Fort Ancient - Knowledge

623: 2882: 709: 635: 1034: 529: 574:. If social organization was based on kinship, people likely achieved some status by virtue of personal qualities, such as generosity, charisma, and being a good hunter, as well as their deeds. People of higher status were probably leaders of communities and were potentially responsible for organizing trade, settling disputes among other members of the village, and presiding over ceremonies. Evidence indicates that Fort Ancient leadership was more like that of the historic Iroquois, whose egalitarian obligations left leaders to be buried with no more than others of their age. 929: 1164: 1143: 607: 419: 165: 766:. Archaeologists have found evidence at some sites which suggests that turkeys were kept in pens. The average lifespan during this time period decreased from that of their ancestors. The people were smaller in stature and less able to fend off infectious diseases than previous generations. Archaeological investigations of their cemeteries have shown that almost all of Fort Ancient's people showed pathology of some kind, with a high incidence of dental disease and arthritis. 1186: 1118: 40: 3126: 286:. During this era, the formerly dispersed populations began to coalesce. The Gist-phase villages (1400 to 1550 CE) became more significant than during the preceding period, with populations as high as 500. Archaeologists have speculated that the larger villages and palisades are evidence that after 1450, warfare and inter-group strife increased, leading the people to consolidate their villages for better protection. 1357:

that the stars seen at night were a mirror of the spirit world itself, each one representing an ancestor at peace. Therefore, this mound may have been a special place to bury those with special honors, in order to anchor such people and their descendants to the earth. This symbolic connection to the Snake constellation suggests that this mound may have been especially significant to the Fort Ancients.

1223: 938:, who lived in the area from the 1st century BCE to the 6th century CE. Centuries later, during the Fort Ancient period, a village and cemetery were constructed within the embankments. When archaeologists excavated the site in the nineteenth century, they mistakenly believed that the "fort" and the village were built by the same people. It is located in 252:

multiple families. Settlements were rarely more permanent than one or two generations, as inhabitants generally migrated once natural resources surrounding the village had been exhausted. Villages were arranged around an open oval central plaza, surrounded by circular and rectangular domestic structures facing this plaza.

407:. Most homes were what is known as a pit house, created by digging several feet into the ground and covering over the top of the resulting hole with a wooden frame roof covered in bark. Carbon dating has shown that Fort Ancient lands in West Virginia did not begin to be conquered until the middle phase. 2813: 1356:

The Serpent Burial Mound was made specifically to mirror a constellation known to many Siouan peoples, known as the Snake. It is depicted as swallowing an egg whole, representing the struggle against overwhelming odds for the sake of the people. Furthermore, some Siouan peoples seem to have believed

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Valley from 1050 to 1635. They had a similar lifestyle to the Fort Ancients; as they were also maize agriculturalists and lived in well laid out palisaded villages with central oval plazas, some of which consisted of as many as 50-100 structures. To the northwest of the Fort Ancients were the people

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With the change of temper, different vessel forms and decorations became more prevalent; several of them are also strongly associated with Mississippian cultures. Early Fort Ancient vessels were often jug forms with lug handles. By the Middle Fort Ancient period, bowls and plates were being produced

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shells occasionally being used. Over time, women increasingly chose mussel shells or a mixture of mussel shells with other agents as the tempering agent. The use of ground shells as a temper is a feature often associated with Mississippian cultures, and its acceptance spread in Fort Ancient culture,

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The Fort Ancient culture is divided into four distinct local variations known as foci. These are the Madisonville focus, the Baum focus, the Fort focus, and the Anderson focus. Additionally, Fort Ancient culture can be subdivided into at least 8 phases that span different time periods and regions of

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alone—those from 1680 onwards. Although French explorers are known to have arrived during that time, they appear to have left no authentic accounts of contact. However, the French did note that most of both sides of the Ohio River Valley were covered in similarly styled villages in various states of

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By 1200 CE, the small villages had grown into settlements of up to 300 people. These settlements were occupied for up to 25 years. The houses were designed as single-family dwellings during the Early and Middle Fort Ancient periods. Later, Fort Ancient buildings became more extensive and could house

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Many artifacts have been found associated with the Fort Ancients, the most common being four-handled funerary urns, salamanders and snakes. Possible symbolism of the urn may be a connection to common Siouan religious beliefs. At least one artifact containing the Siouan religious symbol known as the

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shells. Fort Ancients had also grounded and polished stones into axes to use in felling trees. Most of the flint tools were made from varieties of locally available materials, showing the Fort Ancient peoples either felt no need for it or did not have access to exotic stone varieties through trade

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The Fort Ancient peoples made tools from a variety of materials, including stone, bone, horn, shells and antlers. Stone tools have been found more frequently than those of other materials. The culture is known for its distinctive small triangular flint arrowheads and large triangular flint knives.

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Despite no historical accounts of contact existing, there has been a remarkable amount of European-made goods excavated from Fort Ancient sites—including brass and steel items, as well as glassware. Fort Ancients even melted down old or broken goods and re-forged them into new items. No single gun

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on both sides of the Indiana/Ohio border, composed of five contributing properties spread out across 8-acre (32,000 m) of land. Pottery found at the site was found to use shell tempering and had other characteristics such as distinctive styles of painting and the presence of pottery modelled

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may have caused inter-group battles over food and other resources, according to some scholars. The crops did not prosper as well during this colder period, causing food shortages for populations that had grown after their introduction. Some studies show that the culture began failing due to poor

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At the time, Fort Ancient pottery was known for having thinner walls than preceding Woodland pottery. Common items include large plain cooking jars with strap or loop handles. A hallmark of Fort Ancient pottery is engraved decorations on the rim and neck of the vessels, consisting of a series of

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and urn burials. In western Ohio, there is strong evidence that they took on the Algonquian Green Corn Ceremony, in which part of the immature corn crop was "sacrificed" by burning and its ashes were used to fertilize the fields. Around 1300, however, it appears that mound burials were replaced

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for the Madisonville phase, dwellings were built on a smaller scale and in fewer numbers. This change indicated the culture was less attached to agriculture and a sedentary life. Scholars generally believe that similarities in material culture, art, mythology, and Shawnee oral history link the

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During the Montour phase (1550 to 1700), villages were occupied year-round, although less densely in the winter than in the summer months. This may indicate that during the winter, family groups and hunting parties may have returned to the regions previously occupied by their ancestors. Such a

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represented girls. Mothers would have a special medicine pouch made for one or the other to represent their children and containing the umbilical cord, which they would wear so long as both still lived. The other possibility comes from the Eastern Siouan's, who express a belief that "when a

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under the assumption that they were either Mississippian peoples intruding into these areas, or they were heavily influenced by the Mississippian peoples to their south and east. Today it is thought that these groups were local in situ developments of Late Woodland peoples.

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medicine wheel (a cross inside of a circle) has been found. This stands, primarily, for the fact that all life sprung from the same place and returns to that source in the end. The four-handled urns may be to evoke that symbol, more so than having any real, practical use.

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and pit houses began to be phased out in favor of the style of native dwelling colonial peoples would refer to as a Cabin style. This was a rectangular, peak-roofed home of either an adobe-like or wooden make and covered over by the same style of roof as the pit house.

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decoration overlaid with negative painting. Archaeological excavations have found examples of non-local pottery from this period as well. The pieces were made from non-local clay sources, and have designs or vessel forms atypical for local wares. A

586:. Potters rolled clay into long, rounded strips, which they used to model the vessel, layering strips on top of each other. The items were then smoothed out internally with a potter anvil (a smooth round stone), and externally with a wooden paddle. 247:

households and settlements of up to 40-50 individuals. These scattered settlements, located along terraces that overlooked rivers and occasionally on flood plains, would be occupied only briefly before the groups would migrate elsewhere.

1276:. Although their sites began in central Indiana, over the years they spread to the southeast toward the Fort Ancients. The Oliver phase people were part of the Western Basin Tradition which also includes the Springwell's phase, the 3519: 998:. It was occupied from sometime in the early 1500s and abandoned by about 1625. During its occupation, it covered an area of about 4.5-hectare (45,000 m). Like other Fort Ancient villages, it had a defensive 453:

and Iroquoian neighbors into their region. The result of these migrations was Fort Ancients adopting aspects of these cultures. Eastern Fort Ancients began amalgamating a mound burial with Iroquoian techniques of

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also dates to the Fort Ancient era, rather than the assumed Hopewell era. Both the Serpent and Alligator Mounds, first understood as burial locations, have been shown to be Fort Ancient ceremonial effigy sites.

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historic tribe to the Fort Ancient people. However, there is also evidence that the Algonquian Shawnee culture may have been more of an admixture or intrusion to the site, which may have previously been

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on the north bank of the Ohio River. It has minor traces of Archaic, Woodland and Late Prehistoric artifacts. However, the largest component is a village of the Feurt Phase dating to 1100 to 1200 CE.

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and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the Ohio River. The site covers 10-hectare (100,000 m) to 16-hectare (160,000 m) and has midden areas up to 80 centimetres (31 in) thick.

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The site is the largest prehistoric hilltop enclosure in the United States with walls spanning three and one-half miles (18,000 ft) in a 100-acre (0.40 km) complex, built by the

5516: 3828: 1312:. This stretch of river was an empty buffer zone, possibly for social or political reasons, although it might possibly have been because the narrowing of the alluvial valley between the 700:

phases. Archaeologists suggest that the change in pottery styles was a result of increased contact with the Mississippian cultures to the south and west of the Fort Ancient peoples.

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show that Fort Ancient culture was distinct from that of the Middle Mississippian peoples, lacking Mississippian traits such as political centralization and elite social structures.

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Lepper, Bradley T.; Frolking, Tod A. (2003). "Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA".

570:. Grave goods rarely vary between individuals, which shows that social levels were weakly defined. Scholars believe that their societies were organized into groups based on 2478: 2306: 829:

on Strodes Creek. It has two large circular village areas, each surrounding its central plaza and several smaller special use areas to the north and northeast of the site.

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do not believe that Fort Ancient was used as a fortress by either the Ohio Hopewell culture or the Fort Ancient culture. It is believed to have been a ceremonial location.

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villages and had slight regional variances. The locals farmed primarily corn, beans, and sunflower—the latter being a plant first domesticated as a food source in

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The Incorporation of Mississippian traditions into Fort Ancient Societies: A Preliminary view of the shift to shell-tempered pottery use in the Middle Ohio Valley

622: 486:(an Eastern Siouan tribe from West Virginia) in North Carolina around 1700 could also have been of Fort Ancient stock. During the time of the French explorers, a 271:

to their boundaries. The plaza served as the focal point of village life, hosting communal activities such as ceremonies, games (such as the hoop and stick game

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tribe. Scholars believe that the Fort Ancient society, like the Mississippian cultures to the south and west, may have been severely disrupted by waves of

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Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University

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The rise in socio-political complexity evidenced by the building of substructure mounds and new village layouts may indicate influences from Middle

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part has yet been discovered in conjunction with a Fort Ancient site. The Fort Ancients were heavily affected by European disease, as well as the

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At this time, the cultures became far richer, began to expand, and began to merge into a single, continuous culture. Villages grew larger, became

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The late phase of Fort Ancient culture was its zenith. Only one known Fort Ancient tribe has been verified by name in the historical record—the

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The Fort Ancient were primarily a farming and hunting people. Their diet was mainly composed of the New World staples that are known as the

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period. Carbon dating seems to indicate that disease affected the Fort Ancients in waves. The most recent of all surviving sites date from

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Lee, Annette Sharon & Rock, Jim "Dakota/Lakota Star Map Constellation Guidebook: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star Knowledge" 2014

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A Croghan phase site located near South Portsmouth, Kentucky in Greenup County, next to the Ohio River across from the mouth of the

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people also likely occurred in this era, some of them may even have migrated to and been integrated into Fort Ancient villages. The

6162: 2471:"The O.C. Voss Site: Reassessing What We Know about the Fort Ancient Occupation of the Central Scioto Drainage and Its Tributaries" 2358: 939: 351:

by trade contacts. The next-known inhabitants of the area, who were encountered by French and English explorers, were the historic

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Archaeological Investigations at the Prather Site (12-CL-4), Clark County, Indiana : The 2003 Baseline Archaeological Survey

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The O.C. Voss Site: Reassessing What We Know about the Fort Ancient Occupation of the Central Scioto Drainage and Its Tributaries

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may have been a sort of death omen to the Fort Ancients or had something to do with the door between the living and dead worlds.

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The Ronald Watson Gravel Site (15Be249): An examination of the Late Woodland/Fort Ancient transition in Boone County, Kentucky

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polity in Illinois) have been found on some pots. Others show a blending of different styles, for instance, with the engraved

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Located 95 kilometres (59 mi) down the Ohio River to the southwest of the westernmost Fort Ancient settlements were the

689: 348: 55: 5535: 4216: 3290: 308:. These items and styles are usually associated with the Mississippian cultures of the Lower Ohio Valley, at sites such as 17: 2249: 606: 6553: 6528: 6478: 5942: 5390: 4394: 4206: 4181: 4113: 3959: 2990: 2470: 2387: 2303: 2214: 2184: 1123:

A Madisonville focus site located along a prominent ridgeline to the west of the old Union Bridge along the road between

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of artifacts after 1400 CE include relatively high proportions of bowls, salt pans, triangular strap handles, colanders,

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Two possibilities of the salamander motif can also be explored. One possibility is that, like in Plains Indian culture,

6302: 6082: 5907: 4514: 4143: 4118: 4022: 2794: 1095: 750:). This diet was supplemented by hunting and fishing in nearby forests and rivers. Important game species included the 313: 1384: 3316: 3100: 2995: 2866: 2552:"An Archaeological History of Northeast Ohio Before the Western Reserve: An Archaeological History of Northeast Ohio" 2438: 2036: 1157: 1195:. Many archaeological excavations were done here at the park which has revealed much about the Fort Ancient people. 236: 6047: 4959: 4196: 1883:

Archaeological investigations at the Prather Site, Clark County, Indiana : 2003 Baseline Archaeological Study

1816:"Southeastern Prehistory: Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period". National Park Service. Retrieved 2011-06-16. 1033: 659:

moving north and east from the Ohio River and the direction of the closest Mississippian groups in the southwest.

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Murphy, James L. (1968-09-27). "The Hobson Site: A Fort Ancient Component Near Middleport, Meigs County, Ohio".

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southern Ohio and adjacent states. There was an increasing similarity between Fort Ancient phases leading up to

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evidence collected from the area suggests that the Fort Ancient culture did not directly descend from the older

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Ellis, Laura Elizabeth "Investigating the Orchard Site: A Protohistoric Fort AncientSite in West Virginia" 2015

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at this time, they, like other groups in the interior of the continent, may have suffered high fatalities from

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containing 37 images of humans and animals as well as footprints of each, located near the small village of

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During the Early Fort Ancient period, grit (crushed stone) and grog (crushed pottery) were often used as

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Although there seem to have been positions of leadership, the Fort Ancient culture appears to have been

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similar to those produced in the Central Mississippi Valley by the peoples of the Middle Mississippian

2724:(April 1937). "The Chronological Position and Ethnological Relationships of the Fort Ancient Aspect". 2624: 2604: 6385: 6337: 4614: 3944: 3015: 1087: 5859: 2388:"Patterns in Ontogeny of Human Trabecular Bone from Sunwatch Village in the Prehistoric Ohio Valley" 974:. The site consists of a large village complex on a ridge 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south of the 6272: 6127: 6097: 5656: 5558: 5018: 4790: 4760: 4494: 3725: 3701: 3614: 995: 975: 841:

A site with at least two overlapping Mid to Late Fort Ancient villages (1300 to 1600) located near

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after owls and the human heads, traits which signify contact with Middle Mississippian cultures.

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and engraving were used to decorate pots in styles according to particular periods and peoples.

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During this period, the Fort Ancients were several poor, sedentary societies. They lived in non-

6232: 5952: 5799: 5742: 5676: 5661: 5459: 5141: 4707: 4439: 4299: 4191: 4176: 4103: 3719: 3321: 2896: 2612:. Southeast Archaeological Conference / Midwest Archaeological Conference. St. Louis, Missouri. 2329: 1929: 1881: 1099: 971: 870: 842: 418: 297: 120: 58: 2420: 2018: 528: 164: 6426: 6360: 6307: 6202: 6102: 5869: 5834: 5824: 5765: 4434: 4399: 4042: 3832: 3794: 3713: 3695: 3689: 3056: 2980: 2721: 2474: 2430: 2391: 2315: 2028: 1925: 1631: 1281: 1265: 1233: 991: 890: 858: 544: 438: 290: 89: 2606:

Prather Site (12-CL-4), Clark County, Indiana : The 2003 Baseline Archaeological Survey

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people and only occupied later by the Fort Ancient culture. The site is on a hill above the

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from a Fort Ancient site in Ohio, now at the Southern Ohio Museum and Cultural Center in

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The arrangement of buildings in Fort Ancient settlements is believed to have served as a

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This article is about the Fort Ancient culture. For the National Historic Landmark, see

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made it less suitable for the intensive maize agriculture practiced by both societies.

1321: 1067: 947: 935: 478:, presumably of southeast Ohio. There is also a chance that a Siouan people called the 450: 356: 145: 137: 116: 5691: 1996: 1692: 1663:

Sharp, William E. (1996). "Chapter 6:Fort Ancient Farmers". In Lewis, R. Barry (ed.).

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Ohio Archaeology:An Illustrated Chronicle of Ohio's Ancient American Indian Cultures

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Pottery making was primarily the responsibility of women using a technique known as

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surrounding it, but unlike other sites it does not seem to have had a central oval

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Owen, James & Swanton Dorsey, John R. "A Dictionary of Biloxi & Ofo" 1912

1309: 1071: 759: 552: 124: 6518: 6503: 6493: 6132: 5962: 5917: 5814: 5726: 5681: 5511: 5444: 5439: 5407: 5374: 5156: 5023: 4870: 4594: 4444: 4419: 4409: 3924: 3272: 2947: 2833: 2779: 1905: 1285: 1027: 743: 567: 264: 244: 6395: 5527: 2682: 2218: 1540: 6614: 6375: 6370: 6262: 6212: 6207: 6192: 6182: 6177: 5927: 5804: 5616: 5593: 5454: 5274: 5203: 5161: 5118: 5078: 5053: 4907: 4840: 4835: 4805: 4654: 4629: 4539: 4489: 4404: 4341: 4274: 4027: 3974: 3882: 3671: 3619: 3467: 3396: 3366: 3046: 2916: 2526:"Geophysical Methods and the Archaeology of Late Prehistoric Central Indiana" 2200: 2070: 1548: 1386:

Points in time: Assessing a Fort Ancient triangular projectile point typology

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Assorted stone, bone and ceramic tools, including stone discoidals used for

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Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Ohio Hopewell of the Hopewell Mound Group

1277: 1261: 1208: 1192: 1079: 910: 818: 794: 697: 693: 533: 360: 321: 309: 279: 680: 613: 596: 6431: 6312: 6292: 6157: 6017: 6007: 5892: 5636: 5402: 5254: 5198: 5146: 4860: 4717: 4504: 4414: 4358: 4309: 4088: 3979: 3954: 3907: 3892: 3665: 3414: 3360: 3249: 3239: 3189: 3025: 2985: 2952: 1236:. The site includes the remains of a village and multiple burial mounds. 1216: 1011: 878: 668: 560: 499: 455: 301: 283: 112: 103:

Material evidence also suggests that the Fort Ancient peoples introduced

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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

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Fort Ancient cultural region, with some of its major sites and neighbors

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Although the name of the culture originates from the earthworks site at

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native named Tonti told them that these people had been known as the

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according to carbon dating of charcoal found underneath the mound.

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pattern was observed during historic times, for example, among the

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National Register of Historic Places Registration: The Clover Site

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A large storage jar with cord-marked decorations and strap handles

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A Montour phase site located on a terrace of the Ohio River near

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Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks UNESCO World Heritage Nomination

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The Fort Ancient people built the largest effigy mound in the

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Sunwatch: Fort Ancient Development in the Mississippian World

2155:, Kentucky Heritage Council, pp. 830–832, archived from 2020:

Sunwatch: Fort Ancient Development in the Mississippian World

1484:"Serpent Mound See the world's most spectacular effigy mound" 1003: 873:

with several components, including two mounds and a village.

747: 739: 449:

expansions to the northeast of the Fort Ancients brought new

240: 2094:

Maslowski, Robert F. (1991-11-16), Grumet, Robert S. (ed.),

6498: 3125: 2702: 2125:

Ohio History Central:An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History

1272:

from 1200 and 1450. Their villages were also circular with

1228:

An Early Fort Ancient Madisonville focus site located near

1075: 404: 339:

Although the inhabitants of Fort Ancient did not encounter

267:

for ceremonial purposes, and many villages added defensive

73: 278:

The Late Fort Ancient period from 1400 to 1750 CE was the

263:

and other significant dates. The occupants also built low

2773:

Introduction to the Archaeology of the Mississippi Valley

2623:

Munson, Cheryl Ann; McCullough, Robert G. (August 2004).

1251:, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia were the peoples of the 763: 107:

to Ohio, and other evidence connects this culture to the

2603:

Munson, Cheryl Ann; McCullough, Robert G. (2004-10-21).

1284:

of Northern Ohio and Indiana. The colder weather of the

559:

region 95 miles (153 km) away). The differences in

2274:, vol. 1, Kentucky Heritage Council, p. 484, 1349:

Salamander barks, someone will soon die." As such, the

1094:

A Middle Fort Ancient Anderson focus site located near

628:

A storage pot with an unknown animal as effigy handles

410: 387: 466: 2495: 1481: 663:more frequently, and artisans added strap handles. 43:Partially reconstructed Fort Ancient settlement at 1667:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 162–176. 359:epidemics from the first Spanish explorers in the 140:, this site is believed to have been built by the 2720: 2052:Cook, Robert A.; Fargher, Lane F. (Winter 2008), 1924: 1697:The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture 1508:Lepper, Brad (April 2001). "Ohio's "Alligator"". 885:A Late Fort Ancient Madisonville focus site (the 6661:1750s disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies 6612: 3158:History of Native Americans in the United States 2809: 2766:"Chapter 2 : The Upper Mississippi "Phase"" 2760: 2732:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 273–276. 2178: 2045: 1855:Hale, Horatio "Tutelo Tribe & Language" 1883 1723:, eds. (2001). "Volume 6 : North America". 1066:A Fort Ancient Site located on the banks of the 889:for the Clover phase 1550 to 1600) located near 243:agriculture. They settled in small, year-round, 5557: 2327: 1930:"Eastern North American Archaeology: A Summary" 1869:. Pennsylvania State University, Prentice Hall. 1825:Hale, Horatio "The Iroquois Book of Rites" 1883 1264:who lived along the east and west forks of the 1242: 1169:A Middle Fort Ancient complex of sites west of 316:. These sites were abandoned during this time. 27:Archaeological culture in the Ohio River valley 2829:List of archaeological periods (North America) 1715: 1526: 5543: 3810: 3108: 2795: 2641: 2639: 2520: 2518: 2468: 1864: 1833: 1831: 1803: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 6656:11th-century establishments in North America 1879: 1686: 1684: 1292:These groups, along with others such as the 1191:A recreated Fort Ancient village located in 950:about seven miles (11 km) southeast of 3492:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 2693:Ohio History Teachers' page on Fort Ancient 2616: 2051: 1987: 1985: 1906:"Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period" 1880:Munson, Cheryl Ann; McCullough, Robert G., 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 917:. It is the type site for the Feurt focus. 645: 72:valley, in an area running from modern-day 5550: 5536: 3817: 3803: 3115: 3101: 2802: 2788: 2703:SunWatch - a restored Fort Ancient village 2636: 2596: 2579:Archaeology of the Lower Ohio River Valley 2515: 2248:, University of Cincinnati, archived from 1828: 1798: 1782: 1622: 1620: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 675:designs (elite motifs associated with the 6058:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 3625:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 2381: 2379: 2262: 2256: 2217:. Ohio Historical Society. Archived from 2143: 2093: 1765: 1681: 1415:. Orange Frazer Press. pp. 198–203. 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 721:Fort Ancients made hoes for farming from 456:removing the flesh and organs of the dead 441:began shifting its centers away from the 239:groups in the Middle Ohio Valley adopted 68:. Members of the culture lived along the 6646:Native American history of West Virginia 6631:Archaeological cultures of North America 2238: 2232: 2087: 1982: 1645: 1435: 865:A Middle Fort Ancient site located near 707: 667:(a decoration often associated with the 527: 417: 275:), and other significant social events. 163: 159: 38: 3640:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum 2683:Earthworks Timeline, Ancient Ohio Trail 2068: 1846:Collins, Scott Preston "Saponi History" 1747: 1617: 1393: 1382: 382: 14: 6613: 2582:. Left Coast Press, Inc. p. 259. 2575: 2484:from the original on February 18, 2012 2385: 2376: 1898: 1507: 1410: 1367: 1018:Located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) below 913:and an associated village, located in 825:A Middle Fort Ancient site located in 111:. In 1999, an archaeological study by 5531: 3798: 3154:Native Americans in the United States 3096: 2783: 2272:The Archaeology of Kentucky:an update 2153:The Archaeology of Kentucky:An update 1662: 1628:"Middle to Late Fort Ancient Society" 1460: 1389:, Southeastern Archaeology, p. 2 1331: 463:tradition of under-the-home burials. 437:Elsewhere, the far richer and larger 391: 152:. Despite the name of the site, most 6621:Post-Archaic period in North America 2453: 2447: 2418: 2295: 2016: 1837:Speck, Frank G. "Catawba Texts" 1934 1602:. September 12, 2007. Archived from 1411:Lepper, Bradley T. (February 2005). 671:sites in the Lower Ohio Valley) and 304:, notched and beaded rims, and some 88:. A contemporary of the neighboring 6641:Native American history of Kentucky 6529:Norse colonization of North America 3779:Native American place names in Ohio 2549: 2185:Cleveland Museum of Natural History 1867:Archaeology of Native North America 1750:"Siouan Tribes and the Ohio Valley" 1440:. The Archaeology Society of Ohio. 801:A Madisonville horizon (post 1400) 523: 24: 6636:Native American history of Indiana 3833:Mississippian and related cultures 2503:"Monongahela culture-AD 1050-1635" 2456:Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places 2401:from the original on July 20, 2011 25: 6687: 2666: 1690: 966:A Manion phase site located near 946:, along the eastern shore of the 445:and into the American Southeast. 6666:Archaeology of the United States 6651:Formative period in the Americas 3826: 3513:Prehistoric communities or sites 3124: 2880: 2811: 2678:Fort Ancient, Ancient Ohio Trail 2469:Brady-Rawlins, Kathleen (2007). 2458:. Vol. 1. pp. 674–675. 1529:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1247:To the northeast in present-day 1221: 1184: 1162: 1141: 1116: 1032: 927: 633: 621: 605: 6549:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 5467:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2652: 2569: 2543: 2462: 2412: 2351: 2321: 2207: 2172: 2137: 2113: 2062: 2010: 1918: 1873: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1819: 1810: 1741: 1709: 259:, marking the positions of the 3849:Timeline of Mississippi valley 2775:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). 2146:"Chapter 6:Mississippi Period" 1592: 1563: 1520: 1501: 1475: 1454: 1429: 1383:Carmean, Kelli (Winter 2009), 1082:and the remains of a village. 13: 1: 5049:Grand Village of the Illinois 2938:Feurt Mounds and Village Site 2673:Official Fort Ancient Website 2386:Gosman, James Howard (2007). 2318:, 2007. Accessed 2010-06-17. 2071:"Buffalo Archeologincal Site" 1767:10.1525/aa.1943.45.1.02a00050 1516:. Ohio Historical Society: 2. 1360: 903:Feurt Mounds and Village Site 813:in Greenup County, Kentucky. 172: 62: 6676:Prehistoric cultures in Ohio 6514:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 6464:Eastern Agricultural Complex 4826:Grand Village of the Natchez 3610:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 3525:Archaeological sites in Ohio 2658:Koch, Felix J. (1882–1933): 2144:Henderson, A. Gwynn (2008), 1960:10.1126/science.156.3772.175 1571:"The Builders of the Mounds" 1306:Middle Mississippian culture 1298:Upper Mississippian cultures 1243:Contemporaries and neighbors 895:Cabell County, West Virginia 847:Putnam County, West Virginia 805:overlain by an 18th-century 510: 507:destruction or abandonment. 32:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 7: 5898:Bandelier National Monument 5772:List of Mississippian sites 5559:Pre-Columbian North America 3844:List of Mississippian sites 3630:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 3332:Two Mile Square Reservation 3327:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation 2933:Buffalo Indian Village Site 2419:Cook, Robert Allen (2007). 2270:, in Pollack, David (ed.), 2265:"Chapter 5:Woodland period" 2263:Applegate, Darlene (2008), 2017:Cook, Robert Allen (2007). 1471:(Thesis). pp. 123–124. 835:Buffalo Indian Village Site 594:interlocking lines, called 577: 482:, who appear alongside the 235:In about 1000 CE, terminal 10: 6692: 6318:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 5923:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 5632:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 3605:Flint Ridge State Memorial 3337:Upper Sandusky Reservation 2576:Muller, Jon (2009-05-31). 2301:Brady-Rawlins, Kathleen. 2239:Huebchen, Karl R. (2006), 2151:, in David Pollack (ed.), 2075:West Virginia Encyclopedia 2069:Hoffman, Darla S. (2010). 2058:, Southeastern Archaeology 1993:"Fort Ancient Web:Pottery" 1725:Encyclopedia of Prehistory 1296:, were once classified as 422:Artists conception of the 84:and parts of southeastern 29: 6587: 6559:Three Sisters agriculture 6414: 6346: 5878: 5607: 5565: 5494: 5383: 5315: 5247: 5186: 5179: 5132: 5004: 4993: 4923: 4774: 4731: 4663: 4371: 4245: 4157: 4076: 4003: 3866: 3857: 3839: 3771: 3658: 3597: 3560: 3512: 3460: 3424: 3353: 3307: 3289: 3164: 3135: 3034: 3016:Ronald Watson Gravel site 2961: 2925: 2889: 2878: 2842: 2824: 2121:"Fort Ancient Earthworks" 1748:Swanton, John R. (1943). 1727:. Springer. p. 175. 1541:10.1017/S0959774303000106 1482:Ohio History Connection. 1436:Converse, Robert (2003). 1102:, on an inside bend of a 1088:Ronald Watson Gravel site 786: 781: 776: 212: 115:and Tod A. Frolking used 6098:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 5657:Buttermilk Creek complex 4761:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 3726:Battle of Fallen Timbers 3702:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 3615:Fort Hill State Memorial 3317:Blanchard's Fork Reserve 3130:Native Americans in Ohio 2454:Owen, Lorrie K. (1999). 2330:"Redating Serpent Mound" 1268:in central and southern 996:Greenup County, Kentucky 827:Bourbon County, Kentucky 769: 703: 646:Mississippian influences 459:entirely by the Eastern 302:negative painted pottery 6298:Town Creek Indian Mound 6268:Sierra de San Francisco 6123:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 5391:Ballgame (Southeastern) 5287:Long-nosed god maskette 5167:SunWatch Indian Village 5114:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs 4975:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village 3784:Indian removals in Ohio 3645:SunWatch Indian Village 3635:New Indian Ridge Museum 3584:Thunderbird (mythology) 3345:Indian removals in Ohio 2872:SunWatch Indian Village 2717:, Virtual First Ohioans 2660:A Visit to Fort Ancient 2103:, National Park Service 1754:American Anthropologist 1488:Ohio History Connection 1438:The Archaeology of Ohio 1180:Sunwatch Indian Village 1078:. The site includes an 729: 424:Sunwatch Indian Village 289:Increased contact with 131: 45:Sunwatch Indian Village 6671:Pre-Columbian cultures 5953:Coso Rock Art District 5840:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 5743:List of Hopewell sites 5142:Alligator Effigy Mound 4756:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 4708:Leon-Jefferson culture 4104:Caborn-Welborn culture 3720:Siege of Fort Recovery 3322:Moravian Indian Grants 2897:Alligator Effigy Mound 2183:(4). Cleveland, Ohio: 1865:Snow, Dean R. (2010). 1600:"Ohio Archaeoloy Blog" 1282:Riviere au Vase phases 1100:Boone County, Kentucky 972:Mason County, Kentucky 871:Boone County, Kentucky 717: 688:was discovered at the 545:Mississippian cultures 540: 469:(approx. 1450–1750 CE) 426: 413:(approx. 1250–1450 CE) 169: 121:Alligator Effigy Mound 59:archaeological culture 47: 6361:Arlington Springs Man 6203:Portsmouth Earthworks 3871:and Upper Mississippi 3696:Yellow Creek massacre 3057:Mississippian culture 2475:Ohio State University 2392:Ohio State University 2328:Jessica E. Saraceni. 2316:Ohio State University 1344:represented boys and 1320:and the mouth of the 1234:Hamilton County, Ohio 809:village located near 711: 531: 439:Mississippian culture 421: 167: 160:Archaeological record 90:Mississippian culture 42: 6626:Fort Ancient culture 6569:Transoceanic contact 6459:Container Revolution 6033:Gila Cliff Dwellings 5998:Etowah Indian Mounds 5430:Earth/fertility cult 5134:Fort Ancient culture 4018:Dogtooth Bend Mounds 4004:Lower Ohio River and 3990:Steed-Kisker culture 3762:Treaty of St. Mary's 3756:Treaty of Fort Meigs 3750:Treaty of Brownstown 3738:Treaty of Grouseland 3732:Treaty of Greenville 3708:Northwest Indian War 3678:Raid on Pickawillany 3650:Zane Shawnee Caverns 3579:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 3535:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 3480:Glacial Kame culture 3461:Prehistoric cultures 3425:Historic communities 3299:Algonquian languages 2818:Fort Ancient culture 2708:Fort Ancient Culture 2698:Fort Ancient Culture 1665:Kentucky Archaeology 1461:Mills, Lisa (2003). 1318:Louisville, Kentucky 1255:, who inhabited the 1249:Western Pennsylvania 1052:Jackson County, Ohio 954:on State Route 350. 654:agents, with ground 383:Evolution of society 347:, transmitted among 202:Middle Fort Ancient 80:through to northern 18:Fort Ancient culture 6489:Green Corn Ceremony 6303:Turkey River Mounds 6093:Lake Jackson Mounds 5913:Blue Spring Shelter 5435:Green Corn Ceremony 4995:Upper Mississippian 4945:Blue Spring Shelter 4665:Fort Walton culture 4119:Hovey Lake District 3497:Monongahela culture 3447:Muskingum (village) 3309:Former reservations 3281:Western Confederacy 3146:Northwest Territory 3062:Monongahela culture 2943:Hardin Village site 1952:1967Sci...156..175G 1717:Peregrine, Peter N. 1581:on February 4, 2012 1289:health conditions. 1253:Monongahela culture 1171:Elizabethtown, Ohio 1106:of the Ohio River. 984:Hardin Village site 944:Warren County, Ohio 940:Washington Township 915:Scioto County, Ohio 803:archaeological site 366:After 1525, at the 191:Early Fort Ancient 117:radiocarbon testing 109:Great Serpent Mound 66: 1000–1750 CE 61:that dates back to 6574:Underwater panther 6248:Rosenstock Village 6118:Marmes Rockshelter 6103:L'Anse aux Meadows 5517:de Soto Expedition 5482:Underwater panther 5328:Central Algonquian 5039:Fisher Mound Group 4683:Apalachee Province 4650:Waddells Mill Pond 3714:St. Clair's defeat 3690:Lord Dunmore's War 3589:Underwater panther 3505:(Late Prehistoric) 3503:Whittlesey culture 3476:(Late Prehistoric) 3437:Lenape settlements 3138:Prehistory of Ohio 2726:American Antiquity 2713:2010-12-27 at the 2550:Redmond, Brian G. 2309:2012-02-18 at the 2031:. pp. 44–49. 1606:on August 23, 2011 1332:Possible symbolism 1068:Little Miami River 948:Little Miami River 909:A site with three 718: 541: 427: 357:infectious disease 213:Late Fort Ancient 170: 146:Little Miami River 138:Fort Ancient, Ohio 48: 6608: 6607: 6600:Pre-Columbian era 6401:Spirit Cave mummy 6198:Plum Bayou Mounds 6108:Lynch Quarry Site 5627:Ancient Beringian 5525: 5524: 5490: 5489: 5175: 5174: 4791:Atchafalaya Basin 4733:Pensacola culture 4698:Fort Walton Mound 4590:Punk Rock Shelter 4550:Mouse Creek phase 4373:South Appalachian 4367: 4366: 4246:Central and Lower 4187:Castalian Springs 4177:Brentwood Library 4077:Middle Ohio River 3930:Emerald Acropolis 3792: 3791: 3744:Treaty of Detroit 3488:(Middle Woodland) 3442:Lower Shawneetown 3090: 3089: 3082:Springwells phase 3042:Bone Stone Graves 3011:Madisonville site 3006:Lower Shawneetown 2981:Cleek–McCabe site 2852:Fort Ancient site 2722:Griffin, James B. 2589:978-1-59874-451-4 2281:978-1-934492-28-4 2252:on March 16, 2012 1926:Griffin, James B. 1734:978-0-306-46260-3 1674:978-0-8131-1907-6 1447:978-0-9744311-0-9 1422:978-1-882203-39-0 1314:Falls of the Ohio 1257:Monongahela River 1240: 1239: 1060:Madisonville site 923:Fort Ancient Site 859:Cleek–McCabe site 690:Madisonville site 665:Negative painting 612:A small pot with 557:Falls of the Ohio 504:Northern Kentucky 443:Mississippi River 368:Madisonville site 341:European settlers 330:Lower Shawneetown 280:protohistoric era 231: 230: 119:to show that the 105:maize agriculture 94:Mitochondrial DNA 16:(Redirected from 6683: 6544:Projectile point 6381:Leanderthal Lady 6308:Upward Sun River 6283:Stallings Island 6273:Shell ring sites 6223:Recapture Canyon 6138:Moorehead Circle 5983:El Fin del Mundo 5968:Cueva de la Olla 5774: 5761:Maritime Archaic 5745: 5575: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5292:Mill Creek chert 5282:Duck River cache 5184: 5183: 5002: 5001: 4766:Pensacola people 4560:Muscogee (Creek) 4400:Bell Field Mound 4114:Hovey Lake-Klein 4068:Wickliffe Mounds 4043:Rowlandton Mound 3960:Lunsford-Pulcher 3864: 3863: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3470:(Early Woodland) 3354:Historic figures 3129: 3128: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3094: 3093: 2884: 2816: 2815: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2762:Phillips, Philip 2757: 2646: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2554:. Archived from 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2528:. Archived from 2522: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2400: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2361:. Archived from 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2325: 2319: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2284:, archived from 2269: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2215:"Leo Petroglyph" 2211: 2205: 2204: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2161: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1995:. Archived from 1989: 1980: 1979: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1826: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1796: 1793: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1691:Clark, Jerry E. 1688: 1679: 1678: 1660: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1630:. Archived from 1624: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1577:. Archived from 1567: 1561: 1560: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1408: 1391: 1390: 1380: 1326:Cincinnati, Ohio 1225: 1188: 1166: 1145: 1120: 1036: 1020:Middleport, Ohio 936:Hopewell peoples 931: 811:South Portsmouth 774: 773: 637: 625: 609: 538:Portsmouth, Ohio 524:Social hierarchy 393: 361:mid-16th century 349:Native Americans 177: 176: 142:Ohio Hopewellian 98:Hopewell Culture 67: 64: 21: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6595:Genetic history 6583: 6437:Ceremonial pipe 6410: 6391:Minnesota Woman 6348: 6342: 6163:Ocmulgee Mounds 6143:Morrison Mounds 6088:Kolomoki Mounds 6078:Kimball Village 5938:Candelaria Cave 5880: 5874: 5855:Suwannee Valley 5790:Old Cordilleran 5770: 5741: 5609: 5603: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5526: 5521: 5507:Clarksdale bell 5486: 5472:Stone box grave 5413:Ceremonial pipe 5379: 5338:Mobilian Jargon 5311: 5243: 5171: 5128: 4996: 4989: 4926: 4919: 4777: 4770: 4727: 4659: 4605:Rucker's Bottom 4395:Beaverdam Creek 4375: 4363: 4247: 4241: 4202:Hiwassee Island 4159: 4153: 4144:Welborn Village 4072: 4033:Millstone Bluff 4006:Confluence area 4005: 3999: 3995:Sugarloaf Mound 3935:Emmons Cemetery 3870: 3868:American Bottom 3859: 3853: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3793: 3788: 3767: 3654: 3593: 3556: 3552:Wilderness Road 3508: 3499:(Late Woodland) 3456: 3432:Hell Town, Ohio 3420: 3349: 3303: 3285: 3166:Historic tribes 3160: 3142:History of Ohio 3131: 3123: 3121: 3091: 3086: 3030: 3021:Sand Ridge site 2996:Hahn Field site 2963: 2957: 2921: 2885: 2876: 2867:State Line site 2844: 2838: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2768: 2715:Wayback Machine 2669: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2467: 2463: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2433:. p. 139. 2417: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2384: 2377: 2368: 2366: 2359:"Serpent Mound" 2357: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2341: 2326: 2322: 2311:Wayback Machine 2300: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2267: 2261: 2257: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2067: 2063: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2015: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1783: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1661: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1525: 1521: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1480: 1476: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1409: 1394: 1381: 1368: 1363: 1334: 1310:Prather Complex 1308:peoples of the 1245: 1158:State Line Site 1112:Sand Ridge Site 772: 760:white tail deer 732: 706: 648: 641: 638: 629: 626: 617: 610: 580: 553:Prather Complex 526: 513: 472: 416: 397: 385: 265:platform mounds 175: 162: 134: 65: 56:Native American 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6519:Mound Builders 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Medicine wheel 6501: 6496: 6494:Horned Serpent 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6233:Roberts Island 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6168:Old Stone Fort 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6133:Moaning Cavern 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6083:Kincaid Mounds 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5963:Cuarenta Casas 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:Bluefish Caves 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5879:Archaeological 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5677:Caloosahatchee 5674: 5669: 5664: 5662:Caborn-Welborn 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5608:Archaeological 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5512:Mound Builders 5509: 5504: 5499: 5498:Related topics 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5460:Village bundle 5452: 5447: 5445:Platform mound 5442: 5440:Horned Serpent 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5307:Stone statuary 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5157:Leo Petroglyph 5154: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5094:Moccasin Bluff 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5044:Gentleman Farm 5041: 5036: 5031: 5029:Carcajou Point 5026: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960:Caddoan Mounds 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4746:Dauphin Island 4743: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4420:Bussell Island 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4172:Beasley Mounds 4169: 4163: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Kincaid Mounds 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3940:Horseshoe Lake 3937: 3932: 3927: 3925:Dickson Mounds 3922: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3574:Mounds in Ohio 3571: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3530:Mounds in Ohio 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3243: 3233: 3223: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3197: 3187: 3177: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3077:Owasco culture 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3038:Related topics 3035: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2948:Leo Petroglyph 2945: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2834:Mound Builders 2831: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2758: 2738:10.2307/275464 2718: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2667:External links 2665: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2635: 2615: 2595: 2588: 2568: 2542: 2514: 2494: 2477:. p. 26. 2461: 2446: 2439: 2431:U of Alabama P 2411: 2375: 2350: 2320: 2294: 2280: 2255: 2231: 2206: 2171: 2136: 2112: 2086: 2061: 2044: 2037: 2029:U of Alabama P 2009: 1981: 1928:(1967-04-14). 1917: 1897: 1872: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1797: 1781: 1740: 1733: 1708: 1680: 1673: 1644: 1616: 1591: 1562: 1535:(2): 147–167. 1519: 1500: 1474: 1453: 1446: 1428: 1421: 1392: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1333: 1330: 1286:Little Ice Age 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1121: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1037: 1030: 1028:Leo Petroglyph 1024: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1008: 1007: 988: 986: 980: 979: 964: 962: 956: 955: 932: 925: 919: 918: 907: 905: 899: 898: 883: 881: 875: 874: 863: 861: 855: 854: 839: 837: 831: 830: 823: 821: 815: 814: 799: 797: 791: 790: 785: 780: 771: 768: 731: 728: 705: 702: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 632: 630: 627: 620: 618: 611: 604: 579: 576: 532:Mississippian 525: 522: 512: 509: 471: 465: 415: 409: 396: 386: 384: 381: 345:their diseases 334:Hardin Village 314:Kincaid Mounds 282:of the Middle 257:solar calendar 245:nuclear family 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 214: 210: 209: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 181: 174: 171: 161: 158: 154:archaeologists 133: 130: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6688: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Falcon dancer 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415:Miscellaneous 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:Melbourne Man 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:La Brea Woman 6374: 6372: 6371:Kennewick Man 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Serpent Mound 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6213:Pueblo Bonito 6211: 6209: 6208:Poverty Point 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6193:Pinson Mounds 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6183:Painted Bluff 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063:Horr's Island 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Effigy Mounds 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958:Crystal River 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5870:Weeden Island 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Safety Harbor 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5825:Poverty Point 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805:Paleo-Indians 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766:Mississippian 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455:Sacred bundle 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5275:Wulfing cache 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260:Copper plates 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5234:Three Sisters 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:Little barley 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162:Serpent Mound 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5124:Summer Island 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4927:Mississippian 4922: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4778:Mississippian 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Corbin–Tucker 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4600:Roods Landing 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4540:Moccasin Bend 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470:Hoojah Branch 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4377:Mississippian 4374: 4370: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300:Menard-Hodges 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4237:Swallow Bluff 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4158:Tennessee and 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4028:Marshall Site 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3860:Mississippian 3856: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684:Pontiac's War 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3672:Nanfan Treaty 3670: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3620:Fort Recovery 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3397:Little Turtle 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3367:Buckongahelas 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3263: 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6278:Spiro Mounds 6258:Salmon Ruins 6253:Russell Cave 6048:Helen Blazes 6043:Grimes Point 6023:Fort Juelson 6013:Fort Ancient 5988:El Vallecito 5948:Chaco Canyon 5888:Angel Mounds 5850:Steed-Kisker 5800:Paleo-Arctic 5722:Glacial Kame 5707:Fort Ancient 5706: 5599:Post-Classic 5570: 5502:Chevron bead 5408:Burial mound 5302:Shell gorget 5270:Spiro plates 5265:Rogan plates 5133: 5084:Knoll Spring 5059:Hartley Fort 5019:Beattie Park 4903:Transylvania 4741:Bottle Creek 4703:Lake Jackson 4585:Pisgah phase 4515:Little Egypt 4465:Garden Creek 4450:Dallas phase 4337:Tipton phase 4315:Nodena phase 4212:Mound Bottom 4197:Fewkes Group 4182:Brick Church 4084:Angel Mounds 3950:Kuhn Station 3945:John Chapman 3772:Other topics 3674:(1701, 1726) 3544: 3474:Fort Ancient 3473: 3452:Pickawillany 3391:Kakowatcheky 3385:Joseph Brant 3341: 3277: 3174:Chalahgawtha 3150:Ohio Country 3067:Oliver phase 3052:Cole culture 2971:Buckner site 2962:Madisonville 2912:Gartner site 2902:Baldwin site 2817: 2772: 2729: 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Retrieved 2556:the original 2545: 2534:. Retrieved 2530:the original 2506:. Retrieved 2497: 2486:. Retrieved 2464: 2455: 2449: 2421: 2414: 2403:. Retrieved 2367:. Retrieved 2363:the original 2353: 2342:. Retrieved 2337: 2333: 2323: 2302: 2297: 2286:the original 2271: 2258: 2250:the original 2241: 2234: 2223:. Retrieved 2219:the original 2209: 2180: 2174: 2164:, retrieved 2157:the original 2152: 2139: 2128:. Retrieved 2124: 2115: 2105:, retrieved 2096: 2089: 2078:. Retrieved 2074: 2064: 2054: 2047: 2019: 2012: 2001:. Retrieved 1997:the original 1939: 1933: 1920: 1909:. Retrieved 1900: 1890:, retrieved 1882: 1875: 1866: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1821: 1812: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1724: 1711: 1700:. Retrieved 1696: 1664: 1636:. Retrieved 1632:the original 1608:. Retrieved 1604:the original 1594: 1583:. Retrieved 1579:the original 1575:Spanish Hill 1574: 1565: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1491:. Retrieved 1487: 1477: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1437: 1431: 1412: 1385: 1355: 1339: 1335: 1316:region near 1303: 1291: 1278:Younge phase 1262:Oliver phase 1246: 1209:Scioto River 1193:Dayton, Ohio 1080:effigy mound 819:Buckner site 795:Bentley site 787: 782: 777: 733: 719: 661: 649: 595: 592: 588:Cord-marking 581: 565: 542: 534:Shell gorget 514: 496: 491: 473: 468: 436: 428: 412: 398: 389: 388:Early phase 365: 338: 318: 310:Angel Mounds 295:Madisonville 288: 277: 254: 250: 234: 232: 135: 102: 76:and western 52:Fort Ancient 51: 49: 36: 6564:Thunderbird 6432:Black drink 6396:Peñon woman 6333:Winterville 6313:Velda Mound 6293:Taos Pueblo 6188:Parkin Park 6173:Orwell site 6158:Nodena site 6053:Holly Bluff 6028:Four Mounds 6018:Fort Center 5943:Casa Grande 5893:Anzick site 5785:Monongahela 5712:Fort Walton 5687:Coles Creek 5652:Belle Glade 5637:Anishinaabe 5477:Thunderbird 5403:Black drink 5255:Emmons mask 5199:Chenopodium 5187:Agriculture 5109:Plum Island 5064:Hotel Plaza 4913:Winterville 4893:Scott Place 4831:Holly Bluff 4751:Fort Walton 4505:Lamar phase 4359:Walls phase 4255:Belle Meade 4248:Mississippi 4192:Dunbar Cave 4094:Annis Mound 4089:Angel phase 4063:Ware Mounds 4058:Twin Mounds 3908:Ramey state 3893:Monks Mound 3710:(1785–1795) 3668:(1609-1701) 3666:Beaver Wars 3570:(sculpture) 3415:Tenskwatawa 3361:Blue Jacket 3250:Anishinaabe 3240:Anishinaabe 3190:Erie people 3026:Turpin site 3001:Larkin site 2986:Clover site 2953:Hobson site 2926:Feurt Focus 2334:Archaeology 1946:: 175–191. 1342:salamanders 1322:Miami River 1266:White River 1217:Turpin site 1012:Hobson site 992:South Shore 879:Clover site 788:Description 669:Angel phase 568:egalitarian 500:Beaver Wars 467:Late phase 284:Ohio Valley 148:, close to 113:Brad Lepper 6615:Categories 6509:Metallurgy 6469:Eden point 6366:Buhl Woman 6238:Rock Eagle 6228:River Styx 6153:Mummy Cave 6148:Moundville 6128:Mesa Verde 6113:Marksville 5860:Tchefuncte 5820:Plaquemine 5756:Las Palmas 5672:Calf Creek 5667:Cades Pond 5214:Marshelder 5099:Oak Forest 5069:Hoxie Farm 4883:Pocahontas 4776:Plaquemine 4713:Letchworth 4645:Town Creek 4580:Park Mound 4545:Moundville 4530:Mandeville 4520:Long Swamp 4480:Jere Shine 4332:Quigualtam 4280:Chucalissa 4167:Backusburg 4160:Cumberland 4149:Yankeetown 4134:Slack Farm 4109:Ellerbusch 4013:Adams site 3920:Cloverdale 3548:Ohio River 3540:Tower Site 3262:Piankeshaw 3200:Honniasont 2976:Clay Mound 2890:Baum Focus 2562:2011-02-24 2536:2010-02-25 2508:2010-01-14 2488:2010-04-12 2427:Tuscaloosa 2405:2010-04-14 2369:2008-09-12 2344:2008-09-12 2225:2011-02-24 2193:1811/36479 2181:Kirtlandia 2166:2011-02-25 2130:2011-02-24 2107:2010-11-03 2080:2011-02-24 2025:Tuscaloosa 2003:2011-02-23 1911:2008-09-12 1892:2011-02-23 1702:2011-02-23 1693:"Shawnees" 1638:2011-02-23 1610:2008-09-11 1585:2008-09-12 1361:References 1351:salamander 1280:, and the 1125:Cincinnati 1096:Petersburg 1044:petroglyph 849:along the 752:black bear 549:Ohio River 451:Algonquian 379:occupied. 326:Potawatomi 173:Chronology 70:Ohio River 6554:Stickball 6243:Rock Hawk 6073:Key Marco 5865:Troyville 5845:St. Johns 5830:Red Ocher 5589:Formative 5343:Muskogean 5316:Languages 5229:Sunflower 5089:Mero site 5024:Blood Run 4678:Apalachee 4625:Summerour 4565:Nacoochee 4322:Owl Creek 4217:Riverview 4207:Link Farm 4099:Bone Bank 4053:Turk Site 4048:Towosahgy 3913:Woodhenge 3568:Birdstone 3482:(Archaic) 3417:(Shawnee) 3411:(Shawnee) 3405:(Wyandot) 3403:Roundhead 3393:(Shawnee) 3375:(Shawnee) 3373:Cornstalk 3363:(Shawnee) 3291:Languages 3258:(Shawnee) 3232:speaking) 3226:Mosopelea 3222:speaking) 3220:Iroquoian 3207:(Wyandot) 3176:(Shawnee) 2907:Baum Site 2862:Kemp site 2857:Hine site 2754:163438897 2314:. Diss. 2201:0075-6245 1776:163083465 1760:: 49–66. 1557:161534362 1549:0959-7743 1274:palisades 1072:Mariemont 1048:Leo, Ohio 1041:sandstone 968:Mays Lick 887:type site 681:guilloché 652:tempering 614:guilloché 597:Guilloché 547:down the 511:Four foci 476:Mosopelea 447:Iroquoian 431:palisaded 401:palisaded 372:type site 269:palisades 261:solstices 125:Granville 6442:Chanunpa 6427:Ballgame 6406:Vero man 6356:Anzick-1 6328:Windover 6288:SunWatch 6218:Rassawek 6038:Glenwood 5928:Brewster 5780:Mogollon 5751:La Jolla 5737:Hopewell 5697:Deptford 5610:cultures 5450:Red Horn 5418:Chanunpa 5396:Northern 5384:Religion 5365:Timucuan 5333:Cherokee 5119:Schwerdt 5079:Juntunen 5054:Griesmer 4997:cultures 4950:Bluffton 4836:Jaketown 4801:Fitzhugh 4655:Wilbanks 4635:Tomotley 4610:Savannah 4575:Ocmulgee 4555:Mulberry 4490:Joe Bell 4410:Biltmore 4405:Bessemer 4270:Campbell 4232:Old Town 4038:Orr-Herl 3975:Orendorf 3970:Mitchell 3903:Mound 72 3898:Mound 34 3883:Big Eddy 3545:See also 3486:Hopewell 3409:Tecumseh 3387:(Mohawk) 3379:Egushawa 3369:(Lenape) 3342:See also 3278:See also 3194:Iroquois 3180:Delaware 2843:Anderson 2764:(1939). 2711:Archived 2479:Archived 2396:Archived 2307:Archived 2187:: 1–14. 1968:17741138 1942:(3772). 1510:Timeline 1493:June 20, 1000:palisade 726:routes. 686:head pot 578:Ceramics 561:ceramics 488:Ho-chunk 480:Keyauwee 306:effigies 224:Montour 194:Croghan 82:Kentucky 6591:Related 6449:Chunkey 6349:remains 6338:Wupatki 6178:Paquime 6068:Huápoca 5933:Cahokia 5903:Bastian 5810:Patayan 5732:Hohokam 5717:Fremont 5692:Comondú 5647:Baytown 5642:Avonlea 5622:Alachua 5594:Classic 5584:Archaic 5572:Periods 5425:Chunkey 5370:Tunican 5348:Natchez 5323:Caddoan 5297:Pottery 5248:Artwork 5239:Tobacco 5219:Pumpkin 5180:Culture 5034:Fifield 4965:Gahagan 4940:Belcher 4925:Caddoan 4908:Venable 4871:Natchez 4856:Mazique 4811:Fosters 4806:Flowery 4796:Emerald 4673:Anhaica 4630:Taskigi 4595:Rembert 4570:Nikwasi 4535:McMahan 4510:Liddell 4385:Adamson 4295:Janet's 4285:Denmark 4260:Boone's 4222:Sellars 4129:Prather 3888:Cahokia 3878:Aztalan 3598:Museums 3561:Culture 3399:(Miami) 3381:(Odawa) 3273:Wyandot 3268:Shawnee 3264:(Miami) 1976:8989673 1948:Bibcode 1935:Science 1346:turtles 1270:Indiana 1260:of the 1230:Newtown 1129:Batavia 1104:meander 952:Lebanon 843:Buffalo 807:Shawnee 714:chunkey 677:Cahokia 616:designs 584:coiling 572:kinship 555:in the 518:1650 CE 492:Chonque 392:approx. 353:Shawnee 298:horizon 273:Chunkey 205:Manion 180:Periods 86:Indiana 6008:Folsom 5973:Cutler 5908:Benson 5795:Oneota 5727:Glades 5702:Folsom 5682:Clovis 5579:Lithic 5360:Siouan 5353:Taensa 5224:Squash 5147:Clover 5006:Oneota 4980:Keller 4970:Hughes 4935:Battle 4876:Taensa 4861:Medora 4851:Mangum 4846:Julice 4841:Jordan 4688:Cayson 4620:Sixtoe 4615:Shiloh 4525:Mabila 4460:Etowah 4440:Citico 4430:Chiaha 4425:Chauga 4342:Tunica 4327:Parkin 4310:Nodena 4305:Murphy 4275:Carson 4124:Murphy 3980:Sleeth 3965:McCune 3955:Larson 3858:Middle 3764:(1818) 3758:(1817) 3752:(1808) 3746:(1807) 3740:(1805) 3734:(1795) 3728:(1794) 3722:(1794) 3716:(1791) 3704:(1774) 3698:(1774) 3692:(1774) 3686:(1763) 3680:(1752) 3659:Events 3256:Pekowi 3236:Ojibwe 3230:Siouan 3184:Lenape 3072:Oneota 2752: 2746:275464 2744: 2586: 2437: 2278: 2199: 2035: 1974: 1966: 1774: 1731: 1671: 1555: 1547: 1444: 1419: 1294:Oneota 891:Lesage 867:Walton 756:turkey 746:, and 744:squash 723:mussel 698:Nodena 694:Parkin 656:mussel 484:Tutelo 461:Siouan 377:Siouan 370:, the 186:Dates 6539:Piasa 6347:Human 5978:Eaker 5881:sites 5815:Plano 5617:Adena 5375:Yuchi 5209:Maize 5194:Beans 5152:Dodge 5104:Palos 5074:Huber 5014:Anker 4985:Spiro 4955:Caddo 4888:Routh 4821:Glass 4816:Ghost 4718:Velda 4640:Toqua 4500:Lamar 4485:Joara 4475:Irene 4445:Coosa 4435:Chota 4415:Blair 4390:Avery 4352:Yazoo 4347:Koroa 4290:Eaker 4227:Obion 3985:Starr 3468:Adena 3246:Odawa 3216:Mingo 3211:Miami 3205:Huron 2964:Focus 2845:Focus 2769:(PDF) 2750:S2CID 2742:JSTOR 2630:(PDF) 2610:(PDF) 2482:(PDF) 2399:(PDF) 2289:(PDF) 2268:(PDF) 2246:(PDF) 2160:(PDF) 2149:(PDF) 2101:(PDF) 1972:S2CID 1887:(PDF) 1772:S2CID 1553:S2CID 1004:plaza 783:Image 770:Sites 748:beans 740:maize 704:Tools 322:Miami 241:maize 216:Gist 183:Phase 6499:Kiva 4898:Sims 4866:Mott 4786:Anna 4495:King 4455:Dyar 4265:Boyd 4139:Tolu 2584:ISBN 2435:ISBN 2276:ISBN 2197:ISSN 2033:ISBN 1964:PMID 1944:AAAS 1729:ISBN 1669:ISBN 1545:ISSN 1495:2018 1442:ISBN 1417:ISBN 1127:and 1076:Ohio 778:Site 762:and 730:Diet 696:and 405:Ohio 332:and 324:and 312:and 132:Name 74:Ohio 50:The 6003:Eva 4723:Yon 2734:doi 2340:(6) 2189:hdl 1956:doi 1940:156 1762:doi 1537:doi 1324:at 1232:in 1098:in 1070:in 1050:in 994:in 970:in 893:in 869:in 764:elk 123:in 6617:: 3550:– 3156:– 3152:– 3148:– 3144:– 3140:– 2771:. 2748:. 2740:. 2728:. 2638:^ 2517:^ 2473:. 2429:: 2425:. 2394:. 2390:. 2378:^ 2338:49 2336:. 2332:. 2195:. 2123:. 2073:. 2027:: 2023:. 1984:^ 1970:. 1962:. 1954:. 1938:. 1932:. 1830:^ 1800:^ 1784:^ 1770:. 1758:45 1756:. 1752:. 1719:; 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