875:... defendants were made to strip and they were laid over chairs and their backs were cut to pieces with a leather strap with buckles on it, and they were likewise made by the said deputy definitely to understand that the whipping would be continued unless and until they confessed, and not only confessed, but confessed in every matter of detail as demanded by those present; and in this manner, the defendants confessed the crime, and, as the whippings progressed and were repeated, they changed or adjusted their confession in all particulars of detail so as to conform to the demands of their torturers. When the confessions had been obtained in the exact form and contents as desired by the mob, they left with the parting admonition and warning that, if the defendants changed their story at any time in any respect from that last stated, the perpetrators of the outrage would administer the same or equally effective treatment. Further details of the brutal treatment to which these helpless prisoners were subjected need not be pursued. It is sufficient to say that in pertinent respects the transcript reads more like pages torn from some medieval account than a record made within the confines of a modern civilization which aspires to an enlightened constitutional government.
480:", but most commonly in videotaped 'interviews' and 'conversations' aired on prime-time television." The standard form in the time of Ayatollah Khomeini began with an introduction hailing Imam Khomeini with all of his titles (Founder of the Islamic Republic, leader of the Islamic Revolution, etc.) The recanter "emphasised the interview was entirely voluntary and that the speaker had come forth willingly to warn others of the pitfalls awaiting them if they deviated from the Khatt-e Imam Then followed condemnation of the prisoner's organisation, beliefs, comrades. Ended with thanks to the wardens see the light. It hoped that the sincere repentance and the Imam's compassion would pave the way for forgiveness, redemption, ... the Imam chose not to forgive, that too would be understandable in light of the enormity of the crimes."
728:
would claim that they had made false confessions, resulting from intimidation and torture by police. Seven relatives of one of the original four defendants were also convicted of terrorist activities in 1976. All of the individuals involved had their convictions quashed, by two rulings in 1989 and 1991, after having served up to 16 years in prison. These appeals investigations revealed large-scale deception and illegal activities undertaken by both the
Metropolitan Police and the Crown Prosecution Service. In 2005 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,
2042:
443:. The confessions were mostly imposed on the subjects outside of the formal legal framework, in the absence of a trial, and without regard for the presumption of innocence under the Chinese law. Many of those forced to record confessions later explained in detail how the videos were carefully scripted and made under the watchful eyes of the agents of the security apparatus, demonstrating their powerlessness once they are within the opaque Chinese legal system.
746:
637:
64:
25:
713:
at hearing showed widespread police fabrication, suppression of evidence, and extreme irregularities in the relevant forensic evidence. All six individuals were released and awarded compensation of up to £1.2 million. As a result of this and other miscarriages of justice, a Royal
Commission on Criminal Justice was established in March 1991 to create reforms and provide oversight to the process.
495:(torture) and the use of coerced confessions, other laws are employed to allow coercion. Up to 74 lashings can be administered for 'lying to the authorities', and a defendant may be found guilty of lying by a cleric in the process of interrogating the defendant. Thus "clerical interrogators can give indefinite series of 74 lashings until they obtain 'honest answers
833:, the international press and various human rights movements condemned their practice. The US Supreme Court did not discontinue their usage and repeatedly ruled against hearing from those that underwent forced confessions, even after they were found innocent, claiming that a trial would constitute a breach of national security.
871:. In this case, defendants Arthur Ellington, Ed Brown and Henry Shields (three black tenant farmers) had been convicted and sentenced to death in Mississippi for the murder of Raymond Stewart (a white planter) on 30 March 1934. The convictions had been based solely on confessions obtained through violence:
321:
It is nothing short of an outrage – and a disgraceful breach of international law – that
Bahrain has gone ahead with these executions. The death sentences handed to Ali, Sami and Abbas were based on confessions extracted through torture, and the trial an utter sham. ... It would be shameful if the UK
712:
in 1974. After their arrest, four of the six confessed to the crime. These confessions were later claimed to be the result of intimidation and torture by police, including the use of dogs and mock executions. In 1991, after 17 years in prison, an appeal to their convictions was allowed. The evidence
622:
Due to police torture, two men confessed to the murder of another man who had disappeared. Based solely on their confession, as no body had been recovered, they were convicted and sentenced to long jail terms. Years later the supposed victim reappeared in the small village, and it was proven that he
463:
has systematically used false confessions extracted by torture. They have been used on a much larger scale than in Stalin's Soviet Union because the confessions could be videotaped and broadcast for purposes of propaganda. During the 1980s, television "recantation" shows were common on
Iranian state
879:
The
Supreme Court concluded: "It would be difficult to conceive of methods more revolting to the sense of justice than those taken to procure the confessions of these petitioners, and the use of the confessions thus obtained as the basis for conviction and sentence was a clear denial of due process
727:
As a result of the
Guildford pub bombings carried out by Irish republican paramilitaries in 1974, four Irish individuals were charged and convicted of murder and terrorist activities. All had confessed to the crimes while in police custody but later retracted their statements. In their trial, they
483:
These recantations served as powerful propaganda not only for both the
Iranian public at large but also for the recanter's former colleagues, for whom the denunciations were demoralising and confusing. From the moment they arrived in prison, through their interrogation prisoners were asked if they
467:
Since eyewitness accounts were published documenting the use of torture in extracting confessions, the recantations and confessions have lost much (or some) of their propaganda impact. The practice of collecting confessions has continued, however, now used more to demoralize the opposition, gather
502:
Techniques used to extract confessions included whipping, most often on the soles of the feet; deprivation of sleep; suspension from the ceiling and high walls; twisting of forearms until they broke; crushing of hands and fingers between metal presses; insertion of sharp instruments under the
347:
Four men were arrested and confessed to raping and killing a girl named Tainá who was crossing in front of the theme park where they worked. Later the police found that the girl was not raped and that the four men were tortured. 13 policemen were arrested, and the police chief fled.
104:. Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth. The individuals being interrogated may agree to the story presented to them or even make up falsehoods themselves in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue their suffering.
468:
information about them, and sow fear and distrust among the
Iranian opposition as "recanters" accuse other opposition members. There were reportedly so many confessions coerced following the 2009 protest crackdown that "there's no way to film even a tiny percentage of them."
880:... In the instant case, the trial court was fully advised by the undisputed evidence of the way in which the confessions had been procured ... The court thus denied a federal right fully established and specially set up and claimed, and the judgment must be reversed."
421: – who were abducted by state security agents operating outside of Mainland China, also made such controversial confessions. Upon regaining his freedom, Lam detailed his abduction and detention, and recanted his confessions in Hong Kong to the media.
438:
released a report in April 2018 in which 45 high-profile examples of the so-called confessions were broadcast between July 2013 and
February 2018. More than half of the subjects were journalists, lawyers, and other individuals involved in promoting
130:
By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease their suffering.
475:
in Iran are not simply confessions, but "political and ideological recantation(s)". They come in a variety of forms, "pretrial testimonials; in chest-beating letters; in mea culpa memoirs; press conferences, 'debates', and 'roundtable
598:
of the late 1930s. More than 40 high-level political prisoners were sentenced either to the firing squad or to labour camps. The trials are today universally acknowledged to have used forced confessions, obtained through
1599:
840:. He appealed several times aided by different international human rights movements and lawyers, yet the US Supreme Court retained its usage of forced confession techniques, and denied a hearing of the evidence.
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content against at least 505 individuals. The report is the outcome of more than 1,500 hours of research and analysis of over 150 programs and 13 in-depth interviews with victims of forced confessions.
233:
330:
also condemned the sentences: "This case is a serious drawback given that
Bahrain had suspended executions for ... (several) years, and concerns have been expressed about possible violations of
174:
In February 2014, Ramadan was arrested from Bahrain International Airport, where he worked as a police officer. He was accused of involvement in an attack on other police officers. There is no
814:. State officials have admitted to the press and in court to be using various torture techniques (authorised by the District attorney) to interrogate suspects of terrorism, sometimes after
138:, greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions.
119:, acquiring a confession prior to a trial was especially important. The methods used to acquire a confession were considered less important than the actual confession itself, thus
1929:
197:
by police into signing a false confession. During his initial detention, police officers "told Mohammed outright that they knew he was innocent", but were punishing him as a
1596:
732:, issued a public apology for the imprisonment of these persons, describing it as an 'injustice' and stating that "they deserve to be completely and publicly exonerated".
1074:
160:
208:, Ramadan was not allowed to meet with his lawyer. The day Ramadan's trial began was the first time he saw his lawyer's face. In that trial, he was convicted and
1438:
source: Democratic Society of Iranians in France, Dar Rahraha-ye Khob: Yazday Gozaresh (In the Labyrinths of Blood: Eleven Eyewitness Accounts) (Paris, 1984)
566:
high school. All but seven were either executed or died due to the mistreatment. The leaders of the interrogation and torture system of the Khmer Rouge were
232:
had been forced into confessing their crimes after being tortured during interrogations. The report also revealed that the Bahraini government was employing
424:
These televised confessions and acts of contrition have been denounced as frauds by critics. Media organisations in China and in Hong Kong, including the
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361:
1637:
269:
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1354:"In Tehran in 2004, Omid Memarian confessed to doing things he'd never done", meeting people he'd never met, following plots he'd never heard of.
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in an attempt to discredit, smear and suppress dissident voices and activism. These scripted confessions, obtained with the person under
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rendered stateless and condemned to death following unfair trials. Their executions have sparked widespread protests across the country.
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526:
1287:
2016:
460:
1092:
488:) "Some remained incarcerated even after serving their sentences simply because they declined the honour of being interviewed."
434:, have been criticised for abetting the practice by circulating the "confessions" and in some cases even participating in them.
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1078:
542:
135:
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Bahrain security forces (a force that includes foreign national forces) arrested Sami Mushaima in March 2014 and held him
115:: "Confession is the queen of evidence") justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. During the
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1005:
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and threats against the defendants' families, to eliminate any potential political challengers to Stalin's authority.
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continued to support Bahrain's security apparatus and Ministry of Interior in the face of such terrible abuses.
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867:(1936) established conclusively that confessions extracted through the use of physical brutality violate the
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889:
1135:
1429:
Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999 p. 139
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1420:
Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999 p.133
1111:"13 dos 14 suspeitos de tortura para obter confissão de estupro estão presos no Paraná; falta o delegado"
858:
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used torture to force confessions and false implications from approximately 17,000 persons at the former
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The teacher Ursula painfully tortured, whipped, beaten, and finally burned in Maastricht, AD 1570
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authorities refused for more than two years to investigate complaints regarding the torture of
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1985:
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According to one defendant, "his interrogator kept on repeating throughout his torment 'This
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410:
331:
535:
Orwellian State: The Islamic Republic of Iran’s State Media as a Weapon of Mass Suppression"
1980:
1939:
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863:
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8:
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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The Birmingham Six were six men from Northern Ireland accused of carrying out the
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published an investigative report which argued that seven Bahraini men facing the
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1041:"Bahrain Executes Stateless Torture Victims Following King Hamad's Authorization"
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almost solely on the basis of confessions extracted through prolonged torture.
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1500:"Mam Nay, Duch's former deputy: amnesia and serious accommodation with truth"
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When these systematic acts were made public by the international media, the
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China Global Television Network § Broadcasting of forced confessions
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183:
116:
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1449:"Iran: New report demands end to the rampant use of forced confessions"
807:
770: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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583:
563:
546:
414:
257:
71:
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Stalin's terror: high politics and mass repression in the Soviet Union
164:
63:
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1136:"China Uses Foreigners' Televised Confessions to Serve Its Own Ends"
745:
636:
1949:
1263:"New report offers backstage pass to China's forced TV confessions"
1212:
273:
175:
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120:
507:; submersion under water; standing in one place for hours on end;
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While the constitution of the Islamic Republic explicitly outlaws
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punishment will continue until you give us a videotaped interview
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for at least 11 days. Security officials subjected Mushaima to
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broadcast the forced confessions of about 355 individuals and
515:
313:
Maya Foa, a director of the international human rights group
244:
Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, Abbas Al-Samea (2017) executed
1208:"Chinese TV channel breached rules with 'forced confession'"
522:", "interview" being the term used for confession sessions.
370:
systematically employed forced televised confession against
1561:
538:
306:
Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, and Abbas Al-Samea are all
803:
406:
299:
were severely damaged. Mushaima's family believes he was
182:, who state that Ramadan is innocent and was arrested in
1043:. Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain.
1176:"How China Uses Forced Confessions as Propaganda Tool"
1055:"Bahrain executes Shia convicted of fatal bomb attack"
413:. The owners of Causeway Bay Books –
303:
into falsely confessing through the use of torture.
1058:
986:
984:
982:
1930:Race in the United States criminal justice system
1868:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
1288:"Chinese TV forced confessions campaign timeline"
2057:
806:operates a network of off shore prisons, called
1497:
1474:"'بازجوها گفتند دخترت را سالم میخواهی یا نه؟'"
979:
511:; and physical threats against family members.
2029:List of death row inmates in the United States
935:
843:
134:Developments in the 20th century, notably the
16:Confession obtained from a person under duress
1631:
611:
88:is a confession obtained from a suspect or a
1341:, University of California Press, 1999 p. 13
1006:"Britain Funded Torture Training in Bahrain"
820:extraordinary rendition by the United States
238:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
201:for attending pro-democracy demonstrations.
1883:Overturned convictions in the United States
1349:
1347:
1093:"Bahrain executions spark violent protests"
1075:"Press Release: Bahrain Executes Three Men"
810:, probably the most well-known of which is
665:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
446:
1645:
1638:
1624:
240:, to train its law enforcement personnel.
1453:International Federation for Human Rights
1057:. THE FINANCIAL TIMES LTD. Archived from
786:Learn how and when to remove this message
685:Learn how and when to remove this message
1557:
1555:
1344:
716:
697:
62:
2017:Capital punishment in the United States
1524:by Barry McLoughlin and Kevin McDermott
1035:
1033:
1031:
966:"Belfast to Bahrain: the torture trail"
537:, reported that between 2009 and 2019,
215:
2058:
1567:"Brown et al. v. State of Mississippi"
484:were willing to give an "interview". (
234:Northern Ireland Co-operation Overseas
1619:
1552:
1257:
1255:
1241:(in Traditional Chinese). 9 July 2018
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1169:
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1165:
1163:
1129:
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941:
451:According to at least two observers (
178:tying him to the crime, according to
136:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1878:List of miscarriage of justice cases
1873:List of exonerated death row inmates
1133:
1028:
768:adding citations to reliable sources
739:
663:adding citations to reliable sources
630:
342:
18:
623:had left voluntarily years before.
533:(JFI), in a 57-page report titled "
256:victims following authorization by
141:
13:
1252:
1160:
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193:Following his arrest, Ramadan was
151:
14:
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1955:Ineffective assistance of counsel
1909:National Registry of Exonerations
1585:
1498:CAAI News Media (July 16, 2009).
1235:"瑞典人彼得·達林：我在中國上電視認罪，《1984》噩夢成為現實"
626:
582:In the Soviet Union, a series of
98:enhanced interrogation techniques
2040:
1174:Myers, Steven Lee (2018-04-11).
744:
735:
723:Guildford Four and Maguire Seven
635:
171:into making a false confession.
109:Confessio est regina probationum
107:For centuries the Latin phrase "
23:
1527:
1513:
1491:
1466:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1401:
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1375:
1362:
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1318:
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1227:
1200:
755:needs additional citations for
577:
1539:American Civil Liberties Union
1103:
1085:
1067:
1047:
998:
958:
942:Boffa, Christa (8 July 2016).
553:
1:
928:
812:Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1535:"Statement: Khaled El-Masri"
950:(in Maltese). Archived from
802:the United States using the
529:and its member organization
204:During his entire pre-trial
188:pro-democracy demonstrations
7:
1935:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
1563:United States Supreme Court
1134:Wong, Edward (2016-01-21).
883:
859:United States Supreme Court
798:Since 2001, as part of its
390:. Notable victims includes
332:the right to a fair process
252:authorities executed three
38:the history of this concept
10:
2087:
1612:, depicts an American case
850:
720:
701:
615:
612:The Crime of Cuenca (1910)
368:People's Republic of China
355:
334:for the three convicted".
146:
2037:
2009:
1968:
1922:
1896:
1858:
1828:Eyewitness identification
1774:
1653:
836:A famous case is that of
459:), the government of the
405:citizen Peter Dahlin, an
337:
2001:Innocence Protection Act
1661:Prosecutorial misconduct
1480:(in Persian). 2020-06-26
606:
461:Islamic Republic of Iran
447:Islamic Republic of Iran
427:South China Morning Post
351:
127:and forced confessions.
1996:Equal Protection Clause
1914:Investigating Innocence
1845:Tampering with evidence
1569:. www.injusticeline.com
923:Interrogational torture
710:Birmingham pub bombings
590:, were orchestrated by
386:, are broadcast on the
374:and workers of various
236:, a firm funded by the
1761:Spoliation of evidence
1647:Miscarriage of justice
877:
324:
186:for his attendance at
163:—a father-of-three on
81:
34:is missing information
1986:Right to a fair trial
1840:Misinformation effect
1686:Selective enforcement
1681:Malicious prosecution
1676:Selective prosecution
1409:Tortured Confessions,
873:
717:Guildford Four (1974)
698:Birmingham Six (1974)
441:human rights in China
411:human rights activist
356:Further information:
319:
66:
1981:Exculpatory evidence
1960:Prosecutor's fallacy
1940:Blue wall of silence
1923:Contributing factors
1860:Wrongful convictions
1565:(17 February 1936).
1396:Tortured Confessions
1383:Tortured Confessions
1370:Tortured Confessions
1368:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1339:Tortured Confessions
1337:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1326:Tortured Confessions
1324:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1313:Tortured Confessions
1311:Abrahamian, Ervand,
944:"Palazz Castellania"
864:Brown v. Mississippi
853:Brown v. Mississippi
845:Brown v. Mississippi
816:forced disappearance
764:improve this article
659:improve this section
430:, which is owned by
248:On 15 January 2017,
216:2016 Reprieve report
100:) or other forms of
1706:Abuse of discretion
1696:Attorney misconduct
1654:Types of misconduct
1609:Destination Freedom
1292:Safeguard Defenders
1267:Safeguard Defenders
1081:on 16 January 2017.
436:Safeguard Defenders
376:human rights groups
2023:Batson v. Kentucky
1969:Norms and remedies
1888:Wrongful execution
1806:Child sexual abuse
1602:2022-11-12 at the
1180:The New York Times
1140:The New York Times
1016:on 11 October 2017
992:"Mohammed Ramadan"
917:Forced Confessions
869:Due Process Clause
588:Moscow Show Trials
558:In the 1970s, the
541:state-owned media
372:Chinese dissidents
210:sentenced to death
82:
2053:
2052:
1904:Innocence Project
1833:Cross-race effect
1823:Eyewitness memory
1818:Mistaken identity
1789:Forced confession
1751:Witness tampering
1726:Legal malpractice
1721:Gaming the system
1671:Police corruption
1666:Police misconduct
1597:Forced Confession
796:
795:
788:
695:
694:
687:
453:Ervand Abrahamian
343:Tainá Rape (2013)
276:by firing squad.
86:forced confession
61:
60:
2078:
2071:Confession (law)
2045:
2044:
2010:Related concepts
1991:Actual innocence
1945:Racial profiling
1796:False accusation
1784:False confession
1756:Brady disclosure
1691:Abuse of process
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1077:. Archived from
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1065:
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1045:
1044:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1012:. Archived from
1010:Voice of Bahrain
1002:
996:
995:
988:
977:
976:
970:
962:
956:
955:
954:on 30 July 2016.
939:
910:Struggle session
905:Right to silence
895:False confession
791:
784:
780:
777:
771:
748:
740:
690:
683:
679:
676:
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639:
631:
531:Justice for Iran
521:
498:
479:
388:state television
358:Struggle session
142:Modern-day usage
56:
53:
47:
27:
19:
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757:verification
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1766:Civil wrong
1593:radio drama
1573:5 September
1411:1999, p.138
1398:, 1999, p.5
1315:, 1999, p.4
890:Castellania
808:black sites
596:Great Purge
594:during the
584:show trials
560:Khmer Rouge
554:Khmer Rouge
476:discussions
471:The public
409:worker and
394:, a female
297:front teeth
184:retaliation
117:Middle Ages
96:(including
2060:Categories
1736:Show trial
1711:Entrapment
1701:Bad apples
1545:2020-06-26
1484:2020-06-26
1459:2020-06-26
1298:2021-11-19
1273:2021-11-19
1245:2018-10-01
1220:2021-11-19
1193:2020-06-19
1153:2020-06-19
1020:16 January
929:References
861:ruling in
776:March 2021
730:Tony Blair
675:March 2021
564:Tuol Sleng
547:defamatory
415:Gui Minhai
272:(27) were
258:King Hamad
72:Jan Luyken
52:March 2021
1385:(p.142-3)
1358:This Life
1188:0362-4331
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646:does not
493:shekanjeh
486:mosahebah
473:e'terafat
268:(21) and
220:In 2016,
206:detention
165:death row
44:talk page
1950:Loophole
1897:Advocacy
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1600:Archived
1213:BBC News
973:Reprieve
884:See also
382:and via
317:, said:
315:Reprieve
285:beatings
274:executed
250:Bahraini
226:Reprieve
195:tortured
180:Reprieve
176:evidence
169:tortured
167:who was
157:Bahraini
121:de facto
90:prisoner
74:for the
2066:Torture
1850:Frameup
900:Perjury
667:removed
652:sources
601:torture
568:Mam Nai
539:Iranian
432:Alibaba
403:Swedish
392:Wang Yu
384:torture
301:coerced
254:torture
199:traitor
147:Bahrain
125:torture
113:English
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401:, and
399:lawyer
380:duress
338:Brazil
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291:, and
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1575:2007
1507:2015
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857:The
650:any
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570:and
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