262:, Microsoft realized that ADS is susceptible to loss when the files containing them are moved off NTFS volumes; thus Windows XP stores them in the main stream whenever the file format supports it. Windows Vista discontinued support for adding summary information altogether, as Microsoft decided that they are too sensitive for ADS to handle. But the use of ADS for other purposes did not stop. Service Pack 2 for Windows XP introduced the Attachment Execution Service that stores details on the origin of downloaded files in an ADS called
121:(GUI), such as localizable text strings, a file's icon to be used by the Finder or the menus and dialog boxes associated with an application. However the feature was very flexible, so additional uses were found, such as splitting a word processing document into content and presentation, then storing each part in separate resources. As compiled software code was also stored in a resource, often applications would consist of just a resource fork and no data fork.
301:". The maximum size of a Solaris-type extended attribute is the same as the maximum size of a file, and they are read and written in the same fashion as files. Internally, they are actually stored and accessed like normal files, so their ownership and permissions can differ from those of the parent file. Sub-directories are administratively disabled, so their names cannot contain "/" characters.
72:, which allows storing several files and metadata within a file (within a single fork). This requires that programs process the container file or archive file, rather than the file system handling forks. These alternatives require additional work by programs using the data, but benefit from portability to file systems that do not support forks.
27:
is a set of data associated with a file-system object. File systems without forks only allow a single set of data for the contents, while file systems with forks allow multiple such contents. Every non-empty file must have at least one fork, often of default type, and depending on the file system, a
221:
ADS was originally intended to add compatibility with existing operating systems that support forks. A computer program may be directed to open an ADS by specifying the name of ADS after a colon sign (:) after the file path. In spite of the support, most programs, including
344:, file systems without support for forks, or even when copying files between file systems with forks support if the program that made the copy does not support forks or when compressing files with software that does not support forks.
128:'s most obscure features is that a file may have an arbitrary number of custom "named forks" in addition to the traditional data and resource forks. This feature has gone largely unused, as Apple never added support for it under
230:
command (before
Windows Vista) ignore ADS. Windows Explorer copies ADS and warns when the target file system does not support them, but only calculates the main stream's size and does not list a file or folder's streams. Since
183:(NDS), some is stored in the directory structure on the disk, and some is stored in, as Novell terms it, 'multiple data streams' with the file itself. Multiple data streams also allow Macintosh clients to attach to and use
41:, a similar file system feature which is typically of fixed size, forks can be of variable size, possibly even larger than the file's primary data fork. The size of a file is the sum of the sizes of each fork.
548:
64:
for metadata. However, the connection between these files is not automatically preserved by the file system, and must instead be handled by each program that works on files. Another alternative is a
481:
327:
If the different system utilities (disk explorer, antivirus software, archivers, and so on), are not aware of the different forks, the following problems can arise:
558:
669:
572:
783:
493:
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843:
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430:
258:
in image files, and to store summary information (such as title and author) in any file, without changing the main stream. With
900:
875:
1559:
316:
When a file system supports different forks, the applications should be aware of them, or security risks can arise. Allowing
60:
On file systems without forks, one may instead use multiple separate files that are associated with each other, particularly
179:(NSS), were designed from the ground up to use a variety of methods to store a file's metadata. Some metadata resides in
2132:
1607:
2122:
1293:
1102:
331:
The user will never know the presence of any alternate fork nor the total size of the file, just of the main data fork.
28:
file may have one or more other associated forks, which in turn may contain primary data integral to the file, or just
1500:
1744:
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95:
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2179:
305:
337:
can hide in alternate forks on
Windows and never get detected if the antivirus software is not aware of forks.
1189:
702:"Why are custom properties created on Windows 2000 lost when I view the file from newer versions of Windows?"
455:
2127:
1543:
1117:
683:
787:
388:
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929:
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1305:
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290:
180:
366:
1998:
1851:
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833:
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163:
would risk data loss, as the utilities had not been updated to handle the resource forks of files.
141:
118:
65:
37:
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176:
784:"Demo of "Attachment Execution Service internals" in Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 SP1"
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The resource fork was designed to store non-compiled data that would be used by the system's
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64-bit and Server 2012 R2, support for ADS, with lengths of up to 128K, was added to ReFS.
8:
2158:
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1973:
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267:
160:
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1983:
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321:
223:
754:"What happened to the Summary information created on Windows 2000 and Windows XP?"
2092:
2005:
1513:
907:
526:
477:
99:
1993:
1978:
1918:
1096:
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613:
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334:
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266:, in an effort to protect users from downloaded files that may present a risk.
199:
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111:
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810:"Manipulating the zone identifier to specify where a file was download from"
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20:
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Data can be lost when sending files via fork-unaware channels, such as
259:
2018:
1759:
1637:
1368:
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709:
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618:
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107:
549:"Windows Server 2012: Does ReFS replace NTFS? When should I use it?"
517:"Microsoft goes public with plans for its new Windows 8 file system"
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version 9 and later allows files to have forks. Forks are called
275:
184:
68:, which stores additional data within a given file format, or an
1800:
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in
Solaris, although they are not within the usual meaning of "
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521:
106:, allowed a file system object to have two kinds of forks: a
45:
482:"Building the next generation file system for Windows: ReFS"
308:
Version 4 are similar to
Solaris-style extended attributes.
1729:
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978:
641:"Use Vista's DIR command to display alternate data streams"
207:
195:
156:
49:
1335:
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1204:
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311:
44:
Popular file systems that can use forks include Apple's
140:, a partial implementation was made to support Apple's
1439:
732:"Indexing service adds data streams to image files"
324:in place is the primary culprit for such problems.
2171:
670:"FileSystem Provider (Windows PowerShell 3.0)"
869:
270:and Windows 8 extended this function through
781:
638:
431:"Command-line Backup Solutions on Mac OS X"
274:. Internet Explorer also uses ADS to store
876:
862:
243:v3.0 and later supports manipulating ADS.
729:
389:"The Grand Unified Model (1) - Resources"
214:, originally did not support ADS, but in
546:
408:
2172:
386:
202:, supports file system forks known as
91:File system forks are associated with
857:
695:
693:
602:
600:
514:
475:
360:
312:Possible security and data loss risks
807:
751:
699:
210:, a new file system introduced with
606:
476:Verma, Surendra (16 January 2012).
433:. Apple. 2005-10-29. Archived from
320:to access data without appropriate
13:
690:
597:
515:Foley, Mary Jo (16 January 2012).
198:, the file system introduced with
75:
14:
2191:
844:Alternate Data Streams in Windows
827:
808:Chen, Raymond (4 November 2013).
883:
573:"Resilient File System Overview"
409:Siracusa, John (28 April 2005).
801:
775:
745:
723:
682:. 9 August 2012. Archived from
662:
632:
159:command line utilities such as
55:
786:. B# .NET Blog. Archived from
607:Law, Eric (7 September 2013).
565:
540:
508:
469:
448:
423:
402:
380:
354:
239:command supports showing ADS.
98:(HFS). HFS, and the original
1:
700:Chen, Raymond (27 May 2011).
348:
752:Chen, Raymond (1 May 2012).
190:
7:
2049:Filesystem-level encryption
782:Bart De Smet (2005-08-19).
639:Bart De Smet (2006-07-13).
458:. Microsoft. 7 January 2021
10:
2196:
896:Comparison of file systems
834:MSDN Library: File Streams
175:(NWFS), and its successor
142:extended inline attributes
84:
2141:
2113:
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1668:
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1382:
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925:
916:
891:
181:Novell Directory Services
171:Starting in 1985, Novell
166:
1999:Extended file attributes
1700:Compact Disc File System
730:Microsoft (2006-10-27).
119:graphical user interface
96:Hierarchical File System
80:
2098:Installable File System
365:. Apple. Archived from
304:Extended attributes in
246:
177:Novell Storage Services
1146:TiVo Media File System
1010:Encrypting File System
849:NTFS Alternate Streams
839:Alternate Data Streams
285:
204:alternate data streams
2180:Computer file systems
1141:Macintosh File System
411:"Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger"
2154:GUID Partition Table
1501:Distributed parallel
1249:Shared File System (
456:"Files and Clusters"
437:on February 25, 2008
361:Apple (1996-07-02).
2159:Apple Partition Map
2105:Virtual file system
2044:Access-control list
1158:NetWare File System
686:on 23 January 2015.
609:"Fun with Favicons"
561:on 23 January 2013.
496:on 16 February 2013
306:Network File System
295:extended attributes
212:Windows Server 2012
173:NetWare File System
38:extended attributes
2149:Master Boot Record
1974:Data deduplication
1613:Google File System
1529:Google File System
1015:Extent File System
977:Byte File System (
486:Building Windows 8
299:extended attribute
254:uses ADS to store
241:Windows PowerShell
2167:
2166:
2074:
2073:
1964:Case preservation
1870:
1869:
1569:
1568:
1495:
1494:
1257:Smart File System
814:The Old New Thing
758:The Old New Thing
706:The Old New Thing
585:. 13 January 2017
280:Internet shortcut
268:Internet Explorer
136:. Beginning with
2187:
1984:Execute in place
1957:
1956:
1690:Boot File System
1673:
1672:
1437:
1436:
973:Boot File System
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647:. Archived from
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595:
594:
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569:
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562:
557:. Archived from
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512:
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492:. Archived from
478:Sinofsky, Steven
473:
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452:
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427:
421:
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384:
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335:Computer viruses
238:
224:Windows Explorer
155:, users running
48:and Microsoft's
16:Kind of data set
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2186:
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2169:
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2093:File system API
2070:
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2006:File change log
1948:
1924:Record-oriented
1897:Self-certifying
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1823:
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908:Unix filesystem
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527:CBS Interactive
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318:legacy software
314:
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264:zone identifier
249:
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193:
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100:Apple Macintosh
89:
83:
78:
76:Implementations
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2133:Log-structured
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2036:Access control
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2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1994:File attribute
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Data scrubbing
1976:
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1934:Steganographic
1931:
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1914:Log-structured
1911:
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1237:Reliance Nitro
1234:
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1097:Classic Mac OS
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968:Be File System
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828:External links
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689:
661:
631:
614:Microsoft Docs
596:
578:Microsoft Docs
564:
547:Martin Lucas.
539:
507:
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401:
391:. Folklore.org
379:
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200:Windows NT 3.1
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153:Mac OS X v10.4
82:
79:
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74:
66:container file
57:
54:
19:In a computer
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9:
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2123:Cryptographic
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1442:wear leveling
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790:on 2007-02-23
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651:on 2007-09-27
650:
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488:. Microsoft.
487:
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457:
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436:
432:
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405:
390:
383:
369:on 2008-07-24
368:
364:
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319:
309:
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296:
292:
283:
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277:
273:
269:
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261:
257:
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244:
242:
234:
233:Windows Vista
229:
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219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
115:
113:
112:resource fork
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
88:
87:Resource fork
73:
71:
67:
63:
62:sidecar files
53:
51:
47:
42:
40:
39:
33:
31:
26:
22:
2088:File manager
2010:
1657:
1558:
1384:Flash memory
1351:Optical disc
1289:soft updates
1269:Soup (Apple)
919:non-rotating
885:File systems
813:
803:
792:. Retrieved
788:the original
777:
765:. Retrieved
757:
747:
736:. Retrieved
725:
713:. Retrieved
705:
684:the original
673:
664:
653:. Retrieved
649:the original
645:B# .NET Blog
644:
634:
622:. Retrieved
612:
587:. Retrieved
576:
567:
559:the original
552:
542:
530:. Retrieved
520:
510:
498:. Retrieved
494:the original
485:
471:
460:. Retrieved
450:
439:. Retrieved
435:the original
425:
416:Ars Technica
414:
404:
393:. Retrieved
387:Bruce Horn.
382:
371:. Retrieved
367:the original
363:"File Forks"
356:
326:
315:
303:
294:
289:
263:
252:Windows 2000
250:
220:
194:
170:
146:
123:
116:
102:file system
90:
70:archive file
59:
56:Alternatives
43:
36:
34:
24:
18:
2054:Permissions
1669:Specialized
901:distributed
734:. Microsoft
272:SmartScreen
216:Windows 8.1
21:file system
2080:Interfaces
2064:Sticky bit
1944:Versioning
1909:Journaling
1852:Rubberhose
1648:SMB (CIFS)
1440:host-side
794:2006-11-18
738:2006-11-18
655:2007-07-07
500:20 January
490:MSDN blogs
462:2023-08-15
441:2006-11-18
395:2017-10-03
373:2006-11-18
349:References
260:Windows XP
256:thumbnails
130:Mac OS 8.1
85:See also:
1939:Synthetic
1882:Clustered
1829:Encrypted
1760:OverlayFS
1369:ISO 13490
945:Amiga OFS
940:Amiga FFS
818:Microsoft
762:Microsoft
710:Microsoft
680:Microsoft
624:15 August
619:Microsoft
589:15 August
583:Microsoft
191:Microsoft
187:servers.
108:data fork
2174:Category
2024:Symbolic
1953:Features
1929:Semantic
1837:eCryptfs
1781:configfs
1750:SquashFS
1638:POHMELFS
1539:OrangeFS
1364:ISO 9660
1284:UFS/UFS2
1232:Reliance
1220:ReiserFS
1066:Files-11
960:bcachefs
917:Disk and
276:favicons
226:and the
149:Mac OS X
30:metadata
2142:Layouts
2128:Default
1791:debugfs
1765:UnionFS
1659:more...
1592:OpenAFS
1560:more...
1225:Reiser4
1195:OpenZFS
1086:HAMMER2
1042:ext3cow
1022:Episode
767:10 June
715:10 June
675:TechNet
554:TechNet
532:31 July
480:(ed.).
291:Solaris
282:files.
206:(ADS).
185:NetWare
124:One of
93:Apple's
35:Unlike
2015:Links
1989:Extent
1919:Object
1887:Global
1805:specfs
1801:procfs
1796:kernfs
1774:Pseudo
1755:UMSDOS
1710:Davfs2
1705:cramfs
1643:Hadoop
1623:Lustre
1509:BeeGFS
1475:NILFS2
1210:QNX4FS
1173:NILFS2
1081:HAMMER
1071:Fossil
342:e-mail
235:, the
167:Novell
151:until
134:10.3.9
110:and a
2115:Lists
2059:Modes
1904:Flash
1875:Types
1857:SSHFS
1842:EncFS
1819:WinFS
1814:tmpfs
1809:sysfs
1786:devfs
1720:FTPFS
1715:EROFS
1653:SSHFS
1534:OCFS2
1487:UBIFS
1482:YAFFS
1470:NILFS
1465:LogFS
1460:JFFS2
1416:EROFS
1406:exFAT
1311:Xiafs
1294:WAPBL
1279:UBIFS
1190:OneFS
1168:NILFS
1163:Next3
1153:MINIX
1059:exFAT
987:Btrfs
955:AthFS
935:AdvFS
522:ZDNet
322:shims
81:Apple
2019:Hard
2011:Fork
1892:Grid
1745:MVFS
1740:NOVA
1735:LTFS
1730:Lnfs
1725:FUSE
1695:CDfs
1685:AXFS
1680:Aufs
1618:GPFS
1603:Coda
1554:Xsan
1544:PVFS
1524:GFS2
1519:CXFS
1514:Ceph
1455:JFFS
1450:CHFS
1431:NVFS
1421:F2FS
1411:TFAT
1396:APFS
1386:and
1330:z/OS
1321:Xsan
1306:WAFL
1301:VxFS
1274:Tux3
1264:SNFS
1246:SFS
1215:ReFS
1185:NTFS
1137:MFS
1123:HTFS
1118:HPFS
1113:HFS+
1076:GPFS
1047:ext4
1037:ext3
1032:ext2
1006:EFS
997:CXFS
992:CVFS
979:z/VM
964:BFS
950:APFS
930:ADFS
769:2020
717:2020
626:2023
591:2023
534:2024
502:2013
247:Uses
208:ReFS
196:NTFS
157:Unix
138:10.4
126:HFS+
50:NTFS
46:HFS+
25:fork
23:, a
1862:ZFS
1847:EFS
1633:NFS
1628:NCP
1608:DFS
1598:AFP
1588:AFS
1575:NAS
1549:QFS
1426:JFS
1401:FAT
1388:SSD
1374:UDF
1359:HSF
1340:Sun
1336:ZFS
1326:zFS
1316:XFS
1242:RFS
1205:QFS
1200:PFS
1180:NSS
1133:LFS
1128:JFS
1107:MVS
1103:HFS
1093:HFS
1054:FAT
1027:ext
1002:DFS
286:Sun
278:in
237:dir
228:dir
161:tar
147:In
104:MFS
32:.
2176::
1583:9P
1251:VM
816:.
812:.
760:.
756:.
708:.
704:.
692:^
678:.
672:.
643:.
617:.
611:.
599:^
581:.
575:.
551:.
525:.
519:.
484:.
413:.
144:.
114:.
52:.
1594:)
1590:(
1342:)
1338:(
1332:)
1328:(
1253:)
1109:)
1105:(
1099:)
1095:(
981:)
877:e
870:t
863:v
820:.
797:.
771:.
741:.
719:.
658:.
628:.
593:.
536:.
504:.
465:.
444:.
419:.
398:.
376:.
132:-
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