264:
this is an example of the successful application of food power, it is not a political objective. Another use concerns the economic objectives other than these relating to the transaction of goods; to the general economic policy of the buyer. This would be balance of payments, general problems, such as inflation or taxation and land holding. What distinguishes this from the first is the fact that there is no link between the conditions laid down and the transfer of product. The conditions refer to the economic realm of life. A political use would be one concerning the buyer’s foreign and defense policies. Many believe there is a moral threshold between economy and politics, making the use of economic means for political gains questionable. Examples of the use of economic weapons for political aims are boycotts against certain countries as well as the buying of votes in the UN. A fourth purpose pertains to the basic assumption of the third category: the governments no longer accept each other as legitimate. The economic goals are no longer seen as a means of influencing an opposite government but rather to stimulate opposition and achieve the overthrow or capitulation of the government.
297:
market development/humanitarian objectives. The foreign containment objective tends to punish those countries who are threatening to the U.S. An example of such a threat would be countries under other forms of government. More examples related to the containment objective would be no aid to communist countries, socialist governments, countries who support radical regimes, regimes with an inadequate democracy who are too weak to be anti-communist (effectively), and countries who will not accept U.S. agreements. An example of market development and humanitarian objectives would fall under a category of countries that are trying to compete with the U.S. economically. The U.S. will execute foreign aid punishments to countries trying to nationalize property of U.S. companies, countries who want to take over functions by U.S. companies, and countries trying to initiate nationalistic economic policies.
288:
the top, unchallenged. The United States has the position of being the largest producer and exporter of food. While other nations, predominantly developing nations but even some of the richest oil-exporting nations, are beginning to have food shortages and becoming more and more dependent on imported food from the United States, giving it more and more power. This allows the United States to expect friendly behavior from the countries that import
American food. It is also likely that the United States would have some form of influence over these countries. Even some of the poorest
165:
2807:
362:’s famine in the 1980s was completely intentional, and was only a pawn for a varied collection of different elites to improve their political and economic statuses. These political parties weren’t the only beneficiaries, though. Merchants were also known to hoard grain and buy livestock at inappropriately low prices when the famines shifted the terms of trade. Western Sudanese merchants during the famine of 1987 were described as heartless because they refused to sell grain to needy villages in
2818:
1637:
20:
2838:
104:
2848:
188:. However, the embargo was not complete nor effective until food was added to the list of restricted materials. Food has the real power. After food was introduced the blockade began to strangle Germany's economy because they were dependent on imports for food. Because the Allied Powers used the power of food in their embargo, Germany was forced to resort to desperate measures and eventually failed despite them.
2828:
2797:
1626:
338:
995:
95:. Forced to rely on these nations in times of shortage, food-importing countries may face food crises if needed supplies are withheld. But while political leaders in food-importing countries have expressed misgivings over their dependence, food-exporting nations generally do not withhold food, as agricultural producers in these nations press their governments to continue to export.
355:, a war, or some other drastic change to the agricultural system. This is the natural cause for famine. The other theory deals primarily with the population’s ability to access or become entitled to food. In this case, food power makes itself known on a small scale, as opposing political forces in Sudan compete for the votes of the people by instigating or encouraging the famine.
273:
156:
something in return. Many countries employ the exploit of food power to threaten another country's food security. A country's welfare correlates directly with the welfare of its people therefore each country wants to have an appropriate supply of food for its citizens. This want, however, can easily be used as leverage in the politics of food, demonstrating food power.
287:
During the time the United States was the most dominant in all areas like military, energy, exports, etc. Food Power was not really thought about. However, since some of those powers have since diminished, the power of food has come to the surface. In the realm of food, The United States remains at
263:
There are several uses for employing economic weapons against one country or another. One use for using economic weapons would concern the seller/buyer bargaining on the conditions of a business contract. This would include price, transportation, timetable for consignment and payment, etc. Although
292:
countries have become dependent on U.S. wheat. Therefore, there is a possibility that the United States could restrict its food exports for political purposes. The United States could use this Food power as a means of exerting pressure on OPEC countries. Food power will be most effective in times
115:
Food politics are the political aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection and distribution of food. The politics can be affected by the ethical, cultural, medical and environmental disputes concerning proper farming, agricultural and retailing methods and regulations. Food power is
199:. This was an attempt by the US to utilize food power, however, it was not confirmed. The Soviets thus imported grain from different suppliers, leading to an increase in grain imports during that time period, only at a higher cost. Another unsuccessful embargo food power attempt was imposed by the
143:
quota. In simple terms, the demand concentration (one importer being the dominant buyer) and supply dispersion (several exporters competing to sell the same product) an importer can try to use this exchange politically to their favor; this is especially effective if the exporter has little else to
328:
Food politics in Africa differs from the cases in North
America and Europe in that there is a case of small scale food power in Africa, particularly in Sudan. Some experts say that the cases of famine and food insecurity in Africa are due to inconsistent output of food production and the downward
296:
The U.S. frequently uses its economic power in order to punish other countries. One of the ways the U.S. does this is by holding back on exporting food. Reasons for the punishment of another country vary; however, they can be broken down into two main groups: Foreign containment objective and
249:
Action
Independence: In order to ensure affectivity the seller/producer most control his own assets. Either the seller/producer must be able to control the production process, perhaps through governmental control over companies carrying out the production), or he must have access to means on the
155:
and food power are not the same thing. However, they are often directly related. Food security is when all people of a region at all times have enough food for an active, healthy life. Food power is related when a government, company, leader, country etc. takes this security away in order to get
254:
The four conditions listed above MUST be simultaneously present in order to turn an economic asset food into a political instrument. This does not necessarily mean that the asset will be used whenever the four conditions above are present. Such a decision would be considered only if there were
366:
at reasonable prices. Ergo, the
Sudanese Famine was another example of food power in which food was and used as a policy, and which completely ignored the needs of the people and fostered the political and power-hungry intentions of opposite warring forces in the country.
2427:
67:, employment, and food politics. In order for a nation to utilize food power effectively, the nation must effectively apply and display scarcity, supply concentration, demand dispersion, and action independence. On the smaller scale, particularly in some
235:
increases. The price often reflects the potential of the goods as a weapon; as it indicates the importance attached to it. Example: If a consumer is prepared to pay a high price for monetary terms he may also be willing to pay a high price in political
135:'s use of oil as a political weapon brought on the possibility for America to use food as a tool against other states and to further the US's goals. There are alternative uses of food power as well. An importer can refuse to continue import unless
301:
51:
as a means of political control whereby one nation or group of nations offers or withholds commodities from another nation or group of nations in order to manipulate behavior. Its potential use as a weapon was recognised after
329:
spiral of the interaction between population growth and environmental sustainability. But upon closer inspection, it is revealed that nature is not the only catalyst for Africa’s numerous food insecurity issues.
56:’s earlier use of oil as a political weapon. Food has a major influence on political actions of a nation. In response to acts of food power, a nation usually acts in the interest of its citizens to provide food.
3704:
622:
179:
is not the same as Food Power, however, food power can be used in an embargo. In fact, embargoes that do not involve food in their list of restricted items often fail. For example, on August 20, 1914 the
410:
999:
2422:
246:
Demand
Dispersion: Allows sellers to play the consumers against each other as well as increase prices or make terms conditional. This favors the use of economic goods food as a weapon.
3709:
300:
The U.S. has modified its stance since the 1970s, when the State
Department and the CIA issued reports exploring the potential of food embargoes. Congressional Bill H.R. 5426, the
1023:
478:
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239:
Supply
Concentration: Supply should only be in the hands of few producers/ sellers, as this makes possible for limited competition, price fixes, or potentially a
3255:
192:
3188:
2555:
3745:
139:
are made. This would have the same effects that an exporter refusing to export would have. An example of this would be
American reduction of the Cuban
2585:
2041:
3719:
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2545:
214:. This is still an ongoing embargo, and, due to the declining situation and health of Cuba's people, the embargo has been subject to much protest.
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1722:
3226:
3173:
2477:
770:
2730:
2444:
1019:
Paarlberg, Robert. "Food
Politics." Oxford Companion to Politics (2008). Mywire. University of Oxford, 1 Jan. 2008. Web. 2 Nov. 2009. <
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of food shortage or famine because this is when those countries that have some dependence on the United States are most desperate.
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2520:
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further conditions, for example, the nature of a given conflict and judgment, goals, alternative means, and judgment of utility.
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1219:
391:
128:
1020:
476:
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981:
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71:
countries, food power has been used as a weapon by opposing sides in internal wars and conflicts against their own people.
3648:
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1715:
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remained under some restrictions) and gave
Congress veto power over unilateral presidential actions in this regard.
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2112:
1513:
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2402:
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1014:
807:
800:
79:
There are four nations in the world that export enough agriculture to exert this hypothetical food power: the
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1342:
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is shaped by generally two theories. The first is FAD, Food Availability Decline. This is the result of a
3843:
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3492:
3434:
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2449:
2407:
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1149:
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1641:
1503:
1449:
1212:
973:
3689:
3470:
3348:
3050:
2964:
2876:
2776:
2496:
610:
Robert A. Doughty and Harold E. Raugh, Embargoes in Historical Perspective, Parameters, 1991, pg. 27
599:
Robert A. Doughty and Harold E. Raugh, Embargoes in Historical Perspective, Parameters, 1991, pg. 26
581:
Robert A. Doughty and Harold E. Raugh, Embargoes in Historical Perspective, Parameters, 1991, pg. 24
3895:
3617:
3532:
3055:
2638:
1999:
1991:
1834:
3916:
3801:
3512:
2618:
2530:
1971:
1846:
1335:
953:
801:"Exempting Food and Agriculture Products from U.S. Economic Sanctions: Status and Implementation"
383:
371:
4033:
3109:
2686:
2606:
2501:
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2203:
1299:
815:
40:
1041:
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2708:
2658:
2653:
2397:
2145:
1205:
967:
181:
136:
3971:
3358:
2949:
2821:
2135:
1964:
1819:
1389:
1021:
http://www.mywire.com/a/Oxford-Companion-Politics-World/Food-Politics/9577797/?&pbl=105
540:
211:
164:
8:
3966:
3643:
3527:
3522:
2781:
2540:
2238:
1553:
1191:
200:
3705:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
2837:
2439:
2392:
2334:
2218:
1890:
1689:
1669:
1409:
1399:
1267:
1172:
1118:
1093:
1064:
1007:
Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
891:
698:
449:
3750:
3517:
3477:
3265:
3035:
2766:
2575:
2261:
1895:
1880:
1862:
1776:
1595:
1528:
1472:
1252:
1134:
1097:
977:
780:
556:
475:
Robert Paarlberg, Food Politics, The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, 2008
453:
204:
3770:
1068:
3507:
3460:
3444:
3381:
3204:
3088:
3009:
2941:
2417:
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2157:
2127:
1743:
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1294:
1262:
1247:
1164:
1114:
1085:
1056:
883:
690:
552:
441:
250:
other dimensions to ensure that he can maintain or extend control over his assets.
3487:
3408:
3396:
3072:
3062:
3040:
3030:
2633:
2339:
2301:
2271:
2117:
2050:
1915:
1900:
1824:
1791:
1538:
1483:
1316:
1284:
1274:
1027:
482:
432:
Peter Wallensteen (1976). "Scarce Goods as Political Weapons: The Case of Food".
2841:
227:
Food power can only be used effectively if certain structural conditions apply:
4002:
3941:
3926:
3822:
3765:
3760:
3401:
3343:
3338:
3290:
3285:
3280:
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2906:
2756:
1920:
1885:
1781:
1679:
1674:
1610:
1605:
1590:
1358:
1279:
1089:
621:
Rémy Herrera, The Effects of the U.S. Embargo Against Cuba, Alternatives, 2003
445:
1060:
887:
4027:
3591:
3391:
3385:
3157:
3142:
3129:
3045:
2761:
2281:
2089:
1950:
1930:
1841:
1806:
1661:
1558:
1518:
1379:
1369:
1306:
844:
152:
117:
80:
60:
32:
3333:
3152:
3067:
2811:
2771:
2286:
2107:
2099:
2069:
1940:
1925:
1771:
1578:
1374:
1311:
1289:
1242:
1228:
411:
List of countries by real population density based on food growing capacity
375:
196:
168:
3961:
3956:
3710:
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
3612:
3373:
3353:
3328:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3104:
2801:
2387:
2344:
2276:
2256:
2233:
2208:
2012:
2007:
1985:
1978:
1935:
1905:
1875:
1731:
1684:
1630:
1568:
1523:
1508:
313:
92:
48:
3931:
3363:
3312:
3275:
2994:
2602:
2354:
2319:
2248:
2035:
1910:
1870:
1739:
1700:
1498:
1176:
895:
702:
681:
Robert L. Paarlberg (1982). "Food as an Instrument of Foreign Policy".
231:
Scarcity: If demand is high and supply is limited the value of a given
3014:
3004:
2999:
2959:
2648:
2359:
2291:
2266:
2228:
2193:
2185:
2167:
2152:
2140:
2084:
2061:
2029:
2024:
1814:
1585:
1394:
1257:
776:
280:
232:
124:
88:
1441:
1168:
1042:"The Role of Food in the International Affairs of the United States"
694:
19:
3658:
2868:
2623:
2213:
2162:
2018:
1958:
1786:
1756:
1600:
1563:
240:
184:
began an embargo on important items that were normally shipped to
103:
2989:
2954:
2914:
2079:
1796:
1766:
1548:
1493:
1419:
1414:
1327:
379:
352:
185:
176:
64:
3147:
2974:
2969:
2223:
2181:
1751:
1573:
1488:
1384:
1197:
387:
363:
348:
276:
108:
84:
68:
1105:
Robert L. Paarlberg (June 1978). "The Failure of Food Power".
3977:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
3946:
3911:
3880:
3699:
2177:
1829:
1543:
1424:
1404:
752:
750:
748:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
398:. In this region over 70,000 people died during the famine.
395:
359:
342:
309:
305:
140:
2796:
1625:
1194:, Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World, Jan 1, 2008
1076:
Kevin Danaher (January 1989). "US food power in the 1990s".
519:
517:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
337:
3976:
3881:
Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
3827:
3663:
840:
317:
289:
132:
53:
28:
24:
745:
735:
733:
731:
718:
716:
714:
712:
638:
626:
3951:
3618:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
2074:
1131:
The International political economy of natural resources.
514:
487:
302:
Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000
272:
3720:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
3654:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
874:
Ray Bush (1996). "The Politics of Food and Starvation".
3936:
728:
709:
3571:
937:
935:
922:
920:
907:
905:
390:
risk with adequate speed. The worst affected area was
772:
The international grain trade: problems and prospects
563:
3982:
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
3234:
3189:
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
2556:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1104:
932:
917:
902:
304:, removed agricultural export sanctions applied to
258:
210:Another example of an embargo is the United States
171:
at a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly
3746:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
16:Use of agriculture as a means of political control
1150:"Agriculture in International Economic Relations"
1147:
534:
532:
4025:
1039:
3967:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
683:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
147:
3912:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
3792:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
3700:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
595:
593:
591:
589:
529:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
191:In the early 1980s, the United States posed a
3220:
3174:International Association for Food Protection
2884:
1716:
1457:
1343:
1213:
1075:
374:was a humanitarian disaster caused mainly by
2731:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
2546:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
2445:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
615:
2669:United Kingdom food information regulations
768:
756:
659:
632:
604:
586:
575:
523:
508:
460:
431:
159:
3922:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
3649:Central American Integration System (SICA)
3227:
3213:
2891:
2877:
1723:
1709:
1464:
1450:
1350:
1336:
1220:
1206:
1157:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
1049:Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics
947:
541:"Food security: a post-modern perspective"
3860:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
3828:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3664:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3623:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
2507:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
1003:
956:Human Rights Watch, Accessed May 25, 2006
858:
739:
722:
680:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
3876:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
3787:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
3730:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)
3695:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
3674:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
2551:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
2413:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1730:
427:
425:
336:
271:
222:
163:
102:
74:
18:
3797:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
3725:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
3715:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2521:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
965:
569:
538:
4026:
3549:Composite Index of National Capability
2536:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
2113:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
665:
129:United States Secretary of Agriculture
59:Food power is an integral part of the
3669:Organization of American States (OAS)
3639:Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
3570:
3208:
2872:
1704:
1471:
1445:
1331:
1201:
422:
2898:
2827:
2715:Institute for Food Safety and Health
2455:Australian meat substitution scandal
2423:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
2199:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
941:
926:
911:
873:
793:
63:. The idea of food power is used in
3440:International relations (1814–1919)
2847:
2703:Food Information and Control Agency
1148:Thorald K. Warley (December 1976).
876:Review of African Political Economy
13:
3756:European Political Community (EPC)
1357:
1119:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1978.tb01428.x
1040:Joseph D. Coffey (February 1981).
1033:
144:export (low action independence).
14:
4050:
3184:Food and Agriculture Organization
2931:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2720:International Food Safety Network
2644:International Food Safety Network
2365:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2315:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2042:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1184:
1133:, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1993,
3886:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
3236:Power in international relations
3194:National Food and Drug Authority
2980:Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
2846:
2836:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2795:
2725:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
2561:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
2492:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2487:ICA meat repackaging controversy
1636:
1635:
1624:
1227:
998: This article incorporates
993:
812:National Agricultural Law Center
267:
259:Employment as an economic weapon
3690:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
2664:Quality Assurance International
2571:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
2541:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
2435:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
2350:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
959:
829:
762:
3896:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)
3802:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
2924:Artificial protein substitutes
2693:European Food Safety Authority
2566:Food safety incidents in China
2403:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2370:Water fluoridation controversy
1410:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
1015:Congressional Research Service
808:Congressional Research Service
1:
3807:Organization of Turkic States
3644:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
3430:List of medieval great powers
2985:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
416:
217:
3554:Comprehensive National Power
3425:List of ancient great powers
3179:Food and Drug Administration
2698:Food and Drug Administration
2380:Food contamination incidents
1127:Food, Oil and Coercive Power
843:. 2009-01-12. Archived from
557:10.1016/0306-9192(95)00074-7
148:Food power and food security
7:
3891:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
3844:Union for the Mediterranean
3597:Union for the Mediterranean
3435:List of modern great powers
2752:Food and drink prohibitions
2526:Bihar school meal poisoning
2450:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
2408:1900 English beer poisoning
1762:Antibiotic use in livestock
1642:Category: Food preservation
1129:, in Mark W. Zacher (ed.),
404:
123:“Food is a weapon”, stated
10:
4055:
3972:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
3483:Hegemonic stability theory
2747:Curing (food preservation)
1820:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1090:10.1177/030639688903000304
974:Princeton University Press
539:Simon Maxwell (May 1996).
446:10.1177/002234337601300402
3995:
3904:
3868:
3852:
3836:
3815:
3779:
3738:
3682:
3631:
3605:
3584:
3580:
3566:
3541:
3453:
3417:
3372:
3321:
3246:
3242:
3166:
3128:
3097:
3081:
3023:
2965:Aspartame-acesulfame salt
2939:
2923:
2904:
2866:
2790:
2777:Genetically modified food
2739:
2677:
2629:Food labeling regulations
2601:
2497:2008 Chinese milk scandal
2378:
2300:
2247:
2176:
2126:
2098:
2060:
1949:
1857:
1805:
1738:
1698:
1660:
1619:
1479:
1439:
1365:
1325:
1235:
1061:10.1017/S0081305200024523
888:10.1080/03056249608704194
434:Journal of Peace Research
323:
316:(agricultural trade with
98:
3573:Organizations and groups
3533:Superpower disengagement
3024:Natural food substitutes
2639:Food safety in Australia
1835:High-fructose corn syrup
966:Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009),
332:
160:Food power and embargoes
116:an integral part of the
3917:Commonwealth of Nations
3751:Council of Europe (CoE)
3513:Power transition theory
2619:Acceptable daily intake
2531:2013 horse meat scandal
1972:Clostridium perfringens
969:Famine: a short history
384:international community
382:and the failure of the
372:famine in Sudan in 1998
3110:List of food additives
2687:Centre for Food Safety
2502:2008 Irish pork crisis
2204:Benzene in soft drinks
1300:Discrimination testing
1107:Policy Studies Journal
1000:public domain material
816:University of Arkansas
345:
284:
172:
112:
41:international politics
36:
3987:Uniting for Consensus
2709:Food Standards Agency
2659:Organic certification
2654:Nutrition facts label
2398:Esing Bakery incident
2186:environment pollution
1390:Essential fatty acids
1143:Google Print, p.76-92
1125:Robert L. Paarlberg,
954:Famine In Sudan, 1998
340:
275:
223:Structural conditions
167:
137:political concessions
106:
75:Historical background
22:
3853:Africa–South America
3816:North America–Europe
2950:Acesulfame potassium
2478:2006 North American
2136:Acesulfame potassium
1965:Campylobacter jejuni
1859:Intestinal parasites
1732:Consumer food safety
769:Nick Butler (1986).
212:embargo against Cuba
4003:United Nations (UN)
3771:Visegrád Group (V4)
3761:European Union (EU)
3528:Superpower collapse
3523:Sphere of influence
3498:Philosophy of power
2782:Conspiracy theories
2335:Heterocyclic amines
2239:Shellfish poisoning
1554:Modified atmosphere
378:abuses, as well as
341:Satellite image of
201:UN Security Council
3837:Africa–Asia–Europe
3036:Coffee substitutes
2440:Toxic oil syndrome
2393:Swill milk scandal
2219:Diethylstilbestrol
1891:Diphyllobothriasis
1190:Robert Paarlberg,
1026:2014-10-20 at the
481:2014-10-20 at the
346:
285:
279:is a major animal
173:
113:
37:
4039:Commercial policy
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
3562:
3561:
3518:Second Superpower
3478:Deterrence theory
3202:
3201:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
2942:sugar substitutes
2860:
2859:
2767:Food preservation
2576:Foodborne illness
2128:Sugar substitutes
1881:Cryptosporidiosis
1863:parasitic disease
1777:HGH controversies
1744:food contaminants
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1529:Hurdle technology
1489:Burying in ground
1473:Food preservation
1433:
1432:
983:978-0-691-12237-3
837:"Trade With Cuba"
810:, republished by
786:978-0-7099-4218-4
4046:
3582:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3508:Power projection
3493:Internationalism
3466:Balance of power
3461:American decline
3445:Post-Western era
3244:
3243:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3073:Salt substitutes
3063:Milk substitutes
3031:Cheese analogues
3010:Sodium cyclamate
2899:Artificial foods
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2812:Drink portal
2810:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2711:(United Kingdom)
2460:Jack in the Box
2431:
2418:Minamata disease
2330:Food irradiation
2310:4-Hydroxynonenal
2158:Sodium cyclamate
2001:Escherichia coli
1993:Escherichia coli
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1295:Sensory analysis
1222:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1154:
1122:
1101:
1078:Race & Class
1072:
1046:
1018:
1012:
997:
996:
988:
987:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
930:
924:
915:
909:
900:
899:
871:
856:
855:
853:
852:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
805:
797:
791:
790:
766:
760:
757:Wallensteen 1976
754:
743:
737:
726:
720:
707:
706:
678:
663:
660:Wallensteen 1976
657:
636:
633:Wallensteen 1976
630:
624:
619:
613:
608:
602:
597:
584:
579:
573:
567:
561:
560:
536:
527:
524:Wallensteen 1976
521:
512:
509:Wallensteen 1976
506:
485:
473:
458:
457:
429:
394:in southwestern
386:to react to the
118:politics of food
61:politics of food
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4007:
3991:
3900:
3869:Oceania–Pacific
3864:
3848:
3832:
3811:
3775:
3734:
3678:
3627:
3601:
3576:
3558:
3537:
3488:Multilateralism
3449:
3413:
3368:
3317:
3238:
3233:
3203:
3198:
3162:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3093:
3077:
3041:Egg substitutes
3019:
2935:
2919:
2907:fat substitutes
2900:
2897:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2806:
2804:
2802:Food portal
2794:
2786:
2735:
2673:
2634:Food libel laws
2597:
2425:
2374:
2340:Modified starch
2302:Food processing
2296:
2243:
2172:
2122:
2118:Sodium benzoate
2094:
2056:
2051:Vibrio cholerae
1945:
1916:Gnathostomiasis
1901:Fasciolopsiasis
1853:
1801:
1792:Mercury in fish
1734:
1729:
1694:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1631:Food portal
1623:
1615:
1484:Biopreservation
1475:
1470:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1361:
1356:
1321:
1280:Processing aids
1231:
1226:
1187:
1169:10.2307/1239978
1152:
1044:
1036:
1034:Further reading
1028:Wayback Machine
1010:
1004:Jasper Womach.
994:
991:
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925:
918:
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903:
882:(68): 169–195.
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695:10.2307/1173726
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3823:Arctic Council
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3766:Nordic Council
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3107:
3101:
3099:
3098:Related topics
3095:
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3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3046:Meat analogues
3043:
3038:
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3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
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2977:
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2791:
2788:
2787:
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2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:Food marketing
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2740:Related topics
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
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2712:
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2683:
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2325:Food additives
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2298:
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2015:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1951:Microorganisms
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Paragonimiasis
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1886:Cyclosporiasis
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
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1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
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1817:
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1809:
1807:Food additives
1803:
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1794:
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1782:Lead poisoning
1779:
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1633:
1620:
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1613:
1611:Vacuum packing
1608:
1606:Tyndallization
1603:
1598:
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1359:Food chemistry
1355:
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1340:
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1326:
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1186:
1185:External links
1183:
1182:
1181:
1163:(5): 820–830.
1145:
1123:
1113:(4): 537–542.
1102:
1073:
1035:
1032:
990:
989:
982:
976:, p. 24,
958:
946:
944:, p. 189.
931:
929:, p. 171.
916:
914:, p. 170.
901:
857:
828:
792:
785:
779:. p. 27.
761:
759:, p. 292.
744:
740:Paarlberg 1982
727:
723:Paarlberg 1982
708:
664:
662:, p. 280.
637:
635:, p. 279.
625:
614:
603:
585:
574:
572:, p. 158.
562:
528:
526:, p. 277.
513:
511:, p. 278.
486:
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47:is the use of
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2:
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4034:Food politics
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3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3158:Overnutrition
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Food security
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3130:Food politics
3127:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2894:
2889:
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2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2853:
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2839:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2815:
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2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Food politics
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:(South Korea)
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2591:United States
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2512:2011 Germany
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2469:1996 Odwalla
2467:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
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2409:
2406:
2404:
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2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
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2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2100:Preservatives
2097:
2091:
2090:Methamidophos
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Toxoplasmosis
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:Vegetable oil
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:Fortification
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Manufacturing
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:Food industry
1659:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Pascalization
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:Freeze-drying
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Fortification
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1375:Carbohydrates
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:1-85278-602-7
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1001:
985:
979:
975:
971:
970:
962:
955:
950:
943:
938:
936:
928:
923:
921:
913:
908:
906:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
847:on 2010-01-14
846:
842:
838:
832:
817:
813:
809:
802:
796:
788:
782:
778:
774:
773:
765:
758:
753:
751:
749:
742:, p. 29.
741:
736:
734:
732:
725:, p. 26.
724:
719:
717:
715:
713:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
661:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
634:
629:
623:
618:
612:
607:
601:
596:
594:
592:
590:
583:
578:
571:
566:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
525:
520:
518:
510:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
484:
480:
477:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
428:
426:
421:
412:
409:
408:
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
365:
361:
358:For example,
356:
354:
350:
344:
339:
330:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
291:
282:
278:
274:
268:United States
265:
256:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
228:
215:
213:
208:
206:
203:in 1990 upon
202:
198:
194:
193:grain embargo
189:
187:
183:
182:Allied Powers
178:
170:
166:
157:
154:
153:Food security
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
110:
105:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:United States
72:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
50:
46:
42:
34:
33:United States
30:
26:
21:
4021:
3905:Non–regional
3295:
3270:
3167:Institutions
3153:Malnutrition
3137:
3068:Phyllodulcin
2772:Food quality
2679:Institutions
2513:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2345:Nitrosamines
2108:Benzoic acid
2070:Chlorpyrifos
2049:
2043:
2034:
2017:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1941:Trichuriasis
1926:Toxocariasis
1896:Enterobiasis
1772:Formaldehyde
1579:Potjevleesch
1514:Fermentation
1253:Microbiology
1229:Food science
1160:
1156:
1130:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1084:(3): 31–46.
1081:
1077:
1055:(1): 29–37.
1052:
1048:
1006:
992:
968:
961:
949:
879:
875:
849:. Retrieved
845:the original
831:
820:. Retrieved
818:. 2006-06-29
795:
771:
764:
689:(3): 25–39.
686:
682:
628:
617:
606:
577:
570:Maxwell 1996
565:
548:
544:
437:
433:
400:
376:human rights
369:
357:
347:
327:
299:
295:
286:
262:
253:
236:concessions.
226:
209:
197:Soviet Union
190:
174:
169:Fidel Castro
151:
122:
114:
78:
58:
44:
38:
3613:Arab League
3606:Africa–Asia
3374:Geopolitics
3349:Least Great
3297:Realpolitik
3105:Food safety
2940:Artificial
2905:Artificial
2852:WikiProject
2689:(Hong Kong)
2426: [
2388:Devon colic
2262:Breast milk
2234:Nonylphenol
2209:Bisphenol A
2146:controversy
2013:Hepatitis E
2008:Hepatitis A
1986:Enterovirus
1979:Cronobacter
1936:Trichinosis
1906:Fasciolosis
1876:Anisakiasis
1847:controversy
1740:Adulterants
1685:Foodservice
1534:Irradiation
1248:Engineering
545:Food Policy
314:North Korea
131:, in 1974.
93:New Zealand
49:agriculture
23:Harvesting
4028:Categories
3138:Food power
2995:NutraSweet
2603:Regulation
2586:death toll
2355:Shortening
2320:Acrylamide
2249:Food fraud
2229:Mycotoxins
2062:Pesticides
2036:Salmonella
1911:Giardiasis
1871:Amoebiasis
1815:Flavorings
1499:Cold chain
1317:Technology
1285:Psychology
1275:Processing
851:2010-01-20
822:2010-01-20
551:(2): 157.
440:(4): 281.
417:References
218:Employment
45:food power
3575:by region
3359:Potential
3015:Sucralose
3005:Saccharin
3000:Nutrinova
2960:Aspartame
2649:ISO 22000
2611:watchdogs
2607:standards
2581:outbreaks
2482:outbreaks
2360:Trans fat
2272:Olive oil
2194:Aflatoxin
2168:Sucralose
2153:Saccharin
2141:Aspartame
2085:Malathion
2030:Rotavirus
2025:Norovirus
1680:Marketing
1675:Packaging
1586:Rillettes
1370:Additives
1258:Nutrition
1098:145333070
942:Bush 1996
927:Bush 1996
912:Bush 1996
777:Routledge
454:109255177
281:feed crop
233:commodity
195:upon the
125:Earl Butz
89:Australia
65:embargoes
3659:Mercosur
3632:Americas
3503:Polarity
3471:European
3382:American
3344:Emerging
3339:Regional
3291:Politics
3286:National
3281:Maritime
3261:Economic
2842:Cookbook
2822:Category
2624:E number
2516:outbreak
2473:outbreak
2464:outbreak
2214:Dieldrin
2163:Sorbitol
2019:Listeria
1959:Botulism
1787:Melamine
1757:Aldicarb
1601:Sugaring
1564:Pickling
1544:Jellying
1524:Freezing
1420:Vitamins
1415:Proteins
1380:Coloring
1307:Rheology
1268:clinical
1069:53612927
1024:Archived
479:Archived
405:See also
241:monopoly
3780:Eurasia
3542:Studies
3418:History
3409:Pacific
3397:Chinese
3256:Climate
2990:Neotame
2955:Alitame
2915:Olestra
2832:Commons
2705:(Spain)
2514:E. coli
2480:E. coli
2471:E. coli
2462:E. coli
2282:Seafood
2182:poisons
2080:Lindane
2044:E. coli
2003:O157:H7
1995:O104:H4
1797:Sudan I
1767:Cyanide
1596:Smoking
1591:Salting
1569:Potting
1549:Jugging
1539:Jamming
1494:Canning
1395:Flavors
1385:Enzymes
1312:Storage
1290:Quality
1243:Allergy
1236:General
1192:Finance
1177:1239978
896:4006247
814:at the
703:1173726
380:drought
353:drought
186:Germany
177:embargo
111:in 2005
109:imports
69:African
3996:Global
3739:Europe
3585:Africa
3454:Theory
3402:Indian
3334:Middle
3322:Status
3266:Energy
3148:Famine
3082:Brands
2975:Glucin
2970:Dulcin
2287:Shrimp
2224:Dioxin
2178:Toxins
1752:3-MCPD
1640:
1574:Confit
1509:Drying
1504:Curing
1405:Lipids
1175:
1137:
1096:
1067:
980:
894:
783:
701:
452:
388:famine
364:Darfur
349:Famine
324:Africa
312:, and
277:Barley
127:, the
99:Policy
91:, and
85:Canada
3392:Asian
3364:Super
3354:Great
3329:Small
3308:Smart
3303:Sharp
3248:Types
3051:bacon
2430:]
2277:Prawn
2257:Bread
1830:Sugar
1425:Water
1173:JSTOR
1153:(PDF)
1094:S2CID
1065:S2CID
1045:(PDF)
1030:>
1011:(PDF)
1002:from
892:JSTOR
804:(PDF)
699:JSTOR
450:S2CID
396:Sudan
360:Sudan
343:Sudan
333:Sudan
310:Sudan
306:Libya
141:sugar
107:Food
3947:G8+5
3683:Asia
3313:Soft
3276:Hard
3271:Food
3089:Tang
3056:list
1825:Salt
1263:Diet
1135:ISBN
978:ISBN
841:USDA
781:ISBN
370:The
318:Cuba
290:OPEC
205:Iraq
133:OPEC
54:OPEC
29:Iowa
25:corn
3962:G77
3957:G24
3952:G20
3386:Pax
2292:Tea
2267:Egg
2075:DDT
1165:doi
1115:doi
1086:doi
1057:doi
884:doi
691:doi
553:doi
442:doi
175:An
39:In
27:in
4030::
3942:G8
3937:G7
3932:G4
3927:E9
2609:,
2605:,
2428:ar
2184:,
2180:,
1861:,
1742:,
1171:.
1161:58
1159:.
1155:.
1141:,
1109:.
1092:.
1082:30
1080:.
1063:.
1053:13
1051:.
1047:.
1013:.
972:,
934:^
919:^
904:^
890:.
880:23
878:.
860:^
839:.
806:.
775:.
747:^
730:^
711:^
697:.
687:34
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