951:
1883:
747:
146:
171:
196:
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970:, a former New York City lawyer. Root sought to enhance the island army post to better serve the army's needs, to fend off efforts by the City of New York to close the post and reclaim the island as a city park and a rarely stated need to provide a quick means of federal protection of Wall Street, the Customs House and Sub-Treasury in Lower Manhattan. Root instigated the expansion of the island from its original 60 acres to 172 acres with landfill from the newly constructed
863:
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820:. The incident provoked a crisis, prompting other southern states began to more seriously consider secession from the Union. The second effort, with new Army recruits departing from Fort Columbus on April 9, 1861, also failed when it prompted South Carolina forces to fire on Fort Sumter early in the morning of April 12, 1861, resulting in the start of the Civil War.
536:
that was once was cleared of trees, providing a clear field of fire toward any advancing enemy forces. The slope was also designed to retard or stop cannon shot from warships. The overall result is still evident in the fort's design and its position on the highest point on the island. Construction of
893:
In 1878, as part of a servicewide cost-cutting effort, the United States Army relocated many of its administrative functions from rented quarters in large urban centers to neighboring army posts. In New York City, nearly all army functions in the city were relocated to
Governors Island, making Fort
587:
The post was renamed at some time between
December 15, 1806 and July 21, 1807. Edmund Banks Smith, an Episcopal priest, Army chaplain, and author of an early history of Governors Island wrote in 1913 that this was "supposed to have been due to Jay’s temporary unpopularity with the Republican party,
982:
A 1930s WPA project was the complete conversion of the barracks in Fort Jay to family housing. Each company barracks was transformed into four townhouse-style apartments that served junior officers as family housing. As a further concession to the automobile, eight two-car garages were constructed
775:
established the New York
Arsenal as a separate installation, adjacent to but not part of Fort Columbus, as a major depot taking delivery of contracted manufactured arms and weapons and distributing both contract and federally manufactured weapons to army posts across the nation. In 1836, the South
978:
to develop a master plan for the island which would demolish all the existing buildings on the island except for the three original fortifications on the island and a newly constructed chapel. The retention of the fortifications indicated Root's interest in retaining the historical structures, as
496:
In the years following the end of
British occupation of New York in 1783, the works deteriorated. A decade later in 1794, the State of New York began to finance improvements to the earthworks, then in ruins. The fort was reconstructed as a square with four corner bastions, and was named after the
1061:
with Fort Jay recognized as being one of the finest remaining examples of the Second System of
American military fortifications. Since 2003, both fortifications have been open to the public on a summer seasonal basis as they undergo stabilization and the remainder of the island undergoes
878:. As the result of a World War II scrap drive, four 10-inch and one 15-inch guns were retained at the fort's east entrance gate and north ravelin as ornaments, while the remainder were shipped on barges to steel mills in Pittsburgh, PA and scrapped for the war effort in October 1942.
588:
which was not satisfied with the Jay Treaty with
England". However, this has not been substantiated, and no documentation for the name change has been found. The fort retained the name "Columbus" throughout the rest of the 19th century, finally reverting to Fort Jay in 1904.
979:
some of the army decision makers he supervised were trying to accomplish their demolition. In one of his departing acts as
Secretary of War in February 1904, Root restored the original name of Fort Jay to the fortification and to the army post that had evolved around it.
55:
762:
that remain to the present day, replacing wooden barracks. The barracks were built as the fortification's importance in protecting New York was diminished by the construction of the new forts at The
Narrows of New York Harbor. The
484:. The Americans abandoned the earthworks that September, resulting in the eventual British occupation of New York City. The British Army improved the existing earthworks and used the island as a British Royal Navy hospital until
2211:
2206:
2513:
2294:
2289:
2359:
2498:
2151:
890:, New York Arsenal served as a major center for disposing of surplus and excess cannons and munitions for war memorials in national cemeteries and for municipalities, scrap, or sale to foreign governments.
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2201:
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1926:
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2016:
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2011:
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1996:
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2001:
1991:
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1981:
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reduced the need for the Upper Harbor forts, and in time, the Army transferred most properties in Upper New York Bay to other federal agencies or sold them to the state of
1026:
In
November 1964 after a year of study to identify ways to downsize Department of Defense installations, the U.S. Army announced the closure of Fort Jay. The merging of
823:
In the early years of the Civil War, the north barracks were used to hold
Confederate officers taken as prisoners of war pending transfer to other Union prisons such as
2279:
2259:
2056:
1916:
2402:
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2021:
1806:
669:. Fort Columbus, however, possessed 68 acres (280,000 m), a sufficient land mass for a modest garrison at a reasonable proximity (1,000 yards (910 m)) to
501:. By 1797 Congress appropriated $ 30,117 for continued construction. Eventually, to allow for continued federal funding and upkeep of the works, the state conveyed
2528:
2473:
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450:
for "Nut Island"). Specifically, the fort is located on the site of earthworks originally built to defend New York City during the American Revolution. General
576:. Following the 1806 rebuilding, and with the change in presidential administrations and the recent transfer to the federal government, the fort was renamed
537:
the walls and gate of the existing fort were completed in 1808. Later, small wood and brick barracks buildings were constructed in the enclosed square space.
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Late in war and the immediate years after it, the armament of the fort was upgraded with nearly fifty 10-inch (254 mm) and 15-inch (381 mm)
790:
Twice, in December 1860 and April 1861, the Army "secretly" dispatched troops and provisions from Fort Columbus to relieve the besieged garrison at
2453:
2372:
122:
1241:
787:
for infantry troops at Fort Columbus in November 1852, and many regiments in the army detailed officers to Fort Columbus on recruiting details.
687:, Fort Columbus for many years served as a first posting or a major departure point for newly graduated cadets shipping to army posts along the
911:
623:. This system of coastal fortifications is credited with discouraging the British from taking any naval action against the city during the
2412:
1466:
2443:
2493:
458:
for the defense of New York Harbor. Additional guns were later emplaced, and on July 12, 1776 the Nutten Island batteries engaged
1857:
758:, but other uses evolved for the army post. The Army renovated the fortification beginning in 1833 with the construction of four
1651:
1547:
145:
1787:
1777:
1494:
1482:
1301:
1157:
784:
545:
544:, a member of the Federalist Party, New York governor, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Secretary of State and one of the
525:
524:, and supervisor of fortifications in New York Harbor. The fort was rebuilt and enlarged as part of what became known as the
405:
1829:
1677:
1609:
1117:
113:
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195:
1522:
1450:
1421:
1054:
906:. The prestige of a command at Fort Columbus as a premier posting ranked second only to high-ranking army positions in
640:
429:
397:
1246:. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from
895:
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In 1806 the earthworks were replaced by granite and brick walls and the footprint of the fort enlarged to designs by
170:
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and continued to use Fort Jay to house officers until it closed its Governors Island base in September 1996.
1007:
994:(EDC), responsible for all Army units and defense coordination in the northeastern United States, and in the
848:
561:
446:
Fort Jay is situated on Governors Island (which was known as Nutten Island from 1664 to 1784, based on Dutch
1575:
856:
673:, making it the most practical of the Second System forts for the Army to retain and continue to garrison.
517:
509:
342:
338:
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1718:
1383:
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constructed the first earthen fortification on this site starting in April 1776, and armed it with eight
1798:
962:
At the turn of the century, Fort Columbus and Governors Island began to draw the attention of President
950:
2468:
1770:
1282:
795:
472:. The American cannons inflicted enough damage to make the British commanders cautious of entering the
2488:
1247:
1173:
1039:
1027:
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first served as officers' and enlisted men's housing for the permanent garrison. That same year the
1615:
1528:
1031:
987:
939:
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855:(CSA) died of dysentery in February 1865 in the post hospital shortly after his surrender at the
1852:
1534:
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1345:
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Personnel stationed at Fort Columbus began to record meteorological observations in the 1820s.
859:, North Carolina. He was the highest ranking Confederate officer to die as a prisoner of war.
1867:
1847:
1743:
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1058:
975:
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421:
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370:
1317:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. September 11, 2007. Archived from
780:, training young boys to become company drummers and fife players and regimental musicians.
746:
1723:
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and dredge from New York Harbor. Root also commissioned the New York architectural firm of
971:
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532:, all surrounded by a dry moat. The moat was in turn surrounded by a sloped grassy area or
417:
1363:
8:
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764:
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573:
1150:
Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications 1794-1815
627:, who preferred easier targets in the Great Lakes, the Chesapeake Bay (resulting in the
615:
in Lower Manhattan, and two other fortifications on Governors Island, South Battery and
572:. Jefferson's party objected to the treaty, which resolved outstanding issues from the
528:. Williams replaced the earthworks with sandstone and granite walls and an arrow-shaped
963:
887:
755:
740:
720:
699:
were posted to or passed through Fort Columbus as young junior officers. They included
620:
513:
481:
459:
409:
392:. Fort Jay is the oldest existing defensive structure on the island, and was named for
377:
1340:, Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, p. 47
548:
of the United States. Jay, as George Washington's Secretary of State, negotiated the
271:
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1728:
1407:
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and the works at Fort Jay to the federal government in February 1800 for one dollar.
477:
1833:
1759:
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923:
907:
812:
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In the 1830s, the protective value of Fort Columbus diminished with the advance of
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666:
565:
553:
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381:
44:
32:
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as the largest army post defending the city. The fortification, in concert with
919:
803:
799:
724:
654:
608:
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1062:
redevelopment by the City of New York through the Trust for Governors Island.
2427:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1195:
828:
716:
704:
650:
592:
577:
480:'s August 29–30 retreat from Brooklyn into Manhattan after the defeat in the
451:
389:
240:
227:
2514:
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
1697:
1337:
Governors Island: National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination
927:
768:
696:
646:
612:
604:
373:
862:
1828:
1764:
935:
791:
658:
624:
1639:
1592:
967:
875:
867:
549:
488:. At that time Governors Island was conveyed to the State of New York.
473:
2499:
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
1738:
1554:
1093:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan on islands
902:. Both commands then included almost all army activities east of the
670:
40:
1374:
National Park Service website for Governors Island National Monument
806:
initiated the first effort, but a battery garrisoned by cadets from
1430:
1368:
1284:
Governors Island: Its Military History Under Three Flags, 1637–1922
1266:
Governors Island: Its Military History Under Three Flags, 1637–1913
983:
inside the fort behind the barracks to serve the fort's residents.
914:. Its departmental commanders from the 1880s to the 1900s included
844:
759:
688:
541:
498:
393:
1088:
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan on Islands
1194:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1112:
692:
529:
1889:
412:, but has served other purposes. From 1806 to 1904 it was named
2519:
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
1352:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 1983.
591:
Fort Columbus played an important role in the military life of
533:
455:
2524:
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
1179:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2005
557:
1240:
Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) .
1399:
1373:
54:
1287:(2nd ed.), New York: Valentine's Manual, p. 243
1269:(1st ed.), New York: Edmund Banks Smith, p. 178
881:
998:
states from Maine through Florida. These were primarily
1213:
1053:
and a surrounding 23 acres were proclaimed part of the
396:, a member of the Federalist Party, New York governor,
1346:"Governors Island--Accompanying 76 photos, from 1982"
1239:
986:
During World War II Fort Jay was the headquarters of
810:
fired on the Army-chartered New York-based steamship
408:
of the United States. It was built in 1794 to defend
18:
Historic military fortress in New York, United States
1069:
934:, and other combat commanders in the Civil War, the
476:, which later contributed to the success of General
1863:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1201:
1152:. Mclean, Virginia: CDSG Press. pp. 120, 141.
1129:
808:
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina
631:, D.C.), and the Gulf of Mexico below New Orleans.
540:The fortification was initially named Fort Jay for
552:of 1794 with Great Britain. With the election of
634:
2425:
1364:Fort Jay/Fort Columbus at American Forts Network
1333:
2529:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
2474:Works Progress Administration in New York City
2464:Closed installations of the United States Army
1350:National Register of Historic Places Inventory
568:, of which Jay was a prominent member, to the
1814:
1555:Jay Court, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
1415:
1334:Hightower, Barbara; Higgins, Blanche (1983),
1174:"Fort Jay Governors Island National Monument"
645:In subsequent years, beginning in the 1820s,
2509:Military and war museums in New York (state)
1034:and relocating First Army's headquarters to
990:in the early part of the war, and later the
912:Commanding General of the United States Army
2434:New York (state) in the American Revolution
2413:National Register of Historic Places Portal
1292:Glen, Susan L.; Shaver, Michael B. (2006),
1243:Guarding the United States and its Outposts
526:Second System of US seacoast fortifications
2459:Military installations established in 1808
2449:New York (state) in the American Civil War
2398:
1821:
1807:
1467:United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs
1422:
1408:
1315:National Historic Landmark summary listing
1291:
1830:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1384:U.S. Library of Congress: American Memory
1021:
851:prisoners during the war. Major General
114:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
949:
910:, and many commanders went on to become
861:
745:
619:, provided protection for the city and
2454:Government buildings completed in 1808
2426:
1451:1st Chief Justice of the United States
1369:Fort Jay/Fort Columbus at FortWiki.com
1113:"National Register Information System"
882:Division and departmental headquarters
870:(left) and 10-inch Rodman gun (right).
679:As the closest major army post to the
435:
1802:
1788:Founding Fathers of the United States
1483:President of the Continental Congress
1403:
1280:
1262:
1219:
1207:
1135:
1678:John Jay College of Criminal Justice
1610:Letters to the inhabitants of Canada
1147:
1118:National Register of Historic Places
835:in Boston Harbor. Fort Columbus and
695:coasts. Many future generals in the
564:there was a shift of power from the
1744:Jacobus Van Cortlandt (grandfather)
1294:Images of America: Governors Island
1105:
954:Looking north across Fort Jay with
13:
1523:Committee of Secret Correspondence
1274:
1055:Governors Island National Monument
1030:duties and functions with that of
894:Columbus the headquarters for the
750:Aerial view of the fortifications.
641:New York in the American Civil War
486:they departed on November 25, 1783
430:Governors Island National Monument
398:Chief Justice of the United States
14:
2540:
1357:
816:on January 9, 1861 as it entered
491:
2444:American Revolutionary War forts
2407:
2397:
2388:
2387:
1888:
1881:
1459:United States Secretary of State
1189:
1072:
442:New York and New Jersey campaign
202:
201:
194:
177:
176:
169:
152:
151:
144:
53:
2494:American Civil War prison camps
1623:The Selected Papers of John Jay
1475:United States Minister to Spain
1386:Images, drawings and data pages
1296:, Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia,
1049:On January 19, 2001, Fort Jay,
1018:were also included in the EDC.
945:
767:barracks, unified by two-story
1225:
1166:
1141:
958:skyscrapers in the background.
681:United States Military Academy
635:19th century and the Civil War
522:United States Military Academy
279:
266:
126:
78:Public - National Park Service
1:
1098:
778:Army School of Music Practice
497:Federalist New York governor
210:Show map of the United States
2364:National Historic Landmarks
1729:John Clarkson Jay (grandson)
1576:New York Manumission Society
1429:
1281:Smith, Edmund Banks (1923),
1263:Smith, Edmund Banks (1913),
518:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
339:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
7:
1714:Sarah Livingston Jay (wife)
1065:
839:also served as a temporary
570:Democratic-Republican Party
10:
2545:
1042:(USCG) assumed control of
785:General Recruiting Service
638:
439:
416:, presumably for explorer
2383:
2352:
2232:
1897:
1879:
1840:
1752:
1706:
1665:
1632:
1602:
1568:
1493:
1437:
1040:United States Coast Guard
424:administers Fort Jay and
376:and the name of a former
360:Sandstone, Granite, Brick
356:
348:
334:
326:
321:
313:
309:
301:
293:
288:
277:
265:NRHP reference
264:
256:
241:40.6913583°N 74.0160083°W
219:
160:Show map of New York City
138:
134:
120:
111:
104:
100:
90:
82:
74:
69:
61:
52:
38:
30:
23:
2117:Richmond (Staten Island)
1616:New York Circular Letter
1443:2nd Governor of New York
1148:Wade, Arthur P. (2011).
1038:, Maryland. In 1966 the
896:Division of the Atlantic
520:, superintendent of the
86:United States of America
1505:Continental Association
1395:Military Prison History
992:Eastern Defense Command
886:In the years after the
510:Major Jonathan Williams
246:40.6913583; -74.0160083
2484:Coastal fortifications
1853:Keeper of the Register
1778:Boston relief portrait
1057:, administered by the
1022:End of military career
1014:and, from April 1942,
959:
916:Winfield Scott Hancock
900:Department of the East
871:
802:. Outgoing President
751:
123:New York City Landmark
2373:Outside New York City
1868:National Park Service
1848:Contributing property
1542:The Federalist Papers
1529:New York Constitution
1517:Olive Branch Petition
1123:National Park Service
1059:National Park Service
976:McKim, Mead and White
966:'s Secretary of War,
953:
865:
857:Battle of Fort Fisher
853:William H. C. Whiting
843:camp and confinement
783:The army located its
749:
629:burning of Washington
422:National Park Service
2504:Museums in Manhattan
2057:New York (Manhattan)
1511:Petition to the King
1250:on December 25, 2007
1080:New York City portal
1010:. US Army forces in
972:New York City Subway
940:Spanish–American War
729:Theophilus H. Holmes
685:West Point, New York
582:Christopher Columbus
418:Christopher Columbus
302:Designated NYCL
185:Show map of New York
2360:Bridges and tunnels
1739:James Jay (brother)
1734:John Jay (grandson)
1645:Jay Heritage Center
1588:Jay–Gardoqui Treaty
1581:African Free School
1390:NY Military History
1231:Conn, pp. 29, 33-39
776:Battery became the
773:Ordnance Department
765:Greek Revival style
737:Henry Wager Halleck
574:American Revolution
436:American Revolution
237: /
2439:Forts in Manhattan
1652:John Jay Homestead
1311:"Governors Island"
1222:, p. 158-159.
964:Theodore Roosevelt
960:
888:American Civil War
872:
756:weapons technology
752:
741:James B. McPherson
721:Joseph E. Johnston
621:Upper New York Bay
482:Battle of Brooklyn
410:Upper New York Bay
402:Secretary of State
378:United States Army
305:September 19, 1967
83:Controlled by
2469:War of 1812 forts
2421:
2420:
1858:Historic district
1796:
1795:
1724:William Jay (son)
1321:on March 14, 2013
1303:978-0-7385-3895-2
1159:978-0-9748167-2-2
1125:. March 13, 2009.
904:Mississippi River
818:Charleston Harbor
603:, Fort Gibson on
580:, presumably for
478:George Washington
404:, and one of the
364:
363:
343:Jonathan Williams
289:Significant dates
2536:
2489:Governors Island
2411:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2022:Kings (Brooklyn)
1892:
1885:
1884:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1760:Federalist Party
1657:Government House
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1353:
1341:
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1328:
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1306:
1288:
1270:
1259:
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1255:
1232:
1229:
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1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
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1192:
1188:
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1184:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
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1109:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1044:Governors Island
932:Arthur MacArthur
924:Oliver O. Howard
908:Washington, D.C.
813:Star of the West
713:Ulysses S. Grant
554:Thomas Jefferson
503:Governors Island
406:Founding Fathers
382:Governors Island
330:1794, 1806, 1833
281:
268:
252:
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70:Site information
57:
48:
47:, United States
33:Governors Island
21:
20:
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2538:
2537:
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2534:
2533:
2424:
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2417:
2379:
2348:
2300:Above 110th St.
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898:and later the
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800:South Carolina
733:Thomas Jackson
725:John Bell Hood
655:Fort Lafayette
639:Main article:
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601:Liberty Island
514:chief engineer
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420:. Today, the
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2324:Poughkeepsie
2252:New Rochelle
2152:St. Lawrence
1769:
1698:Jay, Vermont
1672:
1621:
1569:Other events
1557:(1789-1795,
1540:
1379:Forgotten NY
1349:
1336:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1314:
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1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1242:
1227:
1215:
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1181:. Retrieved
1168:
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1131:
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1012:Newfoundland
1004:antiaircraft
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928:Nelson Miles
892:
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825:Camp Johnson
822:
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743:and others.
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675:
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605:Ellis Island
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374:bastion fort
366:
365:
322:Site history
232:74°0′57.63″W
91:Open to
15:
2353:Other lists
2202:Westchester
2132:Schenectady
1927:Cattaraugus
1765:Arbitration
1477:, 1779-1782
1469:, 1784-1789
1453:, 1789-1795
1445:, 1795-1801
1028:Second Army
936:Indian Wars
876:Rodman guns
849:Confederate
833:Fort Warren
792:Fort Sumter
659:the Narrows
625:War of 1812
613:the Battery
566:Federalists
349:In use
244: /
220:Coordinates
2479:Star forts
2428:Categories
2192:Washington
2112:Rensselaer
2047:Montgomery
2032:Livingston
1937:Chautauqua
1640:Jay Estate
1593:Jay Treaty
1220:Smith 1913
1208:Smith 1913
1136:Smith 1913
1099:References
1036:Fort Meade
1032:First Army
996:east coast
988:First Army
968:Elihu Root
938:, and the
868:Rodman gun
796:Charleston
550:Jay Treaty
474:East River
278:NYCL
257:Visitation
129: 0543
2334:Rochester
2329:Rhinebeck
2319:Peekskill
2280:Manhattan
2137:Schoharie
2017:Jefferson
1900:by county
1666:Namesakes
1525:(1775-76)
1485:, 1778-79
1461:, 1789-90
1325:April 20,
1254:April 20,
1183:April 10,
827:in Ohio,
697:Civil War
671:Manhattan
597:Fort Wood
558:President
467:HMS
460:HMS
388:, within
357:Materials
352:1794-1997
314:Condition
24:Fort Jay
2393:Category
2339:Syracuse
2265:Brooklyn
2212:Southern
2207:Northern
2177:Tompkins
2167:Sullivan
2142:Schuyler
2127:Saratoga
2122:Rockland
2072:Onondaga
2012:Herkimer
2007:Hamilton
1987:Franklin
1972:Dutchess
1967:Delaware
1962:Cortland
1957:Columbia
1947:Chenango
1912:Allegany
1834:New York
1673:Fort Jay
1431:John Jay
1066:See also
866:15-inch
845:hospital
760:barracks
689:Atlantic
667:New York
542:John Jay
516:for the
499:John Jay
394:John Jay
380:post on
367:Fort Jay
272:74001268
106:Fort Jay
45:New York
31:Part of
2344:Yonkers
2247:Buffalo
2235:by city
2219:Wyoming
2162:Suffolk
2157:Steuben
2087:Orleans
2077:Ontario
2062:Niagara
2037:Madison
1997:Genesee
1952:Clinton
1942:Chemung
1753:Related
1016:Bermuda
693:Pacific
530:ravelin
462:Phoenix
456:cannons
428:as the
371:coastal
2270:Queens
2242:Albany
2187:Warren
2182:Ulster
2147:Seneca
2107:Queens
2102:Putnam
2097:Otsego
2092:Oswego
2082:Orange
2067:Oneida
2052:Nassau
2042:Monroe
2002:Greene
1992:Fulton
1932:Cayuga
1922:Broome
1907:Albany
1841:Topics
1707:Family
1618:(1788)
1612:(1775)
1595:(1794)
1537:(1783)
1531:(1777)
1519:(1775)
1300:
1156:
1006:, and
653:, and
534:glacis
125:
2260:Bronx
2233:Lists
2224:Yates
2197:Wayne
2172:Tioga
2027:Lewis
1982:Essex
1917:Bronx
1898:Lists
1633:Homes
1559:cases
1177:(PDF)
369:is a
327:Built
75:Owner
2403:List
1977:Erie
1327:2017
1298:ISBN
1256:2017
1185:2016
1154:ISBN
847:for
562:1800
469:Rose
465:and
317:Good
284:0543
96:Yes
62:Type
1832:in
831:or
794:in
691:or
683:at
661:of
657:at
611:at
599:on
560:in
556:as
384:in
280:No.
267:No.
127:No.
2430::
1348:.
1313:.
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1115:.
1002:,
942:.
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735:,
731:,
727:,
723:,
719:,
715:,
711:,
707:,
703:,
649:,
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1162:.
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