859:
3109:
2151:
1982:
2098:
belongs to us as we are human beings and it itself rather lays the foundations of the State. ... We believe that the State should be at the service of citizens, and not citizens at the service of the State. We believe that the State should be the servant of the citizen and not the citizen the servant of the State. The citizen is sovereign. For this, we believe concretely in the individual ... . We believe in the values of our
Christian tradition, in the life values which cannot be renounced, in common good, in freedom of education and learning, in peace, in solidarity, in justice, in tolerance ... .
587:
Forza Italia as "a mere diversification of
Fininvest in the political market". The case of Forza Italia was unprecedented as never before had a large political party been launched by a business corporation. Only slowly it transformed into a mass-membership organisation. It took four years until the first party congress was held. To extend its representation in different regions, FI often recruited established politicians of the "old" parties, mainly DC and PSI, who defected to the new party, bringing their local clientele with them.
3015:(although there was a substantial minority promoting a more progressive outlook), while social democrats had their say in defining the party's policy over labour market reform and, moreover, it is thanks to this group (and to those around Tremonti, he himself a former Socialist) that constitutional reform was at the top of Forza Italia's political agenda. It is difficult to say to what faction Berlusconi was closer, what is sure is that his political record was a synthesis of all the political tendencies within the party.
965:
1875:
4549:
2228:" (providing services to citizens rather than regulating their lives), "hypopolitics" (i.e. the containment of political conflicts, after the hyper-politisation of Italian society during the "First Republic") and the identification of a "new virtuous elite". The concepts of a good civil society and hypopolitics were both liberal and populist; while the minimal state was a mainly liberal idea and the new virtuous elite a chiefly populist one. According to Orsina,
3167:
political party. In 2004, ten years after the emergence of the party and during its second term in government, Mark
Donovan summarised that this still might be an accurate description. He asserted that the party (and the centre-right camp) was only coherent and disciplined when it came to questions that strongly concerned Berlusconi, while he allowed great liberties to the diverse factions in other issues that did not concern his personal interests.
4535:
4521:
4507:
50:
612:
3181:
3029:
2532:
2247:
3326:
1123:
7379:
1887:
4252:
4215:
4110:
4073:
4033:
3923:
3886:
3849:
2216:, as he terms the ideology of Forza Italia and its leader, as an "emulsion of populism and liberalism", more specifically right-liberalism. According to him, in the initial phase, both elements were represented about equally, only after 2000 pro-market liberal positions had receded in favour of more socially conservative ones. As the main ideologic themes of
3123:
It has been claimed that Forza Italia had no internal democracy because there was no way of changing the leader of the party from below (although the party's constitution makes it possible). Key posts in the party structure were appointed by
Berlusconi or by his delegates. Forza Italia's organisation
1046:
coalition and the subsequent political crisis paving the way towards a new general election, Berlusconi hinted on 25 January that Forza Italia would have probably contested its final election and the new party would have been officially founded after that election. In an atmosphere of reconciliation
955:
During his five years in office, Berlusconi government passed a series of reforms: a pension system reform, a labour market reform, a judiciary reform and a constitutional reform β the latter rejected by a referendum in June 2006. In foreign policy he shifted the country's position to more closeness
586:
encouraged the launch of Forza Italia clubs. The new party's campaigning was strongly dependent on
Fininvest's TV stations and PR resources. This earned Forza Italia labels like "virtual", "plastic" or "business-firm party". In her 2001 study of the party, political scientist Emanuela Poli described
2024:
The electoral base of Forza Italia was highly heterogeneous and the ideological differences among its voters are explained also by its different regional constituencies; while voters from the North tended to support the original libertarian line of the party, voters from the South tended to be more
598:
and an occasional collaborator of
Fininvest. It denounced corruption, dominance of political parties and remnants of communism as Italy's ills, while advocating market economy, the assertion of civil society and more efficient politics as the solutions. In a couple of months Forza Italia became one
3104:
The president was the party's leader, but a national coordinator was in charge of internal organisation and day-to-day political activity, similarly to the secretary-general in many
European parties. Moreover, the party had thematic departments and regional, provincial or metropolitan coordination
2106:
We want a social market economy. A democracy cannot afford citizens in poor conditions. With our book on welfare we tackle the needs of the weakest families. It is decidedly a left-wing policy. This government which centrist, liberal, with
Catholics and reformists, intends to advance with policies
2085:
Forza Italia presented itself as a bridge between
Catholics and non-Catholics, who have been previously divided in the political system of the First Republic, and "the union of three political-cultural areas: that of liberal and popular Catholicism, that of secular, liberal and republican humanism
2020:
and social-democratic values (united in the concept of "popular liberalism" in party documents), wrote that "Berlusconi offered to voters liberal values through a populist style" and that "Forza Italia has made the liberal political ideal popular" among voters, so that "it was spread and shared by
3158:
and
Caterina Paolucci likened the organisational model of the party to that of a business firm, describing it as having "a lightweight organisation with the sole basic function of mobilising short-term support at election time". Several other authors have adopted this comparison, and have labeled
2097:
We believe in freedom, in all its several and vital forms: in the freedom of thought, in the freedom of expression, in religious freedom, of every religion, in the freedom of association. ... Freedom is not graciously conceded by the State, because it comes before it. It is a natural right, which
3127:
Party national-level conventions did not have normally elections to choose the party leadership (although the national congress elected some members of the national council), and they seemed to be more like events arranged for propaganda purposes. However, Berlusconi was highly popular among his
2232:
sanctified "the people" that embodied all virtues while being "betrayed" by the (old) elites, a typical element of populist ideologies. However, Berlusconi viewed "the people" as a pluralistic and diverse collection of individuals, not an ethnically, historically and culturally homogeneous unit.
3241:
From its inception, Forza Italia used unconventional means in regards to European politics. Forza Italiaβs methods more closely resembled the American model, and utilized methods such as: stickering, SMS messaging, and mass-mailing of campaign material. This additionally included the widespread
3166:
Given the perceived use of government responsibility to advance Berlusconi's personal and Fininvest's business interests during the period of Forza Italia-led government, the political scientist Patrick McCarthy in 1995 proposed to describe Forza Italia as a "clan" rather than a reform-minded
3014:
Christian democrats and liberal-centrists were undoubtedly the strongest factions within the party, but all four were mainstream for a special issue: for example liberals and liberal-centrists were highly influential over economic policy, Christian democrats led the party over ethical issues
447:
and House of Freedoms coalitions. Throughout its existence, the party was characterised by a strong reliance on the personal image and charisma of its leader (it has been called a "personality party" or Berlusconi's "personal party"), and the skillful use of media campaigns, especially via
2080:
Forza Italia is a liberal party although not an elitist one, indeed a popular liberal-democratic party; it is a Catholic party although not a confessional one; it is a secular party, although not an intolerant and secularist one; it is a national party, although not a centralist
2592:
Members of Forza Italia were divided in factions, which were sometimes mutable and formed over the most important political issues, despite previous party allegiances; however, it is possible to distinguish some patterns. The party was divided over ethical (between
1051:, Berlusconi also stated that the new party could have seen the participation of other parties. Finally, on 8 February, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of "The People of Freedom", allied with Lega Nord. In the
704:, an independent politician who had been the administration's Treasury Minister. No members of Forza Italia joined the new government and the party leader was relegated to opposition. However, the party obtained substantial successes in the
2907:
within it, as Adornato and Pera. In 2007 Adornato, Pisanu and Formigoni launched a faction named Liberal-Popular Union, but, the faction soon was disbanded as Adornato left Forza Italia to join UDC. Formigoni had also his own group,
2202:
legally binding). While Pera campaigned hard for the success of the boycott along with most FI members, both Berlusconi and Tremonti explicitly said that "abstention" was their personal opinion, not the official one of the party.
740:
and began what Berlusconi called "the crossing of the desert", something that could have proved fatal for such a young and unstructured party. Between 1996 and 1998, the party started to strengthen its organisation under
2899:) and many of them were close to Giulio Tremonti, indeed this group and that described before were very close on most political issues, so that the two factions were often undistinguishable. They are probably the most
2037:
and Apulia) were once dominated by the Christian Democracy party; while in the South most leading members of Forza Italia are former Christian Democrats, the party was highly influenced also by liberals in the North.
2086:
and that of liberal socialism". In a speech during a party congress in 1998, Berlusconi himself proclaimed: "our liberal vision of the State is perfectly in agreement with the Catholic social teaching".
448:
television. The party's organisation and ideology depended heavily on its leader, so much so that its appeal to voters was based on Berlusconi's personality more than on its ideology or programme.
6571:
924:
In national office, the government's popularity kept declining steadily year after year. Regional elections in April 2005 were a serious blow for the party, which however remained strong in the
6717:
5604:
6627:
6687:
6657:
6045:
6136:
7289:
5999:
559:
Forza Italia's aim was to attract moderate voters who were "disoriented, political orphans and who risked being unrepresented" (as Berlusconi described them), especially if the
7367:
6105:
771:
In the Italian regional elections of 2000, the Pole for Freedoms, with the support of Lega Nord, won in eight out of fifteen regions (all the most populous ones, except for
3151:
supported a more capillary-based organisation, to make participate as much people as possible, and a more collegial, participative and democratic decision-making process.
3253:
fashion at American-style conventions. There was nominally no internal opposition (although some critical voices raised up, such as those of Senators Paolo Guzzanti and
2013:
3135:), intended to be different from Italian traditional, bureaucratic and self-referential, party machines. This was the line of the early founders of the party, notably
2737:
They were more moderate than Martino and Della Vedova on economic issues, and more socially conservative on ethical issues, although not being totally sided with the
6015:
696:
The first Berlusconi-led government had a short life and fell in December, when Lega Nord left the coalition, after disagreements over pension reform and the first
2308:
2093:
and the centrality of the individual, which are basic principles of both liberalism and the Catholic social teaching, often connected in party official documents:
6166:
6075:
2994:, which was the harshest rival of the Italian Socialists from the Fifties to the Nineties. Forza Italia's social democrats were organised into four sub-factions:
4812:
4414:
6601:
4429:
1740:
1019:) apparently with Berlusconi's backing. On 18 November, after Forza Italia claimed to have collected the signatures of more than 7 million Italians (including
8024:
6535:
3257:). The party used TV advertising extensively, although this was slightly restricted following 2000 by a law passed by the centre-left majority of the time.
2798:
4410:
4358:
3254:
2931:
2880:
2750:
2597:
and progressives), economic (between social democrats and some Christian democrats on one side and liberals on the other one), and institutional issues.
7345:
6579:
8029:
7360:
4487:
2864:
2390:
1989:
956:
to the United States, while in economic policy he was not able to deliver the tax cuts he had openly promised throughout all 2001 electoral campaign.
8090:
5612:
4346:
2802:
1996:' β deserves to be described as an 'anti-ideological ideology', ... as a synthesis or fusion of very diverse political families and traditions (from
7340:
6436:
599:
of the leading Italian parties, achieving a large consensus through an accurate strategy of communication and pounding electoral spots aired by the
7335:
6725:
4433:
4406:
4381:
2386:
2366:
485:
6635:
6374:
2711:
1917:
2042:
553:
8115:
8085:
8060:
8019:
2852:
2766:
2394:
2370:
1055:
the PdL won 37.4% and a majority in both chambers, thanks to the alliance with Lega Nord (8.3%). Soon after the election Berlusconi formed his
2146:. Forza Italia has imparted a deep cultural innovation, combining the language of the Church tradition with the liberal and reformist thought.
700:(preliminary notice of an investigation) for Berlusconi, passed by Milan prosecutors. Forza Italia's leader was replaced as prime minister by
7353:
6695:
6665:
6053:
4418:
2967:
5407:
Seisselberg, JΓΆrg (1996). "Conditions of success and political problems of a 'media-mediated personality-party': The case of Forza Italia".
1084:
In June 2013 Berlusconi announced the upcoming revival of Forza Italia, and the transformation of the People of Freedom into a centre-right
7947:
7442:
6144:
2679:
1677:
1992:
has written that "the political culture of Forza Italia β a curious and, on many respects, untold mixture of 'liberalism' and 'democratic
870:
In June 2001, after the huge success in May elections, Silvio Berlusconi was returned head of the Italian government, the longest-serving
8105:
6460:
4737:, in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Italy" or "Go, Italy!".
3270:
686:
261:
7297:
5997:
3317:
The electoral results of FI in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 1994 are shown in the chart below.
8110:
4231:
4194:
4162:
3266:
918:
765:
678:
7330:
6324:
2452:, leader of the PSI, in spite of his own Christian Democratic and Liberal background (Berlusconi was a DC activist in occasion of the
858:
6201:
6113:
8055:
3124:
was based on the idea of a "party of the elected people", giving more importance to the whole electorate than to party's members.
7724:
7654:
5917:
945:
847:
8095:
2199:
6226:
5786:
Hopkin, Jonathan; Paolucci, Caterina (May 1999). "The business firm model of party organisation: Cases from Spain and Italy".
8100:
8070:
7536:
7512:
7430:
7273:
7243:
7161:
6952:
6884:
6756:
6394:
6334:
6307:
5975:
5945:
5204:
5144:
5117:
5090:
5063:
5036:
5009:
4982:
4955:
4928:
4860:
2198:), spoke in favour of "abstention" (as asked by the Catholic Church, to not surpass the 50% of turnout needed for making the
1286:
6270:
4887:
8080:
7941:
7900:
7848:
7789:
7695:
6254:
2171:
1707:
1687:
1662:
578:(managed by Dell'Utri) organised the selection of FI candidates, its marketing network staffed the opinion research centre
6023:
944:
was a stronghold. After this disappointing electoral performance the cabinet was reshuffled, due to the insistence of the
8065:
7619:
7375:
6505:
1910:
8034:
8014:
7813:
7554:
4616:
McDonnell, Duncan (April 2013). "Silvio Berlusconi's Personal Parties: From Forza Italia to the Popolo Della LibertΓ ".
2955:
2726:. The latter were more staunchly pro-United States than the former and supported the idea of transforming Italy into a
2468:
2053:
535:
393:
323:
6083:
4820:
874:
in the history of the Italian republic. Again all key ministerial posts were given to Forza Italia members: Interior (
8075:
7730:
7666:
7506:
4577:
3228:
3068:
2579:
2362:
2294:
682:
6605:
3210:
2561:
2276:
7783:
7771:
7759:
7660:
3302:
3108:
997:
307:
281:
3249:
The party was heavily dependent on the image surrounding Berlusconi's personality. The party's anthem was sung in
3120:, in that it was strongly centered on Berlusconi, who had created the party to further his own private interests.
1974:". From a comparative perspective the ideology of Forza Italia has been characterized as liberal conservative, or
7976:
7542:
7395:
6900:
McDonnell, Duncan (2013). "Silvio Berlusconi's Personal Parties: From Forza Italia to the Popolo Della LibertΓ ".
2887:, a Catholic priest who was in charge of cultural formation, fitted the category, along with former Liberals, as
1682:
1486:
1466:
1043:
1001:
705:
989:
7765:
7672:
7607:
4456:
3943:
3206:
3131:
Within the party there was a long debate over organisation. The original idea was the so-called "light party" (
3050:
2557:
2272:
2150:
1903:
1104:
985:
582:
that surveyed the "market potential" of the new party and the financial intermediaries of Fininvest subsidiary
2076:
The "Secular Creed", that was also the preamble to the party's constitution, described the party in this way:
7819:
7637:
7578:
7572:
4748:
4554:
4540:
4526:
4512:
4089:
4049:
4009:
3970:
3902:
3865:
3828:
3796:
3202:
3046:
3007:
2553:
2453:
2268:
1147:
1052:
973:
827:
737:
620:
570:
The establishment of Forza Italia was supported in terms of finance, personnel and logistics by Berlusconi's
432:
6877:
Leadership and Uncertainty Management in Politics: Leaders, Followers and Constraints in Western Democracies
6174:
1966:(EPP) and presented itself as the party of renewal and modernization. The core values of Forza Italia were "
1031:
to call a fresh election, Berlusconi announced that Forza Italia would have soon merged or transformed into
7448:
7008:
Nominating Candidates Under New Rules in Italy and Japan: You Cannot Bargain with Resources You Do Not Have
6378:
5263:
Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform
3282:
560:
180:
6546:
480:, a successful businessman and owner of four of the main private television stations in Italy, along with
7795:
7777:
7631:
7413:
6443:
4744:
4618:
4425:
3769:
3148:
2828:
2790:
2314:
2046:
1931:
1730:
981:
746:
644:
527:
7953:
7854:
7801:
7595:
3306:
2806:
2647:
2155:
1963:
1352:
1012:
993:
843:
753:
648:
594:
authored in late 1993 by Giuliano Urbani who was then a political science professor at Milan's private
253:
4548:
2041:
Forza Italia claimed to be a fresh new party, with no ties with the last governments of the so-called
7959:
7935:
7736:
7560:
7483:
7436:
2174:
of Germany. The party usually gave to its members freedom of conscience on moral issues (and hence a
1692:
1152:
899:
640:
7218:
7183:
7130:
7077:
7027:
6793:
6356:
5872:
5732:
5694:
5590:
5555:
5520:
5485:
5393:
5340:
3338:
1092:
was launched on 18 September 2013 and the PdL was dissolved into the new party on 16 November 2013.
552:
from 1983 to 1991, and then governed without PRI from 1991 to 1994) and to the end of the so-called
7994:
7707:
7613:
7489:
3298:
3191:
3128:
party fellows, and it was unlikely he could have been overthrown if such an election had occurred.
2913:
2762:
2542:
2464:
2257:
2143:
2067:
1981:
1955:
1847:
1218:
835:
543:
248:
4534:
4520:
4506:
8000:
7548:
7524:
7454:
7401:
3980:
3195:
3039:
2991:
2872:
2683:
2600:
Regarding the latter issue, generally speaking, northern party members were staunch proposers of
2546:
2507:
2409:
2261:
1975:
1935:
1814:
1755:
1248:
632:
590:
FI's political programme was strongly influenced by the manifesto "In Search of Good Government"
564:
531:
459:(PdL), Berlusconi's new political vehicle, whose official foundation took place in March 2009. A
440:
425:
225:
567:) had been able to win the next election and enter in government for the first time since 1947.
7988:
7870:
7477:
4999:
4945:
3290:
3160:
2817:). They were strong in Northern Italy and strong supporters of political and fiscal federalism.
2715:
2695:
1750:
1745:
1630:
1496:
1190:
949:
921:, Forza Italia was second place nationally, receiving 20.1% of the vote and returning 16 MEPs.
842:(CdL) and composed mainly of the National Alliance, Lega Nord, Christian Democratic Centre and
820:
7263:
7233:
6467:
6297:
5965:
5935:
5261:
5194:
5134:
5080:
5053:
5026:
4918:
4389:
2926:
wing of the party, especially about ethical issues. They were basically former Socialists, as
2810:
7929:
7882:
7842:
7836:
7683:
7625:
7601:
7566:
7407:
5472:
5107:
4972:
4850:
4568:
Ruzza, Carlo; Fella, Stefano (2009), "Forza Italia", in Ruzza, Carlo; Fella, Stefano (eds.),
4472:
4468:
4449:
3136:
3003:
2987:
2943:
2824:
2738:
2659:
2625:
2500:
2460:
2135:
2060:
1959:
1939:
1702:
1657:
1173:
1067:
1056:
1032:
976:
the party was present with a slightly different logo, with the words "Berlusconi President" (
871:
539:
500:
456:
387:
208:
125:
6383:
5886:
1066:
and attended by Berlusconi himself, officially decided the dissolution of Forza Italia into
681:
held in June, Forza Italia was placed first nationally, with 30.6% of the vote, electing 27
7982:
7518:
7460:
5746:
Diamanti, Ilvo (Spring 2004). "Dal partito di plastica alla Repubblica fondata sui media".
4647:
Paolucci, Caterina (August 2006). "The nature of Forza Italia and the Italian transition".
2655:
2651:
2017:
1773:
1476:
1157:
1008:
as prime minister, relegating Forza Italia and its House of Freedoms allies to opposition.
764:, became a Vice President. In the same year, the party scored well (25.2% of votes) in the
655:
390:
188:
24:
7153:
7146:
6208:
3301:
with Rally for the Republic in 1997, on 10 June 1998 Forza Italia was accepted into the
2827:
model and were supporters of Catholic stances over ethical issues. Most former members of
980:). It was the only party to use the word "President" in its logo. In the election for the
8:
7742:
7530:
4479:
4135:
3274:
3117:
2820:
2594:
2515:
2421:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1879:
1793:
1635:
1625:
1506:
1178:
1142:
1089:
1085:
1079:
761:
624:
409:
401:
193:
20:
2089:
The "Secular Creed" of the party explains that FI was a party that primarily underlined
7888:
7807:
7206:
7171:
7118:
7091:
7065:
7015:
6958:
6917:
6857:
6781:
6344:
6230:
5860:
5803:
5720:
5682:
5578:
5543:
5508:
5381:
5328:
4702:
4664:
4635:
4604:
4445:
4385:
4306:
2939:
2927:
2888:
2884:
2663:
2445:
2425:
2354:
1857:
1842:
1819:
1788:
1735:
1619:
1588:
1372:
1164:
1028:
595:
328:
203:
6251:
775:), while three members of Forza Italia were re-elected as presidents of the Region in
7269:
7239:
7157:
6962:
6948:
6921:
6913:
6880:
6861:
6752:
6390:
6330:
6303:
5971:
5941:
5909:
5901:
5200:
5140:
5113:
5086:
5059:
5032:
5005:
4978:
4951:
4924:
4856:
4706:
4668:
4639:
4631:
4573:
4483:
4397:
4342:
4310:
4287:
4276:
4260:
4223:
4186:
4118:
4081:
4055:
4041:
4015:
4001:
3931:
3894:
3857:
3820:
3090:
3082:
2983:
2903:
wing of the party, along with former Socialists, but many of them were also the most
2832:
2723:
2605:
2433:
2322:
2183:
2049:
1967:
1951:
1852:
1609:
1568:
1553:
1533:
1412:
1392:
839:
788:
733:
490:
477:
444:
421:
318:
237:
231:
87:
68:
5807:
2628:, due to their role of unifiers of Italy in the 19th century, were more centralist.
658:
in which the most important cabinet posts were held by fellow Forza Italia members:
526:. This led to the disappearance of the five parties which governed Italy from 1947:
7894:
6940:
6909:
6849:
6820:
5795:
5416:
4694:
4656:
4627:
4596:
4460:
3976:
3349:
3286:
2986:'s centre-right because they saw the Italian centre-left as too hegemonised by the
2975:
2963:
2935:
2919:
2892:
2860:
2844:
2794:
2719:
2624:), while those coming from the South were more cold on the issue. Also some former
2402:
2350:
2334:
2056:
1947:
1799:
1697:
1573:
1538:
1528:
1437:
1402:
1397:
1377:
1311:
1296:
1238:
1223:
1039:
1024:
996:
basis and which is a left-wing stronghold, due to its alliance with the autonomist
907:
831:
628:
460:
436:
413:
275:
221:
5675:
Newly governing parties in Italy: Comparing the PDS/DS, Lega Nord and Forza Italia
3334:
2139:
906:
was appointed deputy prime minister and foreign minister from 2004 to 2006, while
7906:
7677:
6274:
6003:
5369:
4943:
4895:
4570:
Re-inventing the Italian right: territorial politics, populism and 'post-fascism'
4464:
4437:
4393:
4377:
4362:
4354:
4319:
4283:
3155:
3144:
3140:
3094:
3086:
2999:
2868:
2840:
2836:
2778:
2746:
2742:
2707:
2699:
2687:
2488:
2484:
2429:
2417:
2413:
2398:
2378:
2358:
2338:
2330:
2318:
2207:
2187:
2175:
2127:
2119:
2045:, and at the same time to be the heir of the best political traditions of Italy:
1667:
1614:
1548:
1543:
1447:
1422:
1417:
1382:
1306:
1263:
1112:
1048:
903:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
804:
796:
742:
671:
659:
508:
481:
81:
4732:
2620:, it was sometimes difficult to distinguish a member of FI from a member of the
5937:
The Federal Future of Europe: From the European Community to the European Union
4789:
4491:
4350:
4335:
4298:
4294:
3098:
2951:
2848:
2782:
2754:
2741:. To this broad group belonged people of various origin: former Socialists (as
2703:
2691:
2671:
2667:
2476:
2472:
2441:
2437:
2346:
2342:
1943:
1578:
1558:
1432:
1357:
1301:
1291:
1213:
1183:
1063:
937:
925:
863:
812:
757:
667:
663:
619:
A few months after its creation, Forza Italia came to national power after the
504:
496:
452:
6944:
6853:
6825:
6808:
6513:
5913:
5420:
4698:
4660:
3294:
2891:. Some were more socially conservative than others (for example Formigoni and
8049:
6258:
6076:"Svolta di Berlusconi, arriva il Pdl: "Forza Italia-An sotto stesso simbolo""
5967:
At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party
5905:
5765:
5434:
4974:
At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party
4370:
4326:
3242:
distribution of Berlusconiβs biography, which was titled "An Italian Story" (
2979:
2959:
2947:
2923:
2909:
2896:
2856:
2814:
2770:
2758:
2675:
2496:
2492:
2480:
2449:
2374:
2221:
2191:
2131:
2063:
1971:
1645:
1583:
1563:
1442:
1427:
1407:
1387:
1253:
1020:
701:
5799:
5605:"Forza Italia si scioglie, ora Γ¨ Pdl Berlusconi: "Dal '94 nulla Γ¨ cambiato""
5082:
Political Parties and Electoral Change: Party Responses to Electoral Markets
7701:
6809:"The business firm model of party organisation: Cases from Spain and Italy"
4685:
Raniolo, Francesco (December 2006). "Forza Italia: a leader with a party".
4600:
4366:
4302:
3305:. In December 1999 Forza Italia was finally granted full membership of the
3278:
2995:
2971:
2876:
2786:
2774:
2643:
2511:
2212:
2195:
2123:
2111:
2070:
1891:
1778:
1367:
1362:
1323:
1316:
1268:
1137:
1005:
964:
690:
548:
516:
269:
140:
4944:
Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (7 September 2011).
3081:
Before being merged into the PdL, Forza Italia had a president (currently
1930:
Forza Italia was a centre-right party, formed mainly by former members of
1824:
7058:
The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism
5713:: The Overwhelming Success and the Consequent Problems of a Virtual Party
5571:
The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism
5321:
The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism
5301:
2904:
2900:
2639:
2382:
1809:
1783:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1208:
522:
7235:
Widening the European Union: Politics of Institutional Change and Reform
5078:
5055:
The New Italian Republic: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi
4608:
1062:
On 21 November 2008 the national council of the party, presided over by
654:
Silvio Berlusconi was sworn in May 1994 as Prime Minister of Italy in a
7689:
6370:
3053: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2727:
2635:
2601:
2321:(former member of the leftist faction of DC and Minister of Interior),
2225:
2167:
1725:
1332:
1258:
780:
405:
152:
6572:"Berlusconi, via alle tre riforme "Facciamo una politica di sinistra""
6424:
Bianco, rosso, verde... e azzurro. Mappe e colori dell'Italia politica
3333:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2510:
were leading members of the party, such as national party coordinator
749:
who served as national coordinator of Forza Italia from 1996 to 2001.
7912:
7096:
Machiavelli's Children: Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan
4441:
2631:
A scheme of the internal factions within Forza Italia could be this:
2621:
2179:
2005:
1804:
1640:
911:
636:
611:
571:
3180:
3028:
2531:
2246:
674:(at the time an independent member of Parliament) Finance Minister.
49:
6167:"Berlusconi breaks away from Italian government after party splits"
2982:, continued to declare themselves 'Socialists' and were sided with
2734:
2617:
2609:
2326:
2163:
2030:
1993:
1985:
Berlusconi addressing a joint session of the U.S. Congress in 2006.
929:
816:
784:
776:
772:
721:
717:
709:
600:
417:
6840:
Raniolo, Francesco (2006). "Forza Italia: A Leader with a Party".
6326:
The Italian Party System: The Effective Magnitude of an Earthquake
6137:"Silvio Berlusconi Relaunches Forza Italia on Senate Ousting Vote"
1122:
7148:
Forza Italia: The new politics and old values of a changing Italy
5853:
Forza Italia: The new politics and old values of a changing Italy
3250:
2090:
2026:
800:
451:
In November 2008, the national council of the party, presided by
3105:
boards plus many affiliate clubs (Club Azzurro) all over Italy.
2016:, who explains Forza Italia's ideology as a mixture of liberal,
463:
was established by Berlusconi as PdL's legal successor in 2013.
6299:
The Politics of Work-Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy
3348:
The electoral results of Forza Italia in the 10 most populated
2613:
2034:
941:
933:
808:
792:
713:
5838:
Forza Italia: strutture, leadership e radicamento territoriale
5536:
TV Political Advertising in Italy: When Politicians Are Afraid
4848:
4813:""Forza Italia ha raggiunto quota 400mila iscritti""
4678:
Forza Italia: Strutture, leadership e radicamento territoriale
2416:(vice-president of the party and former Minister of Economy),
1070:(PdL), whose official foundation took place on 27 March 2009.
19:
For the current Italian political party launched in 2013, see
7378:
5963:
4970:
1011:
On 31 July 2007 Berlusconi's protegee and possible successor
752:
In December 1999, Forza Italia gained full membership in the
514:
Italy was shaken by a series of corruption scandals known as
435:
soon afterwards in March 1994. It was the main member of the
397:
7323:
5079:
Peter Mair; Wolfgang C MΓΌller; Fritz Plasser (9 June 2004).
1000:). The incumbent Berlusconi-led government narrowly lost to
2654:
and freedom. This group was basically formed by two wings:
2021:
broad and heterogenous sectors of the Italian population".
959:
894:
2001β2005, Claudio Scajola 2005β2006) and Foreign Affairs (
574:
corporation: The area managers of its advertisement branch
5192:
5051:
2916:, to which group both Crosetto and Fitto showed closeness.
799:), together with three more elected for the first time in
6411:
L'anti-politica al governo. De Gaulle, Reagan, Berlusconi
6106:"Berlusconi: Forza Italia back and I will be driving it'"
5467:
McDonnell (2013). "Silvio Berlusconi's Personal Parties".
4755:, Gregoriana, Padova 2000). See article body for details.
4587:
Hopkin, Jonathan (2004). "Forza Italia after ten years".
2134:
as reference authors. In particular, it hark back to the
2012:), kept together by the mobilizing appeal to 'freedom'."
1015:
registered the name and the logo of the "Freedom Party" (
431:
The party was founded in December 1993 and won its first
6937:
The Rise of Entrepreneurial Parties in European Politics
5266:. Stanford University. p. 132. STANFORD:RW793BX2256
2309:
List of Forza Italia leading members by political origin
7201:. Italian Politics. Vol. 19. Berghahn. p. 91.
7045:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 207.
6776:. Oxford University Press. pp. 240β252, at p. 249.
6688:"Pera e la difesa dell' astensione, scontro tra i poli"
4881:
4879:
4743:
was used as a sport slogan, and was also the slogan of
853:
727:
7265:
Europe: I Struggle, I Overcome: I Struggle, I Overcome
6935:
HlouΕ‘ek, VΓt; KopeΔek, LubomΓr; VodovΓ‘, Petra (2020).
4937:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
2194:(who is himself non-Catholic, although friend of Pope
546:(they formed a successful five-party coalition called
3297:
of Ireland. Following an abandoned attempt to form a
606:
6934:
6875:
Bonnet, Nicolas (11 August 2015). "Silvio's Party".
5959:
5957:
5374:
Representative democracy and the populist temptation
5259:
4876:
7231:
6749:
Berlusconism and Italy: A Historical Interpretation
5180:
Berlusconism and Italy: A Historical Interpretation
4835:
2475:(president of Forza Italia's national council) and
2333:(former Minister of the Interior and of Industry),
2166:members, but they were a minority, and it was less
7145:
6658:"Berlusconi: la Margherita venga con noi moderati"
6382:
6369:
5439:Silvio Berlusconi: Television, Power and Patrimony
5289:I partiti politici nelle democrazie contempoiranee
5024:
2479:, both former PLI leaders, and former PSDI leader
2224:(as opposed to the state apparatus), a "friendly,
984:, FI scored 23.7% and 137 seats, in those for the
6980:. State University of New York Press. p. 25.
6196:
6194:
6192:
5954:
5781:
5779:
5668:
5666:
5376:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59, 64β65.
4916:
4727:The name is not usually translated into English:
846:(the last two parties merged in 2002 to form the
8047:
7261:
6628:"Fecondazione, divisi i vertici di Forza Italia"
5964:Thomas Jansen; Steven Van Hecke (28 June 2011).
5929:
5927:
5650:
5648:
5632:
5630:
5597:
5347:
5158:
5156:
5052:Stephen Gundle; Simon Parker (1 November 2002).
5045:
4849:Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (12 May 2007).
4572:, London New York: Routledge, pp. 104β140,
520:and the subsequent police investigation, called
7225:
7005:
5933:
5105:
4947:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
3116:FI is considered a prototypical example of the
2970:. They considered themselves the true heirs of
736:coalition led by Forza Italia lost that year's
615:Berlusconi during a Forza Italia rally in 1994.
7257:
7255:
7041:Katz, Richard S. (2014). "Political parties".
6806:
6189:
5785:
5776:
5663:
5362:
5186:
5072:
4964:
2182:, but leading members of the party, including
7361:
6978:Party Transformations in European Democracies
6807:Hopkin, Jonathan; Paolucci, Caterina (1999).
6604:. Amconmag. 21 September 2005. Archived from
5940:. University of Michigan Press. p. 320.
5924:
5645:
5627:
5242:
5153:
4779:
4764:
4738:
4325:Vice President of the President's Committee:
2107:that the left-wing promises by word of mouth.
1911:
1330:
1321:
1162:
340:
158:
37:
8025:Early 20th-century Italian political parties
7948:Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity
7443:Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity
7199:The Governance of the Centre-Right Coalition
6718:"Fecondazione, Ruini chiama all' astensione"
5672:
5498:
5255:
5253:
4997:
4788:(9.0%), personal list of FI regional leader
4731:is the second-person singular imperative of
2428:(national deputy-coordinator of the party),
1678:Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity
7252:
7006:Di Virgilio, Aldo; Reed, Steven R. (2011).
6322:
6295:
6289:
6224:
6046:"Via l'Ici e stretta sulle intercettazioni"
6016:"Oggi nasce il partito del popolo italiano"
5406:
5312:
5126:
4991:
4920:CliffsNotes AP European History with CD-ROM
3209:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2831:were identifiable with this tendency (from
2560:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2448:. Berlusconi himself was a close friend of
2275:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2220:, Orsina identified the myth of the "good"
2118:Forza Italia considers liberal classics as
351:
7368:
7354:
6990:
6893:
6879:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 93β110.
6385:Representative Government in Modern Europe
5654:
5353:
5283:
5281:
5162:
5132:
4649:Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans
4567:
2142:, which was conceived in reference to the
2033:and Veneto) and its Southern strongholds (
1918:
1904:
760:, the party leader of Forza Italia in the
693:, composed entirely of Forza Italia MEPs.
48:
6899:
6824:
6263:
6225:de Boissieu, Laurent (17 February 2007).
5533:
5466:
5368:
5250:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
4910:
4615:
3229:Learn how and when to remove this message
3093:), a presidential committee (presided by
3069:Learn how and when to remove this message
2912:, mainly composed of Catholics active in
2580:Learn how and when to remove this message
2295:Learn how and when to remove this message
2144:traditional social teaching of the Church
471:
8091:Political parties disestablished in 2009
7143:
7098:. Cornell University Press. p. 322.
6928:
6602:"Merkel's CDU Fared Worse Than Expected"
5850:
5764:
5745:
5707:
5673:Hopkin, Jonathan; Ignazi, Piero (2008).
5433:
5139:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 244β.
5099:
5028:Routledge Handbook of European Elections
5018:
4971:Thomas Jansen; Steven Van Hecke (2011).
4923:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 231β.
4646:
4318:President of the President's Committee:
3281:. In 1995, Forza Europa merged with the
3107:
2149:
2114:, a leading member of the party, wrote:
1980:
1942:. The ideology of the party ranged from
963:
960:Toward The People of Freedom (2006β2009)
914:was Justice Minister from 2001 to 2006.
857:
610:
7725:Movement for the Independence of Sicily
7500:Social-democratic and liberal-socialist
7196:
7108:
7090:
6975:
6839:
6218:
5920:from the original on 10 September 2020.
5278:
5244:Da Forza Italia al Popolo della LibertΓ
5136:The Handbook of Electoral System Choice
5109:Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic
4855:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
4684:
3260:
2178:), as in the case of the referendum on
1954:" in Italy), including elements of the
946:Union of Christian and Centre Democrats
848:Union of Christian and Centre Democrats
8048:
7232:Bernard Steunenberg (27 August 2003).
6874:
6813:European Journal of Political Research
6800:
6771:
6746:
6323:Bardi, Luciano; Ignazi, Piero (1998).
6134:
5820:
5788:European Journal of Political Research
5636:
5499:Blondel, Jean; Conti, NiccolΓ² (2012).
5451:
5220:
5196:Politics and Society in Western Europe
5177:
5171:
4586:
4127:
3154:In a 1999 study, political scientists
3097:) and a national council (presided by
2483:were later MPs for Forza Italia. Also
2313:Most members of the party were former
1978:, national conservative, and liberal.
948:'s leaders, and Berlusconi formed his
890:, 2001β2004 and 2005β2006), Industry (
862:Silvio Berlusconi with U.S. President
8116:Political career of Silvio Berlusconi
8086:Political parties established in 1993
8061:Christian democratic parties in Italy
8030:1950sβ1990s Italian political parties
8020:19th-century Italian political groups
7431:Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party
7383:Historical political parties in Italy
7349:
7055:
6316:
6302:. Taylor & Francis. p. 116.
6245:
6135:Bacchi, Umberto (18 September 2013).
5887:"The Phenomenon of Silvio Berlusconi"
5568:
5318:
5193:Svante Ersson; Jan-Erik Lane (1999).
5025:Donatella M. Viola (14 August 2015).
5004:. SAGE Publications. pp. 3066β.
4950:. SAGE Publications. pp. 1796β.
4885:
3761:
3269:, Forza Italia MEPs formed their own
3170:
3018:
1287:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1027:to ask the President of the Republic
685:. The party did not join an existing
7790:Christian Democrats for the Republic
7040:
6495:, Mondadori, Milan 2000, pp. 122β123
6363:
6271:"What is Italy's National Alliance?"
5835:
5323:. Emerald Group. pp. 28, 41β44.
5085:. SAGE Publications. pp. 144β.
5001:Political Handbook of the World 2015
4917:Michael J. Romano (4 October 2010).
4675:
3756:
3319:
3303:Group of the European People's Party
3207:adding citations to reliable sources
3174:
3051:adding citations to reliable sources
3022:
2558:adding citations to reliable sources
2525:
2273:adding citations to reliable sources
2240:
1042:on 24 January 2008, the break-up of
854:Five years in government (2001β2006)
766:European Parliament election of 1999
728:Five years of opposition (1996β2001)
7620:Republican Democratic Concentration
7262:Wilfried Martens (24 August 2009).
6842:South European Society and Politics
4687:South European Society and Politics
4334:President of the National Council:
2405:are only some remarkable examples.
476:Forza Italia was formed in 1993 by
455:, voted to merge Forza Italia into
13:
8106:Defunct political parties in Italy
8015:List of political parties in Italy
7814:Christian Democracy for Autonomies
7555:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
6751:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 82.
6724:. 24 December 2009. Archived from
6694:. 24 December 2009. Archived from
6664:. 24 December 2009. Archived from
6634:. 24 December 2009. Archived from
6229:. Europe Politique. Archived from
6173:. 16 November 2013. Archived from
6052:. 24 December 2009. Archived from
6022:. 24 December 2009. Archived from
5182:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 169.
3312:
2612:for the Regions (in some parts of
968:Berlusconi during a rally in 2008.
830:, gaining 29.4% of the votes with
607:A short stint in power (1994β1995)
14:
8127:
8111:Defunct liberal political parties
8035:Current Italian political parties
7731:Federalists and Liberal Democrats
7667:Democratic Union for the Republic
7507:Italian Reformist Socialist Party
7315:
6082:. 8 February 2008. Archived from
5503:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88.
2029:. Both its Northern strongholds (
1073:
679:1994 European Parliament election
7760:Italian Catholic Electoral Union
7696:Democracy is Freedom β The Daisy
7661:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
7377:
6914:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.01007.x
5573:. Emerald Group. pp. 42β43.
5106:Stephen P. Koff (7 March 2013).
4632:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.01007.x
4547:
4533:
4519:
4505:
4251:
4250:
4214:
4213:
4109:
4108:
4072:
4071:
4032:
4031:
3922:
3921:
3885:
3884:
3848:
3847:
3324:
3179:
3112:Silvio Berlusconi shaking hands.
3027:
2530:
2495:was a leading Republican, while
2245:
2102:In 2008 Berlusconi stated that:
2073:were considered as party icons.
1962:. The party was a member of the
1885:
1873:
1121:
1025:Romano Prodi's second government
992:, whose seats were contested on
826:The party regained power in the
708:, both in the North (winning in
689:, instead forming the new group
687:group in the European Parliament
23:. For the 1977 documentary, see
8056:2009 disestablishments in Italy
7977:Italian Nationalist Association
7655:Constitutional Democratic Party
7282:
7190:
7137:
7102:
7084:
7049:
7034:
6999:
6984:
6969:
6868:
6833:
6765:
6740:
6710:
6680:
6650:
6620:
6594:
6564:
6528:
6498:
6485:
6453:
6429:
6416:
6403:
6159:
6128:
6098:
6068:
6038:
6008:
5991:
5900:(4): 117β130 (abstract). 2016.
5879:
5844:
5829:
5814:
5770:Politica ed Economia: Almanacco
5758:
5739:
5701:
5562:
5527:
5492:
5460:
5445:
5427:
5400:
5302:"The state of the right: Italy"
5294:
4892:Parties and Elections in Europe
4852:Political Institutions of Italy
4819:. 10 March 2007. Archived from
4772:
4758:
4561:
3267:first European election in 1994
3038:needs additional citations for
1683:Italian Nationalist Association
1487:Revolt Against the Modern World
1467:The Rise and Fall of the Elites
706:1995 Italian regional elections
7290:"Archivio Corriere della Sera"
6993:Re-inventing the Italian Right
6939:. Springer Nature. p. 3.
6112:. 28 June 2013. Archived from
5657:Re-inventing the Italian Right
5534:Mazzoleni, Gianpietro (2006).
5356:Re-inventing the Italian Right
5165:Re-inventing the Italian Right
4998:Tom Lansford (24 March 2015).
4805:
4721:
3352:are shown in the table below.
592:(Alla ricerca del buongoverno)
420:tendencies. It was founded by
16:Former Italian political party
1:
8096:Conservative parties in Italy
7820:Union of Democrats for Europe
7648:Centrist and centrist liberal
7573:Italian Democratic Socialists
7341:Secular Creed of Forza Italia
6506:"Liberalism Essay β Bartleby"
6273:. Webcitation. Archived from
5260:Carol Diane St Louis (2011).
5133:J. Colomer (5 January 2016).
4799:
4269:
3008:Clubs of Reformist Initiative
1148:Italian school of criminology
1038:After the sudden fall of the
998:South Tyrolean People's Party
8101:1993 establishments in Italy
8071:Liberal conservative parties
7901:Conservatives and Reformists
7849:National Democratic Alliance
7449:Democratic Party of the Left
7060:. Emerald Group. p. 44.
6141:International Business Times
5823:Forza Italia after Ten Years
5768:(1995). "Partiti, modelli".
5639:Forza Italia after Ten Years
5358:. pp. 136β140, 217β218.
5058:. Routledge. pp. 135β.
5031:. Routledge. pp. 115β.
3283:European Democratic Alliance
2662:, most of them organised in
2408:Several members were former
2162:The party included also non-
1972:centrality of the individual
1688:Liberal Constitutional Party
1663:Conservatives and Reformists
898:, 2002β2004). Additionally,
838:, in a new coalition called
561:Democratic Party of the Left
7:
8081:Social conservative parties
7796:Christian Democratic Centre
7414:Party of Italian Communists
7336:Chart of Values β Key Ideas
7109:Raniolo, Francesco (2013).
5715:. Westview. pp. 37β55.
5112:. Routledge. pp. 44β.
2521:
1731:Foundation for Subsidiarity
1095:
645:Christian Democratic Centre
10:
8132:
8066:Catholic political parties
7802:United Christian Democrats
7718:Regionalist and federalist
7589:Radical and social-liberal
7238:. Routledge. p. 215.
7144:McCarthy, Patrick (1996).
6329:. Greenwood. p. 104.
5970:. Springer. p. 359β.
5896:(in English and Russian).
5894:Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta
5851:McCarthy, Patrick (1996).
5708:McCarthy, Patrick (1996).
4498:
2306:
2236:
2172:Christian Democratic Union
1077:
1013:Michela Vittoria Brambilla
1004:coalition, which returned
844:United Christian Democrats
466:
163:β Young People for Freedom
18:
8010:
7969:
7942:People's Monarchist Party
7936:Monarchist National Party
7922:
7863:
7829:
7752:
7737:Federalist Italian League
7717:
7647:
7588:
7499:
7484:Federation of Green Lists
7470:
7423:
7388:
7268:. Springer. p. 141.
7113:. Routledge. p. 106.
6945:10.1007/978-3-030-41916-5
6854:10.1080/13608740600856470
6772:Orsina, Giovanni (2015).
6747:Orsina, Giovanni (2014).
6426:, Il Mulino, Bologna 2003
6413:, Il Mulino, Bologna 2007
5855:. Routledge. p. 138.
5421:10.1080/01402389608425162
5291:, Laterza, Rome-Bari 2004
5178:Orsina, Giovanni (2014).
4780:
4769:failed to present a list.
4765:
4699:10.1080/13608740600856470
4661:10.1080/14613190600787260
4156:
4144:
4141:
4134:
3964:
3952:
3949:
3942:
3790:
3778:
3775:
3768:
2883:, and an ex-Socialist as
1708:People's Monarchist Party
1693:Monarchist National Party
1153:Italian school of elitism
563:(the direct heirs of the
341:
314:
302:
291:
262:European Parliament group
260:
247:
214:
202:
179:
168:
159:
151:
146:Students for the Freedoms
139:
131:
121:
113:
105:
97:
74:
64:
56:
47:
38:
34:
8076:Liberal parties in Italy
7995:Republican Fascist Party
7708:Liberal Popular Alliance
7490:Federation of the Greens
6493:L'Italia che ho in mente
6002:20 November 2007 at the
5934:Dusan Sidjanski (2000).
5840:. Il Mulino. p. 41.
5677:. Routledge. p. 57.
4977:. Springer. p. 63.
4786:La Puglia prima di tutto
4753:Che fine ha fatto la DC?
4751:(see Giovanni Baccarin,
4714:
4153:
4150:
4147:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3299:European political party
3085:), two vice-presidents (
2914:Communion and Liberation
2206:The political scientist
1956:Catholic social teaching
1219:Catholic social teaching
1103:This article is part of
988:24.0%, without counting
836:Italian Republican Party
828:general election of 2001
135:Via dell'UmiltΓ 36, Rome
8001:Italian Social Movement
7549:Italian Socialist Party
7543:Unified Socialist Party
7537:Unitary Socialist Party
7525:Labour Democratic Party
7513:Unitary Socialist Party
7402:Italian Communist Party
7396:Proletarian Unity Party
7010:. Springer. p. 63.
6976:Krouwel, AndrΓ© (2012).
6826:10.1023/A:1006903925012
6774:Liberalism and Liberals
6389:. Bosten: McGraw Hill.
5836:Poli, Emanuela (2001).
5800:10.1111/1475-6765.00451
4676:Poli, Emanuela (2001).
3307:European People's Party
2992:Italian Communist Party
2789:), some former liberal
2777:), former Liberals (as
2658:(former members of the
2652:personal responsibility
2491:were formers Liberals,
2420:(Vice President of the
2156:European People's Party
1964:European People's Party
1950:(often referred to as "
1936:Italian Socialist Party
1880:Conservatism portal
936:, and somewhere in the
919:2004 European elections
754:European People's Party
662:was Foreign Minister,
633:Pole of Good Government
565:Italian Communist Party
441:Pole of Good Government
426:Prime Minister of Italy
254:European People's Party
226:Pole of Good Government
204:Political position
7989:National Fascist Party
7784:Italian People's Party
7772:Italian People's Party
7766:Conservative Catholics
7673:Union for the Republic
7437:Italian Workers' Party
7197:Donovan, Mark (2004).
7056:Woods, Dwayne (2014).
6202:"copertina860x280.qxd"
5748:Comunicazione Politica
5569:Woods, Dwayne (2014).
5480:Cite journal requires
5452:Calise, Mauro (2000).
5409:West European Politics
5319:Woods, Dwayne (2014).
5243:
4739:
4601:10.3167/ip.2004.200106
3944:Senate of the Republic
3291:Rally for the Republic
3161:political entrepreneur
3113:
2801:) and many others (as
2716:Benedetto Della Vedova
2696:Stefania Prestigiacomo
2159:
2148:
2109:
2100:
2083:
1986:
1746:Magna Carta Foundation
1497:The Rage and the Pride
1331:
1322:
1163:
969:
867:
821:Giuseppe Chiaravalloti
616:
472:Foundation (1993β1994)
7923:National-conservative
7883:The People of Freedom
7843:Italian Liberal Party
7602:Italian Radical Party
7567:Democrats of the Left
7408:Proletarian Democracy
7152:. Routledge. p.
7111:A Leader with a Party
6991:Ruzza; Fella (2009).
5655:Ruzza; Fella (2009).
5354:Ruzza; Fella (2009).
5199:. SAGE. p. 108.
5163:Ruzza; Fella (2009).
4749:1987 general election
4680:. Bologna: Il Mulino.
4555:2006 general election
4541:2001 general election
4527:1996 general election
4513:1994 general election
4469:Gaetano Quagliariello
3111:
2988:Democrats of the Left
2944:Giorgio Stracquadanio
2825:social market economy
2823:They believed in the
2660:Italian Liberal Party
2646:, economic freedoms,
2454:1948 general election
2170:in its policies than
2153:
2136:social market economy
2116:
2104:
2095:
2078:
1984:
1960:social market economy
1940:Italian Liberal Party
1848:Immigrant criminality
1703:The People of Freedom
1174:Political Catholicism
1114:Conservatism in Italy
1068:The People of Freedom
1053:2008 general election
1033:The People of Freedom
1017:Partito della LibertΓ
978:Berlusconi Presidente
974:2006 general election
967:
886:2001β2006), Finance (
882:2002β2006), Defence (
861:
670:Justice Minister and
621:1994 general election
614:
457:The People of Freedom
126:The People of Freedom
7864:Liberal-conservative
7830:Conservative-liberal
7753:Christian-democratic
7461:Left Ecology Freedom
7424:Democratic socialist
7043:Comparative Politics
6908:(1_suppl): 217β233.
6491:Berlusconi, Silvio,
6296:Agnes Blome (2016).
5615:on 22 September 2015
5538:. SAGE. p. 251.
5454:Il partito personale
5441:. Verso. p. 86.
5247:, Carocci, Rome 2008
4886:Nordsieck, Wolfram.
4478:Party Leader in the
4475:'s group, 2008β2009)
4455:Party Leader in the
4452:'s group, 2008β2009)
4430:Raffaele Della Valle
4424:Party Leader in the
4376:Deputy-Coordinator:
3289:group alongside the
3261:European affiliation
3203:improve this section
3047:improve this article
2821:Christian democrats.
2595:social conservatives
2554:improve this section
2499:has a Socialist and
2363:Giuseppe Castiglione
2269:improve this section
2154:Berlusconi during a
2018:Christian-democratic
1976:conservative liberal
1815:L'Italia settimanale
1477:The Mind and Society
1158:Liberal conservatism
402:Christian democratic
391:liberal-conservative
249:European affiliation
215:National affiliation
189:Liberal conservatism
25:Forza Italia! (film)
7855:Union of the Centre
7778:Christian Democracy
7632:Democratic Alliance
7531:Union of Socialists
7294:Corriere della Sera
7092:Samuels, Richard J.
6722:Corriere della Sera
6692:Corriere della Sera
6662:Corriere della Sera
6632:Corriere della Sera
6576:Corriere della Sera
6552:on 18 December 2008
6227:"Forza Italia (FI)"
6214:on 7 February 2007.
6050:Corriere della Sera
6020:Corriere della Sera
5609:Corriere della Sera
4778:Combined result of
4745:Christian Democracy
4480:European Parliament
4426:Chamber of Deputies
4390:Gianfranco MiccichΓ©
4136:European Parliament
4128:European Parliament
3770:Chamber of Deputies
3275:European Parliament
3244:Una storia italiana
3149:Christian Democrats
3118:business-firm party
2829:Christian Democracy
2811:Gianfranco MiccichΓ©
2791:Christian Democrats
2516:Ferdinando Adornato
2422:European Commission
2315:Christian Democrats
2010:economic liberalism
2006:reformist socialism
2002:social conservatism
1998:liberal Catholicism
1932:Christian Democracy
1794:Corriere della Sera
1636:Monarchist Alliance
1626:Identity and Action
1507:The Force of Reason
1179:Christian democracy
1143:Italian nationalism
1080:Forza Italia (2013)
994:first-past-the-post
990:Trentino-Alto Adige
982:Chamber of Deputies
910:, senior figure of
762:European Parliament
649:Union of the Centre
625:political coalition
410:economic liberalism
194:Christian democracy
21:Forza Italia (2013)
7954:National Democracy
7930:Common Man's Front
7889:Future and Freedom
7808:European Democracy
6473:on 7 February 2009
6409:Donatella Campus,
6379:Gallagher, Michael
6277:on 18 October 2009
6257:15 August 2007 at
6177:on 2 December 2013
6147:on 23 October 2013
6116:on 23 October 2013
6086:on 29 October 2013
6056:on 29 October 2013
6026:on 29 October 2013
4898:on 31 October 2007
4823:on 3 February 2018
4471:(deputy leader of
4446:Fabrizio Cicchitto
4415:Giovanni Dell'Elce
4386:Fabrizio Cicchitto
4307:Elisabetta Gardini
3762:Italian Parliament
3171:Distinctive traits
3137:Marcello Dell'Utri
3114:
3019:Internal structure
2940:Margherita Boniver
2928:Fabrizio Cicchitto
2889:Isabella Bertolini
2885:Gianni Baget Bozzo
2664:Popular Liberalism
2656:classical liberals
2446:Margherita Boniver
2426:Fabrizio Cicchitto
2355:Alfredo Antoniozzi
2180:stem-cell research
2160:
2047:Christian Democrat
1987:
1843:European New Right
1741:Machiavelli Center
1736:Liberal Foundation
1658:Common Man's Front
1620:Future and Freedom
1029:Giorgio Napolitano
970:
868:
747:Christian Democrat
698:avviso di garanzia
666:Defence Minister,
617:
596:Bocconi University
501:Marcello Dell'Utri
8043:
8042:
7983:Combatants' Party
7960:National Alliance
7561:Labour Federation
7275:978-3-540-89289-2
7245:978-1-134-49375-3
7163:978-0-415-12161-3
6954:978-3-030-41916-5
6902:Political Studies
6886:978-1-137-43924-6
6758:978-1-1374-3867-6
6449:on 10 April 2008.
6396:978-0-07-118095-5
6336:978-0-275-95612-7
6309:978-1-31-755437-0
6252:European politics
5977:978-3-642-19413-9
5947:978-0-472-11075-9
5206:978-0-7619-5862-8
5146:978-0-230-52274-9
5119:978-1-134-64369-1
5092:978-0-7619-4719-6
5065:978-1-134-80791-8
5038:978-1-317-50363-7
5011:978-1-4833-7155-9
4984:978-3-642-19414-6
4957:978-1-4522-6649-7
4930:978-0-470-55100-4
4862:978-0-19-928470-2
4619:Political Studies
4484:Giancarlo Ligabue
4411:Domenico Lo Jucco
4398:Gian Carlo Abelli
4359:Roberto Antonione
4343:Domenico Mennitti
4311:Daniele Capezzone
4288:Roberto Formigoni
4277:Silvio Berlusconi
4267:
4266:
4261:Silvio Berlusconi
4224:Silvio Berlusconi
4187:Silvio Berlusconi
4167:10,809,139 (1st)
4125:
4124:
4119:Silvio Berlusconi
4082:Silvio Berlusconi
4042:Silvio Berlusconi
4002:Silvio Berlusconi
3938:
3937:
3932:Silvio Berlusconi
3895:Silvio Berlusconi
3870:10,923,431 (1st)
3858:Silvio Berlusconi
3821:Silvio Berlusconi
3757:Electoral results
3754:
3753:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3346:
3345:
3255:Raffaele Iannuzzi
3239:
3238:
3231:
3159:Berlusconi as a "
3091:Roberto Formigoni
3083:Silvio Berlusconi
3079:
3078:
3071:
2996:We Blue Reformers
2984:Silvio Berlusconi
2932:Francesco Colucci
2920:Social democrats.
2893:theoconservatives
2881:Fernando Adornato
2833:Roberto Formigoni
2751:Giampiero Cantoni
2724:Liberal Reformers
2650:and, in general,
2606:fiscal federalism
2590:
2589:
2582:
2506:Even some former
2459:Many were former
2434:Francesco Musotto
2323:Roberto Formigoni
2305:
2304:
2297:
2184:Silvio Berlusconi
2050:Alcide De Gasperi
1952:liberal socialism
1928:
1927:
1853:Politics of Italy
1610:Brothers of Italy
1088:. The modern-day
1057:fourth government
900:National Alliance
840:House of Freedoms
789:Roberto Formigoni
734:Pole for Freedoms
716:) and the South (
641:National Alliance
623:as the head of a
478:Silvio Berlusconi
445:Pole for Freedoms
422:Silvio Berlusconi
414:social democratic
337:
336:
324:Political parties
319:Politics of Italy
238:House of Freedoms
232:Pole for Freedoms
101:Silvio Berlusconi
88:Roberto Formigoni
69:Silvio Berlusconi
8123:
7895:New Centre-Right
7614:Social Democracy
7608:Democratic Party
7382:
7381:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7347:
7346:
7327:
7326:
7324:Official website
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7300:on 13 April 2014
7296:. Archived from
7286:
7280:
7279:
7259:
7250:
7249:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7216:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7167:
7151:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7122:
7114:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7075:
7071:
7069:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7019:
7011:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6848:(3β4): 439β455.
6837:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6578:. Archived from
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6545:. Archived from
6540:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6512:. Archived from
6502:
6496:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6472:
6466:. Archived from
6465:
6461:"Statuto intero"
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6442:. Archived from
6441:
6433:
6427:
6420:
6414:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6388:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6340:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6267:
6261:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6207:. Archived from
6206:
6198:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6143:. Archived from
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6012:
6006:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5891:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5716:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5652:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5611:. Archived from
5601:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5574:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5539:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5370:von Beyme, Klaus
5366:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5298:
5292:
5287:Oreste Massari,
5285:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5257:
5248:
5246:
5239:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5022:
5016:
5015:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4894:. Archived from
4883:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4846:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4809:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4742:
4725:
4710:
4693:(3β4): 439β455.
4681:
4672:
4643:
4612:
4589:Italian Politics
4583:
4551:
4537:
4523:
4509:
4488:Claudio Azzolini
4461:Enrico La Loggia
4282:Vice President:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4236:6,806,245 (2nd)
4217:
4216:
4208:
4199:7,913,948 (1st)
4176:
4132:
4131:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4094:9,048,976 (2nd)
4075:
4074:
4066:
4035:
4034:
4026:
3991:
3940:
3939:
3925:
3924:
3916:
3907:9,045,384 (2nd)
3888:
3887:
3879:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3833:7,712,149 (2nd)
3810:
3801:8,138,781 (1st)
3766:
3765:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3355:
3354:
3350:regions of Italy
3328:
3327:
3320:
3287:Union for Europe
3234:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3183:
3175:
3147:and most former
3074:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3031:
3023:
2976:Giuseppe Saragat
2964:Nicola Cosentino
2956:Social Democrats
2936:Maurizio Sacconi
2865:Antonio Palmieri
2861:Giuseppe Gargani
2845:Enrico La Loggia
2795:Giuseppe Cossiga
2585:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2534:
2526:
2469:Social Democrats
2403:Marcello Vernola
2391:Antonio Palmieri
2351:Giuseppe Gargani
2335:Enrico La Loggia
2300:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2249:
2241:
2057:Giuseppe Saragat
1990:Alessandro Campi
1948:social democracy
1920:
1913:
1906:
1892:Italy portal
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1698:New Centre-Right
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1336:
1327:
1312:Kingdom of Italy
1297:Historical Right
1224:Christian values
1168:
1125:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1040:Prodi II Cabinet
926:northern regions
908:Roberto Castelli
832:Giorgio La Malfa
738:general election
629:Pole of Freedoms
584:Programma Italia
494:
461:new Forza Italia
437:Pole of Freedoms
433:general election
424:, who served as
385:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
344:
343:
297:
276:Union for Europe
222:Pole of Freedoms
172:
162:
161:
122:Merged into
52:
41:
40:
32:
31:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8006:
7965:
7918:
7907:Direction Italy
7859:
7825:
7748:
7713:
7678:Italian Renewal
7643:
7584:
7495:
7466:
7455:Democratic Left
7419:
7384:
7376:
7374:
7331:Chart of Values
7322:
7321:
7318:
7313:
7303:
7301:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7230:
7226:
7214:
7213:
7204:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7179:
7178:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7142:
7138:
7126:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7089:
7085:
7073:
7072:
7063:
7062:
7054:
7050:
7039:
7035:
7023:
7022:
7013:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6989:
6985:
6974:
6970:
6955:
6933:
6929:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6873:
6869:
6838:
6834:
6805:
6801:
6789:
6788:
6779:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6669:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6639:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6517:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6422:Ilvo Diamanti,
6421:
6417:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6368:
6364:
6352:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6294:
6290:
6280:
6278:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6233:on 27 July 2014
6223:
6219:
6211:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6148:
6133:
6129:
6119:
6117:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6004:Wayback Machine
5996:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5932:
5925:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5868:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5845:
5834:
5830:
5821:Hopkin (2005).
5819:
5815:
5784:
5777:
5763:
5759:
5744:
5740:
5728:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5706:
5702:
5690:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5671:
5664:
5653:
5646:
5637:Hopkin (2005).
5635:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5586:
5585:
5576:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5551:
5550:
5541:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5516:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5450:
5446:
5432:
5428:
5405:
5401:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5378:
5367:
5363:
5352:
5348:
5336:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5286:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5258:
5251:
5241:Chiara Moroni,
5240:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5191:
5187:
5176:
5172:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5023:
5019:
5012:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4884:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4847:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4759:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4626:(S1): 217β233.
4580:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4543:
4538:
4529:
4524:
4515:
4510:
4501:
4465:Renato Schifani
4438:Giuseppe Pisanu
4394:Renato Brunetta
4378:Giuliano Urbani
4363:Claudio Scajola
4355:Claudio Scajola
4347:Luigi Caligaris
4320:Claudio Scajola
4284:Giulio Tremonti
4272:
4263:
4256:
4246:
4243:
4226:
4219:
4209:
4206:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4130:
4121:
4114:
4104:
4101:
4084:
4077:
4067:
4064:
4044:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3934:
3927:
3917:
3914:
3897:
3890:
3880:
3877:
3860:
3853:
3843:
3840:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3764:
3759:
3342:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:Popular support
3271:political group
3263:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3200:
3184:
3173:
3156:Jonathan Hopkin
3145:Claudio Scajola
3141:Antonio Martino
3133:partito leggero
3095:Claudio Scajola
3087:Giulio Tremonti
3075:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3044:
3032:
3021:
3000:Free Foundation
2871:), but also ex-
2869:Mario Mantovani
2841:Claudio Scajola
2837:Giuseppe Pisanu
2803:Giorgio Jannone
2799:Basilio GermanΓ
2779:Giancarlo Galan
2747:Franco Frattini
2743:Giulio Tremonti
2739:Catholic Church
2708:Antonio Martino
2700:Simone Baldelli
2688:Renato Brunetta
2586:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2551:
2535:
2524:
2489:Giancarlo Galan
2485:Antonio Martino
2430:Renato Brunetta
2418:Franco Frattini
2414:Giulio Tremonti
2399:Riccardo Ventre
2379:Mario Mantovani
2359:Giorgio Carollo
2339:Renato Schifani
2331:Claudio Scajola
2319:Giuseppe Pisanu
2311:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2266:
2250:
2239:
2208:Giovanni Orsina
2188:Giulio Tremonti
2054:Social Democrat
1924:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:The Republicans
1721:
1713:
1712:
1668:Direction Italy
1615:Coraggio Italia
1602:
1594:
1593:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1307:Italian fascism
1282:
1274:
1273:
1264:Property rights
1239:Italian culture
1204:
1196:
1195:
1133:
1113:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1049:Gianfranco Fini
962:
904:Gianfranco Fini
896:Franco Frattini
892:Antonio Marzano
888:Giulio Tremonti
884:Antonio Martino
880:Giuseppe Pisanu
876:Claudio Scajola
856:
805:Sandro Biasotti
797:Giancarlo Galan
743:Claudio Scajola
730:
712:, Lombardy and
672:Giulio Tremonti
660:Antonio Martino
609:
509:Giuliano Urbani
488:
482:Antonio Martino
474:
469:
394:political party
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
333:
295:
287:
243:
198:
170:
109:18 January 1994
93:
82:Giulio Tremonti
43:
42:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8129:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7871:Economic Party
7867:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7799:
7793:
7787:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7740:
7734:
7728:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7478:Rainbow Greens
7474:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7373:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7317:
7316:External links
7314:
7312:
7311:
7281:
7274:
7251:
7244:
7224:
7189:
7162:
7136:
7101:
7083:
7048:
7033:
6998:
6995:. p. 122.
6983:
6968:
6953:
6927:
6892:
6885:
6867:
6832:
6819:(3): 307β339.
6799:
6764:
6757:
6739:
6728:on 20 May 2011
6709:
6698:on 20 May 2011
6679:
6668:on 20 May 2011
6649:
6638:on 20 May 2011
6619:
6608:on 4 June 2011
6593:
6563:
6543:archive-it.org
6527:
6516:on 12 May 2008
6497:
6484:
6452:
6428:
6415:
6402:
6395:
6375:Laver, Michael
6362:
6335:
6315:
6308:
6288:
6262:
6244:
6217:
6188:
6158:
6127:
6110:Il Sole 24 Ore
6097:
6067:
6037:
6007:
5990:
5976:
5953:
5946:
5923:
5878:
5843:
5828:
5813:
5794:(3): 307β339.
5775:
5766:Diamanti, Ilvo
5757:
5738:
5700:
5662:
5659:. p. 107.
5644:
5626:
5596:
5561:
5526:
5491:
5482:|journal=
5459:
5444:
5435:Ginsborg, Paul
5426:
5415:(4): 715β743.
5399:
5361:
5346:
5311:
5293:
5277:
5249:
5219:
5205:
5185:
5170:
5167:. p. 128.
5152:
5145:
5125:
5118:
5098:
5091:
5071:
5064:
5044:
5037:
5017:
5010:
4990:
4983:
4963:
4956:
4936:
4929:
4909:
4875:
4861:
4834:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4790:Raffaele Fitto
4771:
4757:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4682:
4673:
4655:(2): 163β178.
4644:
4613:
4584:
4578:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:Antonio Tajani
4476:
4453:
4434:Vittorio Dotti
4422:
4407:Mario Valducci
4403:
4402:
4401:
4382:Mario Valducci
4351:Cesare Previti
4339:
4336:Alfredo Biondi
4332:
4331:
4330:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4299:Paolo Bonaiuti
4295:Antonio Tajani
4293:Spokesperson:
4291:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4142:Election year
4139:
4138:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3950:Election year
3947:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3776:Election year
3773:
3772:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3510:Emilia-Romagna
3506:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3314:
3311:
3293:of France and
3265:Following its
3262:
3259:
3237:
3236:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3099:Alfredo Biondi
3077:
3076:
3035:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3011:
2990:, heir of the
2952:Stefania Craxi
2917:
2849:Guido Crosetto
2818:
2783:Giuseppe Vegas
2755:Amalia Sartori
2731:
2694:; others like
2692:Paolo Guzzanti
2672:Raffaele Costa
2668:Alfredo Biondi
2638:Supporters of
2588:
2587:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2477:Raffaele Costa
2473:Alfredo Biondi
2442:Paolo Guzzanti
2438:Amalia Sartori
2387:Osvaldo Napoli
2367:Francesco Giro
2347:Raffaele Fitto
2343:Guido Crosetto
2325:(President of
2303:
2302:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2043:First Republic
1944:libertarianism
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
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1302:Italian Empire
1299:
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1292:Black nobility
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1266:
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1221:
1216:
1214:Anti-communism
1211:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:Ultramontanism
1181:
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1127:
1126:
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1109:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1074:Revival (2013)
1072:
1064:Alfredo Biondi
961:
958:
864:George W. Bush
855:
852:
813:Raffaele Fitto
758:Antonio Tajani
729:
726:
668:Alfredo Biondi
664:Cesare Previti
635:, composed of
608:
605:
576:Publitalia '80
554:First Republic
505:Cesare Previti
497:Antonio Tajani
486:Mario Valducci
473:
470:
468:
465:
453:Alfredo Biondi
381:Let's Go Italy
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7837:Liberal Union
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7684:The Democrats
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7626:Radical Party
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6582:on 2 May 2010
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6259:archive.today
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5862:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5832:
5825:. p. 84.
5824:
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5809:
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5797:
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5789:
5782:
5780:
5771:
5767:
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5714:
5710:
5704:
5696:
5684:
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5669:
5667:
5658:
5651:
5649:
5641:. p. 87.
5640:
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4741:
4740:Forza Italia!
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4545:
4542:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4517:
4514:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4490:(1997β1999),
4489:
4486:(1994β1997),
4485:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:(2001β2008),
4466:
4463:(1994β2001),
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:(2001β2008),
4443:
4440:(1996β2001),
4439:
4436:(1994β1996),
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4417:(1997β2003),
4416:
4413:(1995β1997),
4412:
4409:(1994β1995),
4408:
4404:
4399:
4396:(2007β2009),
4395:
4392:(2004β2009),
4391:
4388:(2003β2009),
4387:
4384:(1995β1996),
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:Denis Verdini
4369:(2003β2008),
4368:
4364:
4361:(2001β2003),
4360:
4357:(1996β2001),
4356:
4353:(1994β1996),
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:Coordinator:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4327:Carlo Vizzini
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4309:(2004β2008),
4308:
4305:(2001β2004),
4304:
4301:(1996β2001),
4300:
4297:(1994β1996),
4296:
4292:
4289:
4286:(2004β2009),
4285:
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3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:2005 regional
3394:
3392:
3391:2004 European
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:2000 regional
3379:
3377:
3376:1999 European
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:1995 regional
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3353:
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3340:
3339:MediaWiki.org
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3247:
3245:
3233:
3230:
3222:
3219:November 2014
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3188:This section
3186:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3152:
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3146:
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3138:
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3119:
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3106:
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3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3073:
3070:
3062:
3059:November 2014
3052:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3036:This section
3034:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:Bettino Craxi
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:Carlo Vizzini
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:Chiara Moroni
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:Network Italy
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Marcello Pera
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:Maurizio Lupi
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:Aldo Brancher
2812:
2808:
2807:Antonio Leone
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Denis Verdini
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:Jole Santelli
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:federal State
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:Dario Rivolta
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:Egidio Sterpa
2673:
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2637:
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2607:
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2598:
2596:
2584:
2581:
2573:
2570:November 2014
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2539:This section
2537:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:Marcello Pera
2494:
2493:Jas Gawronski
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:Carlo Vizzini
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:Bettino Craxi
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:Maurizio Lupi
2372:
2368:
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2360:
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2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
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2310:
2299:
2296:
2288:
2285:November 2014
2278:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2254:This section
2252:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:minimal state
2223:
2222:civil society
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:Marcello Pera
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2141:
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2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2064:Luigi Einaudi
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:Chiara Moroni
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1883:
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1669:
1666:
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1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:Us with Italy
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
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1598:
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1479:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1449:
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1444:
1441:
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1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:Intellectuals
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
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1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
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1250:
1247:
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1237:
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1232:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
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1207:
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1199:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
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1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1167:
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1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
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1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:(PdL) party.
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Umberto Bossi
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
966:
957:
953:
951:
950:third cabinet
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
860:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
725:
723:
720:, Apulia and
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Lamberto Dini
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
613:
604:
603:TV channels.
602:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
487:
483:
479:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
389:
371:Come on Italy
361:Forward Italy
349:
345:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
294:
290:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:
250:
246:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
219:
217:
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210:
207:
205:
201:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
167:
164:
156:
154:
150:
147:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:27 March 2009
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
33:
30:
26:
22:
7877:Forza Italia
7876:
7702:Civic Choice
7596:Action Party
7519:Action Party
7302:. Retrieved
7298:the original
7293:
7284:
7264:
7234:
7227:
7198:
7192:
7147:
7139:
7110:
7104:
7095:
7086:
7057:
7051:
7042:
7036:
7007:
7001:
6992:
6986:
6977:
6971:
6936:
6930:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6876:
6870:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6773:
6767:
6748:
6742:
6730:. Retrieved
6726:the original
6721:
6712:
6700:. Retrieved
6696:the original
6691:
6682:
6670:. Retrieved
6666:the original
6661:
6652:
6640:. Retrieved
6636:the original
6631:
6622:
6610:. Retrieved
6606:the original
6596:
6584:. Retrieved
6580:the original
6575:
6566:
6554:. Retrieved
6547:the original
6542:
6530:
6518:. Retrieved
6514:the original
6510:bartleby.com
6509:
6500:
6492:
6487:
6475:. Retrieved
6468:the original
6455:
6444:the original
6431:
6423:
6418:
6410:
6405:
6384:
6365:
6325:
6318:
6298:
6291:
6279:. Retrieved
6275:the original
6265:
6247:
6235:. Retrieved
6231:the original
6220:
6209:the original
6179:. Retrieved
6175:the original
6170:
6161:
6149:. Retrieved
6145:the original
6140:
6130:
6118:. Retrieved
6114:the original
6109:
6100:
6088:. Retrieved
6084:the original
6079:
6070:
6058:. Retrieved
6054:the original
6049:
6040:
6028:. Retrieved
6024:the original
6019:
6010:
5993:
5981:. Retrieved
5966:
5936:
5897:
5893:
5881:
5852:
5846:
5837:
5831:
5822:
5816:
5791:
5787:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5712:
5711:Forza Italia
5709:
5703:
5674:
5656:
5638:
5617:. Retrieved
5613:the original
5608:
5599:
5570:
5564:
5535:
5529:
5500:
5494:
5473:cite journal
5462:
5453:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5320:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5288:
5268:. Retrieved
5262:
5210:. Retrieved
5195:
5188:
5179:
5173:
5164:
5135:
5128:
5108:
5101:
5081:
5074:
5054:
5047:
5027:
5020:
5000:
4993:
4973:
4966:
4946:
4939:
4919:
4912:
4900:. Retrieved
4896:the original
4891:
4866:. Retrieved
4851:
4825:. Retrieved
4821:the original
4816:
4807:
4785:
4784:(17.8%) and
4781:Forza Italia
4774:
4766:Forza Italia
4760:
4752:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4690:
4686:
4677:
4652:
4648:
4623:
4617:
4592:
4588:
4569:
4562:Bibliography
4373:(2008β2009)
4367:Sandro Bondi
4322:(2004β2009)
4303:Sandro Bondi
4279:(1994β2009)
3712:
3678:
3645:
3611:
3577:
3543:
3509:
3475:
3441:
3407:
3401:2006 general
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:2001 general
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:1996 general
3370:
3365:
3361:1994 general
3360:
3347:
3316:
3285:to form the
3279:Forza Europa
3264:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3225:
3216:
3201:Please help
3189:
3165:
3153:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3103:
3080:
3065:
3056:
3045:Please help
3040:verification
3037:
3013:
2972:Pietro Nenni
2954:, or former
2905:atlanticists
2877:Sandro Bondi
2853:Angelo Sanza
2787:Paolo Romani
2775:Donato Bruno
2767:Luigi Casero
2704:libertarians
2648:civil rights
2644:deregulation
2640:free markets
2630:
2599:
2591:
2576:
2567:
2552:Please help
2540:
2512:Sandro Bondi
2505:
2503:background.
2458:
2407:
2395:Angelo Sanza
2371:Luigi Grillo
2312:
2291:
2282:
2267:Please help
2255:
2230:Berlusconism
2229:
2218:Berlusconism
2217:
2213:Berlusconism
2211:
2210:has defined
2205:
2196:Benedict XVI
2161:
2117:
2112:Sandro Bondi
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:Ugo La Malfa
2040:
2023:
1988:
1929:
1673:Forza Italia
1672:
1651:
1650:
1604:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1324:Risorgimento
1317:Papal States
1269:Subsidiarity
1249:Metapolitics
1138:Berlusconism
1090:Forza Italia
1083:
1061:
1037:
1016:
1010:
1006:Romano Prodi
977:
971:
954:
923:
916:
869:
825:
770:
751:
732:In 1996 the
731:
697:
695:
691:Forza Europa
676:
653:
618:
591:
589:
583:
579:
575:
569:
558:
549:Pentapartito
547:
521:
517:Tangentopoli
515:
513:
475:
450:
430:
428:four times.
408:(especially
388:centre-right
347:
342:Forza Italia
339:
338:
308:Forza Italia
270:Forza Europa
209:Centre-right
160:Forza Italia
157:
145:
141:Student wing
132:Headquarters
57:Abbreviation
39:Forza Italia
29:
8003:(1946β1995)
7997:(1943β1945)
7991:(1921β1943)
7985:(1919β1923)
7979:(1910β1923)
7970:Nationalist
7962:(1995β2009)
7956:(1977β1979)
7950:(1959β1972)
7944:(1954β1959)
7938:(1946β1959)
7932:(1946β1949)
7915:(2019β2022)
7909:(2017β2019)
7903:(2015β2017)
7897:(2013β2017)
7891:(2010β2014)
7885:(2009β2013)
7879:(1994β2009)
7873:(1919β1924)
7851:(1953β1954)
7845:(1922β1994)
7839:(1913β1922)
7822:(1999β2013)
7816:(2005β2009)
7810:(2001β2002)
7804:(1995β2002)
7798:(1994β2002)
7786:(1994β2002)
7780:(1943β1994)
7774:(1919β1926)
7768:(1913β1919)
7762:(1906β1919)
7745:(2011β2013)
7743:Great South
7739:(1995β1996)
7733:(1994β1996)
7727:(1943β1951)
7710:(2015β2018)
7704:(2013β2019)
7698:(2002β2007)
7692:(1993β2003)
7686:(1999β2002)
7680:(1996β2002)
7669:(1998β1999)
7663:(1919β1926)
7657:(1913β1919)
7640:(1991β1999)
7638:The Network
7634:(1993β1997)
7628:(1955β1989)
7616:(1922β1926)
7610:(1913β1919)
7604:(1904β1922)
7598:(1853β1867)
7581:(2017β2023)
7579:Article One
7575:(1998β2007)
7569:(1998β2007)
7563:(1994β1998)
7557:(1947β1998)
7551:(1892β1994)
7545:(1966β1969)
7539:(1949β1951)
7533:(1948β1949)
7527:(1943β1948)
7521:(1929β1947)
7515:(1922β1930)
7509:(1912β1926)
7492:(1990β2021)
7486:(1986β1990)
7480:(1989β1990)
7463:(2010-2016)
7457:(2007β2010)
7451:(1991β1998)
7445:(1964β1972)
7439:(1882β1892)
7433:(1881β1893)
7416:(1998β2014)
7410:(1978β1991)
7404:(1921β1991)
7398:(1972β1984)
7215:|work=
7180:|work=
7127:|work=
7074:|work=
7024:|work=
6790:|work=
6371:Mair, Peter
6353:|work=
6181:16 November
5869:|work=
5754:(1): 51β64.
5729:|work=
5691:|work=
5587:|work=
5552:|work=
5517:|work=
5390:|work=
5337:|work=
4817:Il Giornale
4494:(1999β2009)
4448:(leader of
4421:(2003β2009)
4419:Rocco Crimi
4405:Treasurer:
4400:(2008β2009)
4338:(2004β2009)
4329:(2005β2009)
4313:(2008β2009)
4290:(2008β2009)
4275:President:
3335:Phabricator
3295:Fianna FΓ‘il
3004:Young Italy
2968:Paolo Russo
2924:progressive
2901:europeanist
2763:Republicans
2465:Republicans
2383:Mario Mauro
1970:" and the "
1810:Il Giornale
1784:Il Borghese
1720:Think tanks
1523:Politicians
1244:Maternalism
1234:Familialism
1229:Clericalism
1209:Agrarianism
878:2001β2002,
756:, of which
745:, a former
523:Mani pulite
489: [
284:(1998β2009)
278:(1995β1998)
272:(1994β1995)
256:(1999β2009)
240:(2001β2008)
234:(1996β2001)
169:Membership
90:(2008β2009)
84:(2004β2009)
8050:Categories
7690:Segni Pact
6237:4 December
5914:8207495904
5456:. Laterza.
4800:References
4270:Leadership
3143:. However
2875:, such as
2873:Communists
2761:), former
2735:centrists.
2722:) and his
2710:(ex-PLI),
2684:Socialists
2682:); former
2680:Enrico Nan
2508:Communists
2467:(PRI) and
2412:(PSI), as
2410:Socialists
2307:See also:
2200:referendum
2068:Republican
1796:(formerly)
1726:FareFuturo
1569:Procaccini
1554:De Gasperi
1534:Berlusconi
1460:Literature
1403:Montanelli
1333:Sanfedismo
1259:Patriotism
1254:Monarchism
1203:Principles
1132:Ideologies
1023:) against
928:, such as
781:Enzo Ghigo
656:government
153:Youth wing
7913:Cambiamo!
7389:Communist
7217:ignored (
7207:cite book
7182:ignored (
7172:cite book
7129:ignored (
7119:cite book
7076:ignored (
7066:cite book
7026:ignored (
7016:cite book
6963:219089498
6922:143141811
6862:153444704
6792:ignored (
6782:cite book
6355:ignored (
6345:cite book
6080:La Stampa
5983:19 August
5906:2071-8160
5871:ignored (
5861:cite book
5731:ignored (
5721:cite book
5693:ignored (
5683:cite book
5589:ignored (
5579:cite book
5554:ignored (
5544:cite book
5519:ignored (
5509:cite book
5392:ignored (
5382:cite book
5339:ignored (
5329:cite book
5270:17 August
5212:17 August
4868:24 August
4707:153444704
4669:154702539
4640:143141811
4595:: 83β99.
4442:Elio Vito
3915:140 / 630
3878:178 / 630
3841:122 / 630
3809:113 / 630
3190:does not
2922:The most
2636:Liberals.
2602:political
2541:does not
2256:does not
2176:free vote
1858:Socialism
1825:La VeritΓ
1805:Il Foglio
1779:L'Armonia
1774:Annabella
1751:New Italy
1641:Lega Nord
1589:Tatarella
1529:Andreotti
1448:Taparelli
1388:Longanesi
1353:Bresciani
1165:Liberismo
1086:coalition
1044:The Union
1002:The Union
912:Lega Nord
637:Lega Nord
572:Fininvest
376: or
366: or
329:Elections
114:Dissolved
65:President
7094:(2003).
6381:(2001).
6255:Archived
6000:Archived
5918:Archived
5808:55453658
5772:: 71β80.
5437:(2005).
5372:(2011).
5306:fondapol
4609:43039789
4432:(1994),
4365:(2003),
4349:(1994),
4345:(1994),
4102:79 / 315
4065:82 / 315
4025:48 / 315
3990:36 / 315
3679:Calabria
3612:Campania
3442:Lombardy
3408:Piedmont
3006:and the
2733:Liberal-
2626:Liberals
2618:Lombardy
2610:autonomy
2522:Factions
2471:(PSDI):
2461:Liberals
2327:Lombardy
2164:Catholic
2158:meeting.
2031:Lombardy
1994:populism
1958:and the
1938:and the
1574:Salandra
1539:Cacciari
1438:Salandra
1398:Margotti
1383:Lombroso
1378:Leopardi
1373:Giubilei
1191:Populism
1105:a series
1096:Ideology
940:, where
930:Lombardy
866:in 2005.
850:, UDC).
834:'s tiny
817:Calabria
785:Lombardy
777:Piedmont
773:Campania
722:Calabria
718:Campania
710:Piedmont
601:Mediaset
418:populist
386:) was a
181:Ideology
6732:4 April
6536:"credo"
6437:"credo"
6281:28 July
6171:Reuters
6120:28 July
4888:"Italy"
4747:in the
4734:forzare
4499:Symbols
4244:16 / 78
4207:22 / 87
4175:27 / 87
4157:Leader
3965:Leader
3791:Leader
3544:Tuscany
3337:and on
3309:(EPP).
3277:called
3273:in the
3251:karaoke
3211:removed
3196:sources
2863:, from
2855:, from
2847:, from
2839:, from
2720:Radical
2562:removed
2547:sources
2501:Radical
2463:(PLI),
2277:removed
2262:sources
2237:Members
2168:secular
2132:Einaudi
2091:freedom
2061:Liberal
2027:statist
2004:, from
1968:freedom
1934:, the
1837:Related
1789:Candido
1652:Defunct
1601:Parties
1579:Salvini
1549:Forlani
1433:Reghini
1413:Mughini
1393:Maistre
1281:History
972:In the
902:leader
872:cabinet
801:Liguria
791:), and
677:In the
627:called
580:Diakron
467:History
406:liberal
400:, with
355:
292:Colours
175:400,000
106:Founded
98:Founder
7792:(1998)
7622:(1946)
7272:
7242:
7160:
6961:
6951:
6920:
6883:
6860:
6755:
6702:4 June
6672:4 June
6642:4 June
6612:4 June
6586:4 June
6477:4 June
6393:
6333:
6306:
6090:4 June
6060:4 June
6030:4 June
5974:
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5619:4 June
5203:
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4927:
4902:18 May
4859:
4705:
4667:
4638:
4607:
4576:
4457:Senate
4151:Seats
4145:Votes
3959:Seats
3953:Votes
3785:Seats
3779:Votes
3746:(2006)
3734:(2001)
3722:(1996)
3713:Sicily
3646:Apulia
3476:Veneto
2702:) and
2614:Veneto
2608:, and
2317:(DC):
2124:Sturzo
2035:Sicily
1820:Libero
1624:
1605:Active
1559:Meloni
1511:(2004)
1501:(2001)
1491:(1934)
1481:(1916)
1471:(1900)
1423:Pareto
1418:Papini
986:Senate
942:Sicily
934:Veneto
815:) and
809:Apulia
793:Veneto
714:Veneto
303:Anthem
296:
282:EPPβED
228:(1994)
171:(2007)
7471:Green
7304:6 May
6959:S2CID
6918:S2CID
6858:S2CID
6556:6 May
6550:(PDF)
6539:(PDF)
6520:6 May
6471:(PDF)
6464:(PDF)
6447:(PDF)
6440:(PDF)
6212:(PDF)
6205:(PDF)
6151:6 May
5890:(PDF)
5804:S2CID
5501:Italy
4827:6 May
4729:forza
4715:Notes
4703:S2CID
4665:S2CID
4636:S2CID
4605:JSTOR
4239:20.9
4202:25.2
4170:30.6
4097:23.7
4054:with
4014:with
3975:with
3910:23.6
3873:29.4
3836:20.6
3804:21.0
3750:29.1
3744:19.2
3732:25.1
3720:17.1
3707:20.7
3673:27.3
3640:27.2
3606:21.4
3578:Lazio
3572:16.9
3538:18.6
3504:24.5
3470:27.1
3436:23.5
2958:, as
2895:like
2706:, as
2686:, as
2666:, as
2140:RΓΆpke
2128:Hayek
2120:Croce
1800:Epoca
1768:Media
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1443:Sogno
1408:Mosca
1363:Evola
1358:Cuoco
1047:with
938:South
493:]
398:Italy
298:Azure
7306:2018
7270:ISBN
7240:ISBN
7219:help
7184:help
7158:ISBN
7131:help
7078:help
7028:help
6949:ISBN
6881:ISBN
6794:help
6753:ISBN
6734:2010
6704:2010
6674:2010
6644:2010
6614:2010
6588:2010
6558:2018
6522:2018
6479:2010
6391:ISBN
6357:help
6331:ISBN
6304:ISBN
6283:2013
6239:2014
6183:2013
6153:2018
6122:2013
6092:2010
6062:2010
6032:2010
5985:2012
5972:ISBN
5942:ISBN
5910:OCLC
5902:ISSN
5873:help
5733:help
5695:help
5621:2010
5591:help
5556:help
5521:help
5486:help
5394:help
5341:help
5272:2012
5214:2012
5201:ISBN
5141:ISBN
5114:ISBN
5087:ISBN
5060:ISBN
5033:ISBN
5006:ISBN
4979:ISBN
4952:ISBN
4925:ISBN
4904:2018
4870:2012
4857:ISBN
4829:2018
4574:ISBN
4232:2004
4195:1999
4163:1994
4154:+/β
4090:2006
4050:2001
4010:1996
3971:1994
3962:+/β
3903:2006
3866:2001
3829:1996
3797:1994
3788:+/β
3741:21.5
3738:36.7
3729:26.8
3726:32.2
3717:33.6
3704:10.0
3701:13.0
3698:25.7
3695:18.3
3692:21.4
3689:18.3
3686:19.7
3683:19.0
3670:26.8
3667:20.4
3664:30.1
3661:28.7
3658:28.0
3655:24.6
3652:20.7
3637:11.9
3634:19.5
3631:33.8
3628:20.9
3625:25.2
3622:23.4
3619:18.9
3616:19.9
3603:15.4
3600:17.5
3597:26.4
3594:21.5
3591:20.6
3588:16.1
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3582:20.5
3569:17.2
3566:17.8
3563:21.7
3560:20.3
3557:19.5
3554:14.3
3551:19.1
3548:16.4
3535:18.2
3532:19.8
3529:23.8
3526:21.2
3523:20.4
3520:15.1
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3498:24.6
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3461:32.3
3458:33.9
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3427:32.0
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3421:28.8
3418:21.7
3415:26.7
3412:26.5
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2765:(as
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2698:and
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2190:and
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2081:one.
2066:and
1631:Lega
1564:Pera
1544:Fini
1428:Pera
1368:Gini
932:and
683:MEPs
647:and
542:and
536:PSDI
507:and
416:and
352:lit.
7154:145
6941:doi
6910:doi
6850:doi
6821:doi
5796:doi
5417:doi
4695:doi
4657:doi
4628:doi
4597:doi
4473:PdL
4450:PdL
4056:CdL
4016:PpL
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3977:PdL
3246:).
3205:by
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3101:).
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2329:),
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2008:to
2000:to
1946:to
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