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219:, the Central criminal Court of England and Wales, and if found guilty, they were punished. From the late 17th century to the early 20th, those found guilty of felonies could be subjected to different types of punishments depending on the case. Hanging was the most common penalty for the majority of crimes but during the 18th century it was scaled down, and new punishments were practised. Theft by footpads was often categorized as a violent felony. The penalty for violent
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231:(the place in which hangings took place) was abolished, executions were carried out in public as a deterrent to crime. Different factors determined if the prisoner was condemned to death or given a lesser punishment. Evidence, the nature of the offence, and the offender's conduct contributed to his or her punishment.
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in the streets was common, most of the men who committed theft were not necessarily violent, and in some cases their crimes were perpetrated because of need. At the same time, some criminals became notable for their brutality. Such was the case with
Matthew Clark, who became notorious because of his
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was dominated by several large gangs. A gang consisted of an association of different sub-groups of members who committed robberies together, since acting alone was less fruitful than operating with the support of companions. This organized criminal system was the basis of a sense of cohesion at the
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Footpads always operated on foot and robbed people by first putting them in fear. Social and economic conditions, the high cost of horses, and their precarious state led them to commit robberies in the streets. Criminals found it safer and advantageous to move in darkness so as to put the victim in
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The political world paid serious attention to the crime question and, during the 18th century, the institutions reinforced the legislative system. Violent offences were punished without mercy, and eminent political figures did not hesitate to express their severe opinion about the difficulty. The
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A brief historical account of the lives of the six notorious street-robbers, executed at
Kingston : viz. William Blewet, Edward Bunworth, Emanuel Dickenson, Thomas Berry, John Higges, and John Legee : with a particular relation of their early introduction into the desperate trade of
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fear, escape and diminish the possibility of being recognised by witnesses. Violence was perpetrated as a means to ensure a rapid escape from the crime scene. This was the reason why footpad assaults were often accompanied by threats, violence, and in the worst case by murder.
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Since the majority of crimes happened during the night, when criminals could act undisturbed, protected by the darkness, in the late 17th century guarding the streets became a priority to prevent crime. Night
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was among those who were interested in changing the social condition of the time. In a letter of June 1764, addressed to the
Secretary to the Treasury Charles Jenkinson, he wrote about a footpad assault near
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victims. The term was used widely from the 16th century until the 19th century, but gradually fell out of common use. A footpad was considered a low criminal, as opposed to the mounted
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street-robbing and especially of murther : and of several robberies which they, and others of their gang, have been concern'd in by Defoe, Daniel, 1661?–1731 –
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227:, but judges occasionally condemned those convicted of egregious crimes to hanging in chains near the scene of the offence. Until 1783, when the procession to
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D. B. Horn and Mary
Ransome.1957, Letter from Sir John Fielding on highway robberies in London, 28 June 1764 from Volume VII, 1714–1783, Routledge. Accessed
263:, it shares many crucial elements necessary to understand how crime and justice were perceived at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century.
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The introduction of an efficient surveillance system in the streets was also the subject of reflection by scholars, intellectuals and writers like
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and imprisonment were instituted as alternative punishments which were often perceived as a condition of pardon and mercy granted by the king.
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lowest level of society. The loot was equally divided by the whole gang, and every member took an active part in the criminal operation.
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Doctor Syntax – a popular literary character of the early nineteenth century – on horseback, stopped by three robbers armed with pistols
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Life on the road – or, Claude, Turpin, and Jack, being a complete account of the most daring adventures of the notorious highwaymen,
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numerous crimes, including the murder of a young woman, a maid working in a house he was burgling, for which he was condemned to
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dealt with street robbery prevention. Several changes were made to the urban environment, and street lighting began to appear.
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guarded the streets from 9:00 or 10:00 pm until sunrise. Notwithstanding this new strategy, footpads continued to operate.
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this group was a small detachment from a large gang which originally consisted of about 32 members, including the noted
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The
Proceedings at the Old Bailey, London's Central Criminal Court, 1674 to 1913, Punishments at the Old Bailey,
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Outlaws and
Highwaymen: the Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century
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Rictor Norton, The
Georgian Underworld, A Study of Criminal Subcultures in Eighteenth-Century England,
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Rictor Norton, The
Georgian Underworld, A Study of Criminal Subcultures in Eighteenth-Century England
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A brief historical account of the lives of the six notorious street-robbers, executed at
Kingston
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One of the most remarkable literary portrayals of the illicit side of society is Defoe's
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who in certain cases might gain fame as well as notoriety. Footpads operated during the
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This would indicate a robber who is on foot, as opposed to his equestrian counterpart.
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A number of thieves operated by necessity and joined existing gangs. In the 1720s
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257:(1722), a novel which has the shades of crime fiction. Following the theme of
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Lives of the Most
Remarkable Criminals, edited by Arthur L. Hayward, pp.
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http://www.englishhistoricaldocuments.com/document/view.html?id=4166
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Doctor Syntax and Highwaymen, 1813 – Engraving by Thomas Rowlandson.
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The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, Constables and the Night Watch,
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Lives of the Most Remarkable Criminals, edited by Arthur L. Hayward
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http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Policing.jsp#constablestext
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http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Punishment.jsp#hanging
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The Argus, Melbourne, Australia; BRUTAL ASSAULT, 09 Jun 1904
330:, A. V. Judges, ed. pp. 415–416. George Routledge, 1930.
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J. M. Beattie, Crime and Courts in England – 1660–1880.
351:. Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
410:https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricala00defo
304:"Stand and deliver: The history of the highwayman"
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153:is an anonymous text (1726) first attributed to
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46:and until the beginning of the 19th century.
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157:by James Crossley. According to the
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306:. London: Books.guardian.co.uk
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328:The Elizabethan Underworld
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26:In archaic terminology, a
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302:Close (2002-05-03).
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324:Rid, Samuel
242:Tyburn tree
211:Punishments
181:magistrate
99:Dick Turpin
493:Categories
468:"Footpads"
355:2010-01-03
310:2010-01-03
278:References
217:Old Bailey
40:highwayman
36:pedestrian
50:Etymology
175:watchmen
159:pamphlet
504:Robbers
229:Tyburn
225:gallows
221:robbery
140:robbery
80:Robbing
28:footpad
188:Tyburn
138:While
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499:Theft
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