1747:
1400:
violence. Moreover, Nunn and Qian (2014) have found that an increase in U.S. food aid increases conflict intensity; they claim that the main mechanism driving this result is predation of the aid by the rebel groups. In fact, they note that aid can have the unintentional consequence of actually improving rebel groups' ability to continue conflict, as vehicles and communications equipment usually accompany the aid that is stolen. These tools improve the ability of rebel groups to organize and give them assets to trade for arms, possibly increasing the length of the fighting. Finally, Crost, Felter and
Johnston (2014) have showed that a development program in the Philippines have had the unintended effect of increasing conflict because of a strategic retaliation from the rebel group, on where they tried to prevent that the development program increases support to the government.
1729:
provided funding for development programs in
Palestine to support the Palestinian Authority, the US backed entity running for reelection. Faye and Niehaus discovered that the greater the degree of alignment the recipient party has with the donor entity, the more aid it receives on average during an election year. In an analysis of the three biggest donor nations (Japan, France, and the US), Alesina and Dollar (2000) discovered that each has its own distortions to the aid it gives out. Japan appears to prioritize giving aid nations that exercise similar voting preferences in the United Nations, France mostly sends aid to its former colonies, and the U.S. disproportionately provides aid to Israel and Egypt. These allocations are often powerful tools for maintaining the strategic interests of the donor country in the recipient country.
1936:
Egypt as early as 1950s or India and other Asian countries were known for their assistance under the
Colombo Plan Of these the Arab countries in particularly have been quite influential. Kuwait, Saudi Arabi and United Arab Emirates are the top donors in this sense. The aid from Arab countries are often less documented for the fact that they do not follow the standard aid definitions of the OECD and DAC countries. Many times, the aid from Arab countries are made by private funds owned by the families of the monarch. Many Arab recipient countries have also avoided of speaking on aid openly in order to digress from the idea of hierarchy of Eurocentrism and Wester-centrism, which are in some ways reminders of the colonial pasts. Hence, the classification of such transfers are tricky.
1944:
discover clear failures. This kind of view is often repeated in many studies. These kind of approach has always been problematic for the relationship Arab countries have with institutions like IMF, World Bank etc., since Arab countries are members of these institutions and in some ways they oppose the conditionality guidelines for granting aid and conditions on repayment agreed internationally. More recently, UAE has been declaring its aid flows with the IMF and OECD. Data from this reveals that potential opacity in declaring aid may also result from the fact some Arab countries do not want to be seen openly as supporters of a cause or a proxy group in a neighboring country or region. The exact impact of such bilateral aid is difficult to discern.
351:
193:
test: a) it is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective, and b) it is concessional in character and contains a grant element of at least 25% (calculated at a rate of discount of 10%)." Foreign aid has increased since the 1950s and 1960s (Isse 129). The notion that foreign aid increases economic performance and generates economic growth is based on
Chenery and Strout's Dual Gap Model (Isse 129). Chenerya and Strout (1966) claimed that foreign aid promotes development by adding to domestic savings as well as to foreign exchange availability, this helping to close either the savings-investment gap or the export-import gap. (Isse 129).
1648:
Monetary Fund are two organizations that Sachs argues are currently instrumental in advising and directing foreign aid; however, he argues that these two organizations focus too much on "institutional reforms". Foreign aid is especially multifaceted in countries within Sub-Saharan Africa due to geographic barriers. Most macro foreign aid efforts fail to recognize these issues and, as Sachs argues, cause insufficient international aid and policy improvement. Sachs argues that unless foreign aid provides mechanisms that overcome geographic barriers, pandemics such as HIV and AIDS that cause traumatic casualties within regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa will continue to cause millions of fatalities.
1585:
help prevent cumulative decline. Despite the intense criticism on aid, there are some promising numbers. In 1990, approximately 43 percent of the world's population was living on less than $ 1.25 a day and has dropped to about 16 percent in 2008. Maternal deaths have dropped from 543,000 in 1990 to 287,000 in 2010. Under-five mortality rates have also dropped, from 12 million in 1990 to 6.9 million in 2011. Although these numbers alone sound promising, there is a gray overcast: many of these numbers actually are falling short of the
Millennium Development Goals. There are only a few goals that have already been met or projected to be met by the 2015 deadline.
681:
1056:
1940:
geographically concentrated, given without conditionality and often to poorest nations in the Middle East and North Africa. This is perhaps potentially due to the existence of Arab Fund for
Technical Assistance to African and Arab Countries (AFTAAAC) or the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA). OECD data for example also shows Arab countries donate more to lower middle income countries, contrast to the DAC donors. It is not completely clear why such a bias must exists, but some studies have studied the sectoral donations.
918:
1070:
1014:
834:
1028:
890:
806:
418:
1841:
609:
986:
645:
717:
699:
1042:
1505:
with the abundance of cheap imported aid food, that is brought into poor countries as a response to humanitarian crisis and natural disasters. Large inflows of money that come into developing countries, from the developed world, in a foreign aid, increases the price of locally produced goods and products. Due to their high prices, export of local goods reduces. As a result, local industries and producers are forced to go out of business.
1084:
1700:
1000:
663:
1519:
1124:
218:
735:
958:
932:
792:
753:
627:
1496:(e.g., the legitimization of corruption). The study noted that: "Chinese aid stands out from World Bank aid in this respect. In particular, whereas the results indicate that Chinese aid projects fuel local corruption but have no observable impact on short term local economic activity, they suggest that World Bank aid projects stimulate local economic activity without any consistent evidence of it fuelling local corruption."
820:
972:
876:
1337:. These elaborated a set of good practices concerning aid administration co-ordination and relations between donors and recipient countries. The Paris Declaration and other results of these forums embodied a broad consensus on what needed to be done to produce better development results. From 2011 this movement was subsumed in one concerned more broadly with effective development co-operation, largely embodied by the
862:
904:
848:
59:
1948:
Kuwait national assembly to decide to deny aid to supporters of Iraq. Saudi Arabia for example did a similar thing, In 1991, after the war, countries against Iraq βEgypt, Turkey and
Morocco became the three major aid recipients of Saudi aid.Several similar stances have arisen in the recent years after the Arab Spring of 2011 particularly.
2067:
Lancaster, p. 67: "In 1957 the administration (with congressional support) separated economic from military assistance and created a
Development Loan Fund (DLF) to provide concessional credits to developing countries world-wide (i.e. not, as in the past, just those in areas of potential conflict with
1922:
It was not large enough to have significantly accelerated recovery by financing investment, aiding the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, or easing commodity bottlenecks. We argue, however, that the
Marshall Plan did play a major role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe's
1947:
Arab aid has often been used a tool for steering foreign policy. The 1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait triggered an increase of Arab aid and large amounts went to countries which supported Kuwait. Many countries around this time still kept supporting Iraq, despite rallying against the war. This lead the
1647:
and his collaborators argue that in order for foreign aid to be successful, policy makers should "pay more attention to the developmental barriers associated with geography specifically, poor health, low agricultural productivity, and high transportation costs". The World Bank and the
International
1617:
It is the extraordinary distortion of global trade, where the West spends $ 360 billion a year on protecting its agriculture with a network of subsidies and tariffs that costs developing countries about US$ 50 billion in potential lost agricultural exports. Fifty billion dollars is the equivalent of
1384:
In order for aid to be productive and for economic policy reform to be successfully implemented in Africa, the relationship between donors and governments must change. Van de Walle argues that aid must be made more conditional and selective to incentivize states to take on reform and to generate the
192:
defines its aid measure, Official Development Assistance (ODA), as follows: "ODA consists of flows to developing countries and multilateral institutions provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies, each transaction of which meets the following
1956:
Academic research has suggested that members of the public overestimate how much their governments spend on aid. There is significant opposition to spending on aid but experiments have demonstrated that providing people with more information about correct levels of spending reduces this opposition.
1728:
The practice of extending aid to politically aligned parties in recipient nations continues today; Faye and Niehaus (2012) are able to establish a causal relationship between politics and aid in recipient nations. In their analysis of the competitive 2006 Palestinian elections, they note that USAID
1584:
argues that over the last three decades, "aid has added around one percentage point to the annual growth rate of the bottom billion." He argues that this has made the difference between "stagnation and severe cumulative decline." Aid can make progress towards reducing poverty worldwide, or at least
1577:
Statistical studies have produced widely differing assessments of the correlation between aid and economic growth: there is little consensus with some studies finding a positive correlation while others find either no correlation or a negative correlation. One consistent finding is that project aid
1504:
Foreign aid kills local industries in developing countries. Foreign aid in the form of food aid that is given to poor countries or underdeveloped countries is responsible for the death of local farm industries in poor countries. Local farmers end up going out of business because they cannot compete
1330:
Questions of aid effectiveness have been highly contested by academics, commentators and practitioners: there is a large literature on the subject. Econometric studies in the late 20th century often found the average effectiveness of aid to be minimal or even negative. Such studies have appeared on
171:
Aid may be given by individuals, private organizations, or governments. Standards delimiting exactly the types of transfers considered "aid" vary from country to country. For example, the United States government discontinued the reporting of military aid as part of its foreign aid figures in 1958.
1776:
and influence of other countries. Meanwhile, vaccine diplomacy also "means a set of diplomatic measures taken to ensure access to the best practices in the development of potential vaccines, to enhance bilateral and/or multilateral cooperation between countries in conducting joint R&D, and, in
1634:
the usual development narrative has it backwards. Aid is effectively flowing in reverse. Rich countries aren't developing poor countries; poor countries are developing rich ones... The aid narrative begins to seem a bit naΓ―ve when we take these reverse flows into account. It becomes clear that aid
1436:
to rethinking the aid dependency model. She cautions that although "weaning governments off aid won't be easy", it is necessary. Primary among her prescriptions is a "capital solution" where African countries must enter the bond market to raise their capital for development, the interconnectedness
1421:
Foreign aid makes African countries dependent on aid because it is regarded by policy makers as regular income, thus they do not have any incentive to make policies and decisions that will enable their countries to independently finance their economic growth and development. Additionally, aid does
1417:
is defined as the "situation in which a country cannot perform many of the core functions of government, such as operations and maintenance, or the delivery of basic public services, without foreign aid funding and expertise". Aid has made many African countries and other poor regions incapable of
1935:
The mid-1970s saw some new emerging donors in the face of the world crises, discovery of oil, the impending Cold War. While in many literature they are popularly called the 'new donors', they are by no means new. In the sense, that the former USSR had been contributing to the popular Aswan Dam in
1817:. The index measures and evaluates 22 of the world's richest countries on policies that affect developing countries, in addition to simply aid. It shows that development policy is more than just aid; it also takes into account trade, investment, migration, environment, security, and technology.
2093:
Lancaster uses either ODA or ODA plus OA ("Official Assistance" β another DAC government-aid category) as her main statistic. She considers it better to add the OA but very often just uses the ODA figure alone; e.g., for Table 1.1 (p. 13), Table 2.2 (p. 39) and Table 2.3 (p. 43). In any case the
1943:
Another big difference between the traditional DAC (Western) donors and the Arab donors is that Arab donors give aid unconditionally. Typically they have followed a rule of non-interference in the policy of the recipient. The Arab approach is limited to giving advice on policy matters when they
1491:
data on Chinese development finance project sites, the study found that active Chinese project sites had more widespread local corruption. The study found that the apparent increase in corruption did not appear to be driven by increased economic activity, but rather could be linked to a negative
1195:
Loan repayments to multilateral institutions are pooled and redistributed as new loans. Additionally, debt relief, partial or total cancellation of loan repayments, is often added to total aid numbers even though it is not an actual transfer of funds. It is compiled by the Development Assistance
1369:
has also argued that despite more than two decades of donor-supported reform in Africa, the continent continues to be plagued by economic crises due to the combination of state generated factors and to the counter productivity of international development aid to Africa. Van de Walle posits that
1454:
development aid. ("High-risk" tenders are those with a higher degree of World Bank oversight and control; as a result, the study authors noted that "our findings are not representative of all aid spending financed by the World Bank, but only that part where risks are higher" and more stringent
1399:
The effect of aid on conflict intensity and onset have been proved to have different impacts in different countries and situations. For instance, for the case of Colombia Dube and Naidu (2015) showed that Aid from the US seems to have been diverted to paramilitary groups, increasing political
1939:
Over and on top of this, there has been extensive research that Arab aid is often allocated initially to Arab countries, and perhaps recently to some sub-Saharan African countries which have shown Afro-Arab unity. This is especially true considering the fact that aid by Arab donors is more
1327:). Concern with aid effectiveness might be at a high level of generality (whether aid on average fulfils the main functions that aid is supposed to have), or it might be more detailed (considering relative degrees of success between different types of aid in differing circumstances).
1418:
achieving economic growth and development without foreign assistance. Most African economies have become dependent on aid and this is because foreign aid has become a significant norm of systems of international relations between high and low income countries across the globe.
1664:. It may also be given with the intention of influencing the political process in the receiving nation. Whether one considers such aid helpful may depend on whether one agrees with the agenda being pursued by the donor nation in a particular case. During the conflict between
295:
Aid may be also classified based on urgency into emergency aid and development aid. Emergency aid is rapid assistance given to a people in immediate distress by individuals, organizations, or governments to relieve suffering, during and after man-made emergencies (like
1449:
analyzed contract-level data over the period 1998 through 2008 in more than a hundred recipient countries. As a risk indicator for corruption, the study used the prevalence of single bids submitted in "high-risk" competitive tenders for procurement contracts funded by
102:
to another. The type of aid given may be classified according to various factors, including its intended purpose, the terms or conditions (if any) under which it is given, its source, and its level of urgency. For example, aid may be classified based on urgency into
1828:. This approach might see the nature of aid change from loans, debt cancellation, budget support etc., to supporting developing countries. This requires a strong political will, however, the results could potentially make aid far more effective and efficient.
1635:
does little but mask the maldistribution of resources around the world. It makes the takers seem like givers, granting them a kind of moral high ground while preventing those of us who care about global poverty from understanding how the system really works.
1592:
and others have argued that aid can often distort incentives in poor countries in various harmful ways. Aid can also involve inflows of money to poor countries that have some similarities to inflows of money from natural resources that provoke the
3359:
527:: A combination of Project aid and Programme aid/Budget Support; e.g. support for the education sector in a country will include both funding of education projects (like school buildings) and provide funds to maintain them (like school books).
1601:
and this impedes the growth of manufacturing sector which is more conducive in the cheap labour conditions. Aid also can take the pressure off and delay the painful changes required in the economy to shift from agriculture to manufacturing.
1710:
Some specific motives a donor may have for giving aid were listed in 1985 as follows: defence support, market expansion, foreign investment, missionary enterprise, cultural extension. In recent decades, aid by organizations such as the
1298:
reported that, worldwide, foreign workers sent $ 328 billion from richer to poorer countries in 2008, over twice as much as official aid flows from OECD members. The United States does not count military aid in its foreign aid figures.
455:
is a sub-type of development aid. It is aid involving highly educated or trained personnel, such as doctors, who are moved into a developing country to assist with a program of development. It can be both programme and project aid.
2413:
1422:
not incentivize the government to tax citizens, due to the constant inflow of foreign aid, and as a result, the citizens do not have any obligation to demand the provision of goods and services geared towards development.
308:
by being focused on relieving suffering caused by natural disaster or conflict, rather than removing the root causes of poverty or vulnerability. Development aid is aid given to support development in general which can be
533:: Food is given to countries in urgent need of food supplies, especially if they have just experienced a natural disaster. Food aid can be provided by importing food from the donor, buying food locally, or providing cash.
1910:(and similar programs for Asia, and the Point Four program for Latin America) became the major American aid program, and became a model for its foreign aid policies for decades. The U.S. gave away about $ 20 billion in
1798:, argue that current support for developing countries suffers from a policy incoherence. While some policies are designed to support developing countries, other domestic policies undermine its impact, examples include:
1184:(OECD) to measure aid. ODA refers to aid from national governments for promoting economic development and welfare in low and middle income countries. ODA can be bilateral or multilateral. This aid is given as either
376:) by aid agencies, and the provision of funding or in-kind services (like logistics or transport), usually through aid agencies or the government of the affected country. Humanitarian aid is distinguished from
1923:
rapid growth. The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid pushed European political economy in a direction that left its post World War II "mixed economies" with more "market" and less "controls" in the mix.
1719:
has been criticized as being primarily a tool used to open new areas up to global capitalists, and being only secondarily, if at all, concerned with the wellbeing of the people in the recipient countries.
1805:
providing aid to developing economies' health sectors and the training of personnel is undermined by migration policies in developed countries that encourage the migration of skilled health professionals
784:
countries together gave $ 75,838,040,000 and EU Institutions gave a further $ 19.4 billion. The European Union accumulated a higher portion of GDP as a form of foreign aid than any other economic union.
3363:
391:(OCHA) is mandated to coordinate the international humanitarian response to a natural disaster or complex emergency acting on the basis of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/182. The
1208:
use the DAC's ODA figure as their main aid figure because it is easily available and reasonably consistently calculated over time and between countries. The DAC classifies aid in three categories:
1802:
encouraging developing economies to develop their agriculture with a focus on exports is not effective on a global market where key players, such as the US and EU, heavily subsidise their products
1777:
the case of the announcement of production, to ensure the signing of a contract for the purchase of the vaccine at the shortest term." Although primary discussed in the context of the supply of
1692:
nations toward capitalism and away from communism. Aid to underdeveloped countries has sometimes been criticized as being more in the interest of the donor than the recipient, or even a form of
1455:
oversight thus deemed necessary.) The study authors found "that donor efforts to control corruption in aid spending through national procurement systems, by tightening oversight and increasing
1470:
had lower prevalence of single bidding, lending support for "theories of corruption control based on reducing opportunities and increasing constraints on the power of public administrators."
578:(DAC), or about $ 150 billion in 2018. For the same year, the OECD estimated that six to seven billion dollars of ODA-like aid was given by ten other states, including China and India.
3255:
3445:
114:
Emergency aid is rapid assistance given to a people in immediate distress by individuals, organizations, or governments to relieve suffering, during and after man-made emergencies (like
2115:
270:
The type of aid given may be classified according to various factors, including its level of urgency and intended purpose, or the terms or conditions (if any) under which it is given.
3195:
200:
as "a voluntary transfer of public resources, from a government to another independent government, to an NGO, or to an international organization (such as the World Bank or the
3468:
587:
3529:
1927:
For much of the period since World War II to the present "foreign aid was used for four main purposes: diplomatic , developmental, humanitarian relief and commercial."
1432:, which negatively affect the economic growth and development of most African countries and other poor countries across the globe. Moyo devotes a section of her book,
1239:(OOF): Aid which does not fall into the other two categories, either because it is not aimed at development, or it consists of more than 75% loan (rather than grant).
399:
and other impartial humanitarian organizations to provide assistance and protection of civilians during times of war. The ICRC, has been given a special role by the
1613:, former head of the United Nations Development Program, estimated that farm subsidies cost poor countries about US$ 50 billion a year in lost agricultural exports:
1338:
1333:
Many prescriptions have been made about how to improve aid effectiveness. In 2003β2011 there existed a global movement in the name of aid effectiveness, around four
3385:
2488:
1181:
189:
2030:
1746:
2560:
388:
2020:
3924:
3837:
3247:
3076:
2872:
445:. For donor nations, development aid also has strategic value; improved living conditions can positively effects global security and economic growth.
396:
2365:
1899:
of 1095, he called for Christendom to rally in military support of the Byzantines with references to the "Greek Empire and the need of aid for it."
1437:
that globalization has provided, will turn other "pools of money toward African markets in form of mutual funds, hedge funds, pension schemes" etc.
1680:β each used aid to influence the internal politics of other nations, and to support their weaker allies. Perhaps the most notable example was the
1374:
Pacifying Africa's neopatrimonial tendencies, thereby lessening the incentives for state elites to undertake reform and preserving the status quo.
476:, a low or no interest loan, or a combination of these. The terms of foreign aid are oftentimes influenced by the motives of the giver: a sign of
3680:
3059:
2004:
1099:
countries that are members of the Development Assistance Committee gave 0.42% of GNI (excluding the $ 15.93 billion given by EU Institutions).
2593:
4535:
4741:
3793:
951:
contributed by the top 10 DAC countries is as follows. Five countries met the longstanding UN target for an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% in 2013:
3732:
4075:
2196:. Jones, Seth G., 1972-, International Security and Defense Policy Center., Open Society Institute. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. 2006.
1428:
argues that aid does not lead to development, but rather creates problems including corruption, dependency, limitations on exports and
1331:
the whole to yield more affirmative results in the early 21st century, but the picture is complex and far from clear in many respects.
4647:
2340:
1976:
4423:
2014:
1914:
grants and other grants and low-interest long-term loans to Western Europe, 1945 to 1951. Economic historians Bradford De Long and
204:) with at least a 25 percent grant element, one goal of which is to better the human condition in the country receiving the aid."
361:
is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises such as a
1334:
775:
2819:
4684:
4590:
4481:
4351:
4044:
4019:
3813:
3706:
2414:"Official Development Assistance: Council approves the Annual Report to the European Council on EU Development Aid Targets"
201:
3389:
2905:
4651:
4369:"We Spend How Much? Misperceptions, Innumeracy, and Support for the Foreign Aid in the United States and Great Britain"
3954:
3008:
2538:
350:
304:. The term often carries an international connotation, but this is not always the case. It is often distinguished from
4668:β a web portal for information on development aid, including a database of aid activities financed by donors worldwide
4600:
Ali, Abdiweli M.; Said Isse, Hodan (2007). "Foreign Aid and Free Trade and their Effect on Income: A Panel Analysis".
4458:
3990:
2472:
2201:
1558:
1163:
372:
The provision of emergency humanitarian aid consists of the provision of vital services (such as food aid to prevent
257:
2239:
1578:
tends to cluster in richer parts of countries, meaning most aid is not given to poor countries or poor recipients.
1355:
4831:
1177:
686:
575:
185:
3499:
1377:
Sustaining poorly managed bureaucratic structures and policies that would be otherwise rectified by market forces.
1810:
1394:
1212:
1113:
571:
446:
173:
63:
2194:
Securing tyrants or fostering reform?: U.S. internal security assistance to repressive and transitioning regimes
4777:
4764:
4712:
3545:
3446:"New Report on Unrecorded Capital Flight Finds Developing Countries are Net-Creditors to the Rest of the World"
2678:
2568:
1795:
1540:
1145:
442:
239:
4289:
3110:"The Long-Run Impact of Foreign Aid in 36 African Countries: Insights from Multivariate Time Series Analysis*"
354:
U.S. soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala, Afghanistan, 5 December 2009
4528:
4263:"The Composition and Distribution of Financial Assistance from Arab Countries and Arab Regional Institutions"
4222:"Arab-related Bilateral and Multilateral Sources of Development Finance: Issues, Trends, and the Way Forward"
1814:
1627:
321:
as being aimed at alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than alleviating suffering in the short term.
134:
as being aimed at alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than alleviating suffering in the short term.
4656:
4339:
3083:
2879:
2669:
Van de Walle, Nicolas (2004). "Economic Reform: Patterns and Constraints". In Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel (ed.).
4221:
3932:
3412:
2694:
780:
Official development assistance (in absolute terms) contributed by the top 10 DAC countries is as follows.
4159:
488:
needed by the donor for the extraction of resources from the recipient country, or to gain other kinds of
4804:
3278:
1712:
1475:
1380:
Allowing state capacities to deteriorate through externalizing many state functions and responsibilities.
1220:
519:: A form of Programme Aid that is directly channelled into the financial system of the recipient country.
17:
4769:
4696:
4492:
2225:
1981:
1821:
1755:
1623:
1480:
1351:
558:
430:
4472:
The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good
4368:
2987:
4752:
4308:
2619:
2035:
1597:. This is partially because aid given in the form of foreign currency causes exchange rate to become
1271:
1270:
Most monetary flows between nations are not counted as aid. These include market-based flows such as
377:
4790:
4614:
4309:"The United Arab Emirates as a global donor: what a decade of foreign aid data transparency reveals"
4097:
553:: International aid in the form of gifts by individuals or businesses are generally administered by
500:
Aid given is generally intended for use by a specific end. From this perspective it may be called:
3169:
3168:
Dreher, Axel; Eichenauer, Vera; Gehring, Kai; Langlotz, Sarah; Lohmann, Steffen (18 October 2015).
2793:
Crost, Felter and Johnston (June 2014). "Aid Under Fire: Development Projects and Civil Conflict".
2289:
2025:
544:
273:
Aid from various sources can reach recipients through bilateral or multilateral delivery systems.
160:
needed by the donor for resource extraction from the recipient country, or to gain other kinds of
4548:
3316:
Djankov, Simeon; Montalvo, Jose G.; Reynal-Querol, Marta (1 September 2008). "The curse of aid".
1773:
1529:
1134:
228:
71:
3537:
4609:
2951:
DΓ‘vid-Barrett, Elizabeth; Fazekas, MihΓ‘ly; Hellmann, Olli; MΓ‘rk, Lili; McCorley, Ciara (2020).
1825:
1661:
1606:
4726:
4007:
3805:
3778:
3766:
3109:
2710:"Bases, Bullets, and Ballots: The Effect of US Military Aid on Political Conflict in Colombia"
1459:, were effective in reducing corruption risks." The study also found that countries with high
4721:
4274:
4262:
4128:
3980:
3233:
947:
422:
42:
2673:. 1800 30th Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. pp. 29β63.
4568:
Mousseau, Frederic; Mittal, Anuradha. "Food Sovereignty: Ending World Hunger in Our Time".
4191:"What factors determine the allocation of aid by Arab countries and multilateral agencies?"
2709:
2264:
1536:
1463:
1366:
1275:
1224:
1216:
1141:
314:
310:
235:
127:
123:
38:
31:
3580:
1852:
8:
4431:
3530:"International Assistance and international Capitalism: Supportive or Counterproductive?"
1896:
1089:
484:
for behaviour desired by the donor, to extend the donor's cultural influence, to enhance
328:
is material or logistical assistance given to strengthen the military capabilities of an
4190:
1918:
conclude it was, "History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program." They state:
1622:
Anthropologist and researcher Jason Hickel concludes from a 2016 report by the US-based
30:
This article is about assistance given from one country to another. For other uses, see
4627:
4399:
3898:
3863:
3661:
3653:
3611:
3341:
3215:
3150:
2775:
2767:
2729:
2688:
2219:
1991:
1880:
1751:
1610:
1294:
to their international families was twice as large as that country's humanitarian aid.
1262:
to turn into a major donor. The country now provides over $ 1 billion in aid annually.
540:
400:
392:
2751:
2513:
513:: Aid given for a specific sector; e.g. funding of the education sector of a country.
4631:
4586:
4477:
4470:
4454:
4391:
4367:
Scotto, Thomas J.; Reifler, Jason; Hudson, David; vanHeerde-Hudson, Jennifer (2017).
4347:
4270:
4237:
4040:
4015:
3986:
3903:
3885:
3809:
3774:
3740:
3665:
3633:
3615:
3603:
3551:
3541:
3420:
3345:
3333:
3298:
3219:
3142:
3053:
2733:
2674:
2514:"Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$ ) | Data"
2468:
2391:"Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$ ) - Data"
2390:
2207:
2197:
2009:
1915:
1820:
Thus, some states are seeking to ensure there is a policy coherence, for example see
1765:
1761:
1739:
1572:
1316:
1309:
366:
4765:
European Network on Debt and Development reports, news and links on development aid.
4403:
3154:
2779:
4717:
4619:
4383:
4320:
4241:
4233:
4202:
4175:
4171:
4140:
4109:
4060:
3893:
3875:
3838:"Vaccine diplomacy: how some countries are using COVID to enhance their soft power"
3801:
3645:
3595:
3325:
3294:
3290:
3207:
3132:
3124:
2964:
2798:
2759:
2721:
1782:
1778:
1589:
1324:
362:
358:
345:
318:
301:
164:
access. Countries may provide aid for further diplomatic reasons. Humanitarian and
131:
119:
4324:
3792:
Blume, Stuart (19 March 2020). McInnes, Colin; Lee, Kelley; Youde, Jeremy (eds.).
2953:"Controlling Corruption in Development Aid: New Evidence from Contract-Level Data"
4794:
4781:
4700:
4688:
4448:
4113:
3880:
2315:
1456:
1320:
434:
412:
305:
280:
108:
4761:
Resource for staffing, tracking, winning, and implementing development projects.
3767:"Inside Diplomacy during the Pandemic: Change in the Means and Ways of Practice"
539:: aid that originates in institutions of a religious nature (some examples are,
4160:"The Rise (and Decline?) of Arab Aid: Generosity and Allocation in the Oil Era"
2969:
2952:
2140:
1693:
1594:
1488:
1467:
1414:
1409:
1295:
1283:
1197:
1096:
1019:
839:
797:
781:
516:
485:
157:
4742:
Aid Harmonization: What Will It Take to Meet the Millennium Development Goals?
4727:
Center for Global Development's Modernizing U.S. Foreign Assistance Initiative
3649:
3329:
3211:
3137:
2915:
1233:(OD): Development aid provided to developed countries (on the "Part II" list).
380:, which involves armed forces protecting civilians from violent oppression or
122:. Development aid is aid given to support development in general which can be
4820:
4704:
4671:
4395:
3889:
3744:
3607:
3424:
3337:
3302:
3146:
2211:
1911:
1907:
1892:
1888:
1872:
1703:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1644:
1484:
1429:
1291:
1185:
811:
507:: Aid given for a specific purpose; e.g. building materials for a new school.
473:
341:
104:
4746:
4008:"The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program"
3555:
4826:
3907:
3707:"A coronavirus vaccine is a chance for China to show its scientific muscle"
3599:
2802:
2763:
1986:
1903:
1673:
1581:
1460:
1425:
1287:
325:
324:
Official aid may be classified by types according to its intended purpose.
287:, pool aid from one or more sources and disperse it among many recipients.
274:
4623:
417:
4564:β analysis of the proportion of aid wasted on consultants, tied aid, etc.
4340:"Financial Assistance from Arab Countries and Arab Regional Institutions"
3108:
Juselius, Katarina; MΓΈller, Niels Framroze; Tarp, Finn (7 January 2013).
3034:
2931:
Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa
2860:
Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa
2847:
Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa
2644:
1971:
1598:
1493:
1255:
1061:
1033:
895:
614:
3681:"Understanding Vaccine Diplomacy for the Anthropocene, Anti-Science Age"
3657:
2771:
2094:
difference is now moot since the DAC recently merged the two categories.
1840:
66:(ODA) distribution in 2005. ODA is a system to measure the size of aid.
4709:
4450:
The International Aid System 2005 - 2010: Forces for and Against Change
4387:
4246:
4144:
4061:"Will 'Emerging Donors' Change the Face of International Co-operation?"
3128:
1966:
1716:
1669:
1543: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1451:
1279:
1201:
1148: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
991:
481:
438:
373:
242: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
149:
4583:
Organizing Foreign Aid: Confronting the Challenges of the 21st Century
4527:
A compilation of case studies of successful foreign assistance by the
4206:
2438:
2165:
429:
Development aid is given by governments through individual countries'
4755:
makes information on Europe's development cooperation more accessible
4543:
1884:
1876:
1665:
1660:; for instance it is often given as a means of supporting an ally in
554:
477:
464:
Aid can also be classified according to the terms agreed upon by the
138:
94:) is β from the perspective of governments β a voluntary transfer of
4774:
3864:""Vaccine Diplomacy": Historical Perspectives and Future Directions"
1699:
1518:
1290:. In 2009, aid in the form of remittances by migrant workers in the
1123:
217:
137:
Aid may serve one or more functions: it may be given as a signal of
4366:
4290:"Arab Foreign Aid: Disbursement Patterns, Aid Policies and Motives"
4010:. In Dornbusch, Rudiger; Nolling, Wilhelm; Layard, Richard (eds.).
2725:
1657:
1605:
Some believe that aid is offset by other economic programs such as
722:
704:
650:
489:
465:
381:
329:
165:
161:
153:
145:
142:
95:
4710:
Does Foreign Aid Work? Efforts to Evaluate U.S. Foreign Assistance
4511:
3248:"Millennium Development Goals β The Key Datasets You Need to Know"
2116:"Official development assistance β definition and coverage - OECD"
1672:
in the twentieth century, the champions of those ideologies β the
1370:
international aid has sustained economic stagnation in Africa by:
1360:
4810:
2910:
2341:"Development aid drops in 2018, especially to neediest countries"
1769:
1075:
1047:
1005:
825:
668:
403:
with respect to the visiting and monitoring of prisoners of war.
99:
4758:
3955:"D.C. Munro, The American Historical Review, Volume 27, Issue 4"
2950:
1385:
much needed accountability and capacity in African governments.
4660:
4424:"Development Aid, Humanitarian Assistance and Emergency Relief"
3279:"Is Aid Oil? An Analysis of Whether Africa Can Absorb More Aid"
3167:
1689:
1205:
977:
963:
937:
923:
881:
867:
740:
561:
who batch them and then channel these to the recipient country.
284:
4736:
4129:"Political Economy of Aid Allocation: The Case of Arab Donors"
4012:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
3733:"China Seeks to Use Access to Covid-19 Vaccines for Diplomacy"
1176:
Official development assistance (ODA) is a term coined by the
468:
and receiving countries. In this classification, aid can be a
58:
909:
853:
758:
632:
588:
List of countries by Official Development Assistance received
581:
4447:
Rogerson, Andrew; Hewitt, Adrian; Waldenberg, David (2004).
3758:
3315:
3033:
NW, 1310 L. Street; Washington, 7th Floor (16 August 2007).
2594:"Migration and development: The aid workers who really help"
1403:
4731:
3469:"Aid in Reverse: How Poor Countries Develop Rich Countries"
2539:"Official development assistance β definition and coverage"
1930:
1259:
1189:
469:
46:
27:
Voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another
4799:
4676:
3532:. In Carter, Gwendolen Margaret; O'Meara, Patrick (eds.).
2792:
1319:
is the degree of success or failure of international aid (
4681:
4665:
4039:(Repr. ed.). Chicago, Ill.: Univ. of Chicago Press.
1891:
takeover of the region. The call for aid was answered by
1356:
Development aid Β§ Discussion on unfavourable impacts
1339:
Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation
297:
115:
50:
4787:
4493:"Foreign Aid for Development Assistance β Global Issues"
4446:
2906:"Dambisa Moyo on why aid has been a disaster for Africa"
4693:
449:(ODA) is a commonly used measure of developmental aid.
156:, to extend the donor's cultural influence, to provide
4580:
4037:
Foreign aid: diplomacy, development, domestic politics
3978:
2561:"Giving Foreign Aid Helps Korea - The Asia Foundation"
1182:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
190:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3386:"Mark Malloch Brown at Makerere University in Uganda"
1395:
Humanitarian aid Β§ Increasing existing conflicts
1188:, where no repayment is required, or as concessional
335:
3724:
2671:
Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress
2366:"Other official providers not reporting to the OECD"
2054:
2052:
2031:
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
1871:
An early example of the military type of aid is the
1265:
1251:(financial transfers) might not arrive until later.
1192:, where interest rates are lower than market rates.
769:
459:
1781:, it also played a part in the distribution of the
1723:
389:
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
168:purposes are often reasons for foreign assistance.
4469:
3107:
2021:International economic cooperation policy of Japan
1107:
421:Official Development Assistance (ODA) measured in
290:
4360:
4337:
4005:
3534:African Independence: The First Twenty-Five Years
2290:"10 Accomplishments of U.S. Foreign Aid - BORGEN"
2166:"The DAC in Dates, 2006 Edition. Section, "1972""
2049:
1626:(GFI) and the Centre for Applied Research at the
1258:became the first major recipient of ODA from the
4818:
4006:DeLong, J. Bradford; Eichengreen, Barry (1993).
3579:Faye, Michael; Niehaus, Paul (1 December 2012).
2957:Studies in Comparative International Development
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2588:
2586:
2089:
2087:
1447:Studies in Comparative International Development
4677:OECD Development Co-operation Directorate (DAC)
2005:Australian Agency for International Development
1361:Promoting neopatrimonialism and poor governance
1286:to their families in their home countries, and
2707:
2489:"Official Development Assistance (ODA) - OECD"
1809:One measure of this policy incoherence is the
1639:
1302:
279:refers to government to government transfers.
4260:
3982:Foreign Aid and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman
3798:The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics
3794:"The Politics of Global Vaccination Policies"
3631:
3523:
3521:
2937:
2749:
2583:
2084:
4599:
3032:
2668:
2408:
2406:
2404:
1499:
4126:
3578:
3117:Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics
3058:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2986:Ann-Sofie Isaksson & Andreas Kotsadam,
2982:
2980:
2645:"Effective development co-operation - OECD"
2068:Moscow) to promote their long-term growth."
1887:, and the Christians living there from the
1883:asked for help in defending Byzantium, the
1483:increased local-level corruption. Matching
1365:American political scientist and professor
1352:Humanitarian aid Β§ Problematic aspects
4567:
4338:van den Boogaerde, Pierre (15 June 1991).
3925:"'Beyond Aid' for sustainable development"
3764:
3518:
2620:"How Does the U.S. Spend Its Foreign Aid?"
1794:Some analysts, such as researchers at the
1345:
582:Top 10 aid recipient countries (2009β2018)
179:
4613:
4536:"Real Aid: An Agenda for Making Aid Work"
4421:
4376:Journal of Experimental Political Science
4287:
4245:
4034:
3897:
3879:
3136:
2968:
2465:The World Transformed 1945 to the Present
2401:
1977:International Aid Transparency Initiative
1656:Aid is seldom given from motives of pure
1559:Learn how and when to remove this message
1404:Aid dependency and other economic effects
1164:Learn how and when to remove this message
258:Learn how and when to remove this message
4581:Lancaster, Carol; Ann Van Dusen (2005).
4467:
4306:
4219:
4188:
4098:"Revisiting Aid in the Arab Middle East"
4095:
3835:
3679:Srinivas, Krishna Ravi (11 March 2021).
3678:
3634:"Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?"
3632:Alesina, Alberto; Dollar, David (2000).
2977:
2467:. New York: New York. pp. 516β517.
2141:"DAC Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts"
2015:Department for International Development
1745:
1698:
1618:today's level of development assistance.
416:
397:International Committee of the Red Cross
349:
172:The most widely used measure of aid is "
57:
4648:Foreign Relations and International Aid
4157:
3806:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.001.0001
3410:
3276:
3245:
1688:, largely successfully, sought to pull
1487:data (on perceptions of corruption) to
574:(ODA) comes from the 30 members of the
14:
4819:
3919:
3917:
3836:Jennings, Michael (22 February 2021).
3704:
3627:
3625:
3574:
3572:
3527:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3466:
3226:
3196:"Does Foreign Aid Target the Poorest?"
3193:
3071:
3069:
3002:
3000:
2841:
2839:
2814:
2812:
2745:
2743:
1335:high level forums on aid effectiveness
776:List of development aid country donors
4073:
3861:
3791:
3536:. Indiana University Press. pp.
3500:"The Geography of Poverty and Wealth"
2933:. Douglas & Mcintyre. p. 79.
1811:Commitment to Development Index (CDI)
1789:
1388:
4490:
4428:Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden
3730:
3411:Kristof, Nicholas D. (5 July 2002).
3258:from the original on 22 January 2014
2994:, Vol. 159, March 2018, pp. 146-159.
2928:
2865:
2852:
2462:
1835:
1732:
1541:adding citations to reliable sources
1512:
1146:adding citations to reliable sources
1117:
240:adding citations to reliable sources
211:
4127:Kibria, Ahsan; Oladi, Reza (2021).
3985:. Truman State UP. pp. 17β20.
3914:
3622:
3569:
3487:
3246:Provost, Claire (31 October 2012).
3077:"Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa"
3066:
3009:"Foreign Aid, Or Foreign Hindrance"
2997:
2903:
2873:"Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa"
2836:
2809:
2740:
2358:
2333:
1951:
1651:
1215:(ODA): Development aid provided to
24:
4453:. Overseas Development Institute.
4422:Malmqvist, HΓ₯kan (February 2000).
4195:The Journal of Development Studies
4076:"Top 6 Arab Donor Organizations -"
3388:. 12 November 2002. Archived from
3006:
2567:. 30 November 2011. Archived from
2456:
2240:"Defining humanitarian assistance"
1102:
406:
336:Humanitarian aid and emergency aid
25:
4843:
4657:International Aid and Development
4640:
3705:Snyder, Alison (20 August 2020).
3467:Hickel, Jason (14 January 2017).
3170:"Does foreign aid affect growth?"
2708:Dube and Naidu (6 January 2015).
1706:aid to Germany, West Berlin, 1949
1466:(PSI) and countries with greater
1266:Not included as international aid
770:Top 10 aid donor countries (2020)
593:Foreign aid received (2009β2018)
460:By terms or conditions of receipt
4491:Shah, Anup (28 September 2014).
4238:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2004.00600.x
3868:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3862:Hotez, Peter J. (26 June 2014).
3765:Abduazimov, Muzaffar S. (2021).
3277:Collier, Paul (September 2006).
3039:Competitive Enterprise Institute
2988:Chinese aid and local corruption
2752:"US Food Aid and Civil Conflict"
1839:
1738:This section is an excerpt from
1724:Political bias in aid allocation
1517:
1308:This section is an excerpt from
1178:Development Assistance Committee
1122:
1082:
1068:
1054:
1040:
1026:
1012:
998:
984:
970:
956:
944:Official development assistance
930:
916:
902:
888:
874:
860:
846:
832:
818:
804:
790:
751:
733:
715:
697:
679:
661:
643:
625:
607:
576:Development Assistance Committee
216:
186:Development Assistance Committee
4759:The Development Executive Group
4602:The Journal of Developing Areas
4585:. Brookings Institution Press.
4331:
4300:
4281:
4254:
4213:
4182:
4151:
4120:
4089:
4067:
4053:
4028:
4014:. MIT Press. pp. 189β230.
3999:
3979:Raymond H. Geselbracht (2015).
3972:
3947:
3855:
3829:
3785:
3698:
3672:
3460:
3438:
3404:
3378:
3352:
3309:
3270:
3239:
3187:
3161:
3101:
3026:
2922:
2897:
2786:
2701:
2662:
2637:
2612:
2553:
2531:
2506:
2481:
2431:
2383:
2308:
2282:
1528:needs additional citations for
1213:Official Development Assistance
1133:needs additional citations for
1114:Official development assistance
1108:Official development assistance
572:official development assistance
447:Official Development Assistance
291:By urgency and intended purpose
227:needs additional citations for
174:Official Development Assistance
64:official development assistance
4805:Foreign Aid Projects 1955β2010
4713:Congressional Research Service
4682:Overseas Development Institute
4652:University of ColoradoβBoulder
4176:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.025
3295:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.01.002
2820:"Aid Dependenceand Governance"
2257:
2232:
2186:
2158:
2133:
2108:
2071:
2061:
1931:Arab countries as "New Donors"
1796:Overseas Development Institute
1481:Chinese aid projects in Africa
1473:A 2018 study published in the
525:Sector-wide Approaches (SWAPs)
495:
13:
1:
4529:Center for Global Development
4325:10.1080/21665095.2021.1883453
3731:Deng, Chao (17 August 2020).
2101:
1815:Center for Global Development
1628:Norwegian School of Economics
1440:
441:, and by individuals through
141:approval, or to strengthen a
4800:Advance Integral Development
4672:EuropeAid Cooperation Office
4547:. 1 May 2005. Archived from
4313:Development Studies Research
4114:10.1080/13629395.2014.966983
3931:. April 2009. Archived from
3881:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002808
2797:. 1833β1856 (6): 1833β1856.
2758:. 1630β1666 (6): 1630β1666.
2624:Council on Foreign Relations
1508:
1445:A 2020 article published in
283:, such as the World Bank or
152:for behavior desired by the
7:
4267:International Monetary Fund
4261:van den Boogaerde, Pierre.
2992:Journal of Public Economics
2750:Nunn and Qian (June 2014).
1960:
1713:International Monetary Fund
1640:Effects depend on geography
1476:Journal of Public Economics
1303:Improving aid effectiveness
1221:international organizations
1219:(on the "Part I" list) and
559:philanthropic organizations
384:by state-supported actors.
317:. It is distinguished from
130:. It is distinguished from
10:
4848:
4468:Easterly, William (2006).
4414:
4074:DARPE (24 November 2021).
3638:Journal of Economic Growth
3413:"Farm Subsidies That Kill"
3318:Journal of Economic Growth
3200:International Organization
2970:10.1007/s12116-020-09315-4
1982:Transparency International
1831:
1822:Common Agricultural Policy
1756:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
1754:from the United States at
1737:
1624:Global Financial Integrity
1570:
1407:
1392:
1349:
1307:
1272:foreign direct investments
1247:at one point in time, but
1111:
773:
585:
431:international aid agencies
410:
339:
36:
29:
4288:Villanger, Espen (2007).
4096:Challand, Benoit (2014).
4035:Lancaster, Carol (2008).
3330:10.1007/s10887-008-9032-8
3212:10.1017/S0020818316000345
2036:United States foreign aid
1500:Death of local industries
437:institutions such as the
378:humanitarian intervention
313:or social development in
281:Multilateral institutions
126:or social development in
88:foreign aid, economic aid
4780:11 February 2013 at the
4307:Cochrane, Logan (2021).
3588:American Economic Review
3236:. New York:Random House.
2795:American Economic Review
2756:American Economic Review
2693:: CS1 maint: location (
2042:
2026:Saudi foreign assistance
565:
545:Catholic Relief Services
207:
196:Carol Lancaster defines
37:Not to be confused with
4832:International relations
4687:6 December 2008 at the
4516:millionssaved.cgdev.org
4220:Neumayer, Eric (2004).
4189:Neumayer, Eric (2003).
4158:Shushan, Debra (2011).
3650:10.1023/A:1009874203400
3528:Asante, S.K.B. (1985).
3448:. GFIntegrity.org. 2016
2714:The Journal of Politics
2418:www.consilium.europa.eu
2244:Development Initiatives
1774:diplomatic relationship
1772:to improve a country's
1346:Unintended consequences
537:Faith-based foreign aid
180:Definitions and purpose
72:international relations
4102:Mediterranean Politics
3600:10.1257/AER.102.7.3516
3581:"Political Aid Cycles"
2929:Moyo, Dambisa (2009).
2803:10.1257/aer.104.6.1833
2764:10.1257/aer.104.6.1630
2463:Hunt, Michael (2014).
2224:: CS1 maint: others (
1826:Doha Development Round
1759:
1707:
1662:international politics
1637:
1620:
1607:agricultural subsidies
1223:with the clear aim of
601:US dollars (billions)
480:approval, to reward a
426:
395:give a mandate to the
355:
202:UN Development Program
67:
4809:International Aid at
4722:Brookings Institution
4699:23 March 2021 at the
4624:10.1353/jda.2008.0016
4344:IMF Occasional Papers
3234:The Life You Can Save
3232:Singer, Peter. 2009.
3194:Briggs, Ryan (2017).
1749:
1702:
1632:
1615:
1276:portfolio investments
948:gross national income
443:development charities
425:in 2009. Source: OECD
420:
353:
61:
43:Aide (disambiguation)
4737:www.realityofaid.org
4497:www.globalissues.org
4294:CMI Report R 2007: 2
3959:www.academic.oup.com
3771:Indonesian Quarterly
3360:"The Bottom Billion"
2316:"DAC members - OECD"
1537:improve this article
1464:institutionalization
1367:Nicolas van de Walle
1237:Other Official Flows
1225:economic development
1217:developing countries
1142:improve this article
633:Syrian Arab Republic
453:Technical assistance
315:developing countries
311:economic development
236:improve this article
128:developing countries
124:economic development
39:Ade (disambiguation)
32:Aid (disambiguation)
4793:7 July 2022 at the
4749:at GlobalIssues.org
4732:Aid Workers Network
4694:Aid Reform Campaign
4434:on 25 November 2009
3737:Wall Street Journal
3504:Scientific American
3089:on 23 November 2015
3035:"Foreign Aid Kills"
2885:on 23 November 2015
2058:Lancaster, pp. 4β5.
1897:Council of Piacenza
1875:, which began when
946:as a percentage of
594:
387:The United Nations
4770:How Food Aid Work.
4388:10.1017/XPS.2017.6
4145:10.1111/twec.13139
3417:The New York Times
3138:10.1111/obes.12012
3129:10.1111/obes.12012
2571:on 2 December 2011
2565:asiafoundation.org
2518:data.worldbank.org
2395:data.worldbank.org
2265:"A/RES/46/182 - E"
1992:Effective altruism
1881:Alexios I Komnenos
1851:. You can help by
1790:Policy incoherence
1760:
1752:Salk Polio Vaccine
1708:
1611:Mark Malloch Brown
1492:Chinese impact on
1479:investigated with
1389:Promoting conflict
592:
427:
401:Geneva Conventions
393:Geneva Conventions
356:
92:foreign assistance
68:
4592:978-0-8157-5113-7
4483:978-1-59420-037-3
4353:978-1-55775-180-5
4226:The World Economy
4207:10.1080/713869429
4170:(11): 1969β1980.
4164:World Development
4133:The World Economy
4046:978-0-226-47045-0
4021:978-0-262-04136-2
3815:978-0-19-045681-8
3283:World Development
2918:on 22 April 2011.
2858:Moyo, D. (2009).
2845:Moyo, D. (2009).
2077:Carol Lancaster.
2010:China foreign aid
1916:Barry Eichengreen
1869:
1868:
1813:published by the
1779:COVID-19 vaccines
1766:medical diplomacy
1762:Vaccine diplomacy
1740:Vaccine diplomacy
1733:Vaccine diplomacy
1573:Aid effectiveness
1569:
1568:
1561:
1317:Aid effectiveness
1310:Aid effectiveness
1174:
1173:
1166:
767:
766:
367:man-made disaster
302:natural disasters
268:
267:
260:
120:natural disasters
80:international aid
16:(Redirected from
4839:
4635:
4617:
4596:
4577:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4540:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4512:"Millions Saved"
4507:
4505:
4503:
4487:
4475:
4464:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4430:. Archived from
4408:
4407:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4139:(8): 2460β2495.
4124:
4118:
4117:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3883:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3842:The Conversation
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3685:The Wire Science
3676:
3670:
3669:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3594:(7): 3516β3530.
3585:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3362:. Archived from
3356:
3350:
3349:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3289:(9): 1482β1497.
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3140:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3082:. Archived from
3081:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2995:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2914:. Archived from
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2878:. Archived from
2877:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2600:. 8 October 2009
2590:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2410:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2296:. 9 October 2013
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2017:(United Kingdom)
1952:Public attitudes
1864:
1861:
1843:
1836:
1783:smallpox vaccine
1768:, is the use of
1652:Ulterior agendas
1599:less competitive
1590:William Easterly
1564:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1521:
1513:
1325:humanitarian aid
1169:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1126:
1118:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1002:
1001:
990:
988:
987:
976:
974:
973:
962:
960:
959:
936:
934:
933:
922:
920:
919:
908:
906:
905:
894:
892:
891:
880:
878:
877:
870:β $ 12.2 billion
866:
864:
863:
856:β $ 15.5 billion
852:
850:
849:
842:β $ 19.4 billion
838:
836:
835:
828:β $ 23.8 billion
824:
822:
821:
814:β $ 34.6 billion
810:
808:
807:
800:β $ 75.8 billion
796:
794:
793:
757:
755:
754:
739:
737:
736:
721:
719:
718:
703:
701:
700:
687:Congo, Dem. Rep.
685:
683:
682:
667:
665:
664:
649:
647:
646:
631:
629:
628:
613:
611:
610:
595:
591:
363:natural disaster
359:Humanitarian aid
346:Humanitarian aid
319:humanitarian aid
263:
256:
252:
249:
243:
220:
212:
132:humanitarian aid
21:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4795:Wayback Machine
4784:at OneWorld.net
4782:Wayback Machine
4701:Wayback Machine
4689:Wayback Machine
4650:resources from
4643:
4638:
4615:10.1.1.614.3911
4593:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4538:
4534:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4461:
4437:
4435:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4336:
4332:
4305:
4301:
4286:
4282:
4259:
4255:
4218:
4214:
4187:
4183:
4156:
4152:
4125:
4121:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3790:
3786:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3677:
3673:
3630:
3623:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3548:
3526:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3392:on 27 July 2009
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3366:on 11 July 2019
3358:
3357:
3353:
3314:
3310:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3162:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3005:
2998:
2985:
2978:
2949:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2904:Dambisa, Moyo.
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2791:
2787:
2748:
2741:
2706:
2702:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2040:
1963:
1954:
1933:
1895:, when, at the
1865:
1859:
1856:
1849:needs expansion
1834:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1654:
1642:
1575:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1522:
1511:
1502:
1457:market openness
1443:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1321:development aid
1313:
1305:
1284:migrant workers
1268:
1196:Committee. The
1170:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1127:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1103:Quantifying aid
1083:
1081:
1069:
1067:
1055:
1053:
1041:
1039:
1027:
1025:
1013:
1011:
999:
997:
985:
983:
971:
969:
957:
955:
940:β $ 4.3 billion
931:
929:
926:β $ 4.7 billion
917:
915:
912:β $ 4.9 billion
903:
901:
898:β $ 5.3 billion
889:
887:
884:β $ 5.4 billion
875:
873:
861:
859:
847:
845:
833:
831:
819:
817:
805:
803:
791:
789:
778:
772:
752:
750:
734:
732:
716:
714:
698:
696:
680:
678:
662:
660:
644:
642:
626:
624:
608:
606:
590:
584:
568:
498:
462:
415:
413:Development aid
409:
407:Development aid
348:
340:Main articles:
338:
306:development aid
293:
264:
253:
247:
244:
233:
221:
210:
182:
109:development aid
78:(also known as
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4845:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4785:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4715:
4707:
4691:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4641:External links
4639:
4637:
4636:
4608:(1): 127β142.
4597:
4591:
4578:
4565:
4554:on 1 June 2005
4532:
4508:
4488:
4482:
4465:
4459:
4444:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4382:(2): 119β128.
4359:
4352:
4330:
4299:
4280:
4253:
4232:(2): 281β300.
4212:
4201:(4): 134β147.
4181:
4150:
4119:
4108:(3): 281β298.
4088:
4066:
4052:
4045:
4027:
4020:
3998:
3991:
3971:
3946:
3935:on 29 May 2018
3913:
3854:
3828:
3814:
3784:
3757:
3723:
3697:
3671:
3621:
3568:
3546:
3517:
3486:
3459:
3437:
3403:
3377:
3351:
3324:(3): 169β194.
3308:
3269:
3238:
3225:
3206:(1): 187β206.
3186:
3160:
3123:(2): 153β184.
3100:
3065:
3025:
3007:Bandow, Doug.
2996:
2976:
2963:(4): 481β515.
2936:
2921:
2896:
2864:
2851:
2835:
2808:
2785:
2739:
2726:10.1086/679021
2720:(1): 249β267.
2700:
2679:
2661:
2636:
2611:
2582:
2552:
2530:
2505:
2480:
2473:
2455:
2430:
2400:
2382:
2357:
2332:
2307:
2281:
2256:
2231:
2202:
2185:
2157:
2132:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2060:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1879:Greek emperor
1867:
1866:
1846:
1844:
1833:
1830:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1788:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1694:neocolonialism
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1595:resource curse
1588:The economist
1571:Main article:
1567:
1566:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1468:state capacity
1442:
1439:
1415:Aid dependency
1410:Aid dependency
1408:Main article:
1405:
1402:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1362:
1359:
1347:
1344:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1296:The World Bank
1267:
1264:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1198:United Nations
1172:
1171:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1112:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:European Union
1094:
1093:
1079:
1065:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1020:United Kingdom
1009:
995:
981:
967:
942:
941:
927:
913:
899:
885:
871:
857:
843:
840:United Kingdom
829:
815:
801:
798:European Union
782:European Union
774:Main article:
771:
768:
765:
764:
761:
747:
746:
743:
729:
728:
725:
711:
710:
707:
693:
692:
689:
675:
674:
671:
657:
656:
653:
639:
638:
635:
621:
620:
617:
603:
602:
599:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
567:
564:
563:
562:
551:Private giving
548:
541:Salvation Army
534:
528:
522:
521:
520:
517:Budget support
508:
497:
494:
486:infrastructure
461:
458:
411:Main article:
408:
405:
337:
334:
292:
289:
266:
265:
224:
222:
215:
209:
206:
181:
178:
158:infrastructure
148:, to reward a
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4844:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Oxfam America
4702:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4537:
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4460:9780850037081
4456:
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4208:
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4134:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4048:
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4031:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3992:9781612481234
3988:
3984:
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3975:
3960:
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3832:
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3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
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3788:
3780:
3776:
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3768:
3761:
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3734:
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3712:
3708:
3701:
3686:
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3675:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
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3647:
3643:
3639:
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3628:
3626:
3617:
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3609:
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3597:
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3589:
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3524:
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3505:
3501:
3495:
3493:
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3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2474:9780199371020
2470:
2466:
2459:
2444:
2443:Donor Tracker
2440:
2434:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:9780833042620
2199:
2195:
2189:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:Marshall Plan
1909:
1908:Marshall Plan
1905:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:Pope Urban II
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:First Crusade
1863:
1854:
1850:
1847:This section
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1704:Marshall Plan
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:United States
1684:by which the
1683:
1682:Marshall Plan
1679:
1678:United States
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1645:Jeffery Sachs
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1563:
1560:
1552:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1526:This section
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1489:georeferenced
1486:
1485:Afrobarometer
1482:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:Dutch disease
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:United States
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1249:disbursements
1246:
1243:Aid is often
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:(DAC) of the
1179:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1131:This section
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1080:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1052:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1010:
1007:
996:
993:
982:
979:
968:
965:
954:
953:
952:
950:
949:
939:
928:
925:
914:
911:
900:
897:
886:
883:
872:
869:
858:
855:
844:
841:
830:
827:
816:
813:
812:United States
802:
799:
788:
787:
786:
783:
777:
762:
760:
749:
748:
744:
742:
731:
730:
726:
724:
713:
712:
708:
706:
695:
694:
690:
688:
677:
676:
672:
670:
659:
658:
654:
652:
641:
640:
636:
634:
623:
622:
618:
616:
605:
604:
600:
597:
596:
589:
579:
577:
573:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
518:
515:
514:
512:
511:Programme aid
509:
506:
503:
502:
501:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
457:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
419:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
352:
347:
343:
342:Emergency aid
333:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:
271:
262:
259:
251:
241:
237:
231:
230:
225:This section
223:
219:
214:
213:
205:
203:
199:
194:
191:
187:
177:
175:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
105:emergency aid
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4811:Islamic Help
4605:
4601:
4582:
4573:
4570:The Humanist
4569:
4556:. Retrieved
4549:the original
4542:
4519:. Retrieved
4515:
4500:. Retrieved
4496:
4471:
4449:
4436:. Retrieved
4432:the original
4427:
4379:
4375:
4362:
4343:
4333:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4296:. R 2007: 2.
4293:
4283:
4266:
4256:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4069:
4055:
4036:
4030:
4011:
4001:
3981:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3958:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3933:the original
3928:
3874:(6): e2808.
3871:
3867:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3841:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3797:
3787:
3770:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3736:
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3684:
3674:
3644:(1): 33β63.
3641:
3637:
3591:
3587:
3559:. Retrieved
3533:
3508:. Retrieved
3506:. March 2001
3503:
3477:. Retrieved
3473:The Guardian
3472:
3462:
3450:. Retrieved
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3416:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3354:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3252:The Guardian
3251:
3241:
3228:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:
3163:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3084:the original
3042:. Retrieved
3038:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3012:
2991:
2960:
2956:
2930:
2924:
2916:the original
2909:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2867:
2862:. Macmillan.
2859:
2854:
2849:. Macmillan.
2846:
2826:. Retrieved
2794:
2788:
2755:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2670:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2649:www.oecd.org
2648:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2597:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:the original
2564:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2493:www.oecd.org
2492:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:
2394:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2320:www.oecd.org
2319:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2293:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2193:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2173:www.oecd.org
2172:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2145:www.oecd.org
2144:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2120:www.oecd.org
2119:
2110:
2079:Foreign Aid.
2078:
2073:
2063:
1997:
1996:
1987:White savior
1955:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1904:World War II
1901:
1870:
1857:
1853:adding to it
1848:
1819:
1808:
1793:
1764:, a form of
1727:
1709:
1674:Soviet Union
1655:
1643:
1633:
1621:
1616:
1604:
1587:
1582:Peter Singer
1580:
1576:
1555:
1546:
1535:Please help
1530:verification
1527:
1503:
1474:
1472:
1461:party system
1446:
1444:
1433:
1426:Dambisa Moyo
1424:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1383:
1364:
1329:
1315:
1288:military aid
1269:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1231:Official Aid
1230:
1194:
1175:
1160:
1151:
1140:Please help
1135:verification
1132:
1095:
1059:
945:
943:
779:
569:
550:
536:
530:
524:
510:
504:
499:
463:
452:
451:
435:multilateral
433:and through
428:
386:
371:
357:
326:Military aid
323:
294:
275:
272:
269:
254:
245:
234:Please help
229:verification
226:
197:
195:
183:
170:
136:
113:
91:
87:
84:overseas aid
83:
79:
75:
69:
55:
4718:Foreign Aid
4476:. Penguin.
4247:10419/53012
1972:Debt relief
1750:Arrival of
1280:remittances
1256:South Korea
1204:, and many
1062:Switzerland
1034:Netherlands
896:Netherlands
615:Afghanistan
505:Project aid
496:Other types
198:foreign aid
18:Foreign aid
4821:Categories
3547:0253302552
3510:30 January
3262:1 December
3254:. London.
2680:1588262464
2604:16 January
2545:20 October
2375:29 January
2350:29 January
2269:www.un.org
2102:References
2081:2007. p.9.
1967:Aid agency
1860:March 2022
1824:reform or
1717:World Bank
1670:capitalism
1452:World Bank
1441:Corruption
1393:See also:
1350:See also:
1202:World Bank
992:Luxembourg
490:commercial
482:government
478:diplomatic
439:World Bank
374:starvation
332:country.
166:altruistic
162:commercial
150:government
139:diplomatic
4775:Aid Guide
4632:154393943
4610:CiteSeerX
4544:ActionAid
4396:2052-2630
4319:: 49β62.
3890:1935-2727
3750:21 August
3745:0099-9660
3716:21 August
3666:154808291
3616:154408829
3608:0002-8282
3425:0362-4331
3346:195315143
3338:1381-4338
3303:0305-750X
3220:157749892
3174:VoxEU.org
3147:0305-9049
3093:2 January
3044:2 January
2889:2 January
2828:2 January
2734:220454361
2689:cite book
2598:economist
2448:3 January
2423:3 January
2220:cite book
2212:184843895
1885:Holy Land
1877:Byzantine
1666:communism
1549:July 2021
1509:Criticism
1254:In 2009,
1154:July 2021
555:charities
276:Bilateral
248:July 2021
176:" (ODA).
98:from one
96:resources
62:A map of
4791:Archived
4778:Archived
4697:Archived
4685:Archived
4576:: 35β40.
4404:53989821
3964:15 April
3908:24968231
3690:11 March
3658:40216022
3556:11211907
3479:17 March
3475:. London
3452:17 March
3256:Archived
3155:53685791
3054:cite web
2780:12935268
2772:42920861
2325:12 April
2125:11 March
1998:Nations:
1961:See also
1770:vaccines
1758:in 1957.
1715:and the
1690:European
1676:and the
1658:altruism
1434:Dead Aid
1206:scholars
723:Tanzania
705:Pakistan
651:Ethiopia
531:Food aid
492:access.
382:genocide
143:military
4753:Euforic
4666:AidData
4415:Sources
4081:10 July
3899:4072536
3847:7 March
3821:7 March
3779:3854295
3538:249-274
3018:5 April
2911:YouTube
2629:13 July
2523:13 July
2498:13 July
2178:25 July
1832:History
1245:pledged
1092:β 0.45%
1090:Ireland
1078:β 0.45%
1076:Belgium
1064:β 0.47%
1050:β 0.55%
1048:Finland
1036:β 0.67%
1022:β 0.72%
1008:β 0.85%
1006:Denmark
994:β 1.00%
980:β 1.02%
966:β 1.07%
826:Germany
669:Vietnam
598:Country
188:of the
100:country
4788:NL-Aid
4661:Curlie
4630:
4612:
4589:
4558:28 May
4521:28 May
4502:28 May
4480:
4457:
4438:27 May
4402:
4394:
4350:
4275:884923
4273:
4043:
4018:
3989:
3939:28 May
3906:
3896:
3888:
3812:
3777:
3743:
3664:
3656:
3614:
3606:
3561:28 May
3554:
3544:
3430:28 May
3423:
3396:28 May
3370:12 May
3344:
3336:
3301:
3218:
3179:28 May
3153:
3145:
3013:Forbes
2778:
2770:
2732:
2677:
2654:4 July
2575:10 May
2541:. OECD
2471:
2300:28 May
2294:BORGEN
2274:28 May
2249:28 May
2210:
2200:
2150:28 May
1902:After
1889:Seljuk
1354:, and
1200:, the
1186:grants
1087:
1073:
1045:
1031:
1017:
1003:
989:
978:Sweden
975:
964:Norway
961:
938:Norway
935:
924:Canada
921:
907:
893:
882:Sweden
879:
868:France
865:
851:
837:
823:
809:
795:
756:
741:Turkey
738:
720:
702:
684:
666:
648:
630:
612:
300:) and
285:UNICEF
118:) and
4628:S2CID
4552:(PDF)
4539:(PDF)
4400:S2CID
4372:(PDF)
3711:Axios
3662:S2CID
3654:JSTOR
3612:S2CID
3584:(PDF)
3342:S2CID
3216:S2CID
3151:S2CID
3113:(PDF)
3087:(PDF)
3080:(PDF)
2883:(PDF)
2876:(PDF)
2823:(PDF)
2776:S2CID
2768:JSTOR
2730:S2CID
2169:(PDF)
2043:Notes
1630:that
1494:norms
1282:from
1190:loans
910:Italy
854:Japan
763:24.1
759:Kenya
745:25.2
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