167:
510:, and adobe, and have gone through countless renovations. The basalt fortifications are exceptionally durable, one reason why the structure has remained relatively intact for over 2000 years. Diyarbakir fortress is among the best surviving examples of a castle or fort built with a natural feature like a cliffside or body of water on one side as a boundary. The walls have a symbolic function as well as a defensive purpose, with inscriptions on the inner city's walls (the fort) that testify to the city of Diyarbakir's history.
373:
313:
466:
462:, a major restoration of the walls was executed. Buildings that were built directly on the wall were removed, the walls were cleaned and a park was given place alongside the walls. Though the walls and fortress itself were once compared to the Great Wall of China, this started to change as fighting broke out during 2015; walls from the fortress collapsed, along with a mosque, two churches, and the homes of many civilians, forcing some sections to be abandoned.
1703:
419:
2283:
1753:
1691:
43:
174:
1768:
514:
towers still remain on the outside of the city's walls and 18 of the citadel's towers remain today. Due to cultural differences, the fort has undergone some modifications. The fort was reconstructed, repaired and or heightened over time. However, the overall typology has remained constant in the fort's renovations.
441:
In 1930, a part of the wall was demolished. Two openings were made in walls to the west of the Harput Gate and east of the Mardin Gate in order to allow better traffic flow. Apart from these breaches, the city walls are mostly intact today, though some sections are in better condition than others.
437:
occupation of
Diyarbakir in 1515, the Ottomans destroyed the walls with the use of cannons and they therefore had to be rebuilt. In the early Ottoman period of the city, the Citadel was expanded by moving the wall that separated it from the city further outward. The Ottoman repairs to the walls were
402:
and were replaced by the
Artuqids, who ruled the city until the 15th century. The Artuqid work on the walls featured much finer craftsmanship and used much smaller cut stones than the traditional Roman or Roman-imitating masonry. The Artuqids rebuilt the citadel in 1206–1207. In 1208–1209, they also
502:
In the northeast, the citadel contains the first settlement inside
Diyarbakir, and those walls stretch 598 meters long. The city walls enclose the more urban historic city of Diyarbakir. Most of these walls are constructed with traditional masonry and construction styles. The towers consist of 2-4
485:
Cultural
Landscape to UNESCO's World Heritage List. UNESCO's main focus was to protect the environment of the land itself, more than the heritage of the land. The Turkish Prime Minister also spoke of plans to reconstruct the city walls as a great tourist attraction intended to resemble Paris; this
513:
The fortification plans reveal the dominance of two different building forms, circular and tetragonal. The walls were divided into five groups, four of which contained the towers around the four main gates, while the fifth contained the citadel towers. It has been found that 65 of the original 82
449:
resulted in damage to the old town (Sur) and its monuments, disrupting government plans to conserve the historical city in hopes of attracting tourists to the
Diyarbakir cultural area. About one-third of the old town was destroyed by the Turkish government after the clashes ended, irreversibly
494:
The
Diyarbakir city walls measure up to 5.8 km (3.6 mi) long. They form a ring around the old city that is over 3 miles in circumference. The walls are over 33 feet high and are about 10–16 feet thick. They are the widest and longest complete defensive walls in the world after the
352:
ordered some parts of the walls to be demolished, including the Harput and Mardin gates (the north and south gates), and possibly the other main gates to the east and west. Surviving inscriptions attest that the Harput and Mardin gates were rebuilt in 909 on the orders of the
Abbasid caliph
480:
As the war continued, the government of Turkey and UNESCO jointly began a reconstruction and preservation effort, intending to complete it within two years, starting with the demolition of part of the city. On July 4, 2015, UNESCO added the fortress and
357:, and it's likely that other parts of the walls demolished in 899 were repaired at this time. Starting around this period, craftsmen began to carve animal images onto new parts of the walls, in addition to Arabic inscriptions recording their work.
360:
Under the
Marwanids, work was undertaken to fortify the southeastern section of the walls in particular. During the brief period of Great Seljuk control of the city after 1088, the walls and towers were completely rebuilt by
344:
of the region in the 7th century, they underwent further restorations and reconstructions by various Muslim dynasties. Most of the walls in their current form today date from these medieval Muslim constructions.
446:
549:
1436:
289:. Over the next 1500+ years, these walls were expanded and reconstructed using volcanic rock from the surrounding region. The site includes remains from the
682:
2122:
2332:
369:) and the Citadel. Up until this period, the renovations had generally imitated Roman designs and masonry, with large blocks set in regular courses.
365:, though work was focused on the west walls. Under the Inalid dynasty (12th century), work was continued on the eastern walls, between the New Gate (
473:
129:
1674:
499:. There are four main gates and 82 towers along the walls. Included on the walls are about 63 inscriptions from various historical periods.
1429:
914:
587:
568:
1741:
2107:
166:
2352:
1719:
1054:
285:, who had colonized the city in 230 AD. In 349 AD the walls were significantly expanded or reconstructed under the order of Emperor
2302:
1422:
67:
1091:
1445:
523:
486:
provoked considerable controversy in
Diyarbakır, with some locals arguing that they would lose their ancient culture heritage.
1365:
977:
657:
1319:
1272:
1065:
Van
Berchem, Max, & Josef Strzygowski (1910). Amida: Materiaux pour l'épigraphie et l'histoire Musulmanes du Diyar-Bekr
546:
1526:
760:
240:, the fortifications and powerful walls of Amid-Diyarbakir were built in the middle of 6th century BC under Armenian King
2322:
472:
is surrounded by city walls. The eastern half of the walled city depicted here (Sur) was leveled in 2015–2016 during the
1277:
645:
873:
797:
932:
253:
1734:
1282:
50:
19:"Diyarbakır Fortress" redirects here. For the eponymous fortress (and medieval settlement) in Turkmenistan, see
772:
1360:
1314:
2347:
1957:
1335:
1256:
90:
2342:
1636:
1614:
122:
1355:
703:
2307:
1084:
248:(Orontid dynasty). They are the widest and longest complete defensive walls in the world after only the
2317:
1749:
1727:
1590:
1203:
1173:
840:
32:
1345:
20:
1138:
2312:
114:
63:
1109:
1599:
1550:
1513:
1123:
978:"Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (2015) | EBRULI TOURISM- IZMIR-TURKEY"
309:. The city is considered to have a "multi-cultural, multi-lingual, and multi-culture character".
1967:
1536:
584:
565:
341:
1892:
1644:
1077:
59:
2172:
1777:
2027:
1837:
1292:
1251:
1193:
2337:
2067:
1872:
1051:
813:
241:
1307:
1287:
1168:
404:
8:
2327:
2212:
1912:
1395:
1350:
1340:
1064:
496:
423:
412:
267:
249:
225:
2087:
1585:
2177:
2052:
2007:
1977:
1877:
228:
and were constructed in their present form in the mid-fourth century AD by the emperor
1782:
1521:
1219:
1198:
503:
floors and are 4.4 meters thick on the ground floor and get thinner on higher floors.
469:
198:
2242:
1887:
1882:
1757:
1031:
869:
793:
768:
653:
325:
237:
2197:
2012:
1947:
1897:
1381:
2022:
1997:
1907:
1490:
1235:
1143:
1021:
333:
321:
2182:
2032:
1807:
459:
2267:
2252:
2127:
2077:
2017:
1862:
1827:
1812:
1797:
1707:
1414:
1302:
1058:
591:
572:
553:
408:
395:
377:
372:
1952:
1917:
1653:
2217:
2162:
2152:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1937:
1867:
1857:
1852:
1822:
1648:
1573:
1386:
1026:
1009:
951:"Sites in Denmark, France and Turkey inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List"
889:
482:
434:
349:
312:
306:
286:
263:
229:
210:
82:
2187:
1922:
1902:
2296:
2247:
2207:
2142:
2102:
2082:
2072:
2062:
1932:
1927:
1842:
1817:
1802:
1787:
1695:
1453:
1035:
438:
strictly practical and less decorative than the work of preceding periods.
294:
262:
added the building to their tentative list on 2000, and listed it along with
144:
131:
1100:
202:
55:
2262:
2202:
2167:
2157:
2132:
2047:
1792:
1658:
1188:
1183:
1163:
430:
415:
inscriptions and figurative images of animals and mythological creatures.
362:
282:
2257:
2232:
2192:
2147:
2117:
2112:
1987:
1461:
1391:
915:"Heartbreak in Turkey's Diyarbakır as development transforms ancient Sur"
354:
337:
2237:
2092:
2042:
1962:
1847:
1540:
1503:
1471:
950:
609:
465:
302:
245:
209:. They consist of an inner fortress, the citadel, and an outer ring of
1178:
418:
103:
2282:
2227:
2222:
2037:
1475:
411:. These towers are distinguished by their carved stone decoration of
403:
built the two prominent towers along the southern wall, known as the
233:
224:
Gate, and Yeni (New) Gate. The walls come from the old Roman city of
1133:
1972:
1594:
1480:
386:
384:
period and features carved Arabic inscriptions, animal motifs, and
381:
298:
290:
42:
348:
In 899, after a revolt of the city's governor, the Abbasid caliph
2272:
2137:
2097:
1622:
1531:
1498:
1466:
399:
197:
are a set of fortifications enclosing the historical district of
1153:
2057:
1942:
1832:
1767:
1752:
1626:
1158:
1128:
1010:"Castle architecture in Anatolia: Fortifications of Diyarbakir"
507:
259:
221:
206:
71:
1581:
1563:
1148:
1069:
814:"'No chance of return' from damage to UNESCO site Diyarbakir"
648:. In Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (eds.).
650:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
380:
in the southern city walls. It was built in 1208 during the
1604:
866:
Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey
610:"Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape"
256:
for example are longer in length, but are not continuous).
217:
765:
Eastern Turkey: an architectural and archaeological survey
394:
The Inalids were expelled in the late 12th century by the
1558:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
652:. Fitzroy & Dearborn Publishers. pp. 190–193.
320:), the northern gate of the city. The gate preserves a
767:. Vol. III. The Pindar Press. pp. 164–176.
506:
The fortifications are constructed with stone, black
281:
Diyarbakir's walls were first built in 297 AD by the
216:
The main gates of the city are: Dağ (Mountain) Gate,
666:
324:-era design but was reconstructed in 909 during the
173:
1444:
542:
540:
538:
447:war between the Turkish Army and Kurdish guerillas
182:Location of Fortifications of Diyarbakır in Turkey
458:From 2000 to 2007, begun during the Mayorship of
2294:
332:The walls were expanded and restored during the
868:. University of Washington Press. p. 155.
788:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
787:
535:
1735:
1675:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
1430:
1085:
683:"Diyarbakir City Walls - The Kurdish Project"
933:"Historic Structures damaged in Diyarbakır"
547:"Diyarbakır Kalesi ve Surları (Diyarbakır)"
1742:
1728:
1437:
1423:
1092:
1078:
1007:
41:
16:Fortress in the city of Diyarbakır, Turkey
1025:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
758:
464:
417:
371:
311:
643:
2333:Buildings and structures in Diyarbakır
2295:
1600:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
1008:Halifeoglu, Fatma Meral (2013-06-01).
994:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
524:List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
1723:
1418:
1073:
972:
970:
909:
907:
905:
903:
863:
838:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
1273:Ahmet Arif Literature Museum Library
698:
696:
694:
692:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
604:
602:
600:
1014:Frontiers of Architectural Research
422:16th century plan of Diyarbakır by
13:
967:
900:
781:
721:
14:
2364:
1527:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital
1045:
689:
646:"Diyarbakır (Diyarbakır, Turkey)"
626:
597:
2281:
1766:
1751:
1702:
1701:
1689:
704:"Diyarbakır Castle and Fortress"
172:
165:
943:
925:
882:
864:Watts, Nicole F. (2011-07-01).
857:
832:
806:
489:
453:
270:in 2015, under the designation
2353:Military history of Diyarbakır
2303:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
1446:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
1099:
759:Sinclair, Thomas Alan (1989).
578:
559:
1:
529:
1298:Fortifications of Diyarbakır
955:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
839:Duvar, Gazete (2017-11-29).
792:. h.f.ullmann. p. 381.
614:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
450:damaging the ancient city.
195:Fortifications of Diyarbakır
27:Fortifications of Diyarbakır
7:
1356:St. Giragos Armenian Church
790:Islam: Art and Architecture
517:
10:
2369:
2323:4th-century fortifications
1336:Great Mosque of Diyarbakır
1283:Diyarbakır Atatürk Stadium
1278:Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı Museum
1257:Diyarbakır railway station
1027:10.1016/j.foar.2013.04.003
276:
34:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
2279:
1773:
1764:
1683:
1667:
1635:
1613:
1572:
1549:
1512:
1489:
1452:
1405:
1374:
1328:
1265:
1244:
1228:
1212:
1116:
1107:
1061:– Sur Government web site
644:Huebner, Jeff W. (1995).
429:During the defeat of the
340:(6th century). After the
160:
121:
109:
99:
89:
77:
68:Southeast Anatolia Region
49:
40:
31:
21:Diyarbekir (Turkmenistan)
1407:This list is incomplete.
841:"Sur'da neler yaşandı?."
474:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
81:Diyarbakır Fortress and
1958:İbrahim Pasha Casemates
1346:Hazreti Süleyman Mosque
145:37.910861°N 40.227278°E
844:www.gazeteduvar.com.tr
477:
426:
407:and the Evli Beden or
391:
329:
1778:Afyonkarahisar Castle
1637:Southeastern Anatolia
937:hurriyetdailynews.com
468:
421:
375:
336:, particularly under
315:
2348:Artuqid architecture
1968:Kahramanmaraş Castle
1537:Göreme National Park
1366:St. Mary's Cathedral
1117:Provincial districts
982:www.ebruliturizm.com
921:. November 21, 2017.
566:"Diyarbakır Surları"
272:Diyarbakır Fortress.
150:37.910861; 40.227278
2343:Seljuk architecture
1893:Diyarbakır Fortress
1645:Diyarbakır Fortress
1351:Sheikh Matar Mosque
1341:Behram Pasha Mosque
1320:St. George's Church
497:Great Wall of China
268:World Heritage Site
250:Great Wall of China
141: /
95:Cultural: (iv)
64:Şanlıurfa Subregion
60:Diyarbakır Province
28:
2053:Kuzucubelen Castle
1978:Karacahisar Castle
1923:Güvercinada Castle
1838:Belenkeşlik Castle
1293:Diyarbakır Stadium
1252:Diyarbakır Airport
1057:2021-05-13 at the
939:. October 7, 2015.
894:allaboutturkey.com
590:2018-09-02 at the
571:2015-05-23 at the
552:2015-09-01 at the
478:
427:
392:
330:
244:of and during the
85:Cultural Landscape
26:
2318:Castles in Turkey
2290:
2289:
2243:Yedikule Fortress
1848:Bodrumkale Castle
1758:Castles in Turkey
1717:
1716:
1696:Turkey portal
1412:
1411:
1308:Yedi Kardeş Tower
1288:Diyarbakır Prison
708:www.kultur.gov.tr
659:978-1-884964-02-2
405:Yedi Kardeş Tower
238:Movses Khorenatsi
191:
190:
2360:
2285:
2173:Şanlıurfa Castle
2123:Roche de Roissel
2088:Meydancık Castle
1998:Kastamonu Castle
1908:Gaziantep Castle
1770:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1668:Multiple regions
1564:Arslantepe Mound
1514:Central Anatolia
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1236:Dicle University
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1005:
992:
991:
989:
988:
974:
965:
964:
962:
961:
947:
941:
940:
929:
923:
922:
911:
898:
897:
886:
880:
879:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
810:
804:
803:
785:
779:
778:
756:
719:
718:
716:
715:
700:
687:
686:
679:
664:
663:
641:
624:
623:
621:
620:
606:
595:
582:
576:
563:
557:
544:
334:Byzantine period
316:Harput Gate (or
254:Theodosian Walls
176:
175:
169:
156:
155:
153:
152:
151:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
45:
35:
29:
25:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2313:Forts in Turkey
2308:Sur, Diyarbakır
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2268:Zerzevan Castle
2253:Yeniyurt Castle
2198:Tekkadın Castle
2128:Roche-Guillaume
2078:Marmaris Castle
2068:Mancınık Castle
1873:Çandarlı Castle
1863:Bozcaada Castle
1828:Babakale Castle
1813:Anavarza Castle
1798:Amasra Fortress
1783:Akçakoca Castle
1771:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1718:
1713:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1663:
1631:
1609:
1568:
1545:
1508:
1485:
1448:
1443:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1370:
1361:St. Mary Church
1324:
1315:Hasan Pasha Han
1303:Ulu Beden Tower
1261:
1240:
1224:
1208:
1112:
1103:
1098:
1059:Wayback Machine
1048:
1043:
1006:
995:
986:
984:
976:
975:
968:
959:
957:
949:
948:
944:
931:
930:
926:
913:
912:
901:
888:
887:
883:
876:
862:
858:
849:
847:
837:
833:
823:
821:
820:. July 14, 2016
812:
811:
807:
800:
786:
782:
775:
757:
722:
713:
711:
702:
701:
690:
681:
680:
667:
660:
642:
627:
618:
616:
608:
607:
598:
592:Wayback Machine
583:
579:
573:Wayback Machine
564:
560:
554:Wayback Machine
545:
536:
532:
520:
492:
456:
409:Ulu Beden Tower
378:Ulu Beden Tower
342:Muslim conquest
279:
232:. According to
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
179:
178:
177:
149:
147:
143:
140:
135:
132:
130:
128:
127:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Trabzon Castle
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Sinop Fortress
2160:
2155:
2153:Silifke Castle
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Kevgürk Castle
2010:
2005:
2003:Kayseri Castle
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Karaman Castle
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Hisarın Castle
1945:
1940:
1938:Hebilli Castle
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Eğirdir Castle
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Cemilli Castle
1865:
1860:
1858:Boyabat Castle
1855:
1853:Bolaman Castle
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Ardahan Castle
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Hevsel Gardens
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:Historic Areas
1588:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1387:Diyarbekirspor
1384:
1382:Diyarbakırspor
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1052:Sur Tour Guide
1047:
1046:External links
1044:
1042:
1041:
1020:(2): 209–221.
993:
966:
942:
924:
919:al-monitor.com
899:
881:
874:
856:
831:
805:
798:
780:
773:
720:
688:
665:
658:
625:
596:
577:
558:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
519:
516:
491:
488:
483:Hevsel Gardens
455:
452:
424:Matrakçı Nasuh
287:Constantius II
278:
275:
264:Hevsel Gardens
230:Constantius II
189:
188:
181:
180:
171:
170:
164:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
125:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:Hevsel Gardens
79:
75:
74:
53:
47:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2365:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Yelbiz Castle
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Tokmar Castle
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Şeytan Castle
2181:
2179:
2178:Şavşat Castle
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Samsun Castle
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Pertek Castle
2101:
2099:
2098:Namrun Castle
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Meydan Castle
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Mardin Castle
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Mamure Castle
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Kızlar Kalesi
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Hemite Castle
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Harran Castle
1931:
1929:
1928:Harput Castle
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Çandır Castle
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Bodrum Castle
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Bagras Castle
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Ankara Castle
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Anadoluhisarı
1806:
1804:
1803:Amasya Castle
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Alanya Castle
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1615:Mediterranean
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:East Anatolia
1548:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
983:
979:
973:
971:
956:
952:
946:
938:
934:
928:
920:
916:
910:
908:
906:
904:
895:
891:
885:
877:
875:9780295800820
871:
867:
860:
845:
842:
835:
819:
815:
809:
801:
799:9783848003808
795:
791:
784:
776:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
709:
705:
699:
697:
695:
693:
684:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
661:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
615:
611:
605:
603:
601:
593:
589:
586:
581:
574:
570:
567:
562:
555:
551:
548:
543:
541:
539:
534:
525:
522:
521:
515:
511:
509:
504:
500:
498:
487:
484:
475:
471:
467:
463:
461:
460:Feridun Çelik
451:
448:
445:In 2015, the
443:
439:
436:
432:
425:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
389:
388:
383:
379:
374:
370:
368:
364:
358:
356:
351:
346:
343:
339:
335:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
274:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
168:
159:
154:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
52:
48:
44:
39:
36:
30:
22:
2263:Yoros Castle
2203:Tokat Castle
2168:Softa Castle
2158:Sinap Castle
2133:Rumelihisari
2048:Kozan Castle
1953:Hoşap Castle
1918:Gözne Castle
1913:Gömeç Kulesi
1888:Dağlı Castle
1883:Çeşme Castle
1793:Alara Castle
1706:
1687:
1659:Mount Nemrut
1654:Göbekli Tepe
1297:
1017:
1013:
985:. Retrieved
981:
958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
893:
890:"Diyarbakir"
884:
865:
859:
848:. Retrieved
846:(in Turkish)
843:
834:
824:February 14,
822:. Retrieved
817:
808:
789:
783:
764:
761:"Diyarbakır"
712:. Retrieved
710:(in Turkish)
707:
649:
617:. Retrieved
613:
580:
561:
512:
505:
501:
493:
490:Architecture
479:
457:
454:Conservation
444:
440:
428:
413:calligraphic
393:
385:
366:
363:Malik-Shah I
359:
347:
331:
317:
280:
271:
258:
215:
194:
192:
136:40°13′38.2″E
133:37°54′39.1″N
2338:Roman walls
2233:Yaka Castle
2193:Tece Castle
2188:Şile Castle
2148:Sarvandikar
2118:Rize Castle
2113:Riva Castle
2018:Kızıl Tower
1993:Kars Castle
1988:Kara Castle
1903:Foça Castle
1586:Cumalıkızık
1462:Aphrodisias
1392:Amed S.F.K.
355:al-Muqtadir
350:al-Mu'tadid
338:Justinian I
148: /
123:Coordinates
113:2015 (39th
110:Inscription
2328:City walls
2297:Categories
2238:Van Castle
2213:Toprakkale
2093:Mut Castle
2043:Koz Castle
2038:Kol Kalesi
2023:Kiz Kulesi
1963:Kadifekale
1541:Cappadocia
1522:Çatalhöyük
1504:Safranbolu
1472:Hierapolis
1101:Diyarbakır
987:2018-02-14
960:2019-01-23
850:2022-04-06
774:0907132340
714:2018-02-14
619:2019-01-23
530:References
303:Aq Qoyunlu
293:, Romans,
246:Yervanduni
236:historian
211:city walls
203:Diyarbakır
56:Diyarbakır
2258:Yılankale
2228:Turbessel
2223:Trapessac
2028:Kızkalesi
1491:Black Sea
1476:Pamukkale
1266:Landmarks
1245:Transport
1229:Education
1204:Yenişehir
1174:Kayapınar
1036:2095-2635
367:Yeni Kapı
322:Byzantine
100:Reference
2108:Ravendel
1973:Kalepark
1708:Category
1595:Istanbul
1481:Pergamon
1329:Religion
1055:Archived
588:Archived
585:"Surlar"
569:Archived
550:Archived
518:See also
433:and the
431:Safavids
387:muqarnas
318:Dağ Kapı
307:Ottomans
299:Artuqids
291:Hurrians
242:Tigranes
234:Armenian
91:Criteria
51:Location
2273:Zilkale
2138:Rumkale
1623:Xanthos
1574:Marmara
1532:Gordion
1499:Hattusa
1467:Ephesus
1179:Kocaköy
1110:History
435:Ottoman
400:Saladin
396:Ayyubid
382:Artuqid
328:period.
326:Abbasid
277:History
115:Session
78:Part of
2058:Loulon
2008:Kaysun
1627:Letoon
1454:Aegean
1194:Silvan
1159:Ergani
1144:Çüngüş
1134:Çermik
1129:Bismil
1124:Bağlar
1034:
872:
796:
771:
656:
508:basalt
398:ruler
295:Sejuks
283:Romans
260:UNESCO
222:Mardin
220:Gate,
207:Turkey
72:Turkey
1582:Bursa
1396:women
1375:Sport
1213:Areas
1169:Hazro
1149:Dicle
1139:Çınar
818:Rudaw
266:as a
252:(the
226:Amida
1647:and
1605:Troy
1584:and
1539:and
1189:Lice
1184:Kulp
1164:Hani
1154:Eğil
1032:ISSN
870:ISBN
826:2018
794:ISBN
769:ISBN
654:ISBN
376:The
218:Urfa
193:The
104:1488
1593:of
1559:Ani
1220:Sur
1199:Sur
1022:doi
470:Sur
201:in
199:Sur
2299::
1625:/
1474:/
1030:.
1016:.
1012:.
996:^
980:.
969:^
953:.
935:.
917:.
902:^
892:.
816:.
763:.
723:^
706:.
691:^
668:^
628:^
612:.
599:^
537:^
305:,
301:,
297:,
213:.
205:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
58:,
1743:e
1736:t
1729:v
1438:e
1431:t
1424:v
1398:)
1394:(
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
1038:.
1024::
1018:2
990:.
963:.
896:.
878:.
853:.
828:.
802:.
777:.
717:.
685:.
662:.
622:.
594:.
575:.
556:.
476:.
390:.
117:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
