from the original on 2016-07-13 6814:Helen Russell (July 13, 2016). 6796:from the original on 2016-09-11 6766:from the original on 2021-01-01 6706:from the original on 2019-09-25 6687: 6676:from the original on 2019-11-20 6641:from the original on 2019-05-11 6623: 6608: 6597:from the original on 2019-06-05 6578: 6567:from the original on 2014-06-04 6535:from the original on 2016-10-11 6516: 6505:from the original on 2022-09-21 6487: 6476:from the original on 2018-09-30 6458: 6427: 6371: 6359: 6319: 6262: 6255:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105777 6229: 6170: 6111: 6052: 6009: 5937:from the original on 2022-11-15 5919: 5908:from the original on 2023-03-02 5871:Tourism Management Perspectives 5855: 5814: 5773: 5698:from the original on 2022-05-28 5680: 5669:from the original on 2021-06-09 5655: 5644:from the original on 2021-04-23 5624: 5613:from the original on 2021-06-09 5599: 5588:from the original on 2021-06-09 5574: 5563:from the original on 2017-12-01 5539: 5496: 5485:from the original on 2015-12-22 5467: 5427:from the original on 2023-03-02 5400: 5389:from the original on 2017-11-30 5362: 5351:from the original on 2017-12-01 5292: 5281:from the original on 2023-03-02 5250: 5196:from the original on 2015-04-06 5178: 5143: 5132:from the original on 2023-03-02 5105: 5094:from the original on 2009-11-08 5050:Journal of Applied Bacteriology 5041: 5030:from the original on 2009-11-09 5001:from the original on 2020-11-24 4983: 4924: 4913:from the original on 2023-03-02 4878:from the original on 2015-12-22 4860: 4849:from the original on 2018-01-28 4808:from the original on 2017-12-01 4789: 4760: 4729: 4718:from the original on 2018-03-07 4712:GRACE Communications Foundation 4700: 4651: 4606: 4565: 4554:from the original on 2016-09-29 4533: 4499: 4488:from the original on 2023-03-02 4461: 4378: 4311: 4287: 4276:from the original on 2022-08-05 4245: 4234:from the original on 2017-06-17 4209: 4150: 4072: 3998:from the original on 2022-08-05 3980: 3966:from the original on 2022-08-05 3948: 3937:from the original on 2022-08-05 3919: 3903:from the original on 2022-08-05 3885: 3869:from the original on 2009-08-07 3837:from the original on 2021-12-07 3794: 3782:UNEP - UN Environment Programme 3769: 3758:from the original on 2022-02-02 3740: 3729:from the original on 2022-01-20 3711: 3700:from the original on 2023-03-02 3659:from the original on 2023-03-02 3639:Westendorf, Michael L. (2000). 3561:from the original on 2021-04-29 3508:from the original on 2022-12-20 3476:from the original on 2020-09-24 3423:from the original on 2019-05-23 3394:from the original on 2022-11-15 3369:from the original on 2021-06-07 3340:from the original on 2021-06-07 3311:from the original on 2022-02-01 3271:from the original on 2021-10-04 2050:A 2013 report from the British 1526:and in significant amounts. In 1264:Sustainable Development Goal 12 80:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 8452:Ryan Jaslow (March 17, 2014). 8366:Quested, Tom (November 2009). 6784:Selina Juul (April 19, 2016). 6615:Australian Government (2017). 4615:Global Change and Human Health 3778:"Food Waste Index Report 2024" 3405: 3380: 3351: 3257: 3234: 3215: 3206:, 24, FAO, FAO. 2816:Landfills and greenhouse gases 2665: 2436:" (WRAP) was created in 2000. 2343: 2330: 2217: 1722: 1459: 949:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 9353:, Project Regeneration, 2021. 8345:10.1080/10454446.2017.1244792 7958:"Wrap – Household Food Waste" 7505:10.1080/13549839.2015.1015972 6345:10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.01.009 5977:10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.01.009 5840:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122861 5827:Journal of Cleaner Production 5799:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.136 5786:Journal of Cleaner Production 5554:Produce Marketing Association 5257:Robertson, Gordon L. (2006). 4736:"Climate change mitigation". 4270:10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 4216:Gunders, Dana (August 2012). 3209: 3059:personal protective equipment 2928: 2754: 2515:labels on food, creating new 1517: 1191: 420:Electrical resistance heating 8712:"Frequently Asked Questions" 8666:Joel Rose (March 11, 2014). 8571:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.042 8250:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.008 8186:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.043 5529:"Apple Grades and Standards" 4184:10.1371/journal.pone.0007940 3198:license statement/permission 3182: 3157:Post-harvest losses (grains) 3080:Commercial liquid food waste 3068:is treated along with other 2463:, and obligations under the 2459:on climate change, limiting 2383: 2163:2022 Quebec general election 2118:intended for organic waste. 2078: 1871:Efforts are underway by the 1804:Post-harvest losses (grains) 1731: 1173:, and other resources used. 1083:and food service sales, and 130:Persistent organic pollutant 54:Air pollution from a factory 7: 10081:History of waste management 9300:Baylen J. Linnekin (2016). 9108:10.1016/j.jchas.2018.05.004 8500:"Food Surplus Entrepreneur" 7771:news.nationalgeographic.com 5927:"The Problem of Food Waste" 5504:"USDA Grades and Standards" 3114: 2943:Inevitable waste: peels of 2791: 2729:A British campaign called " 2578:Prevention and valorisation 2475:, as a means of ending the 2465:European Landfill Directive 2184:Chinese Academy of Sciences 1761:occur at all points in the 1609:foodstuffs of animal origin 1443:A 2019 FAO report stated: 10: 10214: 9669:fluorescent lamp recycling 9225:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 8996:10.1016/j.agee.2007.07.004 8618:10.1038/s43016-023-00792-z 7177:10.1007/s11356-020-09047-x 7009:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.047 6295:10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.014 5112:Dalzell, Janet M. (2000). 4658:Haile, Menghestab (2005). 4591:10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.357 3083: 3030: 3008:and added to garden beds. 2983:, and reused to fertilize 2932: 2819: 2669: 2521:anaerobic digestion plants 2404: 2348: 2337:Agriculture Ministry (LNV) 2282: 2228: 1974:110 kg (243 lb) 1801: 1741: 1505: 1336:European Court of Auditors 10124: 10038: 10007: 9917: 9769: 9566: 9555: 9402: 9267:Porpino, Gustavo (2016). 8301:10.1016/j.spc.2021.04.033 7796:"US wastes half its food" 6591:The Sydney Morning Herald 5883:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100577 5449:Stuart, Tristram (2009). 5118:. Springer. p. 300. 3645:. John Wiley & Sons. 3642:Food waste to animal feed 3413:"Food Recovery Hierarchy" 3167:Source Separated Organics 2770:source-separated organics 2738:temperature-sensitive ink 2557:Impact on the environment 2547:Economic Research Service 2351:Food waste in New Zealand 2252: 2208: 2107: 2041:200 kg (441 lb) 2038:225 kg (496 lb) 2027:110 kg (243 lb) 2024:125 kg (276 lb) 2013:180 kg (397 lb) 2010:215 kg (474 lb) 1999:155 kg (342 lb) 1996:160 kg (353 lb) 1988:80 kg (176 lb) 1985:160 kg (353 lb) 1982:240 kg (529 lb) 1971:185 kg (408 lb) 1968:295 kg (650 lb) 1965:North America and Oceania 1960:90 kg (198 lb) 1957:190 kg (419 lb) 1954:280 kg (617 lb) 1841: 1796: 1622: 1411:Economic Research Service 1182:Climate change mitigation 675:War and environmental law 295:Health effects from noise 145:Volatile organic compound 10198:Food and the environment 10051:China's waste import ban 8959:Bloom, Jonathan (2010). 7918:. Rome. pp. 14–15. 7239:10.1108/bfj-04-2017-0255 7066:blog.winnowsolutions.com 5407:Sacks, Stefanie (2014). 3043:greenhouse gas emissions 2828:biological oxygen demand 2461:greenhouse gas emissions 2319: 2177: 2044:25 kg (55 lb) 2030:15 kg (33 lb) 2021:South and Southeast Asia 2016:35 kg (77 lb) 1814:Grain silos in Australia 1671:vegetables are misshapen 300:Marine mammals and sonar 9412:Agricultural wastewater 9326:NRDC page on food waste 9035:10.1126/science.aas8827 7626:www.towardszerowaste.sg 6196:10.3389/fnut.2019.00160 6137:10.3389/fnut.2019.00126 6078:10.3389/fnut.2016.00040 5582:"Food Waste Activities" 4627:10.1023/A:1015086831467 4345:10.1073/pnas.1713820115 3228:www.robingreenfield.org 3200:). Text taken from 3086:Vegetable oil recycling 2373:briefing into foodwaste 2201:"Operation empty plate" 2191:Chinese Communist Party 2152:sustainable food system 2002:5 kg (11 lb) 1646:In 2013, the nonprofit 1604:Food safety regulations 1528:subsistence agriculture 1351:Food waste alternative. 1317:psychotropic substances 775:Freshwater salinization 695:Agricultural wastewater 10136:Environment portal 9814:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9704:water recycling shower 8430:. foodsecurity.ac.uk. 7312:10.3390/ijerph19020872 7128:Mourad, Marie (2015). 6501:. September 20, 2022. 6183:Frontiers in Nutrition 6124:Frontiers in Nutrition 6065:Frontiers in Nutrition 5741:10.1098/rstb.2010.0126 5312:. 2009. Archived from 5232:. 2009. Archived from 4774:. 2009. Archived from 4676:10.1098/rstb.2005.1746 4540:Shepherd A.W. (1991). 4513:. 2009. Archived from 4450:: 2–12. Archived from 4127:. 2009. Archived from 4057:. 2008. Archived from 4028:. 2006. Archived from 3365:. September 11, 2013. 3066:garbage disposal units 2972: 2862:Fodder and insect feed 2764: 2687:online platforms like 2566: 2417: 2262: 2141:Food Policy for Canada 1863: 1851: 1815: 1755: 1696: 1632: 1514: 1457: 1352: 1304: 1201: 1053: 994:Environment portal 26: 9504:Municipal solid waste 9484:Industrial wastewater 8937:. February 15, 2018. 8905:Compulsory Composting 7743:"Food Loss and Waste" 6696:"Food loss and waste" 5547:"Fruit Product Sheet" 4468:Waters, Tony (2007). 4103:municipal solid waste 3962:. November 19, 2008. 3472:. February 12, 2020. 2942: 2762: 2731:Love Food, Hate Waste 2564: 2542:University of Arizona 2502:Environment Secretary 2457:international targets 2430:Love Food, Hate Waste 2416: 2260: 2171:Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois 1857: 1849: 1813: 1753: 1691: 1684:Food-service industry 1630: 1513: 1445: 1350: 1302: 1199: 1047: 735:Industrial wastewater 503:Municipal solid waste 425:Soil guideline values 24: 9699:water heat recycling 9604:Garden waste dumping 8744:. Keeping Chickens. 7227:British Food Journal 6406:Shepherd, Andrew W. 6275:Agricultural Systems 4950:10.3390/foods6010008 4740:. February 1, 2022. 4412:10.1525/elementa.310 3466:"Reduced Food Waste" 3015:, where people in a 3006:broken down by worms 2876:domesticated animals 2800:, food waste can be 2517:food packaging sizes 2362:environmental issues 2314:Hungarian Parliament 2115:Government of Canada 2074:Individual countries 2062:10 long tons or 1.32 1860:Next Generation Food 1737:Fruit and vegetables 1140:loss of biodiversity 1128:environmental issues 1126:annually) and other 1107:and 13 percent from 1097:economic development 944:Most polluted cities 596:Overhead power lines 10066:Eco-industrial park 9654:appliance recycling 9574:Anaerobic digestion 9519:Post-consumer waste 9417:Biodegradable waste 9346:low down food waste 9027:2018Sci...360.1116C 9021:(6393): 1116–1119. 8988:2008AgEE..123....1H 8563:2017WaMan..59..442S 8498:Depouillon, Joris. 8242:2017WaMan..60..786E 8177:2020WaMan.117..136B 7541:. August 11, 2015. 7404:. December 30, 2021 7379:. December 14, 2021 7357:portal.nebih.gov.hu 7170:(19): 24580–24589. 6880:National Geographic 6790:The Huffington Post 6440:. Rome. p. 12. 6287:2017AgSys.153..190A 5735:(1554): 3065–3081. 5692:The Washington Post 5479:The Huffington Post 4899:Morris, Robert F.; 4772:European Parliament 4746:10.1787/6a520df3-en 4511:Scientific Alliance 4474:. Lexington Books. 4403:2018EleSA...6...52B 4336:2018PNAS..115.3804S 4175:2009PLoSO...4.7940H 3994:. August 11, 2015. 3625:10.1093/ajae/aax034 3419:. August 12, 2015. 3152:List of waste types 3137:Anaerobic digestion 3100:grease interceptors 3072:and contributes to 3038:Anaerobic digestion 3033:anaerobic digestion 3027:Anaerobic digestion 2796:As alternatives to 2700:foodsharing shelves 2473:developed countries 2189:In August 2020 the 1979:Industrialized Asia 1931: 1882:According to FAO's 1824:Post-harvest losses 1211:Professional bodies 1057:Food loss and waste 760:Ocean acidification 670:Unexploded ordnance 591:Advertising clutter 523:Post-consumer waste 468:Foam food container 453:Biodegradable waste 110:Global distillation 10111:Waste minimisation 10056:Cleaner production 9721:Reusable packaging 9634:Mechanical sorting 9437:Construction waste 8772:2018-02-02 at the 8697:2010-11-08 at the 8531:2023-03-02 at the 8485:2014-03-08 at the 8137:10.3390/su13105327 7402:Daily News Hungary 7279:10.3390/su12083069 6964:Kathleen Hawkins. 4448:Food Review (USDA) 3828:europarl.europa.eu 3748:"Food Waste Index" 3504:. United Nations. 3451:2020-10-23 at the 3241:Jenny Gustavsson. 2975:Food waste can be 2973: 2832:Landfill Directive 2765: 2717:Consumer marketing 2567: 2500:In June 2009, the 2477:global food crisis 2441:domestic household 2418: 2263: 2146:2020-09-29 at the 1993:Sub-Saharan Africa 1929: 1917:10 long tons; 1.43 1864: 1852: 1816: 1756: 1697: 1633: 1532:global marketplace 1515: 1353: 1305: 1202: 1103:, 26 percent from 1054: 1006:Ecology portal 631:Herbicidal warfare 175:Introduced species 115:Indoor air quality 85:Chlorofluorocarbon 27: 10175: 10174: 10106:Waste legislation 10015:Sanitation worker 9989:London Convention 9925:Bamako Convention 9716:Resource recovery 9684:textile recycling 9679:plastic recycling 9659:battery recycling 9599:Ecological design 9524:Radioactive waste 7657:. June 27, 2021. 7655:Best in Singapore 7539:The Straits Times 7493:Local Environment 7030:Hinckley, Story. 6035:10.3390/su7066457 5694:. March 8, 2019. 5665:. April 7, 2021. 5640:. April 2, 2021. 5460:978-0-14-103634-2 5274:978-0-8493-3775-8 5125:978-0-8342-1719-5 4670:(1463): 2169–82. 4481:978-0-7391-0768-3 4330:(15): 3804–3809. 3960:eur-lex.europa.eu 3931:eur-lex.europa.eu 3899:. April 5, 2006. 3897:eur-lex.europa.eu 3693:978-0-387-33511-7 3652:978-0-8138-2540-3 3104:chemical cleaners 2908:backyard chickens 2856:methane emissions 2743:An initiative in 2493:UK Prime Minister 2289:Project Wasteless 2247:Stop Wasting Food 2218:Guāngpán xíngdòng 2194:general secretary 2048: 2047: 1943:and retail stages 1941:At the production 1905:Earlier estimates 1705:food supply chain 1664:discount stickers 1588:nutritional value 1568:post-harvest loss 1540:pest infestations 1482:Net Animal Losses 1394:Other definitions 1276:agricultural land 1042: 1041: 977: 976: 643:Nuclear holocaust 566:Urban heat island 380:Radioactive waste 165:Biological hazard 75:Air quality index 10205: 10144: 10143: 10134: 10133: 9999:OSPAR Convention 9930:Basel Convention 9741:Waste collection 9731:Sewage treatment 9689:timber recycling 9664:bottle recycling 9644:Reclaimed lumber 9639:Photodegradation 9561: 9479:Industrial waste 9447:Electronic waste 9442:Demolition waste 9422:Biomedical waste 9396:waste management 9381: 9374: 9367: 9358: 9357: 9335:Project Drawdown 9315: 9304:. Island Press. 9296: 9255: 9254: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9224: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9179:. Archived from 9169: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9124: 9093: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8878:. Archived from 8868: 8862: 8861: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8783: 8777: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8718:. Archived from 8708: 8702: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8629: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8551:Waste Management 8542: 8536: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8495: 8489: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8405:. Archived from 8399: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8383: 8377:. 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Archived from 6874:Jonathan Bloom. 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6751: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6661: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6441: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6383: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6216: 6198: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6139: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6080: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6037: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5988: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5907: 5868: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5760: 5720: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5609:. May 23, 2016. 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5551: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5531:. Archived from 5525: 5516: 5515: 5510:. Archived from 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5481:. May 19, 2015. 5471: 5465: 5464: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5304: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5227: 5219: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5056:(s18): 11s–25s. 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4952: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4872:The Boston Globe 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4687: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4445: 4436: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4347: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4233: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4186: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4086:. Archived from 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3933:. July 1, 2022. 3923: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3825: 3816: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3618:(5): 1148–1158. 3603: 3584: 3583: 3577: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3548: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3470:Project Drawdown 3462: 3456: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3291: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3219: 3191: 3177:Waste management 3131: 3126: 3125: 3108:hydrogen sulfide 3013:social contagion 2890:Bread and other 2745:Curitiba, Brazil 2702:like those from 2599: 2590: 2307: 2303: 2291:, hosted by the 2219: 2210: 2169:party spokesman 2167:Québec solidaire 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1631:Discarded bagels 1572:socio-economical 1355:As of 2022, the 1159:phosphate mining 1050:Robin Greenfield 1034: 1027: 1020: 1004: 1003: 1002: 992: 991: 923: 922: 626:Chemical warfare 528:Waste management 488:Industrial waste 463:Electronic waste 448:Advertising mail 430:Phytoremediation 405:Land degradation 345:Depleted uranium 230:Overillumination 180:Invasive species 52: 29: 28: 10213: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10147:Category: Waste 10128: 10120: 10101:Waste hierarchy 10034: 10025:Waste collector 10003: 9994:Oslo Convention 9913: 9765: 9761:Waste-to-energy 9756:Waste treatment 9726:Right to repair 9624:Landfill mining 9609:Illegal dumping 9562: 9553: 9514:Packaging waste 9509:Open defecation 9469:Hazardous waste 9398: 9385: 9351:Wasting Nothing 9322: 9312: 9263: 9261:Further reading 9258: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9218: 9217: 9211: 9209: 9208:. June 19, 2008 9200: 9199: 9195: 9186: 9184: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9157: 9155: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9072: 9070: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9047: 9045: 9007: 9003: 8972: 8968: 8957: 8953: 8944: 8942: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8901: 8894: 8885: 8883: 8870: 8869: 8865: 8842: 8838: 8829: 8827: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8800: 8798: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8774:Wayback Machine 8764: 8760: 8751: 8749: 8738: 8734: 8725: 8723: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8699:Wayback Machine 8690: 8686: 8677: 8675: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8598: 8594: 8543: 8539: 8533:Wayback Machine 8522: 8518: 8509: 8507: 8496: 8492: 8487:Wayback Machine 8478: 8474: 8465: 8463: 8450: 8446: 8437: 8435: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8412: 8410: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8329: 8325: 8280: 8276: 8267: 8265: 8222: 8218: 8157: 8153: 8116: 8112: 8067: 8063: 8054: 8052: 8009: 8005: 7996: 7994: 7987:The Independent 7981: 7980: 7976: 7967: 7965: 7956: 7955: 7948: 7932: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7888: 7886: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7864: 7862: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7832: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7805: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7789: 7780: 7778: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7751: 7749: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7727: 7725: 7710: 7701: 7692: 7690: 7677: 7673: 7664: 7662: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7635: 7633: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7606: 7604: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7577: 7575: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7548: 7546: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7489: 7485: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7459: 7453: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7420: 7416: 7407: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7382: 7380: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7359: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7291: 7287: 7258: 7254: 7223: 7219: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7141: 7126: 7122: 7113: 7111: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7073: 7058: 7054: 7045: 7043: 7028: 7024: 6992: 6988: 6979: 6977: 6962: 6958: 6949: 6947: 6940:BBC World Hacks 6934:Harriet Noble. 6932: 6928: 6919: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6889: 6887: 6872: 6868: 6859: 6857: 6842: 6838: 6829: 6827: 6812: 6808: 6799: 6797: 6782: 6778: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6662: 6653: 6644: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6624: 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5135: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5046: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5002: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4929: 4925: 4916: 4914: 4897: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4719: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4656: 4652: 4611: 4607: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4520: 4518: 4507:"Food Security" 4505: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4489: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4443: 4437: 4420: 4383: 4379: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4155: 4151: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4093: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4001: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3969: 3967: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3906: 3904: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3694: 3678: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3604: 3587: 3571: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3549: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3453:Wayback Machine 3439: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3305: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3239: 3235: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3185: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3088: 3082: 3035: 3029: 3001: 2999:Home composting 2937: 2931: 2904:chicken scratch 2864: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2824: 2818: 2794: 2757: 2719: 2710:dumpster diving 2674: 2668: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2591: 2580: 2559: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2428:launch of the " 2410: 2402: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2354: 2346: 2333: 2322: 2305: 2301: 2285: 2273: 2269: 2255: 2231: 2180: 2148:Wayback Machine 2110: 2098: 2085:New South Wales 2081: 2076: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 1942: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1869: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1747: 1739: 1734: 1725: 1686: 1625: 1613:microbiological 1584:micro-organisms 1564: 1562:Food processing 1520: 1508: 1484: 1462: 1396: 1345: 1297: 1219: 1194: 1123: 1038: 1000: 998: 986: 979: 978: 878: 870: 869: 843: 835: 834: 770:Pharmaceuticals 750:Nonpoint source 690: 680: 679: 648:Nuclear fallout 621: 611: 610: 581: 571: 570: 561: 551: 550: 541: 533: 532: 518:Packaging waste 483:Hazardous waste 443: 435: 434: 395: 385: 384: 355:Nuclear fallout 350:Nuclear fission 330: 320: 319: 285: 275: 274: 250: 242: 241: 215: 213:Electromagnetic 205: 204: 195: 187: 186: 160: 150: 149: 120:Ozone depletion 65: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10211: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10138: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10020:Street sweeper 10017: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9904:United Kingdom 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9694:tire recycling 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9674:land recycling 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9584:Biodegradation 9581: 9576: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9544:Surface runoff 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9432:Chemical waste 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9408: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9329: 9321: 9320:External links 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311:978-1610916752 9310: 9297: 9285:10.1086/684528 9262: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9232: 9193: 9164: 9135: 9079: 9054: 9001: 8966: 8951: 8922: 8892: 8863: 8836: 8807: 8778: 8758: 8732: 8703: 8684: 8658: 8649: 8612:(7): 585–595. 8592: 8537: 8516: 8502:. EU FUSIONS. 8490: 8472: 8444: 8419: 8394: 8358: 8323: 8274: 8216: 8151: 8124:Sustainability 8110: 8061: 8003: 7974: 7946: 7904: 7895: 7884:United Nations 7871: 7841: 7812: 7787: 7758: 7734: 7699: 7671: 7642: 7622:"Introduction" 7613: 7584: 7555: 7526: 7499:(6): 682–706. 7483: 7444: 7414: 7389: 7368: 7344: 7285: 7266:Sustainability 7252: 7233:(3): 625–638. 7217: 7150: 7120: 7082: 7052: 7022: 6986: 6956: 6926: 6904:Prathap Nair. 6896: 6866: 6850:Deutsche Welle 6836: 6806: 6776: 6741: 6716: 6686: 6651: 6622: 6607: 6577: 6545: 6515: 6486: 6457: 6426: 6398: 6395:on 2010-05-08. 6370: 6358: 6318: 6261: 6228: 6169: 6110: 6051: 6028:(6): 6457–77. 6022:Sustainability 6008: 5947: 5918: 5854: 5813: 5772: 5708: 5679: 5654: 5623: 5598: 5573: 5538: 5535:on 2015-09-05. 5517: 5514:on 2015-08-05. 5495: 5466: 5459: 5437: 5419: 5399: 5361: 5329: 5291: 5273: 5249: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5177: 5142: 5124: 5104: 5075: 5040: 5011: 4982: 4923: 4888: 4859: 4818: 4788: 4759: 4728: 4699: 4650: 4636:2286/R.I.55344 4605: 4564: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4498: 4480: 4460: 4457:on 2011-09-03. 4418: 4377: 4310: 4286: 4264:(5): 561–570. 4244: 4208: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4071: 4042: 4013: 4011: 4010: 3979: 3947: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3847: 3806: 3793: 3768: 3739: 3710: 3692: 3669: 3651: 3631: 3585: 3518: 3486: 3457: 3433: 3404: 3379: 3350: 3321: 3303: 3281: 3256: 3233: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3116: 3113: 3081: 3078: 3031:Main article: 3028: 3025: 3000: 2997: 2933:Main article: 2930: 2927: 2923:maggot farming 2881:dairy products 2863: 2860: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:Methane, or CH 2820:Main article: 2817: 2814: 2793: 2790: 2756: 2753: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2704:foodsharing.de 2696: 2689:Too Good To Go 2685: 2670:Main article: 2667: 2664: 2604: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2558: 2555: 2533: 2530: 2481:34th G8 summit 2425:United Kingdom 2411: 2403: 2401: 2400:United Kingdom 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996: 981: 980: 975: 974: 973: 972: 964: 963: 959: 958: 957: 956: 951: 946: 941: 939:Law by country 936: 928: 927: 921: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 879: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 866: 865: 860: 850: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 810:Surface runoff 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 710:Eutrophication 707: 702: 697: 691: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 667: 665:Scorched earth 662: 661: 660: 658:Nuclear winter 655: 653:Nuclear famine 650: 640: 639: 638: 628: 622: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 582: 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 562: 557: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 410:Bioremediation 407: 402: 396: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 340:Bioremediation 337: 331: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 290:Transportation 286: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 237:Radio spectrum 234: 233: 232: 227: 216: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 183: 182: 172: 167: 161: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 105:Global dimming 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 66: 61: 60: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10210: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10168: 10167:Organizations 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10139: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10086:Landfill fire 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9935:EU directives 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9909:United States 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Waste sorting 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9494:Marine debris 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9377: 9375: 9370: 9368: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9313: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9228: 9222: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9183:on 2017-12-01 9182: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9154:on 2018-11-16 9153: 9149: 9145: 9139: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8982:(1–3): 1–14. 8981: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8955: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8897: 8882:on 2015-12-08 8881: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8846:Science Scope 8840: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8762: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8722:on 2016-05-22 8721: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8688: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8520: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8476: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8448: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8409:on 2016-07-11 8408: 8404: 8398: 8384:on 2018-10-24 8380: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8294:: 2002–2021. 8293: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8007: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7964:on 2010-03-05 7963: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7942: 7936: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7908: 7899: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7777:on 2016-04-24 7776: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7675: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7603:on 2017-03-12 7602: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7574:on 2017-03-13 7573: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7449: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7378: 7372: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7289: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7154: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6886:on 2018-11-16 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6618: 6611: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6453: 6447: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5420:9780399167966 5416: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5319:on 2011-09-07 5315: 5311: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5253: 5239:on 2010-01-08 5235: 5231: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5167:on 2010-03-31 5163: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4845: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4778:on 2015-09-24 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4621:(2): 90–104. 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4584:(3): 357–69. 4583: 4579: 4578:Plant Disease 4575: 4568: 4550: 4547:. Rome: FAO. 4543: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4517:on 2011-07-11 4516: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4464: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4169:(11): e7940. 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4144: 4143: 4134:on 2015-06-10 4130: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4090:on 2009-10-09 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4061:on 2009-12-07 4060: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4032:on 2003-02-19 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3304:9789280738513 3300: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3021:tipping point 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630:According to 2628: 2626: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2589: 2575: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2536:According to 2532:United States 2529: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511:and limiting 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2408: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2341: 2338: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2312:In 2021, The 2310: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2233:According to 2226: 2222: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2123:North America 2119: 2116: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083:Each year in 2071: 2053: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2035:Latin America 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1946:By consumers 1945: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1912: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1867:Global extent 1861: 1856: 1848: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1805: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1745: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1592:caloric value 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:food industry 1512: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1349: 1343:United States 1340: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:meta-analysis 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 997: 995: 990: 985: 984: 983: 982: 971: 968: 967: 966: 965: 961: 960: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 930: 929: 925: 924: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 874: 873: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 839: 838: 831: 828: 826: 825:Water quality 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 689: 684: 683: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 641: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 620: 615: 614: 607: 604: 602: 601:Traffic signs 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 580: 575: 574: 567: 564: 563: 560: 555: 554: 547: 544: 543: 537: 536: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 508:Nanomaterials 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 439: 438: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 389: 388: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 370:Radioactivity 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 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