344:
water. The
Commission has fostered the expansion of such programs to allow matching funds for non-governmental organizations and municipalities. Since 1986, when the nation devolved ownership of forest resources to communities and ejidos, Mexico has become a world leader in community managed forests for the commercial production of timber. In 1992, community ownership of forests in Mexico was given constitutional protection when The Agrarian Law of 1992 amended the Mexican Constitution and gave ejidos and other indigenous land holders the right to lease their properties under certain circumstances. As of 2016, The Law for the Ecological Balance and the Protection of the Environment of 1998, is the General Law for Sustainable Forest Development of 2003 and its subsequent related amendments serve as the force of national forestry regulation in Mexico. The 2003 law assigns specific responsibilities to the competent authorities at local, regional and national levels, and seeks to regulate and promote the conservation, protection, restoration, production, organization, agricultural activity, and management of Mexico's forests in order to secure sustainable forest development. The Law for the Ecological Balance and the Protection of the Environment of 1998, which promotes the preservation and restoration of ecological balance and environmental protection in Mexico, also remains in force and addresses matters not covered by the later General Law for Sustainable Forest Development of 2003.
513:
497:
532:
407:
82:
fuel. Forested lands were included in indigenous community lands in the colonial era. In the late nineteenth century, during the
Proficiat (1876-1910), the national government ignored previous practices of leaving many forested areas in the hands of indigenous communities began implementing forest management policies and unfettered exploitation of woodlands for their timber and water resources. Wood was used for construction and fuel, as well as in the Puebla-Tlaxcala region, for pulp paper. In Chihuahua and in Michoacán and forests were exploited by timber companies. One scholar argues that the change in practice politicized the forested landscape and was an aspect of the
544:
135:. The heart of this rainforest is located in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas near the border with Guatemala in the Montañas del Oriente region of the state. Although most of the jungle outside the reserve has been partially or completely destroyed and damage continues inside the reserve, the Lacandon is still the largest montane rainforest in North America and one of the last ones left large enough to support jaguars. It contains 1,500 tree species, 33% of all Mexican bird species, 25% of all Mexican animal species, 44% of all Mexican diurnal butterflies and 10% of all Mexico's fish species.
446:
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166:
359:
482:
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95:
30:
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230:
81:
Forest areas were historically part of indigenous communities' commons for hunting, gathering, and fuel. Areas of Mexico were deforested in the prehispanic period around
Teotihuacan. In the colonial era, forests were a source of timber for construction, for fuel in smelting metals, and for household
110:
Rainforests are found predominantly along the southeastern
Atlantic coast, in regions with frequent rain and warm temperatures that allow for plants to retain their foliage year-round. The average rainfall in these forests is above 2,000 mm and temperature is always higher than 18 °C, with
343:
The
National Forestry Commission has taken an important role in managing Mexico's forests. Policy-makers have attempted to address deforestation in some areas by paying landowners (cash or non-cash) to conserve forests, upstream management of forests aimed at long term sustainability of downstream
287:
The
Jalisco dry forests are a region of large diversity in Mexico. Characteristic features of this forest are that the trees lose their leaves for a long period of time during the dry season and the forest is unusual in that it rarely burns. The Chiapas Depression is a dry forest valley in southern
197:. Millions of butterflies arrive in the preserve annually. Butterflies only inhabit a fraction of the 56,000 hectares of the reserve from October–March. The biosphere's mission is not only to protect the butterfly species, but its habitat as well. The composition of the forest varies with altitude:
73:). Despite major reforms to the Constitution in 1992 regarding private land, Mexico enacted major forest regulation laws in 1998 and 2003. Though no longer required to enforce land regulation in Mexico, Article 27 of the Constitution also still permits the Government to enact land regulation.
303:
Cloud forests are found in small areas of 20 states, at altitudes between 600 and 3,100 masl. It is estimated that they are composed of nearly 10% of the plant species in the country (about 2,500 species) of which 30% are unique to these forests. Of these, about 1,300 species are
984:
Saldaña-Herrera, Joaquin David. "Sistematización y documentación de mecanismos localees de pago por servicios ambientales en México." Mexico: Comisión
Nacional Forestaló(CONFOR), US AID, Fondo Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza,
241:, adapted to an absence of rainfall for certain months of the year. Many trees here drop their leaves during the dry season but warm temperatures help to nurture plant life, which in turns supports a large number of animal species.
86:, with liberal economic policies undermined collective indigenous rights to land and its resources. Although forests had historically been utilized, the late nineteenth century marked the beginning of industrial-scale exploitation.
994:
Shinbrot, Xoco. "The Nature of Choice: Unraveling
Individual Decision-Making for Climate Adaptation, Science Participation, and Environmental Stewardship in Mexico." Dissertation, Colorado State University 2019, p.
974:
Muñoz-Piña, Carlos, Alejandro
Guevara, Juan Manuel Torres, and Josefina Braña. "Paying for the hydrological services of Mexico's forests: Analysis, negotiations and results." Ecological economics 65, no. 4 (2008):
657:
Muñoz-Piña, Carlos, Alejandro
Guevara, Juan Manuel Torres, and Josefina Braña. "Paying for the hydrological services of Mexico's forests: Analysis, negotiations and results." Ecological economics 65, no. 4 (2008):
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543:
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Juárez Flores, José Juan, "Besieged Forests at Century's End: Industry, Speculation, and Dispossession in Tlaxcala's La Malintzin Woodlands, 1860-1910" in Christopher R. Boyer, ed.
1149:
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1254:
531:
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Woolley, Christopher. "The Forests Cannot be Commons": Spanish Law, Environmental Change, and New Spain's Council on Forests. The Americas 77(1)January 2020, pp. 41-71.
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Five environmental requirements seem to govern the presence of cloud forests in Mexico: high relative humidity, montane environments, irregular topography, deep
1204:
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426:
1179:
1104:
269:
1993:
1074:
893:
650:
Matthews, Andrew S. "Unlikely Alliances: Encounters between State Science, Nature Spirits, and Indigenous Industrial Forestry in Mexico, 1926-2008."
615:
Boyer, Christopher R. and Emily Wakild. "Social Landscaping in the Forests of Mexico: And Environmental Interpretation of Cardenismo, 1934-40."
445:
1023:
1602:
661:
Sánchez Pego, María Angélica. "The Forestry Enterprise of the Indigenous Community of Nuevo San Juan Parangaricuatiro, Michoacán, Mexico."
186:
1860:
49:
cover a surface area of about 64 million hectares, or 34.5% of the country. These forests are categorized by the type of tree and biome:
465:
288:
Mexico and western Guatemala. Variations in altitude results in diverse habitats for nearly 1,000 different dry adapted plant species.
1956:
1302:
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715:
566:
2003:
930:
725:
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157:(about a third of oak species). It is estimated that temperate forests in Mexico contain about 7,000 species of plants.
1734:
1643:
1351:
594:
Barsimantov, James and Jake Kendall. "Community Forestry, Common Property, and Deforestation in Eight Mexican States."
17:
692:. eds. Thomas Weaver, James B. Alexander, and William L. Partial, 187-207. Boulder: University of Colorado Press 2012.
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273:
66:
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688:
Weaver, Thomas. "Neoliberalism and the Social Relations of Forestry Production in the Sierra Tarahumara."
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144:
1988:
1707:
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2181:
1890:
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34:
1961:
1822:
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1363:
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835:
249:
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1951:
1941:
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552:
is surrounded by a tropical deciduous forest, where trees shed leaves during the dry season
277:
1468:
261:
132:
65:, deciduous, evergreen, dry, moist, etc.. The agency in charge of Mexico's forests is the
8:
2063:
2053:
1936:
1842:
1722:
1670:
1493:
1473:
683:
Revolutionary Parks: Conservation, Social Justice, and Mexico's National Parks, 1910-1940
487:
253:
2093:
2068:
1631:
1617:
1433:
1114:
571:
257:
752:
676:
Oro verde: La conquista de la Selva Lacondona por los madereros tabasqueños, 1822-1949
665:. ed. Nancy Forster, 137-60. Madison: University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center 1995.
436:
2134:
2018:
1998:
1983:
1880:
1812:
1753:
1727:
1515:
1505:
1323:
1064:
926:
721:
519:
237:
Paralleling the Pacific Coast in southwestern Mexico is a series of diverse tropical
182:
636:
Klooster, Dan. "Campesinos and Mexican Forest Policy During the Twentieth Century,"
2036:
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120:
62:
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2170:
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2008:
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165:
2046:
1847:
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1001:
503:
297:
194:
58:
622:
Bray, David Barton and Matthew B. Wexler. "Forest Policies in Mexico." In
190:
2031:
918:
317:
624:
Changing Structures of Mexico: Political, Social, and Economic Prospects
1428:
1423:
1398:
1383:
238:
645:
Instituting Nature: Authority, Expertise, and Power in Mexican Forests
181:
contains the over-wintering habitats of the eastern population of the
111:
little variation (usually staying between 23 °C and 25 °C).
1336:
432:
321:
128:
810:
Political Landscapes: Forests, Conservation, and Community in Mexico
663:
Case Studies of Community-Based Forestry Enterprises in the Americas
631:
The Community Forests of Mexico: Managing for Sustainable Landscapes
610:
Political Landscapes: Forests, Conservation, and Community in Mexico
1966:
1448:
472:
309:
103:
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956:. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad
863:. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad
838:. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad
629:
Bray, David Barton, Leticia Merino-Pérez, and Deborah Barry, eds.
94:
797:
The Land Between Waters: Environmental Histories of Modern Mexico
397:
379:
124:
29:
626:, Ed. Laura Randall, 217-228. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe Press 1996.
1311:
922:
North American Terrestrial Vegetation Resources: Eighth Edition
717:
Introduction to Forests and Renewable Resources: Eighth Edition
668:
Silva, Eduardo. "The Politics of Environment and Development,"
337:
305:
217:
170:
46:
38:
647:. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press 2011.
332:
229:
549:
313:
169:
Monarch butterflies clustering on the trunks and branches of
211:
150:
714:
John C. Hendee; Chad P. Dawson; Wenonah F. Sharpe (2012).
201:
154:
799:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2012, pp. 100-123.
603:
La batalla forestal: lo hecho, lo no hecho, lo por hacer
224:
153:(about half of pine species) and about 200 species of
919:
Michael G. Barbour; William Dwight Billings (2000).
537:
Oak forest in the Sierra de Santa Rosa in Guanajuato
775:"Mexican Constitution, Articles 3, 27, 123 and 130"
670:Latin American Research Review 33(3)230-247. 1998.
270:Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest
2168:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
690:Neoliberalism and Commodity Production in Mexico
678:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1988.
123:is an area of rainforest which stretches from
1296:
1017:
734:
1031:
187:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests
160:
1833:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
925:. Cambridge University Press. p. 578.
685:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2011.
475:enveloped by tropical rainforest vegetation
1303:
1289:
1024:
1010:
435:is located in a subtropical rainforest of
633:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2005.
233:Dry pine-oak forest during the dry season
755:. Forest Legality Initiative. April 2016
331:
228:
164:
93:
28:
912:
89:
14:
2169:
605:. Mexico City: Editorial Cultura 1964.
567:Environmental history of Latin America
1284:
1005:
948:
946:
944:
942:
896:. World Wildlife Fund. Archived from
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
812:. Durham: Duke University Press 2015.
707:
612:. Durham: Duke University Press 2015.
327:
855:
853:
596:Journal of Environmental Development
225:Tropical and subtropical dry forests
138:
1310:
617:Hispanic American Historical Review
179:Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
24:
939:
875:
587:
131:and into the southern part of the
114:
98:Tropical rainforest canopy at the
25:
2198:
1454:Institutional Revolutionary Party
850:
828:
1145:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
777:. Mexico History Documents. 2005
582:Index of Mexico-related articles
542:
530:
511:
495:
480:
464:
444:
425:
405:
386:
371:
365:Cumbres del Ajusco National Park
357:
291:
185:. The reserve is located in the
149:Mexico is home to 50 species of
988:
978:
968:
282:Sierra de la Laguna dry forests
220:fir between 2400 and 3600 masl.
815:
802:
789:
767:
720:. Waveland Press. p. 65.
638:Latin American Research Review
506:Biosphere Reserve in Querétaro
266:Chiapas Depression dry forests
13:
1:
1374:Centralist Republic of Mexico
700:
1803:Institutional stock exchange
1439:Second American intervention
1270:United States Virgin Islands
619:92.1 (February 2012) 73-106.
598:21.4 (October 2012): 414-37.
577:List of ecoregions in Mexico
274:Southern Pacific dry forests
67:National Forestry Commission
7:
2004:Water supply and sanitation
1369:Spanish reconquest attempts
654:50.1 (February 2009) 75-89.
640:, Vol 38, No. 2. June 2003.
560:
189:ecoregion on the border of
10:
2203:
1404:Second French intervention
1352:Control of Central America
347:
214:between 1500 and 3000 masl
145:Madrean pine-oak woodlands
142:
76:
71:Comisión Nacional Forestal
2128:
2017:
1912:
1903:
1761:
1752:
1639:
1630:
1603:Tropical cyclone rainfall
1501:
1492:
1322:
1245:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1163:
1037:
1032:Forests of North America
161:Monarch butterfly forests
84:commodification of nature
1644:Administrative divisions
1265:Turks and Caicos Islands
2059:Handcrafts and folk art
1828:National stock exchange
1566:Protected natural areas
1394:Second Mexican Republic
1359:Supreme Executive Power
808:Boyer, Christopher R.
378:Tropical rainforest in
300:and temperate climate.
1871:States by unemployment
1861:Science and technology
1364:First Mexican Republic
1195:British Virgin Islands
608:Boyer, Christopher R.
451:Autumn foliage in the
340:
250:terrestrial ecoregions
234:
206:metres above sea level
174:
107:
42:
2099:Our Lady of Guadalupe
1593:Territorial evolution
1409:Second Mexican Empire
1135:Saint Kitts and Nevis
894:"Mexican Dry Forests"
335:
320:. There are also 800
232:
168:
100:Parque-Museo La Venta
97:
32:
2187:Ecoregions of Mexico
2116:World Heritage Sites
1531:Environmental issues
1389:Mexican–American War
1347:First Mexican Empire
823:Political Landscapes
652:Current Anthropology
643:Matthews, Andrew S.
278:Sinaloan dry forests
248:is made up of eight
102:(open-air museum of
90:Tropical rainforests
1771:Automotive industry
1659:Chamber of Deputies
1342:War of Independence
1150:Trinidad and Tobago
1045:Antigua and Barbuda
900:on 19 December 2014
861:"Bosques templados"
518:Forest growth near
488:Bosque el Nixticuil
412:Pine forest at the
254:Jalisco dry forests
204:species up to 2900
1972:Indigenous peoples
1876:Telecommunications
1735:State legislatures
1676:Federal government
1556:Metropolitan areas
1434:Mexican Revolution
1085:Dominican Republic
954:"Bosques nublados"
753:"Risk Tool:Mexico"
601:Beltrán, Enrique.
572:Conifers of Mexico
341:
328:Issues in forestry
258:Balsas dry forests
235:
175:
108:
43:
18:Forestry in Mexico
2177:Forests of Mexico
2164:
2163:
2124:
2123:
1899:
1898:
1748:
1747:
1718:Political parties
1681:Foreign relations
1626:
1625:
1414:Restored Republic
1332:Pre-Columbian era
1278:
1277:
1167:other territories
932:978-0-521-55986-7
727:978-1-4786-0895-0
520:Mineral del Chico
262:Bajío dry forests
183:monarch butterfly
139:Temperate forests
133:Yucatán Peninsula
55:temperate forests
16:(Redirected from
2194:
2144:
2137:
2084:National symbols
1910:
1909:
1851:
1796:Renewable energy
1786:Economic history
1759:
1758:
1637:
1636:
1499:
1498:
1479:Chiapas conflict
1379:Texas Revolution
1305:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1235:Saint Barthélemy
1165:Dependencies and
1038:Sovereign states
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836:"Selvas húmedas"
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515:
499:
484:
468:
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429:
414:Nevado de Toluca
409:
390:
375:
361:
246:global ecoregion
63:riparian forests
51:tropical forests
21:
2202:
2201:
2197:
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2193:
2192:
2191:
2182:Flora of Mexico
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2120:
2013:
1989:Public holidays
1962:Nationality law
1957:Life expectancy
1895:
1849:
1744:
1708:Law enforcement
1622:
1613:Water resources
1488:
1464:Mexican miracle
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681:Wakild, Emily.
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588:Further reading
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121:Lacandon Jungle
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115:Lacandon Jungle
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45:The forests of
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1581:Municipalities
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1536:Extreme points
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1528:
1523:
1520:Climate change
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1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1255:Sint Eustatius
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:Cayman Islands
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
998:
997:
987:
977:
967:
938:
931:
911:
874:
849:
827:
814:
801:
788:
766:
733:
726:
705:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:
693:
686:
679:
672:
666:
659:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
562:
559:
555:
554:
548:
541:
539:
536:
529:
527:
517:
510:
508:
502:Forest in the
501:
494:
492:
486:
479:
477:
470:
463:
461:
457:Aguascalientes
450:
443:
441:
431:
424:
422:
411:
404:
402:
392:
385:
383:
377:
370:
368:
363:
356:
353:
352:
351:
349:
346:
329:
326:
293:
290:
226:
223:
222:
221:
215:
208:
162:
159:
140:
137:
116:
113:
91:
88:
78:
75:
33:Forest in the
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2199:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:States by HDI
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:States by GDP
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Manufacturing
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1740:Supreme Court
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:United States
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1004:
991:
981:
971:
955:
949:
947:
945:
943:
934:
928:
924:
923:
915:
899:
895:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
862:
856:
854:
837:
831:
824:
818:
811:
805:
798:
792:
776:
770:
754:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
729:
723:
719:
718:
710:
706:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:Vos, Jan de.
673:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
551:
545:
540:
533:
528:
525:
521:
514:
509:
505:
498:
493:
489:
483:
478:
474:
467:
462:
458:
454:
447:
442:
438:
434:
428:
423:
419:
415:
408:
403:
399:
395:
389:
384:
381:
374:
369:
366:
360:
355:
354:
345:
339:
334:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
299:
292:Cloud forests
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
231:
219:
216:
213:
209:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
167:
158:
156:
152:
146:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
112:
105:
101:
96:
87:
85:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:cloud forests
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
35:Sierra Juárez
31:
27:
19:
2027:Architecture
1932:Demographics
1776:Central bank
1686:Human rights
1666:Constitution
1540:
1484:War on drugs
1459:World War II
1444:Cristero War
1337:Colonial era
1260:Sint Maarten
1240:Saint Martin
1119:
990:
980:
970:
958:. Retrieved
921:
914:
902:. Retrieved
898:the original
865:. Retrieved
840:. Retrieved
830:
822:
817:
809:
804:
796:
791:
781:December 22,
779:. Retrieved
769:
759:December 21,
757:. Retrieved
716:
709:
689:
682:
675:
669:
662:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
504:Sierra Gorda
342:
302:
298:litter layer
295:
286:
243:
236:
195:Mexico State
176:
148:
118:
109:
80:
70:
44:
26:
1952:Immigration
1818:Land reform
1766:Agriculture
1588:Territories
1526:Earthquakes
1474:Peso crisis
1469:Lost Decade
1230:Puerto Rico
1140:Saint Lucia
1090:El Salvador
960:23 February
867:23 February
842:23 February
453:Sierra Fría
336:Logging in
318:gymnosperms
316:and 10 are
239:dry forests
2171:Categories
2111:Television
2069:Literature
1947:Healthcare
1922:Censorship
1917:Corruption
1850:(currency)
1808:Irrigation
1429:Porfiriato
1424:Yaqui Wars
1399:La Reforma
1384:Pastry War
1225:Montserrat
1220:Martinique
1215:Guadeloupe
1070:Costa Rica
904:5 December
701:References
490:in Jalisco
394:Mexiquillo
312:, 500 are
308:, 700 are
143:See also:
2074:Monuments
2064:Languages
1937:Education
1856:Petroleum
1813:Labor law
1781:Companies
1723:President
1671:Elections
1561:Mountains
1494:Geography
1419:Caste War
1210:Greenland
1125:Nicaragua
1100:Guatemala
471:Ruins at
433:Las Pozas
322:epiphytes
191:Michoacán
129:Guatemala
2151:Category
2094:Religion
2054:Folklore
1713:Military
1691:Intersex
1649:Congress
1632:Politics
1618:Wildlife
1608:Volcanos
1449:Maximato
1316:articles
1175:Anguilla
1110:Honduras
1080:Dominica
1055:Barbados
975:725-736.
825:, p. 29.
658:725-736.
561:See also
473:Palenque
310:monocots
210:oak and
104:La Venta
2135:Outline
2042:Cuisine
2019:Culture
2009:Welfare
1999:Smoking
1984:Poverty
1905:Society
1881:Tourism
1754:Economy
1728:Cabinet
1546:Islands
1541:Forests
1516:Climate
1506:Borders
1324:History
1205:Curaçao
1190:Bonaire
1185:Bermuda
1115:Jamaica
1095:Grenada
1050:Bahamas
821:Boyer,
524:Hidalgo
416:in the
398:Durango
380:Tabasco
348:Gallery
171:oyamels
125:Chiapas
77:History
2156:Portal
2106:Sports
2037:Cinema
1967:People
1791:Energy
1654:Senate
1576:States
1571:Rivers
1511:Cities
1314:
1312:Mexico
1130:Panama
1120:Mexico
1065:Canada
1060:Belize
929:
724:
338:Oaxaca
306:dicots
280:; and
218:oyamel
47:Mexico
39:Oaxaca
2142:Index
2089:Radio
2079:Music
1977:Women
1942:Flags
1927:Crime
1848:Peso
1551:Lakes
1180:Aruba
1105:Haiti
550:Uxmal
314:ferns
212:pines
127:into
2047:Wine
1696:LGBT
1598:Time
1250:Saba
1075:Cuba
985:A.C.
962:2015
927:ISBN
906:2014
869:2015
844:2015
783:2020
761:2020
722:ISBN
244:The
193:and
177:The
151:pine
119:The
2032:Art
1838:Oil
1703:Law
995:11.
455:of
396:in
202:oak
155:oak
37:of
2173::
941:^
877:^
852:^
736:^
522:,
324:.
284:.
276:;
272:;
268:;
264:;
260:;
256:;
252::
106:).
61:,
57:,
53:,
1522:)
1518:(
1304:e
1297:t
1290:v
1025:e
1018:t
1011:v
964:.
935:.
908:.
871:.
846:.
785:.
763:.
730:.
459:.
439:.
420:.
400:.
173:.
69:(
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
