Fort Ancient - Knowledge

612: 2871: 698: 624: 1023: 518: 563:. If social organization was based on kinship, people likely achieved some status by virtue of personal qualities, such as generosity, charisma, and being a good hunter, as well as their deeds. People of higher status were probably leaders of communities and were potentially responsible for organizing trade, settling disputes among other members of the village, and presiding over ceremonies. Evidence indicates that Fort Ancient leadership was more like that of the historic Iroquois, whose egalitarian obligations left leaders to be buried with no more than others of their age. 918: 1153: 1132: 596: 408: 154: 755:. Archaeologists have found evidence at some sites which suggests that turkeys were kept in pens. The average lifespan during this time period decreased from that of their ancestors. The people were smaller in stature and less able to fend off infectious diseases than previous generations. Archaeological investigations of their cemeteries have shown that almost all of Fort Ancient's people showed pathology of some kind, with a high incidence of dental disease and arthritis. 1175: 1107: 29: 3115: 275:. During this era, the formerly dispersed populations began to coalesce. The Gist-phase villages (1400 to 1550 CE) became more significant than during the preceding period, with populations as high as 500. Archaeologists have speculated that the larger villages and palisades are evidence that after 1450, warfare and inter-group strife increased, leading the people to consolidate their villages for better protection. 1346:

that the stars seen at night were a mirror of the spirit world itself, each one representing an ancestor at peace. Therefore, this mound may have been a special place to bury those with special honors, in order to anchor such people and their descendants to the earth. This symbolic connection to the Snake constellation suggests that this mound may have been especially significant to the Fort Ancients.

1212: 927:, who lived in the area from the 1st century BCE to the 6th century CE. Centuries later, during the Fort Ancient period, a village and cemetery were constructed within the embankments. When archaeologists excavated the site in the nineteenth century, they mistakenly believed that the "fort" and the village were built by the same people. It is located in 241:

multiple families. Settlements were rarely more permanent than one or two generations, as inhabitants generally migrated once natural resources surrounding the village had been exhausted. Villages were arranged around an open oval central plaza, surrounded by circular and rectangular domestic structures facing this plaza.

396:. Most homes were what is known as a pit house, created by digging several feet into the ground and covering over the top of the resulting hole with a wooden frame roof covered in bark. Carbon dating has shown that Fort Ancient lands in West Virginia did not begin to be conquered until the middle phase. 2802: 1345:

The Serpent Burial Mound was made specifically to mirror a constellation known to many Siouan peoples, known as the Snake. It is depicted as swallowing an egg whole, representing the struggle against overwhelming odds for the sake of the people. Furthermore, some Siouan peoples seem to have believed

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Valley from 1050 to 1635. They had a similar lifestyle to the Fort Ancients; as they were also maize agriculturalists and lived in well laid out palisaded villages with central oval plazas, some of which consisted of as many as 50-100 structures. To the northwest of the Fort Ancients were the people

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With the change of temper, different vessel forms and decorations became more prevalent; several of them are also strongly associated with Mississippian cultures. Early Fort Ancient vessels were often jug forms with lug handles. By the Middle Fort Ancient period, bowls and plates were being produced

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shells occasionally being used. Over time, women increasingly chose mussel shells or a mixture of mussel shells with other agents as the tempering agent. The use of ground shells as a temper is a feature often associated with Mississippian cultures, and its acceptance spread in Fort Ancient culture,

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The Fort Ancient culture is divided into four distinct local variations known as foci. These are the Madisonville focus, the Baum focus, the Fort focus, and the Anderson focus. Additionally, Fort Ancient culture can be subdivided into at least 8 phases that span different time periods and regions of

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alone—those from 1680 onwards. Although French explorers are known to have arrived during that time, they appear to have left no authentic accounts of contact. However, the French did note that most of both sides of the Ohio River Valley were covered in similarly styled villages in various states of

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By 1200 CE, the small villages had grown into settlements of up to 300 people. These settlements were occupied for up to 25 years. The houses were designed as single-family dwellings during the Early and Middle Fort Ancient periods. Later, Fort Ancient buildings became more extensive and could house

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Many artifacts have been found associated with the Fort Ancients, the most common being four-handled funerary urns, salamanders and snakes. Possible symbolism of the urn may be a connection to common Siouan religious beliefs. At least one artifact containing the Siouan religious symbol known as the

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shells. Fort Ancients had also grounded and polished stones into axes to use in felling trees. Most of the flint tools were made from varieties of locally available materials, showing the Fort Ancient peoples either felt no need for it or did not have access to exotic stone varieties through trade

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The Fort Ancient peoples made tools from a variety of materials, including stone, bone, horn, shells and antlers. Stone tools have been found more frequently than those of other materials. The culture is known for its distinctive small triangular flint arrowheads and large triangular flint knives.

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Despite no historical accounts of contact existing, there has been a remarkable amount of European-made goods excavated from Fort Ancient sites—including brass and steel items, as well as glassware. Fort Ancients even melted down old or broken goods and re-forged them into new items. No single gun

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on both sides of the Indiana/Ohio border, composed of five contributing properties spread out across 8-acre (32,000 m) of land. Pottery found at the site was found to use shell tempering and had other characteristics such as distinctive styles of painting and the presence of pottery modelled

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may have caused inter-group battles over food and other resources, according to some scholars. The crops did not prosper as well during this colder period, causing food shortages for populations that had grown after their introduction. Some studies show that the culture began failing due to poor

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At the time, Fort Ancient pottery was known for having thinner walls than preceding Woodland pottery. Common items include large plain cooking jars with strap or loop handles. A hallmark of Fort Ancient pottery is engraved decorations on the rim and neck of the vessels, consisting of a series of

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and urn burials. In western Ohio, there is strong evidence that they took on the Algonquian Green Corn Ceremony, in which part of the immature corn crop was "sacrificed" by burning and its ashes were used to fertilize the fields. Around 1300, however, it appears that mound burials were replaced

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for the Madisonville phase, dwellings were built on a smaller scale and in fewer numbers. This change indicated the culture was less attached to agriculture and a sedentary life. Scholars generally believe that similarities in material culture, art, mythology, and Shawnee oral history link the

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During the Montour phase (1550 to 1700), villages were occupied year-round, although less densely in the winter than in the summer months. This may indicate that during the winter, family groups and hunting parties may have returned to the regions previously occupied by their ancestors. Such a

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represented girls. Mothers would have a special medicine pouch made for one or the other to represent their children and containing the umbilical cord, which they would wear so long as both still lived. The other possibility comes from the Eastern Siouan's, who express a belief that "when a

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under the assumption that they were either Mississippian peoples intruding into these areas, or they were heavily influenced by the Mississippian peoples to their south and east. Today it is thought that these groups were local in situ developments of Late Woodland peoples.

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medicine wheel (a cross inside of a circle) has been found. This stands, primarily, for the fact that all life sprung from the same place and returns to that source in the end. The four-handled urns may be to evoke that symbol, more so than having any real, practical use.

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and pit houses began to be phased out in favor of the style of native dwelling colonial peoples would refer to as a Cabin style. This was a rectangular, peak-roofed home of either an adobe-like or wooden make and covered over by the same style of roof as the pit house.

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decoration overlaid with negative painting. Archaeological excavations have found examples of non-local pottery from this period as well. The pieces were made from non-local clay sources, and have designs or vessel forms atypical for local wares. A

575:. Potters rolled clay into long, rounded strips, which they used to model the vessel, layering strips on top of each other. The items were then smoothed out internally with a potter anvil (a smooth round stone), and externally with a wooden paddle. 236:

households and settlements of up to 40-50 individuals. These scattered settlements, located along terraces that overlooked rivers and occasionally on flood plains, would be occupied only briefly before the groups would migrate elsewhere.

1265:. Although their sites began in central Indiana, over the years they spread to the southeast toward the Fort Ancients. The Oliver phase people were part of the Western Basin Tradition which also includes the Springwell's phase, the 3508: 987:. It was occupied from sometime in the early 1500s and abandoned by about 1625. During its occupation, it covered an area of about 4.5-hectare (45,000 m). Like other Fort Ancient villages, it had a defensive 442:

and Iroquoian neighbors into their region. The result of these migrations was Fort Ancients adopting aspects of these cultures. Eastern Fort Ancients began amalgamating a mound burial with Iroquoian techniques of

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also dates to the Fort Ancient era, rather than the assumed Hopewell era. Both the Serpent and Alligator Mounds, first understood as burial locations, have been shown to be Fort Ancient ceremonial effigy sites.

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historic tribe to the Fort Ancient people. However, there is also evidence that the Algonquian Shawnee culture may have been more of an admixture or intrusion to the site, which may have previously been

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on the north bank of the Ohio River. It has minor traces of Archaic, Woodland and Late Prehistoric artifacts. However, the largest component is a village of the Feurt Phase dating to 1100 to 1200 CE.

317:. Through trading activities, the Fort Ancient people gained access to European trade items such as glass, iron, brass, and copper. These materials have all been found as grave goods at sites such as 2253: 2134: 967:

and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the Ohio River. The site covers 10-hectare (100,000 m) to 16-hectare (160,000 m) and has midden areas up to 80 centimetres (31 in) thick.

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The site is the largest prehistoric hilltop enclosure in the United States with walls spanning three and one-half miles (18,000 ft) in a 100-acre (0.40 km) complex, built by the

5505: 3817: 1301:. This stretch of river was an empty buffer zone, possibly for social or political reasons, although it might possibly have been because the narrowing of the alluvial valley between the 689:

phases. Archaeologists suggest that the change in pottery styles was a result of increased contact with the Mississippian cultures to the south and west of the Fort Ancient peoples.

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show that Fort Ancient culture was distinct from that of the Middle Mississippian peoples, lacking Mississippian traits such as political centralization and elite social structures.

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Lepper, Bradley T.; Frolking, Tod A. (2003). "Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA".

559:. Grave goods rarely vary between individuals, which shows that social levels were weakly defined. Scholars believe that their societies were organized into groups based on 2467: 2295: 818:

on Strodes Creek. It has two large circular village areas, each surrounding its central plaza and several smaller special use areas to the north and northeast of the site.

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do not believe that Fort Ancient was used as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell culture or the Fort Ancient culture. It is believed to have been a ceremonial location.

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villages and had slight regional variances. The locals farmed primarily corn, beans, and sunflower—the latter being a plant first domesticated as a food source in

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The Incorporation of Mississippian traditions into Fort Ancient Societies: A Preliminary view of the shift to shell-tempered pottery use in the Middle Ohio Valley

611: 475:(an Eastern Siouan tribe from West Virginia) in North Carolina around 1700 could also have been of Fort Ancient stock. During the time of the French explorers, a 260:

to their boundaries. The plaza served as the focal point of village life, hosting communal activities such as ceremonies, games (such as the hoop and stick game

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tribe. Scholars believe that the Fort Ancient society, like the Mississippian cultures to the south and west, may have been severely disrupted by waves of

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Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University

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The rise in socio-political complexity evidenced by the building of substructure mounds and new village layouts may indicate influences from Middle

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part has yet been discovered in conjunction with a Fort Ancient site. The Fort Ancients were heavily affected by European disease, as well as the

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At this time, the cultures became far richer, began to expand, and began to merge into a single, continuous culture. Villages grew larger, became

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The late phase of Fort Ancient culture was its zenith. Only one known Fort Ancient tribe has been verified by name in the historical record—the

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The Fort Ancient were primarily a farming and hunting people. Their diet was mainly composed of the New World staples that are known as the

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period. Carbon dating seems to indicate that disease affected the Fort Ancients in waves. The most recent of all surviving sites date from

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Lee, Annette Sharon & Rock, Jim "Dakota/Lakota Star Map Constellation Guidebook: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge" 2014

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A Croghan phase site located near South Portsmouth, Kentucky in Greenup County, next to the Ohio River across from the mouth of the

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people also likely occurred in this era, some of them may even have migrated to and been integrated into Fort Ancient villages. The

6151: 2460:"The O.C. Voss Site: Reassessing What We Know about the Fort Ancient Occupation of the Central Scioto Drainage and Its Tributaries" 2347: 928: 340:

by trade contacts. The next-known inhabitants of the area, who were encountered by French and English explorers, were the historic

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Archaeological Investigations at the Prather Site (12-CL-4), Clark County, Indiana : The 2003 Baseline Archaeological Survey

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The O.C. Voss Site: Reassessing What We Know about the Fort Ancient Occupation of the Central Scioto Drainage and Its Tributaries

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may have been a sort of death omen to the Fort Ancients or had something to do with the door between the living and dead worlds.

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The Ronald Watson Gravel Site (15Be249): An examination of the Late Woodland/Fort Ancient transition in Boone County, Kentucky

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polity in Illinois) have been found on some pots. Others show a blending of different styles, for instance, with the engraved

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Located 95 kilometres (59 mi) down the Ohio River to the southwest of the westernmost Fort Ancient settlements were the

678: 337: 44: 5524: 4205: 3279: 297:. These items and styles are usually associated with the Mississippian cultures of the Lower Ohio Valley, at sites such as 2238: 595: 6542: 6517: 6467: 5931: 5379: 4383: 4195: 4170: 4102: 3948: 2979: 2459: 2376: 2292: 2203: 2173: 1112:

A Madisonville focus site located along a prominent ridgeline to the west of the old Union Bridge along the road between

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of artifacts after 1400 CE include relatively high proportions of bowls, salt pans, triangular strap handles, colanders,

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Two possibilities of the salamander motif can also be explored. One possibility is that, like in Plains Indian culture,

6291: 6071: 5896: 4503: 4132: 4107: 4011: 2783: 1084: 739:). This diet was supplemented by hunting and fishing in nearby forests and rivers. Important game species included the 302: 1373: 3305: 3089: 2984: 2855: 2541:"An Archaeological History of Northeast Ohio Before the Western Reserve: An Archaeological History of Northeast Ohio" 2427: 2025: 1146: 1184:. Many archaeological excavations were done here at the park which has revealed much about the Fort Ancient people. 225: 6036: 4948: 4185: 1872:

Archaeological investigations at the Prather Site, Clark County, Indiana : 2003 Baseline Archaeological Study

1805:"Southeastern Prehistory: Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period". National Park Service. Retrieved 2011-06-16. 1022: 648:

moving north and east from the Ohio River and the direction of the closest Mississippian groups in the southwest.

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Murphy, James L. (1968-09-27). "The Hobson Site: A Fort Ancient Component Near Middleport, Meigs County, Ohio".

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southern Ohio and adjacent states. There was an increasing similarity between Fort Ancient phases leading up to

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evidence collected from the area suggests that the Fort Ancient culture did not directly descend from the older

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Ellis, Laura Elizabeth "Investigating the Orchard Site: A Protohistoric Fort AncientSite in West Virginia" 2015

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at this time, they, like other groups in the interior of the continent, may have suffered high fatalities from

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containing 37 images of humans and animals as well as footprints of each, located near the small village of

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During the Early Fort Ancient period, grit (crushed stone) and grog (crushed pottery) were often used as

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Although there seem to have been positions of leadership, the Fort Ancient culture appears to have been

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similar to those produced in the Central Mississippi Valley by the peoples of the Middle Mississippian

2713:(April 1937). "The Chronological Position and Ethnological Relationships of the Fort Ancient Aspect". 2613: 2593: 6374: 6326: 4603: 3933: 3004: 1076: 5848: 2377:"Patterns in Ontogeny of Human Trabecular Bone from Sunwatch Village in the Prehistoric Ohio Valley" 963:. The site consists of a large village complex on a ridge 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south of the 6261: 6116: 6086: 5645: 5547: 5007: 4779: 4749: 4483: 3714: 3690: 3603: 984: 964: 830:

A site with at least two overlapping Mid to Late Fort Ancient villages (1300 to 1600) located near

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after owls and the human heads, traits which signify contact with Middle Mississippian cultures.

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and engraving were used to decorate pots in styles according to particular periods and peoples.

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During this period, the Fort Ancients were several poor, sedentary societies. They lived in non-

6221: 5941: 5788: 5731: 5665: 5650: 5448: 5130: 4696: 4428: 4288: 4180: 4165: 4092: 3708: 3310: 2885: 2601:. Southeast Archaeological Conference / Midwest Archaeological Conference. St. Louis, Missouri. 2318: 1918: 1870: 1088: 960: 859: 831: 407: 286: 109: 47: 2409: 2007: 517: 153: 6415: 6349: 6296: 6191: 6091: 5858: 5823: 5813: 5754: 4423: 4388: 4031: 3821: 3783: 3702: 3684: 3678: 3045: 2969: 2710: 2463: 2419: 2380: 2304: 2017: 1914: 1620: 1270: 1254: 1222: 980: 879: 847: 533: 427: 279: 78: 2595:

Prather Site (12-CL-4), Clark County, Indiana : The 2003 Baseline Archaeological Survey

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people and only occupied later by the Fort Ancient culture. The site is on a hill above the

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from a Fort Ancient site in Ohio, now at the Southern Ohio Museum and Cultural Center in

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The arrangement of buildings in Fort Ancient settlements is believed to have served as a

86: 2651:, Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 , pp. 248–252. 2351: 1940: 19:

This article is about the Fort Ancient culture. For the National Historic Landmark, see

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made it less suitable for the intensive maize agriculture practiced by both societies.

1310: 1056: 936: 924: 467:, presumably of southeast Ohio. There is also a chance that a Siouan people called the 439: 345: 134: 126: 105: 5680: 1985: 1681: 1652:

Sharp, William E. (1996). "Chapter 6:Fort Ancient Farmers". In Lewis, R. Barry (ed.).

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Ohio Archaeology:An Illustrated Chronicle of Ohio's Ancient American Indian Cultures

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Pottery making was primarily the responsibility of women using a technique known as

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surrounding it, but unlike other sites it does not seem to have had a central oval

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Owen, James & Swanton Dorsey, John R. "A Dictionary of Biloxi & Ofo" 1912

1298: 1060: 748: 541: 113: 6507: 6492: 6482: 6121: 5951: 5906: 5803: 5715: 5670: 5500: 5433: 5428: 5396: 5363: 5145: 5012: 4859: 4583: 4433: 4408: 4398: 3913: 3261: 2936: 2822: 2768: 1894: 1274: 1016: 732: 556: 253: 233: 6384: 5516: 2671: 2207: 1529: 6603: 6364: 6359: 6251: 6201: 6196: 6181: 6171: 6166: 5916: 5793: 5605: 5582: 5443: 5263: 5192: 5150: 5107: 5067: 5042: 4896: 4829: 4824: 4794: 4643: 4618: 4528: 4478: 4393: 4330: 4263: 4016: 3963: 3871: 3660: 3608: 3456: 3385: 3355: 3035: 2905: 2515:"Geophysical Methods and the Archaeology of Late Prehistoric Central Indiana" 2189: 2059: 1537: 1375:

Points in time: Assessing a Fort Ancient triangular projectile point typology

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Assorted stone, bone and ceramic tools, including stone discoidals used for

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Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Ohio Hopewell of the Hopewell Mound Group

1266: 1250: 1197: 1181: 1068: 899: 807: 783: 686: 682: 522: 349: 310: 298: 268: 669: 602: 585: 6420: 6301: 6281: 6146: 6006: 5996: 5881: 5625: 5391: 5243: 5187: 5135: 4849: 4706: 4493: 4403: 4347: 4298: 4077: 3968: 3943: 3896: 3881: 3654: 3403: 3349: 3238: 3228: 3178: 3014: 2974: 2941: 1225:. The site includes the remains of a village and multiple burial mounds. 1205: 1000: 867: 657: 549: 488: 444: 290: 272: 101: 92:

Material evidence also suggests that the Fort Ancient peoples introduced

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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

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Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors

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Although the name of the culture originates from the earthworks site at

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native named Tonti told them that these people had been known as the

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according to carbon dating of charcoal found underneath the mound.

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pattern was observed during historic times, for example, among the

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National Register of Historic Places Registration: The Clover Site

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A large storage jar with cord-marked decorations and strap handles

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A Montour phase site located on a terrace of the Ohio River near

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Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks UNESCO World Heritage Nomination

1334: 1282: 711: 644: 540:(the north-eastern-most extent of Middle Mississippian was the 472: 3813: 2661: 1211: 1137:

The Fort Ancient people built the largest effigy mound in the

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Sunwatch: Fort Ancient Development in the Mississippian World

2144:, Kentucky Heritage Council, pp. 830–832, archived from 2009:

Sunwatch: Fort Ancient Development in the Mississippian World

1473:"Serpent Mound See the world's most spectacular effigy mound" 992: 862:

with several components, including two mounds and a village.

736: 728: 438:

expansions to the northeast of the Fort Ancients brought new

229: 2083:

Maslowski, Robert F. (1991-11-16), Grumet, Robert S. (ed.),

6487: 3114: 2691: 2114:

Ohio History Central:An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History

1261:

from 1200 and 1450. Their villages were also circular with

1217:

An Early Fort Ancient Madisonville focus site located near

1064: 393: 328:

Although the inhabitants of Fort Ancient did not encounter

256:

for ceremonial purposes, and many villages added defensive

62: 267:

The Late Fort Ancient period from 1400 to 1750 CE was the

252:

and other significant dates. The occupants also built low

2762:

Introduction to the Archaeology of the Mississippi Valley

2612:

Munson, Cheryl Ann; McCullough, Robert G. (August 2004).

1240:, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia were the peoples of the 752: 96:

to Ohio, and other evidence connects this culture to the

2592:

Munson, Cheryl Ann; McCullough, Robert G. (2004-10-21).

1273:

of Northern Ohio and Indiana. The colder weather of the

548:

region 95 miles (153 km) away). The differences in

2263:, vol. 1, Kentucky Heritage Council, p. 484, 1338:

Salamander barks, someone will soon die." As such, the

1083:

A Middle Fort Ancient Anderson focus site located near

617:

A storage pot with an unknown animal as effigy handles

399: 376: 455: 2484: 1470: 652:more frequently, and artisans added strap handles. 32:Partially reconstructed Fort Ancient settlement at 1656:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 162–176. 348:epidemics from the first Spanish explorers in the 129:, this site is believed to have been built by the 2709: 2041:Cook, Robert A.; Fargher, Lane F. (Winter 2008), 1913: 1686:The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture 1497:Lepper, Brad (April 2001). "Ohio's "Alligator"". 874:A Late Fort Ancient Madisonville focus site (the 6650:1750s disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies 6601: 3147:History of Native Americans in the United States 2798: 2755:"Chapter 2 : The Upper Mississippi "Phase"" 2749: 2721:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 273–276. 2167: 2034: 1844:Hale, Horatio "Tutelo Tribe & Language" 1883 1712:, eds. (2001). "Volume 6 : North America". 1055:A Fort Ancient Site located on the banks of the 878:for the Clover phase 1550 to 1600) located near 232:agriculture. They settled in small, year-round, 5546: 2316: 1919:"Eastern North American Archaeology: A Summary" 1858:. Pennsylvania State University, Prentice Hall. 1814:Hale, Horatio "The Iroquois Book of Rites" 1883 1253:who lived along the east and west forks of the 1231: 1158:A Middle Fort Ancient complex of sites west of 305:. These sites were abandoned during this time. 16:Archaeological culture in the Ohio River valley 2818:List of archaeological periods (North America) 1704: 1515: 5532: 3799: 3097: 2784: 2630: 2628: 2509: 2507: 2457: 1853: 1822: 1820: 1792: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 6645:11th-century establishments in North America 1868: 1675: 1673: 1281:These groups, along with others such as the 1180:A recreated Fort Ancient village located in 939:about seven miles (11 km) southeast of 3481:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 2682:Ohio History Teachers' page on Fort Ancient 2605: 2040: 1976: 1974: 1895:"Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period" 1869:Munson, Cheryl Ann; McCullough, Robert G., 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 906:. It is the type site for the Feurt focus. 634: 61:valley, in an area running from modern-day 5539: 5525: 3806: 3792: 3104: 3090: 2791: 2777: 2692:SunWatch - a restored Fort Ancient village 2625: 2585: 2568:Archaeology of the Lower Ohio River Valley 2504: 2237:, University of Cincinnati, archived from 1817: 1787: 1771: 1611: 1609: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 664:designs (elite motifs associated with the 6047:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 3614:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 2370: 2368: 2251: 2245: 2206:. Ohio Historical Society. Archived from 2132: 2082: 1754: 1670: 1404:. Orange Frazer Press. pp. 198–203. 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 710:Fort Ancients made hoes for farming from 445:removing the flesh and organs of the dead 430:began shifting its centers away from the 228:groups in the Middle Ohio Valley adopted 57:. Members of the culture lived along the 6635:Native American history of West Virginia 6620:Archaeological cultures of North America 2227: 2221: 2076: 1971: 1634: 1424: 854:A Middle Fort Ancient site located near 696: 656:(a decoration often associated with the 516: 406: 264:), and other significant social events. 152: 148: 27: 3629:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum 2672:Earthworks Timeline, Ancient Ohio Trail 2057: 1835:Collins, Scott Preston "Saponi History" 1736: 1606: 1382: 1371: 371: 6602: 2571:. Left Coast Press, Inc. p. 259. 2564: 2473:from the original on February 18, 2012 2374: 2365: 1887: 1496: 1399: 1356: 1007:Located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) below 902:and an associated village, located in 814:A Middle Fort Ancient site located in 100:. In 1999, an archaeological study by 5520: 3787: 3143:Native Americans in the United States 3085: 2772: 2261:The Archaeology of Kentucky:an update 2142:The Archaeology of Kentucky:An update 1651: 1617:"Middle to Late Fort Ancient Society" 1449: 1378:, Southeastern Archaeology, p. 2 1320: 452:tradition of under-the-home burials. 426:Elsewhere, the far richer and larger 380: 141:. Despite the name of the site, most 6610:Post-Archaic period in North America 2442: 2436: 2407: 2284: 2005: 1826:Speck, Frank G. "Catawba Texts" 1934 1591:. September 12, 2007. Archived from 1400:Lepper, Bradley T. (February 2005). 660:sites in the Lower Ohio Valley) and 293:, notched and beaded rims, and some 77:. A contemporary of the neighboring 6630:Native American history of Kentucky 6518:Norse colonization of North America 3768:Native American place names in Ohio 2538: 2174:Cleveland Museum of Natural History 1856:Archaeology of Native North America 1739:"Siouan Tribes and the Ohio Valley" 1429:. The Archaeology Society of Ohio. 790:A Madisonville horizon (post 1400) 512: 13: 6625:Native American history of Indiana 3822:Mississippian and related cultures 2492:"Monongahela culture-AD 1050-1635" 2445:Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places 2390:from the original on July 20, 2011 14: 6676: 2655: 1679: 955:A Manion phase site located near 935:, along the eastern shore of the 434:and into the American Southeast. 6655:Archaeology of the United States 6640:Formative period in the Americas 3815: 3502:Prehistoric communities or sites 3113: 2869: 2800: 2667:Fort Ancient, Ancient Ohio Trail 2458:Brady-Rawlins, Kathleen (2007). 2447:. Vol. 1. pp. 674–675. 1518:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1236:To the northeast in present-day 1210: 1173: 1151: 1130: 1105: 1021: 916: 622: 610: 594: 6538:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 5456:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2641: 2558: 2532: 2451: 2401: 2340: 2310: 2196: 2161: 2126: 2102: 2051: 1999: 1907: 1862: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1808: 1799: 1730: 1698: 248:, marking the positions of the 3838:Timeline of Mississippi valley 2764:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). 2135:"Chapter 6:Mississippi Period" 1581: 1552: 1509: 1490: 1464: 1443: 1418: 1372:Carmean, Kelli (Winter 2009), 1071:and the remains of a village. 1: 5038:Grand Village of the Illinois 2927:Feurt Mounds and Village Site 2662:Official Fort Ancient Website 2375:Gosman, James Howard (2007). 2307:, 2007. Accessed 2010-06-17. 2060:"Buffalo Archeologincal Site" 1756:10.1525/aa.1943.45.1.02a00050 1505:. Ohio Historical Society: 2. 1349: 892:Feurt Mounds and Village Site 802:in Greenup County, Kentucky. 161: 51: 6665:Prehistoric cultures in Ohio 6503:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 6453:Eastern Agricultural Complex 4815:Grand Village of the Natchez 3599:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 3514:Archaeological sites in Ohio 2647:Koch, Felix J. (1882–1933): 2133:Henderson, A. Gwynn (2008), 1949:10.1126/science.156.3772.175 1560:"The Builders of the Mounds" 1295:Middle Mississippian culture 1287:Upper Mississippian cultures 1232:Contemporaries and neighbors 884:Cabell County, West Virginia 836:Putnam County, West Virginia 794:overlain by an 18th-century 499: 496:destruction or abandonment. 21:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 7: 5887:Bandelier National Monument 5761:List of Mississippian sites 5548:Pre-Columbian North America 3833:List of Mississippian sites 3619:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 3321:Two Mile Square Reservation 3316:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation 2922:Buffalo Indian Village Site 2408:Cook, Robert Allen (2007). 2259:, in Pollack, David (ed.), 2254:"Chapter 5:Woodland period" 2252:Applegate, Darlene (2008), 2006:Cook, Robert Allen (2007). 1460:(Thesis). pp. 123–124. 824:Buffalo Indian Village Site 583:interlocking lines, called 566: 471:, who appear alongside the 224:In about 1000 CE, terminal 10: 6681: 6307:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 5912:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 5621:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 3594:Flint Ridge State Memorial 3326:Upper Sandusky Reservation 2565:Muller, Jon (2009-05-31). 2290:Brady-Rawlins, Kathleen. 2228:Huebchen, Karl R. (2006), 2140:, in David Pollack (ed.), 2064:West Virginia Encyclopedia 2058:Hoffman, Darla S. (2010). 2047:, Southeastern Archaeology 1982:"Fort Ancient Web:Pottery" 1714:Encyclopedia of Prehistory 1285:, were once classified as 411:Artists conception of the 73:and parts of southeastern 18: 6576: 6548:Three Sisters agriculture 6403: 6335: 5867: 5596: 5554: 5483: 5372: 5304: 5236: 5175: 5168: 5121: 4993: 4982: 4912: 4763: 4720: 4652: 4360: 4234: 4146: 4065: 3992: 3855: 3846: 3828: 3760: 3647: 3586: 3549: 3501: 3449: 3413: 3342: 3296: 3278: 3153: 3124: 3023: 3005:Ronald Watson Gravel site 2950: 2914: 2878: 2867: 2831: 2813: 2110:"Fort Ancient Earthworks" 1737:Swanton, John R. (1943). 1716:. Springer. p. 175. 1530:10.1017/S0959774303000106 1471:Ohio History Connection. 1425:Converse, Robert (2003). 1091:, on an inside bend of a 1077:Ronald Watson Gravel site 775: 770: 765: 201: 104:and Tod A. Frolking used 6087:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 5646:Buttermilk Creek complex 4750:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 3715:Battle of Fallen Timbers 3691:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 3604:Fort Hill State Memorial 3306:Blanchard's Fork Reserve 3119:Native Americans in Ohio 2443:Owen, Lorrie K. (1999). 2319:"Redating Serpent Mound" 1257:in central and southern 985:Greenup County, Kentucky 816:Bourbon County, Kentucky 758: 692: 635:Mississippian influences 448:entirely by the Eastern 291:negative painted pottery 6287:Town Creek Indian Mound 6257:Sierra de San Francisco 6112:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 5380:Ballgame (Southeastern) 5276:Long-nosed god maskette 5156:SunWatch Indian Village 5103:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs 4964:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village 3773:Indian removals in Ohio 3634:SunWatch Indian Village 3624:New Indian Ridge Museum 3573:Thunderbird (mythology) 3334:Indian removals in Ohio 2861:SunWatch Indian Village 2706:, Virtual First Ohioans 2649:A Visit to Fort Ancient 2092:, National Park Service 1743:American Anthropologist 1477:Ohio History Connection 1427:The Archaeology of Ohio 1169:Sunwatch Indian Village 1067:. The site includes an 718: 413:Sunwatch Indian Village 278:Increased contact with 120: 34:Sunwatch Indian Village 6660:Pre-Columbian cultures 5942:Coso Rock Art District 5829:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 5732:List of Hopewell sites 5131:Alligator Effigy Mound 4745:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 4697:Leon-Jefferson culture 4093:Caborn-Welborn culture 3709:Siege of Fort Recovery 3311:Moravian Indian Grants 2886:Alligator Effigy Mound 2172:(4). Cleveland, Ohio: 1854:Snow, Dean R. (2010). 1589:"Ohio Archaeoloy Blog" 1271:Riviere au Vase phases 1089:Boone County, Kentucky 961:Mason County, Kentucky 860:Boone County, Kentucky 706: 677:was discovered at the 534:Mississippian cultures 529: 458:(approx. 1450–1750 CE) 415: 402:(approx. 1250–1450 CE) 158: 110:Alligator Effigy Mound 48:archaeological culture 36: 6350:Arlington Springs Man 6192:Portsmouth Earthworks 3860:and Upper Mississippi 3685:Yellow Creek massacre 3046:Mississippian culture 2464:Ohio State University 2381:Ohio State University 2317:Jessica E. Saraceni. 2305:Ohio State University 1333:represented boys and 1309:and the mouth of the 1223:Hamilton County, Ohio 798:village located near 700: 520: 428:Mississippian culture 410: 156: 149:Archaeological record 79:Mississippian culture 31: 6615:Fort Ancient culture 6558:Transoceanic contact 6448:Container Revolution 6022:Gila Cliff Dwellings 5987:Etowah Indian Mounds 5419:Earth/fertility cult 5123:Fort Ancient culture 4007:Dogtooth Bend Mounds 3993:Lower Ohio River and 3979:Steed-Kisker culture 3751:Treaty of St. Mary's 3745:Treaty of Fort Meigs 3739:Treaty of Brownstown 3727:Treaty of Grouseland 3721:Treaty of Greenville 3697:Northwest Indian War 3667:Raid on Pickawillany 3639:Zane Shawnee Caverns 3568:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 3524:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 3469:Glacial Kame culture 3450:Prehistoric cultures 3414:Historic communities 3288:Algonquian languages 2807:Fort Ancient culture 2697:Fort Ancient Culture 2687:Fort Ancient Culture 1654:Kentucky Archaeology 1450:Mills, Lisa (2003). 1307:Louisville, Kentucky 1244:, who inhabited the 1238:Western Pennsylvania 1041:Jackson County, Ohio 943:on State Route 350. 643:agents, with ground 372:Evolution of society 336:, transmitted among 191:Middle Fort Ancient 69:through to northern 6478:Green Corn Ceremony 6292:Turkey River Mounds 6082:Lake Jackson Mounds 5902:Blue Spring Shelter 5424:Green Corn Ceremony 4984:Upper Mississippian 4934:Blue Spring Shelter 4654:Fort Walton culture 4108:Hovey Lake District 3486:Monongahela culture 3436:Muskingum (village) 3298:Former reservations 3270:Western Confederacy 3135:Northwest Territory 3051:Monongahela culture 2932:Hardin Village site 1941:1967Sci...156..175G 1706:Peregrine, Peter N. 1570:on February 4, 2012 1278:health conditions. 1242:Monongahela culture 1160:Elizabethtown, Ohio 1095:of the Ohio River. 973:Hardin Village site 933:Warren County, Ohio 929:Washington Township 904:Scioto County, Ohio 792:archaeological site 355:After 1525, at the 180:Early Fort Ancient 106:radiocarbon testing 98:Great Serpent Mound 55: 1000–1750 CE 50:that dates back to 6563:Underwater panther 6237:Rosenstock Village 6107:Marmes Rockshelter 6092:L'Anse aux Meadows 5506:de Soto Expedition 5471:Underwater panther 5317:Central Algonquian 5028:Fisher Mound Group 4672:Apalachee Province 4639:Waddells Mill Pond 3703:St. Clair's defeat 3679:Lord Dunmore's War 3578:Underwater panther 3494:(Late Prehistoric) 3492:Whittlesey culture 3465:(Late Prehistoric) 3426:Lenape settlements 3127:Prehistory of Ohio 2715:American Antiquity 2702:2010-12-27 at the 2539:Redmond, Brian G. 2298:2012-02-18 at the 2020:. pp. 44–49. 1595:on August 23, 2011 1321:Possible symbolism 1057:Little Miami River 937:Little Miami River 898:A site with three 707: 530: 416: 346:infectious disease 202:Late Fort Ancient 159: 135:Little Miami River 127:Fort Ancient, Ohio 37: 6597: 6596: 6589:Pre-Columbian era 6390:Spirit Cave mummy 6187:Plum Bayou Mounds 6097:Lynch Quarry Site 5616:Ancient Beringian 5514: 5513: 5479: 5478: 5164: 5163: 4780:Atchafalaya Basin 4722:Pensacola culture 4687:Fort Walton Mound 4579:Punk Rock Shelter 4539:Mouse Creek phase 4362:South Appalachian 4356: 4355: 4235:Central and Lower 4176:Castalian Springs 4166:Brentwood Library 4066:Middle Ohio River 3919:Emerald Acropolis 3781: 3780: 3733:Treaty of Detroit 3477:(Middle Woodland) 3431:Lower Shawneetown 3079: 3078: 3071:Springwells phase 3031:Bone Stone Graves 3000:Madisonville site 2995:Lower Shawneetown 2970:Cleek–McCabe site 2841:Fort Ancient site 2711:Griffin, James B. 2578:978-1-59874-451-4 2270:978-1-934492-28-4 2241:on March 16, 2012 1915:Griffin, James B. 1723:978-0-306-46260-3 1663:978-0-8131-1907-6 1436:978-0-9744311-0-9 1411:978-1-882203-39-0 1303:Falls of the Ohio 1246:Monongahela River 1229: 1228: 1049:Madisonville site 912:Fort Ancient Site 848:Cleek–McCabe site 679:Madisonville site 654:Negative painting 601:A small pot with 546:Falls of the Ohio 493:Northern Kentucky 432:Mississippi River 357:Madisonville site 330:European settlers 319:Lower Shawneetown 269:protohistoric era 220: 219: 108:to show that the 94:maize agriculture 83:Mitochondrial DNA 6672: 6533:Projectile point 6370:Leanderthal Lady 6297:Upward Sun River 6272:Stallings Island 6262:Shell ring sites 6212:Recapture Canyon 6127:Moorehead Circle 5972:El Fin del Mundo 5957:Cueva de la Olla 5763: 5750:Maritime Archaic 5734: 5564: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5281:Mill Creek chert 5271:Duck River cache 5173: 5172: 4991: 4990: 4755:Pensacola people 4549:Muscogee (Creek) 4389:Bell Field Mound 4103:Hovey Lake-Klein 4057:Wickliffe Mounds 4032:Rowlandton Mound 3949:Lunsford-Pulcher 3853: 3852: 3820: 3819: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3459:(Early Woodland) 3343:Historic figures 3118: 3117: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3082: 2873: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2751:Phillips, Philip 2746: 2635: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2543:. Archived from 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2517:. Archived from 2511: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2472: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2350:. Archived from 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2314: 2308: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2273:, archived from 2258: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2204:"Leo Petroglyph" 2200: 2194: 2193: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1984:. Archived from 1978: 1969: 1968: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1680:Clark, Jerry E. 1677: 1668: 1667: 1649: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1619:. Archived from 1613: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1566:. Archived from 1556: 1550: 1549: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1397: 1380: 1379: 1369: 1315:Cincinnati, Ohio 1214: 1177: 1155: 1134: 1109: 1025: 1009:Middleport, Ohio 925:Hopewell peoples 920: 800:South Portsmouth 763: 762: 626: 614: 598: 527:Portsmouth, Ohio 513:Social hierarchy 382: 350:mid-16th century 338:Native Americans 166: 165: 131:Ohio Hopewellian 87:Hopewell Culture 56: 53: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6584:Genetic history 6572: 6426:Ceremonial pipe 6399: 6380:Minnesota Woman 6337: 6331: 6152:Ocmulgee Mounds 6132:Morrison Mounds 6077:Kolomoki Mounds 6067:Kimball Village 5927:Candelaria Cave 5869: 5863: 5844:Suwannee Valley 5779:Old Cordilleran 5759: 5730: 5598: 5592: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5515: 5510: 5496:Clarksdale bell 5475: 5461:Stone box grave 5402:Ceremonial pipe 5368: 5327:Mobilian Jargon 5300: 5232: 5160: 5117: 4985: 4978: 4915: 4908: 4766: 4759: 4716: 4648: 4594:Rucker's Bottom 4384:Beaverdam Creek 4364: 4352: 4236: 4230: 4191:Hiwassee Island 4148: 4142: 4133:Welborn Village 4061: 4022:Millstone Bluff 3995:Confluence area 3994: 3988: 3984:Sugarloaf Mound 3924:Emmons Cemetery 3859: 3857:American Bottom 3848: 3842: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3782: 3777: 3756: 3643: 3582: 3545: 3541:Wilderness Road 3497: 3488:(Late Woodland) 3445: 3421:Hell Town, Ohio 3409: 3338: 3292: 3274: 3155:Historic tribes 3149: 3131:History of Ohio 3120: 3112: 3110: 3080: 3075: 3019: 3010:Sand Ridge site 2985:Hahn Field site 2952: 2946: 2910: 2874: 2865: 2856:State Line site 2833: 2827: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2757: 2704:Wayback Machine 2658: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2456: 2452: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2422:. p. 139. 2406: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2373: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2348:"Serpent Mound" 2346: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2315: 2311: 2300:Wayback Machine 2289: 2285: 2277: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2056: 2052: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1912: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1772: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1650: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1514: 1510: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1469: 1465: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1398: 1383: 1370: 1357: 1352: 1323: 1299:Prather Complex 1297:peoples of the 1234: 1147:State Line Site 1101:Sand Ridge Site 761: 749:white tail deer 721: 695: 637: 630: 627: 618: 615: 606: 599: 569: 542:Prather Complex 515: 502: 461: 405: 386: 374: 254:platform mounds 164: 151: 123: 54: 45:Native American 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6678: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6508:Mound Builders 6505: 6500: 6495: 6493:Medicine wheel 6490: 6485: 6483:Horned Serpent 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6222:Roberts Island 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157:Old Stone Fort 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6122:Moaning Cavern 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6072:Kincaid Mounds 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5952:Cuarenta Casas 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5907:Bluefish Caves 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5868:Archaeological 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Caloosahatchee 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651:Caborn-Welborn 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5597:Archaeological 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5501:Mound Builders 5498: 5493: 5488: 5487:Related topics 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5449:Village bundle 5441: 5436: 5434:Platform mound 5431: 5429:Horned Serpent 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5296:Stone statuary 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5146:Leo Petroglyph 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083:Moccasin Bluff 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033:Gentleman Farm 5030: 5025: 5020: 5018:Carcajou Point 5015: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4949:Caddoan Mounds 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Dauphin Island 4732: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4409:Bussell Island 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4161:Beasley Mounds 4158: 4152: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4012:Kincaid Mounds 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3929:Horseshoe Lake 3926: 3921: 3916: 3914:Dickson Mounds 3911: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3874: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3563:Mounds in Ohio 3560: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3519:Mounds in Ohio 3516: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3232: 3222: 3212: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3066:Owasco culture 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3027:Related topics 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2937:Leo Petroglyph 2934: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2823:Mound Builders 2820: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2747: 2727:10.2307/275464 2707: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2656:External links 2654: 2653: 2652: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2624: 2604: 2584: 2577: 2557: 2531: 2503: 2483: 2466:. p. 26. 2450: 2435: 2428: 2420:U of Alabama P 2400: 2364: 2339: 2309: 2283: 2269: 2244: 2220: 2195: 2160: 2125: 2101: 2075: 2050: 2033: 2026: 2018:U of Alabama P 1998: 1970: 1917:(1967-04-14). 1906: 1886: 1861: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1786: 1770: 1729: 1722: 1697: 1669: 1662: 1633: 1605: 1580: 1551: 1524:(2): 147–167. 1508: 1489: 1463: 1442: 1435: 1417: 1410: 1381: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1322: 1319: 1275:Little Ice Age 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1215: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1110: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1081: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1053: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1026: 1019: 1017:Leo Petroglyph 1013: 1012: 1005: 1003: 997: 996: 977: 975: 969: 968: 953: 951: 945: 944: 921: 914: 908: 907: 896: 894: 888: 887: 872: 870: 864: 863: 852: 850: 844: 843: 828: 826: 820: 819: 812: 810: 804: 803: 788: 786: 780: 779: 774: 769: 760: 757: 720: 717: 694: 691: 636: 633: 632: 631: 628: 621: 619: 616: 609: 607: 600: 593: 568: 565: 521:Mississippian 514: 511: 501: 498: 460: 454: 404: 398: 385: 375: 373: 370: 334:their diseases 323:Hardin Village 303:Kincaid Mounds 271:of the Middle 246:solar calendar 234:nuclear family 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 170: 163: 160: 150: 147: 143:archaeologists 122: 119: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6677: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6468:Falcon dancer 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404:Miscellaneous 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375:Melbourne Man 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:La Brea Woman 6363: 6361: 6360:Kennewick Man 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Serpent Mound 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Pueblo Bonito 6200: 6198: 6197:Poverty Point 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Pinson Mounds 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6172:Painted Bluff 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Horr's Island 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Effigy Mounds 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Crystal River 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5859:Weeden Island 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Safety Harbor 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:Poverty Point 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5794:Paleo-Indians 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5755:Mississippian 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5444:Sacred bundle 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5264:Wulfing cache 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5249:Copper plates 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5223:Three Sisters 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Little barley 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5151:Serpent Mound 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5113:Summer Island 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4916:Mississippian 4911: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4767:Mississippian 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Corbin–Tucker 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4589:Roods Landing 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4529:Moccasin Bend 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Hoojah Branch 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4366:Mississippian 4363: 4359: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289:Menard-Hodges 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4226:Swallow Bluff 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4147:Tennessee and 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3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673:Pontiac's War 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661:Nanfan Treaty 3659: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3609:Fort Recovery 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386:Little Turtle 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356:Buckongahelas 3354: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3252: 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Mounds 6247:Salmon Ruins 6242:Russell Cave 6037:Helen Blazes 6032:Grimes Point 6012:Fort Juelson 6002:Fort Ancient 5977:El Vallecito 5937:Chaco Canyon 5877:Angel Mounds 5839:Steed-Kisker 5789:Paleo-Arctic 5711:Glacial Kame 5696:Fort Ancient 5695: 5588:Post-Classic 5559: 5491:Chevron bead 5397:Burial mound 5291:Shell gorget 5259:Spiro plates 5254:Rogan plates 5122: 5073:Knoll Spring 5048:Hartley Fort 5008:Beattie Park 4892:Transylvania 4730:Bottle Creek 4692:Lake Jackson 4574:Pisgah phase 4504:Little Egypt 4454:Garden Creek 4439:Dallas phase 4326:Tipton phase 4304:Nodena phase 4201:Mound Bottom 4186:Fewkes Group 4171:Brick Church 4073:Angel Mounds 3939:Kuhn Station 3934:John Chapman 3761:Other topics 3663:(1701, 1726) 3533: 3463:Fort Ancient 3462: 3441:Pickawillany 3380:Kakowatcheky 3374:Joseph Brant 3330: 3266: 3163:Chalahgawtha 3139:Ohio Country 3056:Oliver phase 3041:Cole culture 2960:Buckner site 2951:Madisonville 2901:Gartner site 2891:Baldwin site 2806: 2761: 2718: 2714: 2648: 2642:Bibliography 2614: 2607: 2594: 2587: 2567: 2560: 2549:. Retrieved 2545:the original 2534: 2523:. Retrieved 2519:the original 2495:. Retrieved 2486: 2475:. Retrieved 2453: 2444: 2438: 2410: 2403: 2392:. Retrieved 2356:. Retrieved 2352:the original 2342: 2331:. Retrieved 2326: 2322: 2312: 2291: 2286: 2275:the original 2260: 2247: 2239:the original 2230: 2223: 2212:. Retrieved 2208:the original 2198: 2169: 2163: 2153:, retrieved 2146:the original 2141: 2128: 2117:. Retrieved 2113: 2104: 2094:, retrieved 2085: 2078: 2067:. Retrieved 2063: 2053: 2043: 2036: 2008: 2001: 1990:. Retrieved 1986:the original 1928: 1922: 1909: 1898:. Retrieved 1889: 1879:, retrieved 1871: 1864: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1810: 1801: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1713: 1700: 1689:. Retrieved 1685: 1653: 1625:. Retrieved 1621:the original 1597:. Retrieved 1593:the original 1583: 1572:. Retrieved 1568:the original 1564:Spanish Hill 1563: 1554: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1480:. Retrieved 1476: 1466: 1457: 1452: 1445: 1426: 1420: 1401: 1374: 1344: 1328: 1324: 1305:region near 1292: 1280: 1267:Younge phase 1251:Oliver phase 1235: 1198:Scioto River 1182:Dayton, Ohio 1069:effigy mound 808:Buckner site 784:Bentley site 776: 771: 766: 722: 708: 650: 638: 584: 581: 577:Cord-marking 570: 554: 531: 523:Shell gorget 503: 485: 480: 462: 457: 425: 417: 401: 387: 378: 377:Early phase 354: 327: 307: 299:Angel Mounds 284:Madisonville 277: 266: 243: 239: 223: 221: 124: 91: 65:and western 41:Fort Ancient 40: 38: 25: 6553:Thunderbird 6421:Black drink 6385:Peñon woman 6322:Winterville 6302:Velda Mound 6282:Taos Pueblo 6177:Parkin Park 6162:Orwell site 6147:Nodena site 6042:Holly Bluff 6017:Four Mounds 6007:Fort Center 5932:Casa Grande 5882:Anzick site 5774:Monongahela 5701:Fort Walton 5676:Coles Creek 5641:Belle Glade 5626:Anishinaabe 5466:Thunderbird 5392:Black drink 5244:Emmons mask 5188:Chenopodium 5176:Agriculture 5098:Plum Island 5053:Hotel Plaza 4902:Winterville 4882:Scott Place 4820:Holly Bluff 4740:Fort Walton 4494:Lamar phase 4348:Walls phase 4244:Belle Meade 4237:Mississippi 4181:Dunbar Cave 4083:Annis Mound 4078:Angel phase 4052:Ware Mounds 4047:Twin Mounds 3897:Ramey state 3882:Monks Mound 3699:(1785–1795) 3657:(1609-1701) 3655:Beaver Wars 3559:(sculpture) 3404:Tenskwatawa 3350:Blue Jacket 3239:Anishinaabe 3229:Anishinaabe 3179:Erie people 3015:Turpin site 2990:Larkin site 2975:Clover site 2942:Hobson site 2915:Feurt Focus 2323:Archaeology 1935:: 175–191. 1331:salamanders 1311:Miami River 1255:White River 1206:Turpin site 1001:Hobson site 981:South Shore 868:Clover site 777:Description 658:Angel phase 557:egalitarian 489:Beaver Wars 456:Late phase 273:Ohio Valley 137:, close to 102:Brad Lepper 6604:Categories 6498:Metallurgy 6458:Eden point 6355:Buhl Woman 6227:Rock Eagle 6217:River Styx 6142:Mummy Cave 6137:Moundville 6117:Mesa Verde 6102:Marksville 5849:Tchefuncte 5809:Plaquemine 5745:Las Palmas 5661:Calf Creek 5656:Cades Pond 5203:Marshelder 5088:Oak Forest 5058:Hoxie Farm 4872:Pocahontas 4765:Plaquemine 4702:Letchworth 4634:Town Creek 4569:Park Mound 4534:Moundville 4519:Mandeville 4509:Long Swamp 4469:Jere Shine 4321:Quigualtam 4269:Chucalissa 4156:Backusburg 4149:Cumberland 4138:Yankeetown 4123:Slack Farm 4098:Ellerbusch 4002:Adams site 3909:Cloverdale 3537:Ohio River 3529:Tower Site 3251:Piankeshaw 3189:Honniasont 2965:Clay Mound 2879:Baum Focus 2551:2011-02-24 2525:2010-02-25 2497:2010-01-14 2477:2010-04-12 2416:Tuscaloosa 2394:2010-04-14 2358:2008-09-12 2333:2008-09-12 2214:2011-02-24 2182:1811/36479 2170:Kirtlandia 2155:2011-02-25 2119:2011-02-24 2096:2010-11-03 2069:2011-02-24 2014:Tuscaloosa 1992:2011-02-23 1900:2008-09-12 1881:2011-02-23 1691:2011-02-23 1682:"Shawnees" 1627:2011-02-23 1599:2008-09-11 1574:2008-09-12 1350:References 1340:salamander 1269:, and the 1114:Cincinnati 1085:Petersburg 1033:petroglyph 838:along the 741:black bear 538:Ohio River 440:Algonquian 368:occupied. 315:Potawatomi 162:Chronology 59:Ohio River 6543:Stickball 6232:Rock Hawk 6062:Key Marco 5854:Troyville 5834:St. Johns 5819:Red Ocher 5578:Formative 5332:Muskogean 5305:Languages 5218:Sunflower 5078:Mero site 5013:Blood Run 4667:Apalachee 4614:Summerour 4554:Nacoochee 4311:Owl Creek 4206:Riverview 4196:Link Farm 4088:Bone Bank 4042:Turk Site 4037:Towosahgy 3902:Woodhenge 3557:Birdstone 3471:(Archaic) 3406:(Shawnee) 3400:(Shawnee) 3394:(Wyandot) 3392:Roundhead 3382:(Shawnee) 3364:(Shawnee) 3362:Cornstalk 3352:(Shawnee) 3280:Languages 3247:(Shawnee) 3221:speaking) 3215:Mosopelea 3211:speaking) 3209:Iroquoian 3196:(Wyandot) 3165:(Shawnee) 2896:Baum Site 2851:Kemp site 2846:Hine site 2743:163438897 2303:. Diss. 2190:0075-6245 1765:163083465 1749:: 49–66. 1546:161534362 1538:0959-7743 1263:palisades 1061:Mariemont 1037:Leo, Ohio 1030:sandstone 957:Mays Lick 876:type site 670:guilloché 641:tempering 603:guilloché 586:Guilloché 536:down the 500:Four foci 465:Mosopelea 436:Iroquoian 420:palisaded 390:palisaded 361:type site 258:palisades 250:solstices 114:Granville 6431:Chanunpa 6416:Ballgame 6395:Vero man 6345:Anzick-1 6317:Windover 6277:SunWatch 6207:Rassawek 6027:Glenwood 5917:Brewster 5769:Mogollon 5740:La Jolla 5726:Hopewell 5686:Deptford 5599:cultures 5439:Red Horn 5407:Chanunpa 5385:Northern 5373:Religion 5354:Timucuan 5322:Cherokee 5108:Schwerdt 5068:Juntunen 5043:Griesmer 4986:cultures 4939:Bluffton 4825:Jaketown 4790:Fitzhugh 4644:Wilbanks 4624:Tomotley 4599:Savannah 4564:Ocmulgee 4544:Mulberry 4479:Joe Bell 4399:Biltmore 4394:Bessemer 4259:Campbell 4221:Old Town 4027:Orr-Herl 3964:Orendorf 3959:Mitchell 3892:Mound 72 3887:Mound 34 3872:Big Eddy 3534:See also 3475:Hopewell 3398:Tecumseh 3376:(Mohawk) 3368:Egushawa 3358:(Lenape) 3331:See also 3267:See also 3183:Iroquois 3169:Delaware 2832:Anderson 2753:(1939). 2700:Archived 2468:Archived 2385:Archived 2296:Archived 2176:: 1–14. 1957:17741138 1931:(3772). 1499:Timeline 1482:June 20, 989:palisade 715:routes. 675:head pot 567:Ceramics 550:ceramics 477:Ho-chunk 469:Keyauwee 295:effigies 213:Montour 183:Croghan 71:Kentucky 6580:Related 6438:Chunkey 6338:remains 6327:Wupatki 6167:Paquime 6057:Huápoca 5922:Cahokia 5892:Bastian 5799:Patayan 5721:Hohokam 5706:Fremont 5681:Comondú 5636:Baytown 5631:Avonlea 5611:Alachua 5583:Classic 5573:Archaic 5561:Periods 5414:Chunkey 5359:Tunican 5337:Natchez 5312:Caddoan 5286:Pottery 5237:Artwork 5228:Tobacco 5208:Pumpkin 5169:Culture 5023:Fifield 4954:Gahagan 4929:Belcher 4914:Caddoan 4897:Venable 4860:Natchez 4845:Mazique 4800:Fosters 4795:Flowery 4785:Emerald 4662:Anhaica 4619:Taskigi 4584:Rembert 4559:Nikwasi 4524:McMahan 4499:Liddell 4374:Adamson 4284:Janet's 4274:Denmark 4249:Boone's 4211:Sellars 4118:Prather 3877:Cahokia 3867:Aztalan 3587:Museums 3550:Culture 3388:(Miami) 3370:(Odawa) 3262:Wyandot 3257:Shawnee 3253:(Miami) 1965:8989673 1937:Bibcode 1924:Science 1335:turtles 1259:Indiana 1249:of the 1219:Newtown 1118:Batavia 1093:meander 941:Lebanon 832:Buffalo 796:Shawnee 703:chunkey 666:Cahokia 605:designs 573:coiling 561:kinship 544:in the 507:1650 CE 481:Chonque 381:approx. 342:Shawnee 287:horizon 262:Chunkey 194:Manion 169:Periods 75:Indiana 5997:Folsom 5962:Cutler 5897:Benson 5784:Oneota 5716:Glades 5691:Folsom 5671:Clovis 5568:Lithic 5349:Siouan 5342:Taensa 5213:Squash 5136:Clover 4995:Oneota 4969:Keller 4959:Hughes 4924:Battle 4865:Taensa 4850:Medora 4840:Mangum 4835:Julice 4830:Jordan 4677:Cayson 4609:Sixtoe 4604:Shiloh 4514:Mabila 4449:Etowah 4429:Citico 4419:Chiaha 4414:Chauga 4331:Tunica 4316:Parkin 4299:Nodena 4294:Murphy 4264:Carson 4113:Murphy 3969:Sleeth 3954:McCune 3944:Larson 3847:Middle 3753:(1818) 3747:(1817) 3741:(1808) 3735:(1807) 3729:(1805) 3723:(1795) 3717:(1794) 3711:(1794) 3705:(1791) 3693:(1774) 3687:(1774) 3681:(1774) 3675:(1763) 3669:(1752) 3648:Events 3245:Pekowi 3225:Ojibwe 3219:Siouan 3173:Lenape 3061:Oneota 2741: 2735:275464 2733: 2575: 2426: 2267: 2188: 2024: 1963: 1955: 1763: 1720: 1660: 1544: 1536: 1433: 1408: 1283:Oneota 880:Lesage 856:Walton 745:turkey 735:, and 733:squash 712:mussel 687:Nodena 683:Parkin 645:mussel 473:Tutelo 450:Siouan 366:Siouan 359:, the 175:Dates 6528:Piasa 6336:Human 5967:Eaker 5870:sites 5804:Plano 5606:Adena 5364:Yuchi 5198:Maize 5183:Beans 5141:Dodge 5093:Palos 5063:Huber 5003:Anker 4974:Spiro 4944:Caddo 4877:Routh 4810:Glass 4805:Ghost 4707:Velda 4629:Toqua 4489:Lamar 4474:Joara 4464:Irene 4434:Coosa 4424:Chota 4404:Blair 4379:Avery 4341:Yazoo 4336:Koroa 4279:Eaker 4216:Obion 3974:Starr 3457:Adena 3235:Odawa 3205:Mingo 3200:Miami 3194:Huron 2953:Focus 2834:Focus 2758:(PDF) 2739:S2CID 2731:JSTOR 2619:(PDF) 2599:(PDF) 2471:(PDF) 2388:(PDF) 2278:(PDF) 2257:(PDF) 2235:(PDF) 2149:(PDF) 2138:(PDF) 2090:(PDF) 1961:S2CID 1876:(PDF) 1761:S2CID 1542:S2CID 993:plaza 772:Image 759:Sites 737:beans 729:maize 693:Tools 311:Miami 230:maize 205:Gist 172:Phase 6488:Kiva 4887:Sims 4855:Mott 4775:Anna 4484:King 4444:Dyar 4254:Boyd 4128:Tolu 2573:ISBN 2424:ISBN 2265:ISBN 2186:ISSN 2022:ISBN 1953:PMID 1933:AAAS 1718:ISBN 1658:ISBN 1534:ISSN 1484:2018 1431:ISBN 1406:ISBN 1116:and 1065:Ohio 767:Site 751:and 719:Diet 685:and 394:Ohio 321:and 313:and 301:and 121:Name 63:Ohio 39:The 5992:Eva 4712:Yon 2723:doi 2329:(6) 2178:hdl 1945:doi 1929:156 1751:doi 1526:doi 1313:at 1221:in 1087:in 1059:in 1039:in 983:in 959:in 882:in 858:in 753:elk 112:in 6606:: 3539:– 3145:– 3141:– 3137:– 3133:– 3129:– 2760:. 2737:. 2729:. 2717:. 2627:^ 2506:^ 2462:. 2418:: 2414:. 2383:. 2379:. 2367:^ 2327:49 2325:. 2321:. 2184:. 2112:. 2062:. 2016:: 2012:. 1973:^ 1959:. 1951:. 1943:. 1927:. 1921:. 1819:^ 1789:^ 1773:^ 1759:. 1747:45 1745:. 1741:. 1708:; 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