576:. The total number of smallholdings was 1,511. After 1945 policy shifted to the building of houses without holdings. This was more economic for the Commission, and numbers of these peaked in 1955, with 2,688 cottages built by then. The smallholdings policy had been 'adequate during the early years of State forest development, when only a small nucleus of men was needed to plant and tend each forest. But expanding programmes of afforestation, new methods of fire protection, and above all the greatly increased volume of utilisation work that results as soon as the young woods reach the thinning stage, have made it essential, in most of the larger forests, to concentrate the building of new houses in villages or small community groups.' With houses designed for head foresters, the peak year for all forest tenancies was 1958, with the Commission owning a total of 4,627 properties.
314:
386:
488:
starting with 450 job losses in 2011. Employee salaries were effectively frozen in 2011, with progression pay being removed, and the bottom of pay scales becoming the standard rate for the job. This has created a wide variation in salaries for employees doing the same job and has reduced wage competitiveness, compared to some forestry employers. However, other government departments in
Scotland and Northern Ireland have continued to honour progression pay. This has created some retention and recruitment problems, particularly for professions such as forestry management and IT.
830:
602:
291:
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225:. The Commission bought large amounts of agricultural land on behalf of the state, eventually becoming the largest manager of land in Britain. Today, the Forestry Commission is divided into three divisions: Forestry England, Forestry Commission and Forest Research. Over time the purpose of the Commission broadened to include many other activities beyond timber production. One major activity is scientific research, some of which is carried out in
867:, usually of the same age class and very dark in appearance, led to criticism that the forests appeared too artificial. The Commission was originally given land with poor soil quality, usually in highland areas; conifers were used because they can grow well in such difficult conditions. By the 1960s these trees were almost fully grown, and the Forestry Commission received a large number of complaints that their blanket forests were an eyesore.
36:
887:
484:, the government announced it had abandoned its current plans and would remove the forestry clauses from the Public Bodies Bill. An 'independent panel' was also established to advise on the future direction of forestry and woodland policy in England, and on the role of the Forestry Commission. The panel's interim report in late 2011 suggested that the government had ignored the benefits of publicly owned forests.
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411:
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higher rural population' than sheep rearing. They envisaged that 'the small holdings will be grouped together on the best land within or near the forests so as to economise labour in the working of the holdings, ... and to provide an ample supply of ... labour for work. Families settled on new holdings in forest areas will be a net addition to the resident rural population'.
439:, making up a major part of the reduced Forestry Commission. In 1993 it was again suggested that the Forestry Commission could be privatised, sparking protest from many conservation groups. After the Forestry Review Group produced their report in 1994, it was announced by the government that "Forestry Commission woodlands will remain in the public sector".
555:
time..." Existing and often derelict agricultural dwellings were adapted and new ones built to a small number of basic designs. The scheme "was never a directly economic proposition, but in the pre-war days when motor traffic was lacking and it was much more important than today to have a solid caucus of skilled woodmen [
731:
Forest
Research Technical Services Unit is run from the Northern Research Station and maintains a network of five field stations to conduct research for the Forestry Commission and other organisations. The Technical Services Unit is also responsible for six satellite stations and the research station
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Some houses had been sold on the open market by 1972, when government policy encouraged the disposal of 'surplus' land and buildings. The gradual sale of housing to incomers became a flood in 1978-9 (under Labour), and the
Thatcher administration then encouraged surviving tenants to buy with generous
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Many of the more ambitious forest villages were never completed, partly because of their isolation, partly through financial restrictions, and partly because mechanisation, transport improvements, and more use of contract labour, all meant there was less need for staff houses. The social desirability
487:
Due to austerity policies enacted in the UK from 2010 the
Forestry Commission, like many government bodies, suffered a considerable cut in its budget to meet its running costs, despite buoyant timber production, recreation usage and revenue. There have been considerable jobs losses in some sections,
373:
required public bodies, including the
Forestry Commission, to "have regard to the desirability of conserving the natural beauty and amenity of the countryside." This forced the commission to focus on conservation and recreation as well as the production and sale of timber. The conservation effort was
271:
was the main reason for the creation of the commission in 1919. Britain had only 5% of its original forest cover left and the government at that time wanted to create a strategic resource of timber. Since then forest coverage has doubled and the commission's remit expanded to include greater focus on
449:
meant the
Forestry Commission had to report to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly as well as the national Government. This was achieved by splitting responsibility for forests by national borders, resulting in the creation of Forestry Commission England, Scotland and Wales as sub-departments
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This remained the philosophy of the commission for nearly fifty years. In 1946 the incoming
Director General wrote of the employment created and the help of the commission towards a solution of 'one of the baffling social problems of our time... to draw men and their families "back to the land" and
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and for provision of economic advice on forestry, Natural
Resources Wales originally co-ordinated the commissioning of research into forestry but this role has now passed to Scottish Forestry, and the Forestry Commission continues to be responsible on behalf of the whole of the UK for coordinating
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The scheme accordingly went ahead and created smallholdings in the new forests, of approximately ten acres, let for £15 a year. Originally 150 days' work was provided in the forests, but "in practice, of course, these smallholdings attracted the cream of our men whom we were glad to employ on full
523:
Integral to the Acland Report of 1916, which led to the setting up of the
Forestry Commission immediately after the war, was the wider social concern. Large areas of upland Britain, it pointed out, were 'waste' and depopulated, and trees would not only increase their productiveness but 'demanded a
426:
forced the
Forestry Commission to expand its sales beyond Britain, exports quickly reached 500,000 tonnes of timber per year. The Forestry Act 1981 allowed the sale of Commission land that was used for forestry. By 1986 there were calls for the full privatisation of the Forestry Commission and its
393:
Having begun to develop campsites within their forests during the early 1960s, the commission set up a Forest Cabins Branch during the 1970s to expand the number of cabins available for the public to stay in during their holidays. In 1970 the commission opened its Northern research station in
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conceived of the scheme of land-settlement allied to forestry. As first chairman of the commission he was able to put into practice all over Britain this 'long cherished dream' of repopulating hill country, thanks to his good contacts in government. Money for the scheme was provided first by
719:
in England; the Northern research station in Scotland and the smaller Aberystwyth Research Unit in Wales. The Alice Holt research station was the Commission's first research station, established in 1946; it is the main research station of Forest Research. The Northern research station in
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project in southern Scotland, where seven purpose-built areas of man-made mountain bike trails have been laid; the accessible extensions provide recreational facilities for disabled cyclists. During the summer months, it hosts a series of live music concerts across seven forests.
345:
the Forestry Commission was split into the Forest Management Department, to continue with the commission's duties, and the Timber Supply Department to produce enough timber for the war effort. This division lasted until 1941, when the Timber Supply Department was absorbed by the
442:
The decline in timber sales since the mid-1990s forced the Commission to focus on research and recreation more than ever before, something that was encouraged by the government. As a result the Forestry Commission began to expand woodland around urban areas for the first time.
287:; felling is generally illegal without first obtaining a licence from the Commission. The Commission is also responsible for encouraging new private forest growth and development. Part of this role is carried out by providing grants in support of private forests and woodlands.
361:
The advisory committee on Forest Research was formed in 1929 to guide the research efforts of the Forestry Commission. After the war, the commission began to increase its research output significantly. This included the establishment of three research stations beginning with
471:
MP, leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, as saying it was an "unforgivable act of environmental vandalism". An online petition opposing the sale received more than 500,000 signatories. In February 2011, after a sustained campaign of protest by groups such as the
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Early plantations were criticised for their lack of diversity, however the Forestry Commission has been steadily improving the value of its woodlands for wildlife. The large blocks of conifer associated with the earlier plantings were beneficial to some species such as
870:
Since then, landscape improvement has been a key feature of the Forestry Commission's work. All forests are covered by a Forest Design Plan (Forest Resource Plan in Wales), which aims to balance the different objectives of timber production, landscape amelioration,
333:. The commission was also tasked with promoting forestry and the production of timber for trade. During the 1920s the Commission focused on acquiring land to begin planting out new forests; much of the land was previously used for agricultural purposes. During the
272:
sustainable forest management and maximising public benefits. Woodland creation continues to be an important role of the commission, however, and works closely with government to achieve its goal of 12% forest coverage by 2060, championing initiatives such as
688:
international forestry policy support and certain plant health functions in respect of trees and forestry. Forest Research, a separate executive agency of the Forestry Commissioners, also continues to provide research and evidence capabilities across the UK.
337:
the Forestry Commission's estate continued to grow so that it was just over 360,000 hectares of land by 1934. The low cost of land, and the need to increase timber production meant that by 1939 the Forestry Commission was the largest landowner in Britain.
2054:
Smith, F. V., Sociological Survey of Border Forest Villages, Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper 112, 1976; Irving, B. L., and E. L. Hilgendorf, Tied Houses in British Forestry, Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper 117, nd,
236:
The Commission received criticism for its reliance on conifers, particularly the uniform appearance of conifer forests and concerns over a lack of biodiversity. Furious protests from the general public and conservation groups accompanied attempts to
743:, in 2012. Alice Holt was chosen as a research forest because it has been the base for research by the Forestry Commission since 1946 and over that time the Commission maintained detailed records of the forest and experiments carried out within it.
755:, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales. The act gave the public the right to use much of the forest estate for recreation, this led to the commission providing additional facilities for the public.
402:
report which stated "afforestation ... and replanting fell far short of achieving the official 10% return on investment" with concerns over the long term profitability of timber production. This was coupled with a major outbreak of
1699:
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was hired as a consultant to identify how to improve the landscape of commission forests for recreation. The focus on recreation allowed the Forestry Commission to become the largest provider of outdoor recreation in Britain.
587:
Although the social policy of the Forestry Commission is a thing of the past, its social impact on upland areas remains large, with many hamlets and small villages in what would otherwise be deserted or near-deserted valleys.
434:
The early 1990s saw the Department of Forestry absorb the Forest Authority from the commission, which had previously acted as a separate government department. The management of the forest estate became the responsibility of
427:
estate. Meanwhile, the Wildlife and Countryside (Amendment) Act 1985 had imposed a duty on the Forestry Commissioners to endeavour to achieve a "reasonable balance" the interests of timber production and conservation. The
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683:
ministers. However the devolved organisations continue to collaborate on a number of cross-border arrangements: Scottish Forestry is responsible for management of the UK Forestry Standard and the
2319:
632:
The Forestry Commission is governed by a Board of Commissioners made up of a chairperson and up to ten Forestry Commissioners. The current chairman is Sir William Worsley. The Chief Executive,
2656:
875:, recreation provision and other relevant objectives. Forest management is a long-term business, with plans frequently extending for a minimum of twenty-five or thirty years into the future.
261:, 30% of the landholding is in England. Activities carried out on the forest estate include maintenance and improvement of the natural environment and the provision of recreation, timber
202:
The Forestry Commission was previously also responsible for Forestry in Wales and Scotland. However, on 1 April 2013, Forestry Commission Wales merged with other agencies to become
960:
358:. The war also saw the commission introduce the licensing system for tree felling. By the end of the war approximately a third of available timber had been cut down and used.
2935:
2086:, Forestry Commission Social Policy as illustrated by Brecon (later Brycheiniog) Forest, in Brycheiniog, The Journal of the Brecknock Society, Volume XLV, 2014, pp. 101-114
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845:
26% of the UK woodland (0.86 million hectares) is managed by Forestry England, Forestry and Land Scotland, Natural Resources Wales or the Northern Ireland Forest service.
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1599:
507:. This move was controversial among forestry officials, with worries that the industry's voice will not be adequately heard in the new organisation. Two new bodies (
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1987:
Jan-Willem Oosthoek, The Logic of British Forest Policy, 1919-1970, Paper presented at the 3rd Conference of the European Society for Ecological Economics, 2000;
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policies and to identify methods for sustainable forestry management. It also carries out research with, or on behalf of, academic and commercial organisations.
2239:
1724:
538:, the 'Father' of the Forestry Commission, had extensive land holdings in Scotland, and it was in the Highlands that he and other Scottish landowners such as
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2217:
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The Forestry Commission was established as part of the Forestry Act 1919. The board was initially made up of eight forestry commissioners and was chaired by
1991:, Forestry Commission social policy as illustrated by Brecon (later Brycheiniog) Forest, in Brycheiniog, The Journal of the Brecknock Society, vol. XLV 2014
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1936:
996:
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561:] living in the forests, the indirect benefits were inestimable. The holdings were a great success, and filled a genuine need in the countryside..."
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1392:
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There are three forest research stations run by Forest Research. A research station is located in each of the constituent countries of Great Britain:
2764:
1559:
1700:"Appeals to halt forestry sell-off: Privatisation plans attacked after report claims safeguarding public access to woodlands would cost pounds 170m"
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was one of these "new" developments, having been planted in 1926, and is the now the largest forest in England. It is managed by Forestry England.
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249:
Before the setting up of separate bodies for Scotland the Forestry Commission managed almost 700,000 hectares (about 1.7 million acres) of land in
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1247:
539:
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499:) was separated from Forestry Commission on 1 April 2013, and merged with Environment Agency Wales and Countryside Council for Wales to create
431:
caused significant damage to forests under the control of the Commission, though most of the downed trees were recovered and eventually sold.
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2684:
821:, but the greater emphasis on diversity now favours a much wider range of species, including broadleaved and open ground specialist species.
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233:
being actively promoted. Protecting and improving biodiversity across England's forests are also part of the Forestry Commission's remit.
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in 1946. The expansion in research accompanied a significant increase in timber sales, exceeding £2 million per year during the 1950s.
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When the Forestry Commission was founded in 1919 it inherited responsibility for several forests, some of which were former
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2704:
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In 2003, forestry policy and the management of state forests was devolved to each of the three national Administrations in
20:
1911:
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382:. Crowe also helped the Forestry Commission landscape their forests to make them more appropriate for recreational use.
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2096:
905:
1532:
2815:
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1728:
2036:
Edlin, H.L., Britain's New Forest Villages, article in Unasylva, 1952-3, p. 151; cf Annual Reports, e.g. 1951, 1952.
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2794:
676:
446:
116:
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454:: between that date and April 2019 the Forestry Commission was responsible only for English and Scottish forests.
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640:. An Executive Board works with the Commissioners to handle the strategic management of the Forestry Commission.
547:, Chancellor in the first Labour government, and then by his successor in Baldwin's Conservative administration,
1940:
1000:
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920:
325:
from 1919 to 1927. The commission was set up to increase the amount of woodland in Britain by buying land for
2679:
2170:
1750:
1396:
941:
535:
322:
1459:
1567:
915:
515:) were established in Scotland on 1 April 2019 to take over the commission's responsibilities in Scotland.
461:, which would have enabled the Secretary of State to sell or lease public forests in England. According to
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The Forestry Commission is also the government body responsible for the regulation of private forestry in
2993:
2840:
712:
436:
313:
2122:
1650:
672:
508:
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of the Forestry Commission of Great Britain. On 1 April 2013 Forestry Commission Wales was merged into
385:
207:
191:
responsible for the management of publicly owned forests and the regulation of both public and private
2634:
856:. Much of the land bought by the Commission in its early years was intensively planted with conifers.
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The Forestry Commission and the sale of public forests in England - House of Commons Library briefing
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203:
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872:
569:
166:
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423:
1437:
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Annual Reports of the Forestry Commission, HMSO, 1920 onwards, for all figures of tenancies
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910:
752:
684:
481:
370:
277:
1829:
8:
2083:
1988:
428:
1962:
615:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
467:, "the news met with near-universal disgust and shock". The same newspaper also quoted
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to supply domestic industry, regenerating brownfield and replanting of harvested areas.
900:
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257:, making it the country's biggest land manager. The majority of the land (70%) was in
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in Britain. It was followed by the Dyfi Catchment and Woodland Research Platform,
636:, is also one of these commissioners. Forestry Commissioners are appointed by the
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The Forestry Commission was established in 1919 to expand Britain's forests and
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838:
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802:
544:
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468:
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1857:"Forest sell-off abandoned: I'm sorry, I got it wrong, says Caroline Spelman"
1026:"Forestry Commission Scotland and Forest Enterprise Scotland no longer exist"
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This article is about the forestry agency for England. For other uses, see
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and surveys. Its core roles are to provide the evidence base for British
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457:
In October 2010, the government introduced the Public Bodies Bill to the
399:
2355:"A Tribute to Dame Sylvia Crowe's Landscape Work for British Forestry".
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to promote the use of its land for recreation. A notable example is the
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was opened in 1970. In 2009, a smaller research unit was established in
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721:
351:
35:
2009:
Taylor, W. L., Forests and Forestry in Great Britain, 1946, pp. 102–3
794:
716:
2624:
2218:"Forestry Commission: Alice Holt Research Station: Registered Files"
1025:
2959:
Non-ministerial departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
1598:. Vol. 472. House of Lords. 12 March 1986. col. 624–627.
1364:"Forestry Commission: Research Division: Correspondence and Papers"
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The Forestry Commission produces timber from state-owned forests
16:
UK non-ministerial government department responsible for forests
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2880:
572:
programme of 1934 onwards, but then was virtually ended by the
503:, a single body delivering the environmental priorities of the
1511:"Celebrating the Northern Research Station's 40th anniversary"
1428:. Vol. 41, no. 1. Oxford Journals. 1968. p. 5.
2890:
675:
in 2019). The Forestry Commission continues to report to the
663:, and separate bodies have since been established for Wales (
86:
1340:
British Forestry in the 20th Century:Policy and Achievements
410:
1963:"Forestry concern as minister names natural resources body"
763:
The commission works with various associations involved in
643:
The Forestry Commission is organised into Forest Services,
518:
229:
across Britain. Recreation is also important, with several
735:
In 2006, Forest Research made Alice Holt forest the first
580:
of "company villages" in remote locations was questioned.
528:
to make the attraction permanent', especially through the
557:
2240:"Honorary Professorship for Services to Forest Research"
1912:"Forestry sell-off plan overlooked benefits, panel says"
564:
The number of smallholdings built slowed down after the
350:. Much of the timber supplied for the war came from the
1337:
414:
There are extensive valley forests in Cumbria; this is
2540:
2555:
1893:"Forest sale axed: Caroline Spelman says 'I'm sorry'"
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
926:
List of Forestry Commission land on the Isle of Wight
1727:. Forestry Commission. 31 March 2003. Archived from
882:
2666:
Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
2427:"A Brief History of Forestry Commission Live Music"
2137:
1387:
1385:
968:, Forestry Commission, 22 July 2010, archived from
2573:Landscape Planning And Environmental Impact Design
2242:. Forestry Commission. 24 May 2011. Archived from
1505:
1503:
1416:
1414:
1290:
931:List of forests managed by the Forestry Commission
134:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2451:
2292:
2290:
1909:
938:of which Forestry Commission Scotland is a member
2950:
1665:
1382:
214:) were established in Scotland on 1 April 2019.
2490:
2468:
2232:
1769:"Forestry in England: A new strategic approach"
1647:"The Great Storm of 1987 - Managing the timber"
1622:"Wildlife and Countryside (Amendment) Act 1985"
1500:
1411:
2740:Housing, Communities and Local Government
2393:
2367:
2287:
1535:. Forestry Commission Scotland. Archived from
1478:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
221:, which had been severely depleted during the
2650:
2534:
2399:
2210:
1929:
1697:
1590:"Forestry Commission: Assets Disposal Policy"
1557:
1551:
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1955:
1308:Forest Policies and Social Change in England
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
297:in the north-east of Bucknell Wood, part of
2974:Forests and woodlands of the United Kingdom
2589:. Forestry Commission Wales. Archived from
2429:. Forestry Commission. 2012. Archived from
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2263:
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1809:
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1324:
1305:
1153:
1151:
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962:Forestry Commission Annual Report 2009-2010
936:Scotland's Environmental and Rural Services
700:of the Forestry Commission that undertakes
591:
2657:
2643:
2579:
2570:
2556:Antoinette M. Mannion (27 February 2006).
2018:Ryle, George, Forest Service, 1969, p. 188
1717:
1062:
997:"Welsh Government-Natural Resources Wales"
398:. The 1970s also saw the publication of a
2989:1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
2543:Imagining and Creating Forests in Britain
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2089:
1639:
1173:. The Forestry Commission. Archived from
389:The entrance to Northern Research station
2811:Charity Commission for England and Wales
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1268:
1132:
1088:
828:
519:The Forestry Commission's social concern
409:
384:
312:
289:
2969:Forestry agencies in the United Kingdom
2549:
2512:
2198:. Forestry Commission (Forest Research)
1903:
1276:"Forestry Commission – a brief history"
991:
989:
2951:
1452:
1214:
1020:
1018:
2871:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
2725:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development
2638:
2564:
2377:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
2185:
2169:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1910:Damian Carrington (7 December 2011).
1875:"Sale of forests in England scrapped"
1675:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1649:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1602:from the original on 26 December 2012
1395:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1224:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1070:"Who owns Britain: Top UK landowners"
189:non-ministerial government department
67:Non-ministerial government department
2931:
2312:
2123:"Forestry devolution: resource list"
1854:
1356:
1171:"History of the Forestry Commission"
986:
595:
21:Forestry Commission (disambiguation)
2720:Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2402:"Trails open up to disabled bikers"
2125:. Scottish Government. 1 April 2019
1855:Watt, Nicholas (17 February 2011).
1197:"Government Forestry and Woodlands"
1028:. Scottish Government. 1 April 2019
1015:
241:the organisation in 1993 and 2010.
13:
2765:Science, Innovation and Technology
2620:History of the Forestry Commission
2400:Michael Lloyd (19 February 2005).
1939:. Welsh Government. Archived from
1830:"'No sell-off' for public forests"
1698:Oliver Gillie (10 February 1994).
1558:Eamonn Butler (14 December 2004).
1240:
906:Confederation of Forest Industries
801:, most members of the tit family,
691:
14:
3005:
2964:Organizations established in 1919
2816:Competition and Markets Authority
2608:
2541:J. Tsouvalis; C. Watkins (2000).
2271:. Forest Research. Archived from
1751:"Public Bodies Bill [HL]"
1097:Forestry Facts & Figures 2011
2979:Forests and woodlands of England
2930:
2919:
2918:
2866:National Savings and Investments
2575:. Psychology Press. p. 425.
2456:. Forestry Commission. p. 4
2097:"Forestry Commission Governance"
1513:. Forestry Commission. June 2010
1338:Ernest Glenesk Richards (2003).
885:
696:Forest Research is the research
600:
34:
2836:Government Actuary's Department
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2329:. 22 March 2012. Archived from
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2012:
2003:
1994:
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1848:
1822:
1810:Leo Hickman (29 October 2010).
1803:
1779:
1761:
1743:
1614:
1595:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
783:
2984:Forestry in the United Kingdom
2750:Leader of the House of Commons
2498:"North Tyne at Tarset (23005)"
1725:"FORESTRY AGENCY BRANCHES OUT"
1673:"About us - Forest Enterprise"
1189:
1040:
999:. 9 April 2013. Archived from
953:
921:English Lowlands beech forests
751:Until the introduction of the
1:
2680:Advocate General for Scotland
1393:"History of Alice Holt Lodge"
1248:"Forestry Commission Changes"
1103:. Forestry Commission. 2011.
947:
942:International Year of Forests
746:
654:
323:Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat
2755:Leader of the House of Lords
2715:Energy Security and Net Zero
2587:"Forest Design Plan Process"
2558:Carbon And Its Domestication
2320:"Alice Holt Research Forest"
1486:"History of Forest Holidays"
916:Community Forests in England
7:
2841:Government Legal Department
2615:Forestry Commission website
2571:Tom Turner (1 April 1998).
2545:. University of Nottingham.
2064:Forestry Policy, HMSO, 1972
1812:"The great forest sell-off"
1787:"Government briefing notes"
878:
491:Forestry Commission Wales (
10:
3010:
2454:"Forestry Statistics 2020"
2452:Forestry Research (2020).
2196:"Addresses and directions"
1755:publications.parliament.uk
1533:"Re-positioning programme"
841:, near the Scottish border
824:
673:Forestry and Land Scotland
509:Forestry and Land Scotland
497:Comisiwn Coedwigaeth Cymru
308:
208:Forestry and Land Scotland
18:
2914:
2821:Crown Prosecution Service
2803:
2685:Attorney General's Office
2672:
2375:"The Forestry Commission"
2269:"Technical Services Unit"
2167:"Forest Research clients"
2073:Annual Reports 1981, 1982
1310:. Springer. p. 332.
1306:Sylvie Nail (July 2008).
609:This section needs to be
540:Sir John Stirling-Maxwell
206:, whilst two new bodies (
161:
142:
126:
109:
105:£50.8 million (2009-2010)
101:
93:
72:
62:
47:
42:
33:
2700:Culture, Media and Sport
2560:. Springer. p. 319.
592:Organisational structure
2906:UK Statistics Authority
2876:Office of Rail and Road
2145:"About Forest Research"
1434:10.1093/forestry/41.1.5
667:in 2013) and Scotland (
665:Natural Resources Wales
501:Natural Resources Wales
452:Natural Resources Wales
407:throughout the decade.
341:At the outbreak of the
244:
204:Natural Resources Wales
2730:Health and Social Care
2000:Acland Report 1918: 28
1422:"The Countryside Bill"
873:ecological restoration
863:The early reliance on
842:
677:Westminster Parliament
496:
419:
390:
318:
305:
2861:National Crime Agency
2826:Food Standards Agency
2522:. Forestry Commission
2478:. Forestry Commission
2147:. Forestry Commission
2103:. Forestry Commission
1342:. Brill. p. 16.
833:Timber harvesting at
832:
568:, was revived by the
424:early 1980s recession
413:
388:
316:
293:
2896:Serious Fraud Office
2500:. Environment agency
2173:on 17 September 2012
1989:Charles Gordon Clark
911:Woodland Carbon Code
753:Countryside Act 1968
685:Woodland Carbon Code
482:Hands off our Forest
371:Countryside Act 1968
278:Woodland Carbon Code
175:/forestry-commission
2851:Revenue and Customs
2831:Forestry Commission
2593:on 25 February 2011
2220:. National Archives
1899:. 17 February 2011.
1799:on 24 January 2011.
1731:on 18 December 2010
1570:on 24 December 2012
1539:on 22 February 2014
1464:The Daily Telegraph
702:scientific research
429:Great Storm of 1987
185:Forestry Commission
117:Sir William Worsley
30:
29:Forestry Commission
2994:British landowners
2690:Business and Trade
2476:"Ancient woodland"
2381:on 30 October 2013
2298:"Research forests"
1653:on 20 January 2013
1626:legislation.gov.uk
1460:"Peter Garthwaite"
1399:on 11 October 2011
1253:The Glasgow Herald
1222:"Felling Licences"
1076:. 11 November 2012
1050:. Forestry England
901:The Big Tree Plant
843:
420:
391:
348:Ministry of Supply
319:
306:
299:Whittlewood Forest
274:The Big Tree Plant
231:outdoor activities
28:
2946:
2945:
2856:National Archives
2795:Work and Pensions
2785:UK Export Finance
2300:. Forest Research
1969:. 25 October 2012
1836:. 31 January 2013
1488:. Forest Holidays
1368:National Archives
1349:978-90-6764-360-3
1317:978-1-4020-8364-8
1228:on 3 October 2016
1110:978-0-85538-852-2
807:European nightjar
669:Scottish Forestry
630:
629:
549:Winston Churchill
513:Scottish Forestry
437:Forest Enterprise
405:Dutch elm disease
374:partly driven by
212:Scottish Forestry
181:
180:
127:Parent department
3001:
2934:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2760:Northern Ireland
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1792:. Archived from
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:on 20 April 2012
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1440:on 15 April 2013
1436:. Archived from
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:. Woodland Trust
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:. 1 January 1927
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1177:on 17 April 2012
1167:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1113:. Archived from
1102:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1048:"We're Evolving"
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
993:
984:
983:
982:
980:
974:
967:
957:
895:
890:
889:
854:ancient woodland
645:Forestry England
634:Richard Stanford
625:
622:
616:
604:
603:
596:
574:Second World War
566:Great Depression
505:Welsh Government
376:Peter Garthwaite
364:Alice Holt Lodge
343:Second World War
335:Great Depression
303:Northamptonshire
227:research forests
177:
174:
172:
170:
168:
150:Forestry England
110:Agency executive
58:
56:
38:
31:
27:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2910:
2804:Non-ministerial
2799:
2770:Scotland Office
2668:
2663:
2625:Forest Research
2611:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2569:
2565:
2554:
2550:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2433:on 18 June 2016
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2246:on 4 March 2016
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1704:The Independent
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1564:The Independent
1560:"Douglas Mason"
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1336:
1325:
1318:
1304:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1120:on 4 March 2016
1117:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
987:
978:
976:
975:on 4 March 2016
972:
965:
959:
958:
954:
950:
891:
884:
881:
827:
791:Eurasian siskin
786:
749:
737:research forest
694:
692:Forest Research
657:
649:Forest Research
626:
620:
617:
614:
605:
601:
594:
521:
311:
247:
223:First World War
165:
157:
154:Forest Research
138:
122:
85:
80:
79:(1919-present)
54:
52:
43:Agency overview
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Cabinet Office
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2609:External links
2607:
2605:
2604:
2578:
2563:
2548:
2533:
2511:
2489:
2467:
2444:
2418:
2392:
2366:
2347:
2336:on 2 June 2012
2311:
2286:
2275:on 26 May 2013
2257:
2231:
2209:
2184:
2158:
2136:
2114:
2088:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2027:Ryle, op. cit.
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1980:
1954:
1943:on 31 May 2014
1928:
1902:
1884:
1866:
1847:
1821:
1802:
1778:
1760:
1742:
1716:
1690:
1664:
1638:
1613:
1581:
1550:
1524:
1499:
1477:
1466:. 15 June 2001
1451:
1410:
1381:
1355:
1348:
1323:
1316:
1289:
1267:
1239:
1213:
1188:
1131:
1109:
1087:
1061:
1039:
1014:
1003:on 31 May 2014
985:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
939:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
896:
880:
877:
858:Kielder Forest
852:and contained
839:Northumberland
835:Kielder Forest
826:
823:
803:long-eared owl
785:
782:
748:
745:
693:
690:
656:
653:
628:
627:
608:
606:
599:
593:
590:
545:Philip Snowden
520:
517:
478:Save Our Woods
469:Caroline Lucas
459:House of Lords
356:Forest of Dean
310:
307:
246:
243:
179:
178:
173:/organisations
163:
159:
158:
156:
155:
152:
146:
144:
143:Child agencies
140:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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2939:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Supreme Court
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
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2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Land Registry
2844:
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2698:
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2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2567:
2559:
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2544:
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2515:
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2146:
2140:
2124:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1942:
1938:
1937:"Single Body"
1932:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1835:
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1370:. 1925–1961
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815:pine marten
732:nurseries.
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584:discounts.
171:/government
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416:Ennerdale
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1967:BBC News
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1879:BBC News
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611:updated
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