Fossil fuel divestment

2544:, US) – in September 2018, following student group pressure Seattle University is the first university in Washington state to divest its endowment of fossil fuels over the next five years. The action means that by 2023, Seattle University will no longer invest any of its $ 230 million endowment in the funds and securities of fossil-fuel companies. The university will work to achieve a 50 percent reduction by 31 December 2020, and expects to be fully divested by 30 June 2023. "The moral imperative for action is clear", said Seattle U President Stephen Sundborg in an announcement. "By taking this step we are acting boldly and making an important statement ... We join with others also at the forefront of the growing divestment movement and hope our action encourages more to do the same". Seattle U also becomes the first among the nation's 28 Jesuit colleges and universities to divest. "It's definitely a victory for us", said student Connor Crinion, a member of Sustainable Student Action, the student group that has pushed for divestment since 2012. "We're hoping this might be a milestone" that will encourage divestment at other schools in Washington, as well as at other Jesuit universities, he said 1316:" strategies to empower those most impacted by environmental degradation and climate change, the campaign had spread to an estimated 50 campuses in spring 2012. By September 2014, 181 institutions and 656 individuals had committed to divest over $ 50 billion. One year later, by September 2015, the numbers had grown to 436 institutions and 2,040 individuals across 43 countries, representing $ 2.6 trillion in assets, of which 56% were based on the commitment of pension funds and 37% of private companies. By April 2016, already 515 institutions had joined the pledge, of which 27% faith-based groups, 24% foundations, 13% governmental organisations, 13% pension funds and 12% colleges, universities and schools, representing, together with the individual investors, a total of $ 3.4 trillion in assets. In April 2020, the number of institutions had grown to 1192, with a total combined asset value of $ 14,14 trillion. As of July 2023, more than 1593 institutions with assets totalling more than $ 40.5 1596:

voted to endorse divestment, and Divest Harvard announced the creation of a fossil-free alumni donation fund that Harvard would receive conditional on divestment. In February 2015, Divest Harvard occupied the president's office for 24 hours in protest of the Harvard Corporation's continued unwillingness to engage students on the topic of divestment. This was followed by an open letter from a group of prominent Harvard alumni urging the university to divest. In April 2015, Divest Harvard and Harvard alumni carried out an announced week-long protest called Harvard Heat Week, which included rallies, marches, public outreach, and a continuous civil disobedience blockade of administrative buildings on campus. The Harvard administration avoided engaging with the protest. Following Heat Week, Divest Harvard carried out an unannounced one-day civil disobedience blockade of the Harvard president's office in protest of continued lack of action by the Harvard administration.

2480:, US) – since at least 2004, the university has had no direct investments in fossil fuel-related industries. In April 2014, the Humboldt State University Advancement Foundation, which oversees the university's endowment, unanimously adopted a new "environmentally responsible offset and mitigation policy" and "Humboldt Investment Pledge" to strictly limit its holdings in a variety of industries, including companies directly or indirectly involved in fossil fuels. In October 2014, the foundation's board voted to shift 10% of its overall portfolio to "green funds" (funds with no holdings in fossil fuels or similar sectors) over the next year, reiterated its policy against direct investments in fossil fuels, and committed to creating a new fund invested entirely free of fossil fuels, with the distributions from the fund earmarked for campus-based sustainability projects. 2703:(UCC) passed a resolution (sponsored by the Massachusetts Conference and ten other conferences of the UCC) outlining a path to divestment of church funds from fossil-fuel holdings. Under the resolution, a divestment plan will be developed by June 2018. The original proposal considered by the general synod called for a five-year plan to divestment; this was changed following negotiations between divestment proponents and the UCC's investment arm, United Church Funds. United Church Funds also established a denominational fossil-free fund (believed to be the first of its kind), which raised almost $ 16 million from UCC congregations, conferences, and other groups by late September 2014. 2628:, US) – in December 2015, the board of trustees of the University of Massachusetts System announced their plans to divest from direct holdings in coal companies. Once this decision was released, the escalation of a four-year student-run campaign, the UMass Fossil Fuel Divestment Campaign, occurred. A 500-student week-long occupation of the Whitmore Administration Building led to 34 student arrests and a decision to vote on fossil fuel divestment at the next Board of Trustees Meeting. On 25 May 2016, it was announced that the University of Massachusetts system would divest its endowment from direct holdings in fossil fuels, becoming the first major public university to do so. 2295: 2376:, US) – in December 2014, the board of governors of the Chico State University Foundation, which manages the university's endowment, voted to change its investment policy and divest of holdings in fossil fuel companies. At the time the policy was adopted, the foundation had "no direct holdings in fossil-fuel companies and just under 2 percent of its portfolio in managed funds that include fossil fuel investments." The vote calls for excluding any direct investment in the top 200 fossil fuel companies and liquidating, within four years, all holdings in managed funds that include investments in fossil fuel companies. 804:

identified how the Toronto Principle would be put into practice, which includes "moving investments away from coal companies and coal-fired power plants, companies seeking non-conventional or aggressive fossil fuel development (such as oil from the Arctic or tar sands), and possibly also companies that distort public policies or deceive the public on climate. At present, these activities are incompatible with the agreement in Paris." In adhering to the Toronto Principle, Franta argues that leading institutions can use their status and power to meaningfully respond to the challenge of

2275: – The city's retirement board voted in 2017 to move 4.5% of its portfolio into a fund that does not include fossil fuel companies. Shortly after that, the divestment action was blocked by the state's public pension oversight board on the grounds of fiduciary responsibility (although a 2019 analysis found that the divested version of the fund would have had a substantially higher return than the fund that included fossil fuels). Since then, efforts to allow home rule petitions and a state bill giving Massachusetts towns greater control over divestment actions continue. 2386:, Ohio) — in November 2021, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) announced that it had divested the remaining $ 3 million fossil fuel-related investments on the public side of its portfolio. At the time of this announcement, CWRU's president, Eric Kaler, and the board of trustees reiterated a commitment to completely divest the remaining ~$ 50 million in private holdings over the next several years, as contractual obligations expire. CWRU has had a policy prohibiting new investments in fossil fuel companies and fossil fuel related funds dating back to 2017. 1993: 1393:

refer to the University's purchase, sale or ownership of shares in any company which generates revenue from oil, coal, gas, or uranium." These documents revealed that ANU had substantial holdings in major fossil fuel companies and had been buying shares in Santos while selling shares in Metgasco. Students lobbying and public pressure led the ANU Council to implement a Socially Responsible Investment Policy (SRI) in late 2013 modelled on Stanford University, which aims to "avoid investment opportunities considered to be likely to cause substantial social injury."

2588:, US) – in 2008, the college's board of trustees asked its endowment-management firm to begin decreasing its exposure to large energy companies (which then made up about 10% of its portfolio). In November 2012, the board of trustees unanimously voted to divest the remainder of its fossil-fuel holdings (then about 3% of its portfolio) over the next five years. The college completed divestment in 2014, three years ahead of schedule. Unity College was the first institution of higher education in the United States to divest from fossil fuels. 2614:, US) – in January 2015, the board of trustees of the University of Maine System unanimously voted to divest from direct holdings in coal-mining companies. The system's total investments were about $ 589 million; the decision would affect $ 502,000 of direct investments in coal, which amounts to about 30% of the system's total ($ 1.7 million exposure to coal, including both direct and indirect investments). Some board members stated that they would continue to consider full system-wide divestment. Separately, the 3025: 1354: 2362:, US) – in December 2014, CalArts announced that it would immediately reduce the institute's investments in fossil-fuel stocks by 25% (reallocating about $ 3.6 million in its portfolio) and would continue not to make direct investments in fossil fuel. The institute also announced that it would "actively monitor the Institute's remaining carbon exposure and consider strategies that will continue to reduce the Institute's investments in fossil fuel companies, including seeking to eliminate exposure to the most 1062:, speaking at the 2015 World Bank seminar, has stated: "The vast majority of reserves are unburnable" if global temperature rises are to be limited to below 2 °C. In 2019, Carney suggested that banks should be forced to disclose their climate-linked risks within the next two years, and said that more information would prompt investors to penalise and reward firms accordingly. He warned that companies and industries that are not moving towards zero-carbon emissions could be punished by investors and go bankrupt. 2604:, US) – In May 2014, the University of Dayton's board of trustees unanimously approved a plan to begin to divest the university's holdings from the top 200 fossil-fuel companies. At the time of the announcement, about 5% ($ 35 million) of the university's $ 670 million investment pool was held in such companies. UD became the first Catholic university in the US to divest from fossil fuels. The plan was publicly announced in June 2014. The university planned to review its progress in 18 months. 2510:, Vermont, US) – in January 2019, the board of trustees of Middlebury College unanimously voted to pass Energy2028, therefore agreeing to divest all direct holdings in the fossil fuel industry. The plan defines these investments broadly, including "all those in enterprises whose core industry is oil and gas exploration and/or production, coal mining, oil and gas equipment, services and/or pipelines." The vote came after years of organizing by the student-run Divest Middlebury campaign. 1592:

students calling themselves the Harvard Climate Justice Coalition filed a lawsuit against the Harvard Corporation to compel divestment on the grounds of Harvard's status as a non-profit organization. The lawsuit was dismissed by a Massachusetts Superior Court judge, who wrote that "Plaintiffs have brought their advocacy, fervent and articulate and admirable as it is, to a forum that cannot grant the relief they seek." The plaintiffs have stated that they plan to appeal the decision.

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Harvard administration terminated the blockade by arresting one of the student protesters. Following the protest, Faust said she would not hold the open forum that students and faculty had requested and would not engage with students from Divest Harvard. In May 2014, a group of Harvard alumni interrupted an alumni reunion event with Faust present by standing and holding a pro-divestment banner; the alumni were removed from the event and banned from Harvard's campus.

29: 11922: 10908: 10896: 885: 587: 869: 3011: 11934: 10932: 10920: 800:." However, the report went further, and allied itself with the Paris Agreement. It recommended that the university divest from companies that "blatantly disregard the international effort to limit the rise in average global temperatures to not more than one and a half degrees Celsius above pre-industrial averages by 2050...These are fossil fuels companies whose actions are irreconcilable with achieving internationally agreed goals." 611: 599: 1625: 2997: 1734:

students, was charged with engaging the MIT community to determine how the university could address climate change and with offering recommendations. The conversation included solicitation of ideas and opinions of MIT community members, as well as a number of public events. The largest event was a fossil fuel divestment debate among six prominent voices on climate change that was attended by approximately 500 people.

2840:– in October 2014, the university announced plans to freeze new investments in fossil fuels and divest from fossil fuel companies over the next ten years. Hydrocarbon investment made up around 4% of the university's total endowment; about £18 million in such investments will be withdrawn over the decade-long phaseout. The University of Glasgow was the first university in Europe to divest from fossil fuels. 1603:, over 150 Harvard and Yale students stormed the field at halftime to demand divestment and the immediate cancellation of holdings in Puerto Rican debt, delaying the start of the second half by over 45 minutes. The event was a joint protest led by Divest Harvard and the Yale Endowment Justice Coalition, and drew extensive coverage from news outlets and on social media, accompanied by the hashtag '#NobodyWins'. 2638:, US) – in September 2022, the board of regents voted unanimously to divest the university's $ 6bn Consolidated Endowment Fund (CEF) from the fossil fuel industry by 2027. The resolution had been drafted in response to a petition submitted by student activists in 2020 and as part of the university's ACSRI process, which was created in 2016 following the decision to divest direct investments in coal. 2558:, US) – in May 2014, following an advisory panel's recommendation, the university's board of trustees voted to divest the investment portfolio of its $ 18.7 billion endowment of companies "whose principal business is coal". This made Stanford the "first major university to lend support to a nationwide campaign to purge endowments and pension funds of fossil fuel investments." 903:, which are known in relation to fossil fuel companies as the carbon bubble, occur when the reserves of fossil fuel companies are deemed environmentally unsustainable and so unusable, so must be written off. Currently the price of fossil fuels companies' shares is calculated under the assumption that all of the companies' fossil fuel reserves will be consumed, and so the true costs of 1440: 2158: – in December 2014, the Burlington City Council unanimously approved conducting the study of possible divestment from major fossil-fuel companies. A task force of city councilors, retirement board members, public employee representatives, and others was appointed to research the proposal and make recommendations for the city's retirement board within one year. 1935:... Throughout my life I have believed that the only just response to injustice is what Mahatma Gandhi termed "passive resistance". During the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa, using boycotts, divestment and sanctions, and supported by our friends overseas, we were not only able to apply economic pressure on the unjust state, but also serious moral pressure. 1559:

Stanford Graduate Student Council also both passed resolutions calling for full fossil fuel divestment in 2014. In 2016, the student body Presidents and Vice Presidents from both the 2016–2017 school year and the 2015–2016 school year published a letter calling for the university's leadership to represent the student consensus in support of fossil fuel divestment.

2416:, US) – in May 2020, the board of trustees voted to divest from fossil fuels by instituting a moratorium on new private investment focused on fossil fuels. Investments are expected to grow in alternative and renewable energy portfolios. The committee's vote includes ending all current investments in fossil fuels over the next five to seven years. 1504: 1343: 1482:

Divest from Fossil Fuels! campaign in 2012, which campaign calls for colleges and universities, as well as cities, religious institutions, and pension funds to withdraw their investments from fossil fuel companies. From 2013 to 2020 Australian members built a network of local groups across the country advocating for institutions to divest.

2140: – in October 2013, after several rounds of consideration, the city council voted 9–2 to approve a nonbinding resolution requesting that the City of Ann Arbor Employees' Retirement System board cease new investments in the top 100 coal and top 100 gas and oil extraction companies and divest current such investments within five years. 692:... This is the beginning of the kind of model that we need, and the first step is saying these profits are not acceptable and once we collectively say that and believe that and express that in our universities, in our faith institutions, at city council level, then we're one step away from where we need to be, which is polluter pays. 2950:— "The City of Örebro is the first Swedish city to commit to pulling its funds out of fossil fuels in a move to align its investments with its environmental goals. Örebro is the 30th local authority worldwide to take this step, following in the footsteps of cities such as San Francisco, Seattle and the Dutch town of Boxtel. 2470:, US) – in December 2011, in the college's board of trustees approved a new environmental, social, and governance investing policy which called for "negligible fossil fuel holdings in our portfolio." The college announced in October 2012 that it had nearly completed the implementation of this policy. 2028:

Those students have done a remarkable job in garnering overwhelming student support for divestment, and the faculty too have delivered a strong message. But so far has not just refused to divest, they've doubled down by announcing the decision to buy stock in some of the dirtiest energy companies on

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announced the MIT Plan for Action on Climate Change. While the plan enacted many of the committee's recommendations, the university administration chose not to divest its holdings in fossil fuel companies, stating that "divestment ... is incompatible with the strategy of engagement with industry

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In January 2015, it was revealed that Harvard had increased its direct investments in fossil fuel companies considerably, and the number of faculty and alumni supporting divestment grew. By April 2015, the faculty group calling for divestment grew to 250, the Harvard alumni club of Vermont officially

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has pointed out that divesting from the fossil fuel industry does not necessarily result in a reduction of demand for fossil fuels, rather it would result in environmentally conscious investors losing influence over the operation of those companies. Benjamin Sporton, the acting chief executive of the

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found that the stigmatisation of fossil fuel companies caused by divestment can "materially increase the uncertainty surrounding the future cash flows of fossil-fuel companies." That, in turn, "can lead to a permanent compression in the trading multiples – e.g., the share price to earnings (P/E)

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The moral motivation for fossil fuel divestment is based on the belief that it is wrong to profit from willfully and knowingly damaging the planet, and especially so when the impacts those damages are borne disproportionately by those who have benefitted the least from fossil fuel extraction and use.

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The UK government has explicitly warned Local Authorities in the UK that they may be penalised if they boycott suppliers on the basis of involvement in fossil fuel extraction so long as it remains government policy not to boycott. This makes it challenging for local government to act on boycott even

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The committee released a report in June 2015, recommending a number of initiatives to be undertaken by the university. In regards to fossil fuel divestment, the committee "rejected the idea of blanket divestment from all fossil fuel companies"; although there was "support by (three-quarter) majority

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In an email to Harvard affiliates on 9 September 2021, University President Lawrence S. Bacow announced that Harvard would allow its remaining fossil fuel investments to expire. While Bacow stopped short of calling it a "divestment", the decision was widely seen as a concession to student activists.

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In April 2014, a group of nearly 100 Harvard faculty released an open letter to the Harvard Corporation arguing for divestment. This was followed by a 30-hour blockade of the Harvard president's office by students protesting the president's refusal to engage in a public discussion of divestment; the

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In November 2015, in advance of the UNFCCC COP 21 climate negotiations that resulted in the Paris Agreement, over 100 students risked arrest by staging a non-violent sit-in, surrounding the university president's office for five days and four nights. The sit-in ended when the university's president,

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The campaign maintains widespread support on the campus, exemplified in multiple all-campus referendums, including in April 2014 and April 2018, in which the student body voted 75 percent and 81 percent in favor of divestment from all fossil fuels, respectively. The Stanford Undergraduate Senate and

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encouraging citizens to action with the belief that publicizing the increasing levels of carbon dioxide will pressure world leaders to address climate change and to reduce levels from 400 parts per million to 350 parts per million. As part of its global policy, 350.org launched their Go Fossil Free:

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In 2019, the divestment campaign at MIT was restarted by a new student-led group, MIT Divest. One of their projects has been to engage the MIT administration in a public dialogue about the effectiveness of the 2015 MIT Climate Action Plan and set goals for MIT's next iteration of the Climate Action

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Furthermore, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency, Earth's average temperature has risen by 0.78 °C (1.4 °F) over the past century, and is predicted to rise another 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2 to 11.5 °F) over the next hundred years with continued carbon emission rates. This

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In September 2014, Harvard faculty renewed their calls for an open forum on divestment and continued to argue for divestment publicly. In October 2014, Divest Harvard organized a three-day fast and public outreach event to call attention to the harms of climate change. In November 2014, a group of

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In January 2015, a group of more than 300 Stanford faculty published a letter calling for full divestment, which garnered international attention. Additional faculty signed on in the following weeks such that the total grew to 457 faculty signatories. Signatories included a former president of the

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However, student concerns were again raised in 2012 when it was revealed that the ANU had only reduced its holding in Metgasco from over 4 million shares in 2011 to 2.5 million in 2012. In 2013, Tom Swann filed a FOI request to the ANU requesting all "documents created during 2012, which

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voted to pass L.D. 99, 80–57 in the House and 18–15 in the Senate along party lines, mandating that the state government and pension fund divest from fossil fuel companies by January 2026. This comes to $ 70 million and $ 1.2 billion, respectively. This makes Maine the first US state to

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In April 2016, the university's board announced that it would take no further divestment action related to fossil fuel divestment. In response, a group of over 1000 students and Alumni pledged during the school's graduation ceremonies in June 2016 to withhold all future donations until the school

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In 2014, students from Fossil Free ANU organised the first student-initiated referendum at the ANU and in elections in September more than 82 per cent of students voted in favour of the ANU divesting from fossil fuels in what was the highest turnout in a student election at the university in more

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In 2006, the UK-based student campaign network People & Planet launched the Ditch Dirty Development campaign which was an early progenitor to the later divestment campaigns by students in the US and UK. This campaign targeted initially UK government funding for fossil fuel projects and later,

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Superior Court against the president and fellows of Harvard College and others for "mismanagement of charitable funds" and "intentional investment in abnormally dangerous activities" in relation to Harvard's investments in fossil-fuel companies. In March 2015, the superior court granted Harvard's

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The legal argument for divestment is the case that as the fossil fuel industry faces long-term structural risks, investors who continue to place bets on it may be breaching their fiduciary duties. In 2021, Harvard University committed to divestment from fossil fuels after facing a legal complaint

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made a loss in 2013 from its 4,000 MW of coal and gas fired generation capacity. The company attributed this loss to the expansion of rooftop solar generation which reduced the price of electricity during the day; on some days the price (usually AU$ 40–50/MWh) was almost zero. The Australian

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following negotiations about how to improve the Plan. The agreement did not include divestment, but succeeded in establishing a climate advisory committee and a climate ethics forum. In addition, the administration agreed to strengthen the university's carbon mitigation commitments, striving for

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Divestment is likely to have negligible financial impact on the affected companies. And such a strategy would diminish the influence or voice we might have with this industry. Divestment pits concerned citizens and institutions against companies that have enormous capacity and responsibility to

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Following discussions with FFMIT, the university administration initiated a "campus-wide conversation" on climate change to take place from November 2014 to May 2015, which included the formation of the MIT Climate Change Conversation Committee. The committee, composed of 13 faculty, staff, and

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Franta identified this response as the Toronto Principle, which, as he argues, "aligns rhetoric and action. It suggests that it is all institutions' responsibility to give life to the Paris agreement. Harvard could adopt this Toronto principle, and the world would be better for it." Franta also

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In October 2013, the Harvard Office of the President released a Fossil Fuel Divestment Statement. Following this, Divest Harvard began organizing rallies, teach-ins, and debates on divestment. In March 2014, students from Divest Harvard recorded an impromptu exchange on divestment with Harvard

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Divest Harvard is an organization at Harvard University that seeks to compel the university to divest from fossil fuel companies. The group was founded in 2012 by students at Harvard College. In November 2012, a referendum on divestment passed at Harvard College with 72% support, followed by a

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than a decade. In October 2014, the ANU Council announced that it would divest from seven companies, two of which, Santos and Oil Search, performed poorly in an independent review undertaken by the Centre for Australian Ethical Research. This decision provoked a month-long controversy with the

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Competition from renewable energy sources may lead to the loss of value of fossil fuel companies due to their inability to compete commercially with the renewable energy sources. In some cases this has already happened. Deutsche Bank predicts that 80% of the global electricity market will have

2152:— In November 2021, the Boston City Council voted unanimously to fully divest city funds from the fossil fuel industry by 2025. The ordinance will cover all city treasury investments, including infrastructure. However, pension investments will not be covered, as they are governed by state law. 2052:

On 23 November 2019, at the annual Harvard-Yale football game, about 200 supporters of divestment took over the field to protest Harvard and Yale's inaction on divestment, disrupting game play for about 30 minutes. Legal charges against ten Harvard students involved in the protest were later

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Recent evidence has suggested that, along with having social impacts, fossil fuel divestment hinders the fossil fuel industry's ability to carry out its business model. Cost of capital for fossil fuel projects have increased in recent years, a trend that fossil fuel companies themselves have

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I am proud to offer my support and endorsement for Climate Action Society's fossil fuels divestment campaign. By confronting the threat of unsustainable energy use and exploration to our planetary habitat, the students of Glasgow University do a public service for all families of today and

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released an independent analysis on the effect of carbon emissions controls. This estimated that $ 300 billion in fossil-fuel investments would be stranded by 2035 if cuts in carbon emissions are adopted so that the global mean surface temperature increases by no more than 2 °C.

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This hidden or externalised cost is an implicit subsidy and accordingly represents a risk to those companies. There is a reasonable chance that society will act to either reduce this societal cost by regulating against fossil fuel use or recover it by imposing carbon prices. Investors are

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similar referendum at the Harvard Law School in May 2013, which passed with 67% support. During this time, representatives from Divest Harvard began meeting with members of Harvard University's governing body, the Harvard Corporation, but the meetings were described as unproductive.

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The following day, Fossil Free MIT began a sit-in outside the office of the President to protest the shortcomings of the plan, including the rejection of divestment. Over 100 people overall participated in the sit-in, which received coverage by multiple news outlets, including the

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Ultimately in 2016 the University of Toronto President Meric Gertler rejected his advisory committee's recommendations, leaving the Toronto Principle unimplemented. In November 2021, following continued pressure, President Gertler announced the university's plan to divest by 2030.

2568:, US) – the tiny college's board of trustees voted in February 2013 to divest from the top 200 fossil-fuel companies. The college announced that it had completed divestment of its $ 920,000 endowment by July 2013, with all of its investments in a fossil-fuel-free portfolio. 679:

can also be depleted by an increase in other carbon emission sources such as deforestation and cement production. It is claimed that, if other carbon emissions increase significantly, then only 10% of the fossil fuel reserves can be used to stay within projected safe limits.

2530:, US) – in 2013, the San Francisco State University Foundation, which oversees the university's $ 51.2 million endowment, voted to make no new investments that would involve "direct ownership of companies with significant exposure to production or use of coal and 1112:

in 2008." Pure coal companies fare even worse: "the economic cost to society exceeds total revenue (employment, taxes, supply purchases, and indirect employment) in all years, with this cost varying between nearly $ 2 and nearly $ 9 per $ 1 of revenue." The paper suggests:

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company Metgasco. Following student protests, including an event called "ANU Gets Fracked" that saw students erect a mock gas rig in Union Court, the ANU Council announced in October 2013 that it would divest from Metgasco, citing student concerns and the fact that the

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announced it would divest its fossil fuel investments totaling $ 60 million. "We are quite convinced that if he were alive today, as an astute businessman looking out to the future, he would be moving out of fossil fuels and investing in clean, renewable energy."

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to divest from fossil fuel companies in which the foundation has a minimum of $ 1.4 billion invested. The Wellcome Trust has £450m of investments in Shell, BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and BP. The petition had received over 140,000 signatures by the end of March 2015.

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A 2015 report studied 20 fossil fuel companies and found that, while highly profitable, the hidden economic cost to society was also large. The report spans the period 2008–2012 and notes that: "for all companies and all years, the economic cost to society of their

2246: – in June 2013, the City Council voted 11–1 to enact a resolution directing the city's board of investment commissioners to divest from the world's largest coal, oil and gas companies within five years, and to not make any new investments in such firms. 1729:

of 350.org on his "Do the Math" tour. The group has collected over 3,500 signatures in a petition calling for MIT to (1) immediately freeze new investments in fossil fuel companies, and (2) divest within five years from current holdings in these companies.

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Meeting with students in the wake of the furore of the decision, Ian Young told activists from Fossil Free ANU that while he initially thought divestment was "a sideshow", the reaction of the mining companies revealed that students "were right all along".

2905:) – in September 2016, the university created an ethical investments policy excluding investment in 'the exploration and extraction of fossil fuels'. The University of Otago was the second university in New Zealand to commit to fossil-free investing. 2298:

Students at Tufts University "marched forth on 4 March" coinciding with dozens of student-led rallies around the United States. The marches had the objective of pressuring universities to reduce and eventually eliminate investments in fossil-fuel-related

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John Hennessy, agreed on the fifth day to a public meeting with the student group. In response to the students' publicized plans to hold this sit-in, the university's board of trustees published a letter to the UNFCCC calling for bold climate action.

2812:– in March 2015, SOAS announced it would divest within three years. SOAS fulfilled this pledge in 2018. SOAS was the first university in London to divest and one of the first in the UK. Its announcement came after a long-running student-led campaign. 1292:, stated that the movement to divest from fossil-fuel companies "truly disgusts me" and stated that academics and campaigners who support divestment are misinformed, uninformed or liars. Felmy particularly criticized the environmentalist and author 795:

with several recommendations. Foremost, they argued that "targeted and principled divestment from companies in the fossil fuels industry that meet certain criteria ... should be an important part of the University of Toronto's response to the

2688:. Founder Rev. Fletcher Harper stated the summit's ineffectiveness inspired divestment movements among places of worship of various religions. This would later lead to activism across faiths and religions, such as GreenFaith's involvement in the 1738:

of the committee for targeted divestment from companies whose operations are heavily focused on the exploration for and/or extraction of the fossil fuels that are least compatible with mitigating climate change, for example coal and tar sands."

2578:, US) – in February 2015, the New School announced that it would divest from all fossil-fuel investments in coming years. The school said that "it is also reshaping the entire curriculum to focus more on climate change and sustainability." 3854:

The report estimated that about $ 120 billion of new fossil-fuel capacity in the power sector would be idled before repaying its investment costs, along with about $ 130 billion of stranded exploration costs for oil and about $ 50 billion for

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stated that the city did not have any investments in fossil fuels and would not make any such investment for as long as he was mayor. Myrick also encouraged the pension funds of the New York State and Local Retirement System, overseen by the

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unanimously passed a nonbinding resolution urging managers of San Francisco Employees' Retirement System to divest from fossil fuels; in March 2015, the board of the retirement system voted to begin "level-two engagement", a step toward

2146: – in 2013, the City Council voted to adopt an official policy of divesting from city funds from direct ownership of publicly traded fossil-fuel companies; the city aims to complete the divestment process within the next five years. 100:

Divesters cite several reasons for their decisions. To some, it is a means of aligning investments with core values; to others, it is a tactic for combatting the fossil fuel industry; to others, it is a way to protect portfolios from

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publishing over 53 stories criticising the decision including 12 front pages attacking the ANU, with its editor-in-chief, Michael Stutchbury, prouncing the decision to be as "disingenuous" as banning the burqa. These attacks, which

3569: 788: 2460:, US) – in May 2013, the college's board of trustees approved immediate divestment from the top 200 publicly traded fossil-fuel companies. Such investments made up about 1% of the college's $ 3.1 million endowment. 1805:

In 2020 the Catholic Church published a manual called "Journeying Towards Care For Our Common Home" that explains to Catholics how to divest from institutions considered to be harmful by the Catholic Church. Those include

1551:, then valued at US$ 18.7 billion, from holdings in coal extraction companies following a sustained campaign by undergraduate students. Author Naomi Klein called the divestment, "the most significant victory in the 1789:

The biggest part of fossil fuel divestment commitments come from faith organizations – 350 from 1,300. On 18 May 2020, 42 faith organizations declared that they are divesting from fossil fuels. They called for a

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stating that the ANU Council is "removed from the reality of what is helping to drive the Australian economy and create more employment," Education Minister Christopher Pyne calling it "bizarre" and Prime Minister

2594:(Berkeley, California, US) – In September 2019, the University of California announced it will divest its $ 83 billion in endowment and pension funds from the fossil fuel industry, citing 'financial risk'. 2520:, US) – in February 2015, the seminary's board of trustees voted unanimously to divest the institution from the 200 largest fossil-fuel companies (those listed on the Carbon Tracker Initiative (CT200)). 1272:

asserting that fossil fuel investments represented a breach of state laws governing fiduciary duty. In September, Harvard committed to divestment, explicitly citing its fiduciary obligations in the process.

8008: 6181: 2450:, US) – in January 2015, the college announced that it had completed its divestment, moving all of its endowment funds into fossil fuel-free accounts, becoming the third college in Vermont to do so. 2396:, US) – in March 2013, the college's board of trustees voted to divest from fossil-fuel companies. About $ 1 million of the college's $ 30 million endowment was invested in such companies. 2822:– in September 2016, King's agreed to invest 15% of its £179 million endowment in clean energy and to drop investments in the most polluting fossil fuels. The university currently has exposure to 2406:) – in December 2014 and January 2015, the college announced that its board of regents would be adopting a policy statement divising its small endowment (about $ 1 million) from fossil fuels. 2338:

from fossil fuels by 2018. When the decision was made, about $ 600,000 (4%) of the college's portfolio was invested in fossil fuels. The college became the first institution of higher education in the

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On divestment, it is clear we were in the right and played a truly national and international leadership role. ... e seem to have played a major role in a movement which now seems unstoppable.

635: 2856:, a Bristol Green Party councillor sitting on one of the university's governance bodies, tabled a divestment motion in November 2015. Despite initial defeats, The campaign succeeded in March 2017. 1584:

President Drew Gilpin Faust, during which Faust appeared to claim that fossil fuel companies do not block efforts to counteract climate change. The video has since become a source of controversy.

8718: 2985:(EIB), the world's largest international public lending institution, adopted a strategy to end funding for new, unabated fossil fuel energy projects, including natural gas, from the end of 2021. 8240: 7380: 1304:

World Coal Association in 2013, claims that coal has been the fastest growing energy source over the last decade and is an important raw material for steel and cement in developing countries.

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through the stigmatization of fossil fuel companies. This includes putting public pressure on companies that are currently involved in fossil fuel extraction to invest in renewable energy.

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In 2020, three candidates for the Harvard Board of Overseers were elected on a platform of climate action and social justice, with fossil fuel divestment at the center of their campaign.

8598: 7359: 2967:, Sweden) – in early 2015, the university became the first Swedish university to divest from fossil fuels. The university said it would sell about $ 600,000 in fossil-fuel holdings. 1257:

motion to dismiss. The superior judge wrote: "Plaintiffs have brought their advocacy, fervent and articulate and admirable as it is, to a forum that cannot grant the relief they seek."

2191: – in July 2013, the city adopted a resolution declaring that it is the policy of the City of Madison not to invest in fossil-fuel companies. The resolution does not apply to the 9142: 4944: 1799: 3604: 3576: 785: 4236: 8054: 9122: 6002:"Harvard Climate Justice Coalition v. President and Fellows of Harvard College | A student lawsuit to enjoin the Harvard Corporation's investments in fossil fuel companies" 5478: 3429: 4463: 2056:

On 4 February 2020, the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted 179–20 in favor of a motion demanding that the Harvard Corporation divest its endowment from fossil fuels.

10632: 2534:." This was the first public university or college to do any fossil fuel divestment. The foundation also voted to look into future divestment from all fossil-fuel companies. 1365:(ANU) is one of the longest running in the world and, while it has not yet achieved full fossil fuel divestment, it has had substantial wins, most notably in 2011 and 2014. 4148: 1285:

stated that the fossil-fuel divestment was "out of step with reality" and that "to not use fossil fuels is tantamount to not using energy at all, and that's not feasible."

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made up of MIT undergrads, graduate students, post-docs, faculty, staff and alumni. The group was formed in Fall 2012 by six MIT students following a visit to Boston by

675:; this figure includes all sources of carbon emissions. To avoid dangerous climate change, only 33% of known extractable fossil fuel of known reserves can be used; this 7410: 6316: 5113: 2490:, US) – In December 2017, the Board of Trustees voted to eliminate investments in companies that produce coal for electric power as a major part of their business. 2107:

Governments and pension funds in the United States that have partially or entirely divested or that have taken steps toward divestment include (listed alphabetically):

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From half a dozen college campuses in 2011, calling on their administrations to divest endowments from coal and other fossil fuels and invest in clean energy and "just

2545: 7923: 10808: 4885: 8412: 7869: 6910: 4097: 10476: 9933: 7695: 6072: 1435:. It demonstrates that they are, ultimately, voices speaking with growing eloquence, urgency and authority for one thing: action to address global climate change. 8005: 4687: 5333: 3804: 7396: 3951: 10649: 9280:

Money Is the Oxygen on Which the Fire of Global Warming Burns – What if the banking, asset-management, and insurance industries moved away from fossil fuels?

8945: 4385: 3536: 3497: 2440:(Washington, D.C.) – in June 2020, the college's board of trustees voted to divest from fossil fuels, which make up about 3% of the college's endowment. 425: 8476: 8345: 8306: 7570: 7438: 5296: 5139: 3183: 1139:

reached grid parity for solar electricity generation by the end of 2017. In 2012, 67% of the world's electricity generation was produced from fossil fuels.

11900: 9075: 8456: 7660: 7300: 3918: 3637: 2864:, over half of UK universities have now made some form of divestment commitment, pushing the UK further education divestment total above £12 billion. 8885: 4998: 3770: 1228:

The goal of divestment campaigns is to create new global moral norms. These norms can then shift the market as a whole away from fossil fuel investments.

10085: 9901: 8745: 6343: 5260: 2727: 2430:, US) – the foundation's board of directors voted in October 2013 to divest from the top 200 fossil-fuel companies by June 2014, becoming the first 702: 642: 8722: 8394: 11836: 10080: 8773: 8528: 8512: 8237: 3039: 1646: 1639: 9220: 1951:

coalition issued an open declaration in support of fossil fuel divestment, entitled "Divesting from Fossil Fuels, Investing in a Sustainable Future".

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and other European fossil fuel companies could be wiped out because of stranded assets caused by carbon emission regulation. Bank of England governor

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announced that the District's $ 6.4 billion retirement fund had divested from direct holdings in the top 200 fossil fuel companies in the world.

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stated in January 2015 that, if oil were to stabilize at $ 70 per barrel, $ 1 trillion of planned oilfield investments would not be profitable.

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projected $ 28 trillion in lost value for fossil fuel companies under a regulatory scenario that targets 450 parts per million of atmospheric CO

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Colleges and universities which have wholly or partially divested, or which have taken steps toward divestment include (listed alphabetically):

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Fossil Free ANU formed out of the ANU Environment Collective (EC), a consensus-based and non-hierarchical group of students affiliated with the

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Philosopher and climate justice campaigner Alex Lenferna presents these three interlocking moral arguments in favor of fossil fuel divestment:

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The outcome of the stigmatisation process poses the most far-reaching threat to fossil fuel companies. Any direct impacts pale in comparison.

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It is clear the transition to a clean energy future is inevitable, beneficial and well underway, and that investors have a key role to play.

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I think this is part of a process of delegitimising this sector and saying these are odious profits, this is not a legitimate business model

9817: 5527: 2684:(which later expanded to a global movement) experienced a surge in interest after the "spectacular failure" of climate negotiations at the 849:. The Declaration calls for early leadership in these efforts from the economies that have benefited the most from fossil fuel extraction. 4033: 3611: 11773: 9701: 8261: 6496: 6027: 5185: 4918: 4429: 6851: 1563:

university, multiple department chairs, a vice provost, multiple Nobel Laureates, and members of all seven of the university's schools.

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alongside PLATFORM and BankTrack, targeted banks like RBS over their funding of oil and gas projects. The campaign is no longer active.

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and former Irish President stated, "it is almost a due diligence requirement to consider ending investment in dirty energy companies".

9119: 4058: 2915:) – in December 2014, the university announced its intention to divest all its investments from fossil fuels, becoming the first 2500:, US) – in February 2018 the Board of trustees unanimously voted to divest from all fossil fuel holdings in the school endowment. 1547:

Fossil Free Stanford is one of the highest-profile university divestment campaigns in the US In May 2014, the university divested its

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Government and Bloomberg New Energy Finance forecast the production of energy by rooftop solar to rise sixfold between 2014 and 2024.

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According to research from 2021, about half of the world's fossil fuel assets could be worthless by 2036 under a net zero transition.

10849: 9965: 9540: 8224: 8180: 7972: 6262: 2846:– in January 2015, it decided to formalize its previously informal decision "not to invest in specific sectors such as fossil fuels." 1689: 668: 9352: 6774: 5578: 4507: 4489: 10970: 10180: 9891: 9609: 9386: 8678: 3223: 1661: 1185:

investing in fossil fuels morally tarnishes those who do so by making them complicit in the injustices of the fossil fuel industry.

139: 7785: 5355: 4174: 10536: 10325: 9483: 7837: 6761: 5452: 4152: 2164: – in April 2019, Mayor Michael Hancock announced that the City and County of Denver would divest its fossil fuel interests. 1869: 1853: 470: 9107: 8661: 8204: 7552: 7505: 7488: 7318: 11470: 10185: 10148: 10002: 9987: 9896: 9545: 9489: 7535: 4971: 4011: 3192:"Shifting Discourse on Climate and Sustainability: Key Characteristics of the Higher Education Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement" 2334:, US) – in February 2015, the college's board of trustees approved a resolution to divest the college's $ 25 million 2195:(whose cash balances the city invests) or two municipal mutual insurance corporations of which the city is a part-owner. Mayor 1369: 280: 7712: 7620: 6396:"Why we risked arrest to protest Harvard and Yale funding fossil fuel giants | Ilana Cohen and Camilla Ledezma | The Guardian" 5426: 4404: 1668: 11986: 11889: 10844: 9982: 8854: 8437: 7197: 6762:

Response to "Request for information to the MIT Administration regarding the Institute's relations to fossil fuel companies."

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We must stop climate change. And we can, if we use the tactics that worked in South Africa against the worst carbon emitters

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According to a 2019 analysis by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, the energy sector portion of the

10866: 9812: 9807: 8377: 7920: 7044: 6884: 5868:"Faust Says She Will Work with Faculty, Not Divest Group, To Discuss Climate Change | News | The Harvard Crimson" 5773: 5690: 3837: 2192: 105:. Financial research suggests that, in the longer term, fossil fuel divestment has positively impacted investors' returns. 9314: 7904: 7238: 7171: 6646: 1081:, the world's largest private coal mining company, had lost 80% of its share price over this time. This was attributed to 744:... Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development. 10347: 10125: 9943: 9865: 9855: 9838: 9745: 9552: 7866: 6918: 6103: 4618: 3084: 2615: 1948: 1819: 275: 222: 9870: 8073: 7850: 7272: 6526: 3657: 3099: 1675: 1463:

ANU still has holdings in fossil fuel companies and Fossil Free ANU continues to campaign for ANU to 'Divest the Rest'.

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in New York City unanimously voted to begin divesting fossil fuels from the seminary's $ 108.4 million endowment.

2369: 2253: 1529: 628: 300: 117: 8641: 6466: 6290: 5722:"Can The Growing Student Movement To Divest Colleges From Fossil Fuels Succeed? | Co.Exist | ideas + impact" 4744:"ANU Investments in Fossil Fuels – a Freedom of Information request to Australian National University – Right To Know" 4510:. Vol. 3, no. 2. Cornerstone, The Official Journal of the World Coal Industry. pp. 8–11. Archived from 2618:, one of seven schools within the system, announced that its foundation had divested from all fossil-fuel investments. 11419: 10703: 10579: 10396: 9589: 8556: 6130:"The Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement's Newest Strategy: Alternative Endowments | Co.Exist | ideas + impact" 5841: 5097: 4695: 4091: 4089: 4087: 3104: 2960: 2908: 1708: 1600: 922: 672: 187: 6707: 11798: 11755: 10995: 10936: 10574: 10554: 10501: 10453: 9505: 6155: 5400: 3960: 2689: 2355: 1657: 1074: 684:

rise in temperature would far pass the level of warming that scientists have deemed safe to support life on earth.

615: 8025: 6073:"Harvard defies divestment campaigners and invests tens of millions of dollars in fossil fuels | Environment" 6046: 5949: 4446: 4412: 4084: 3511: 11793: 11475: 11404: 11343: 11136: 11028: 10693: 10644: 10070: 10032: 9977: 9437: 8473: 8364: 8342: 6587: 5796: 5627: 5307: 2399: 2379: 1920: 1082: 508: 55:

of assets including stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments connected to companies involved in extracting

8453: 7729: 7297: 6676: 5747: 5032: 3165: 2170: – the City Council unanimously voted in January 2014 to take up the fossil-fuel issue at a future meeting. 11996: 11715: 11613: 11148: 10761: 10045: 9792: 7121: 5653: 3109: 2523: 1444: 1362: 1269: 1155:

Unstable fossil fuel prices has made investment in fossil fuel extraction a more risky investment opportunity.

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United Church of Christ to become first U.S. denomination to move toward divestment from fossil fuel companies

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Quantifying the implicit climate subsidy received by leading fossil fuel companies — Working Paper No. 02/2015

90: 11959: 11938: 11906: 11783: 11710: 10871: 10406: 9938: 5924: 5797:"Faust Expresses Disappointment in Divest Harvard Video Confrontation | News | The Harvard Crimson" 5059:("Divest from fossil fuels. Invest in climate solutions."), official website (page visited on 7 August 2016). 2758: 2294: 1382: 1253: 671:

found that all future carbon dioxide emissions must be less than 1,000 gigatonnes to provide a 66% chance of

538: 8509: 6556: 5867: 5628:"HLS Student Government Sends Pro-Divestment Letters to Minow, Faust | News | The Harvard Crimson" 5552: 5479:"Sit-in at Stanford's Main Quad ends, and protesters call meeting with university president 'disappointing'" 1427:

that the reaction demonstrated not just "the complicity of state power with the mining industry," but also:

11695: 10963: 10854: 10526: 10055: 10050: 9955: 9822: 9379: 2437: 1289: 75: 8277: 8154: 2263: – committed to divestment in 2013 and completed its divestment (of about $ 700,000) within one year. 12001: 11981: 11803: 11735: 11111: 10065: 9908: 5976: 5601: 4743: 2621: 2123: 1768:. The sit-in, which lasted 116 days, ended officially with an agreement with Vice President for Research 1399: 1066: 661: 543: 305: 9174: 7018: 6616: 6415: 5501: 3985: 1092:

In 2013, fossil fuel companies invested $ 670 billion in exploration of new oil and gas resources.

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from fossil fuels interests over the next five years. In addition, the city is filing lawsuits against

2182: 2119: 1478: 603: 325: 245: 162: 7741: 7172:"Divestment Groups Cheer Harvard Forward Victories in Overseers Election | News | The Harvard Crimson" 6291:"Harvard Leaders Stay Quiet on Divest, Even During 'Heat Week' | News | The Harvard Crimson" 3858: 3377: 3302: 11705: 11500: 11338: 10990: 10793: 10468: 10443: 10416: 10378: 10295: 10113: 9960: 9913: 9663: 9432: 9427: 9422: 8129: 8100: 6263:"Cornel West warns of 'Planetary Selma' at Harvard fossil fuel divestment protest | Environment" 3455: 2668: 2657: 2527: 2473: 2272: 2249: 1389:

that: "He took some convincing, but the Vice Chancellor is showing leadership on this urgent issue."

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in history. As of July 2023, more than 1593 institutions with assets totalling more than $ 40.5

10308: 5297:"A Resolution in Support of StanfordUniversity's Divestment from Fossil Fuel Companies, GSC-2014-21" 3917:

Watts, Jonathan; Kirk, Ashley; McIntyre, Niamh; Gutiérrez, Pablo; Kommenda, Niko (4 November 2021).

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A number of individuals and organisations have voiced support for fossil fuel divestment including:

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In November 2014, a group of seven undergraduate, graduate, and law students filed a lawsuit at the

11638: 11515: 11480: 11229: 11219: 11193: 10803: 10798: 10788: 10729: 10569: 10075: 10040: 9923: 9850: 9691: 9520: 9456: 9417: 6182:"Alumni withhold donations, join student protests to pressure colleges to divest from fossil fuels" 2982: 2815: 2631: 2591: 2493: 2483: 2349: 2260: 2243: 2134:

in these municipalities passed resolutions calling on pension managers to divest from fossil fuels.

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became the first university in Europe to agree to divest from fossil fuels. The NSA whistle-blower

1976: 1826:

has called for climate action for many years. He published a call to stop the climate crisis named

1143: 513: 420: 372: 290: 144: 6156:"Faust Disapproves of Divest Harvard's February Occupation | News | The Harvard Crimson" 3712: 3710: 3708: 3658:"University of Toronto pledges to divest from fossil fuels, run 'climate positive' campus by 2050" 1996:

People on the Harvard campus seeking signatures for Harvard divestment from fossil fuels, May 2015

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divesting from fossil fuels helps fulfill our moral responsibility to promote climate action; and

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Harvard's decision not to divest was explained in an open letter from the University President,

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investing in fossil fuels contributes to grave, substantial, and unnecessary harm and injustice;

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did not approve of them. Tom Stayner, an activist from the EC, stated in the ANU student paper

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Advisory Committee on Divestment from Fossil Fuels. In December 2015, the Committee released a

475: 450: 360: 340: 265: 192: 94: 6504: 5386: 3351: 2269: – Mayor pledged to divest in 2012, but city and pension fund have not completed process. 11991: 11843: 11788: 11745: 11628: 11603: 11568: 11244: 10900: 10546: 10423: 10231: 9681: 9604: 9158: 7415: 7222: 5774:"Exclusive: Harvard President Faust Says Fossil Fuel Companies Are Not Blocking Clean Energy" 4662: 3074: 3030: 2852:– a long campaign to make Bristol University divest from fossil fuels took a major step when 2849: 2837: 2581: 2427: 2068: 2009: 838: 770: 591: 410: 365: 182: 20: 7411:"Landmark bill passed by House and Senate seeks to sell off Maine's fossil fuel investments" 5261:"A Resolution in Support of Divestment from Fossil Fuel Companies at Stanford, UGS-S2013-14" 5103: 4413:"Fossil Fuel Investments: Looking Backwards May Prove Costly to Investors in Today's Market" 3493: 2806:– announced on 4 July 2023 that it was divesting its investments from fossil fuel producers. 2020:

wrote an open letter to Harvard University demanding that it divest its $ 35.9 billion

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editorial described as "verging on hysterical" was joined by members of the cabinet of the

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Fossil fuel divestment aims to reduce carbon emissions by accelerating the adoption of the

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became the first institution of higher learning to divest its endowment from fossil fuels.

7969: 6992: 6416:"Harvard Will Move to Divest its Endowment from Fossil Fuels | News | The Harvard Crimson" 5673:"Former Undergraduate Council President: What Happened Behind Divest Harvard Closed Doors" 5528:"Students, alumni pledge to withhold donations until university divests from fossil fuels" 3736: 1992: 893: 8: 11740: 11623: 11618: 11363: 11282: 11101: 11081: 11071: 10756: 10531: 9755: 9750: 5977:"Activists Kick Off Week-Long Fast for Divestment | News | The Harvard Crimson" 5925:"Faculty for Divestment Renew Call for Open Forum | News | The Harvard Crimson" 4511: 4490:

American Petroleum Institute Economist: Efforts to Divest From Fossil Fuels 'Disgust' Him

4211: 4167: 3959:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Archived from 3064: 2898: 2731: 2635: 2565: 2551: 2541: 2507: 2487: 2447: 2335: 2317: 2307: 2266: 2229: 2155: 2137: 2092: 2021: 1548: 1423:

calling it "stupid." In response, Louis Klee, an activist from Fossil Free ANU, wrote in

912: 821: 766: 568: 533: 528: 240: 67: 8628: 7621:"Washington D.C. adds its largest public pension to the fossil fuel divestment movement" 6588:"Report of the MIT Climate Change Conversation Committee: MIT and the Climate Challenge" 4619:"Memorandum submitted jointly by PLATFORM, People & Planet and BankTrack (PBR08008)" 4386:"At last, divestment is hitting the fossil fuel industry where it hurts | Bill McKibben" 4325: 1822:

claims that it is not investing in fossil fuels with many other Catholic organisations.

32:

As of 2021, 1,300 institutions possessing US$ 14.6 trillion have divested from the

11685: 11680: 11315: 11277: 11234: 11153: 10584: 10516: 10433: 10283: 10248: 10205: 10200: 10195: 9760: 8746:"Boris Johnson told to divest £4.8bn pension fund from fossil fuels | Environment" 7097:"Judge Annuls Harvard-Yale Divestment Protesters' Charges | News | The Harvard Crimson" 6903: 6764:

Memo from Maria T. Zuber, MIT Vice President for Research, to MIT Divest. May 16, 2020.

5672: 5374: 4347: 4237:"Finance Must Combat Climate Change – or Else | by Bevis Longstreth & Connor Chung" 3919:"Half world's fossil fuel assets could become worthless by 2036 in net zero transition" 3642: 3423: 3421: 3069: 2861: 2823: 2575: 2537: 2503: 2477: 2409: 2363: 2188: 2001: 1539:

itself stopped accepting advertisements from the fossil fuel industry in January 2020.

1406: 1261: 1244:, which is dominated by fossil fuels, has underperformed the overall index since 1989. 846: 761:

is a fossil fuel divestment strategy, which puts into action the aims set forth at the

740:... Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and 563: 503: 460: 335: 212: 155: 8510:

UMass Becomes First Major Public University to Divest from Direct Fossil Fuel Holdings

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submitted a petition for divestment on 6 March 2014, President Gertler established an

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Ireland is to be the world's first country to divest public money from fossil fuels.

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In October 2014, more than 82% of ANU students voted for full fossil fuel divestment.

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fell in value from $ 107 per barrel in June 2014 to $ 50 per barrel in January 2015.

1055: 285: 172: 5334:"ASSU Execs call for Board to represent student consensus on fossil fuel divestment" 4975: 4351: 4141: 4019: 3418: 1320:

in assets worldwide had begun or committed some form of divestment of fossil fuels.

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in assets worldwide had begun or committed some form of divestment of fossil fuels.

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San Francisco Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement Takes Its First Steps Against Big Oil

6321: 6186: 5430: 4593: 4329: 4207: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3284:"The database of fossil fuel divestment commitments made by institutions worldwide" 3203: 3089: 2497: 2413: 2403: 2345: 2311: 2278: 2173: 2013: 1894: 1608: 1607:

Divest Harvard described the decision as a "massive victory for our community, the

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is an international platform for institutions committed to fossil fuel divestment.

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sector had lost 76% of its value including the closure of 200 mines. It found that

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Fossil fuel divestment campaigns emerged on college and university campuses in the

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Fossil Fuel Divestment Strategy Passes at United Church of Christ Convention (UCC)

8569: 7189: 2881: 1503: 1431:... that the citizens of this country are powerful voices in the debate over 71: 11653: 11563: 11548: 11414: 11379: 11188: 10813: 10734: 10698: 10627: 10601: 10589: 10506: 10438: 10313: 10170: 9782: 9733: 9711: 9126: 8559:). Opening quote for the chapter ten entitles "Divestment and the carbon bubble". 8516: 8480: 8460: 8349: 8313: 8244: 8211: 8205:

Pacific School of Religion First Seminary in California to Divest in Fossil Fuels

8012: 7976: 7927: 7908: 7873: 7768: 7748: 7363: 7304: 7122:"Harvard Faculty Vote in Favor of Divestment 179-20 | News | The Harvard Crimson" 6400: 6104:"Vermont Harvard Club Endorses Divestment | News | The Harvard Crimson" 5169: 3376:

Trinks, Arjan; Scholtens, Bert; Mulder, Machiel; Dam, Lammertjan (1 April 2018).

3079: 2827: 2787: 2783: 2443: 2423: 2327: 2005: 1964: 1758: 1432: 1373: 842: 834: 792: 762: 749: 405: 400: 390: 260: 9175:

Ireland to be the world's first country to divest public money from fossil fuels

7571:"Massachusetts divestment movement seeks to capitalize on fossil fuels' decline" 7048: 7019:"Natalie Portman Joins Calls for Harvard to Sell Off Stocks in Big Energy Firms" 6210:"Harvard divestment campaigners gear up for a week of action | Environment" 5698: 5602:"Law School Students Vote for Divestment | News | The Harvard Crimson" 4098:"Solar has won. Even if coal were free to burn, power stations couldn't compete" 3841: 3638:"U of T rejects recommendation to divest from fossil fuels - The Globe and Mail" 3024: 1108:

emissions was greater than their after‐tax profit, with the single exception of

11578: 11495: 11429: 11424: 11143: 11121: 11056: 10979: 10766: 10622: 10564: 10559: 10401: 10290: 10022: 10017: 10012: 9860: 9797: 9535: 9515: 9474: 9395: 9283: 8679:

Union Theological Seminary in NYC Unanimously Votes to Divest From Fossil Fuels

7901: 6654: 4886:"Coalition accused of 'bullying' ANU after criticism of fossil fuel divestment" 4370: 3327: 3002: 2571: 2546:

Seattle University will become first college in state to divest of fossil fuels

2233: 2167: 2085: 2072: 1910: 1827: 1791: 1742: 1525: 1265: 1078: 1073:

A report by the Carbon Tracker Initiative found that between 2010 and 2015 the

908: 904: 900: 805: 548: 498: 345: 315: 270: 167: 134: 48: 4334: 4309: 3570:"Report of the President's Advisory Committee on Divestment from Fossil Fuels" 11975: 11883: 11608: 11593: 11588: 11573: 11394: 11348: 11106: 10839: 10771: 10496: 10318: 10303: 10238: 10133: 9274: 9087: 8897: 8785: 8599:"Religion & Environmental Stewardship / Non-Profit Spotlight: Greenfaith" 8548: 7553:

San Francisco and Seattle lead US cities pulling funds from fossil fuel firms

7450: 7439:"New York City plans to divest $ 5bn from fossil fuels and sue oil companies" 6863: 6534: 5950:"Harvard faculty for divestment hold public forum, meet privately with Faust" 5089: 5010: 4945:"Tony Abbott attacks ANU's 'stupid decision' to dump fossil fuel investments" 4897: 4343: 4115: 4070: 3816: 3782: 3411: 3336: 3016: 2719: 2625: 2213: 2177: 1968: 1906: 1899: 1884: 1726: 1611:, and the world—and a strike against the power of the fossil fuel industry." 1377: 1293: 1163: 873: 863: 518: 480: 197: 63: 8225:

San Francisco State University votes to divest investment in coal, tar sands

8089:

Humboldt State University Helps Lead Push for Fossil-Free, Greener Investing

6800:"Faith institutions call for a just recovery by divesting from fossil fuels" 5748:"Forum Debates University Divestment | News | The Harvard Crimson" 11856: 11254: 11013: 10724: 10521: 10165: 10155: 9802: 9686: 9599: 9221:"EU Bank launches ambitious new climate strategy and Energy Lending Policy" 8750: 8540: 7273:"Boston City Council says no to fossil fuel investments - The Boston Globe" 6775:"Evaluating Dr. Maria Zuber's Response to MIT Divest's Information Request" 6474: 6344:"Yale-Harvard football game disrupted by climate protesters storming field" 6267: 6214: 6077: 6047:"Judge Dismisses Divestment Lawsuit | News | The Harvard Crimson" 5081: 5069: 3683: 3049: 2853: 2601: 2585: 2017: 1940: 1916: 1889: 1823: 1811: 1764: 1752: 1520: 1118:

increasingly focused on this risk and seeking to understand and manage it.

732:... aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, 708: 438: 255: 102: 56: 51:

by exerting social, political, and economic pressure for the institutional

7946:"GWU becomes latest DC university to promise divestment from fossil fuels" 5210: 4059:"Rise of renewables may see off oil firms decades earlier than they think" 11439: 11434: 11399: 11262: 10751: 10268: 10260: 9510: 9061:

BREAKING: Half of all UK universities have now divested from fossil fuels

7397:

City of Madison Resolution: Divestment of Fossil Fuels by City of Madison

6715: 6647:"MIT's Climate Plan doesn't add up. So we're sitting-in.; News; The Tech" 3771:"Bank of England boss says global finance is funding 4C temperature rise" 2916: 2196: 1865: 1849: 1807: 1769: 1420: 1059: 831: 765:

in 2015. It was first coined by Benjamin A. Franta, in an article in the

697: 445: 207: 33: 9159:

Ireland makes history becoming first country to divest from fossil fuels

9029:

Esme Ashcroft, 'People power Uni stops investing in fossil fuel firms',

8946:"Glasgow becomes first university in Europe to divest from fossil fuels" 8697:"Goldman Sachs Is First U.S. Big Bank to Divest From Arctic Oil and Gas" 8327:

The New School Divests Fossil Fuel Stock and Refocuses on Climate Change

8006:

Green Mountain College Board Approves Divestment of Fossil Fuel Holdings

7713:"Brown sells 90 percent of fossil fuel investments | Brown Daily Herald" 5404: 4266:"After nearly a decade of resistance, Harvard divests from fossil fuels" 3208: 3191: 2964: 2746: 1982: 11598: 11583: 11409: 11389: 10783: 10160: 8919: 8307:

Sterling College Completes Fossil Fuel Divestment of its Endowment Fund

7751:(press release), California State University, Chico (12 December 2014). 7742:

University Foundation Board Approves Divestment of Fossil Fuel Holdings

7357:

Mayor Svante Myrick '09: City of Ithaca to Join Movement for Divestment

7072:"Activists Disrupt Harvard-Yale Rivalry Game To Protest Climate Change" 5502:"Stanford issues statement on climate change ahead of Paris conference" 3402: 3166:"Australian Campaign Case Study : Divestment Campaign 2013 - 2021" 3139: 2723: 2681: 2225: 2040: 1415: 1307: 1282: 1241: 1109: 884: 320: 250: 217: 52: 28: 9208:

Divestment Day Aims to Strengthen Global Reach of Fossil-Free Movement

9076:"Church of England ends investments in heavily polluting fossil fuels" 8886:"King's College London diverts fossil fuel endowments to clean energy" 6236: 5354:

Goldenberg, Suzanne; correspondent, US environment (11 January 2015).

4572: 4537:"Measuring the Global Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement, September 2015" 3840:. International Energy Agency. 3 June 2014. p. 43. Archived from 3605:"Measuring the Global Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement, September 2014" 3044: 2093:

Groups divesting or taking official steps toward divestment by country

1741:

Following the campus-wide conversation, on 21 October 2015, President

11867: 11813: 11267: 9728: 9357:

newspaper organising its divestment campaign 'Keep it in the ground'.

7732:(press release), California Institute of the Arts (23 December 2014). 6684: 5579:"Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support for Fossil Fuel Divestment" 2877: 2383: 2282: 1924: 1512: 1347: 1159: 1086: 9293:

The green bond as a prospective instrument of the global debt market

9143:

Ireland commits to divesting public funds from fossil fuel companies

8774:"UK councils warned of 'severe penalties' of fossil fuel divestment" 8101:

Johns Hopkins University to divest holdings in major coal producers

8042:

Hampshire's Policy on Environmental, Social and Governance Investing

6966: 4464:"Students find obscure law that could force their schools to divest" 2947: 1624: 11660: 6885:"Actor DiCaprio joins growing movement to divest from fossil fuels" 4640: 3546:. The Asquith Press at the Toronto Reference Library. 10 April 2015 2831: 2648:

We see this as both a moral imperative and an economic opportunity.

2531: 1954: 1874: 1798:. Catholic organisations with US$ 40 billion in assets joined 868: 89:

By 2015, fossil fuel divestment was reportedly the fastest growing

9346: 7902:

De Anza students move Foundation to vote for fossil fuel divesture

7472:

Providence City Council votes to divest from fossil-fuel companies

7146: 5356:"Stanford professors urge withdrawal from fossil fuel investments" 4999:"ANU fossil fuel divestment furore proves movement is no sideshow" 3893:"Leave fossil fuels buried to prevent climate change, study urges" 3805:"Firms ignoring climate crisis will go bankrupt, says Mark Carney" 3303:"Determinants of fossil fuel divestment in European pension funds" 3283: 2860:

As of January 2020, according to student campaigning organisation

2642: 1839:

Support for the divestment movement by politicians and individuals

11633: 10948: 9706: 9364: 8413:"Citing 'financial risk,' UC pledges to divest from fossil fuels" 5073: 5072:

in his list of "Organisations fighting for a better climate" are

5033:"Australian Campaign Case Study: Divestment Campaign 2013 - 2021" 4012:"Fossil fuels face $ 30 trillion losses from climate, renewables" 3719:"The Logic of Divestment: Why We Have to Kiss Off Big Carbon Now" 3301:

Egli, Florian; Schärer, David; Steffen, Bjarne (1 January 2022).

3010: 2794:

if it believes it has an ethical or environmental case to do so.

1919:

has voiced support for fossil fuel divestment and compared it to

1472: 1451:

Vice-Chancellor of ANU Ian Young stood by the decision, stating:

777: 7813:"CWRU completes fossil fuel divestment from its public holdings" 7661:"Advancing and Deepening Brandeis' Commitment to Sustainability" 7381:

Soglin joins other mayors in push to divest fossil fuel holdings

7256:

Berkeley City Council votes to divest from fossil fuel companies

6001: 5553:"Arrested Divestment | Magazine | The Harvard Crimson" 3866:"US coal sector in 'structural decline', financial analysts say" 2216: – in January 2018, New York City announced it will divest 11297: 10719: 9044:

Divest! Divest Now! An Interview with UoB's Fossil Free Society

8807:"City, University of London divests from fossil fuel producers" 8214:(press release), Pacific School of Religion (25 February 2015). 7506:

S.F. pension board takes step toward ditching fossil fuel funds

6993:"Jeffrey Sachs: Fund Managers Have a Duty to Dump Fossil Fuels" 5842:"Fossil fuel protesters blockade offices at Harvard University" 2996: 2161: 2149: 1815: 1386: 8091:(press release), Humboldt State University (26 November 2014). 7867:

First college in the Pacific Islands divests from fossil fuels

6737: 6317:"Harvard students block doorway to school building in protest" 5823:"Harvard Faculty Urges University to Divest From Fossil Fuels" 3688:"'Carbon bubble' poses serious threat to UK economy, MPs warn" 1524:

launched the 'Keep it in the ground' campaign encouraging the

10633:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

9716: 6708:"Fossil Free MIT ends sit-in after agreement; News; The Tech" 6557:"Timeline: Creation of MIT Plan for Action on Climate Change" 3288:

Global Fossil Fuel Divestment Database managed by Stand.earth

2611: 2434:

foundation in the nation to commit to fossil-fuel divestment.

2202: 2034:

Open letter to Harvard university from notable alumni, 2014,

83: 7569:

AP, Arnold Gold / New Haven Register via (3 December 2019).

7523:

State Lawmakers Push Pensions to Divest Fossil Fuel Holdings

7344:

Eugene to Take Closer Look at Fossil Fuel Divestment Options

6497:"History of FFMIT and Our Campaign; Fossil Free MIT webpage" 5691:"Fossil Fuel Divestment Statement | Harvard University" 2884:

holdings. The church has a £9 billion investment fund.

2790:

to urgently divest pension funds from fossil fuel companies

1447:

students present a giant petition to the University Council.

1372:, when students were notified in 2011 by campaigners at the 1142:

Stanwell Corporation, an electricity generator owned by the

1133: 919:

Known extractable fossil fuel reserves that cannot be burned

9306:

Divestment and Stranded Assets in the Low-carbon Transition

9300: 9248:"EU Bank Takes 'Quantum Leap' to End Fossil-Fuel Financing" 8855:"SOAS first university in London to divest in fossil fuels" 8181:"Middlebury Moves to Divest as Part of New Energy2028 Plan" 8076:(press release), Humboldt State University (30 April 2014). 7226: 4688:"ANU Removes Itself From Coal Seam Gas Operations | Woroni" 4175:"Stanwell blames solar for decline in fossil fuel baseload" 2928: 2892: 2686:

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen

2366:

companies such as coal producers over the next five years."

1979:

in reducing the risk of losses via fossil fuel divestment.

1439: 1047: 66:

in 2011 with students urging their administrations to turn

9108:

Otago University Council votes to divest from fossil fuels

8055:

To Stop Climate Change, Students Aim at College Portfolios

7595: 5114:"Keep it in the Ground campaign: six things we've learned" 5056: 4805:"Students put the Coalition on notice over climate change" 3978: 3916: 2941: 2102: 1721:

Fossil Free MIT (FFMIT) was a student organization at the

1323: 1203: 45:

fossil fuel divestment and investment in climate solutions

10809:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

9313:

Rowe, James; Dempsey, Jessica; Gibbs, Peter (July 2016).

8395:

How A Small College Launched Divestment from Fossil Fuels

8343:

Unity College Reports No Loss from Fossil Fuel Divestment

8238:

SF State joins campaign to divest money from fossil fuels

7838:

College of the Atlantic sells its fossil fuel investments

7790:

Office of the President | Case Western Reserve University

7643:"American U Divests From Fossil Fuels | Inside Higher Ed" 6826:"Vatican Asks Catholics to Ditch Fossil Fuel Investments" 4919:"Pyne says ANU decision to ditch mining shares 'bizarre'" 4663:"ANU to sell coal seam gas shares after student pressure" 1746:

to solve problems that is at the heart of today's plan."

1276: 892:

blocking a coal mine in Germany to limit climate change (

9341: 7319:"Denver Completes Divestment From Fossil Fuel Companies" 6911:"UN climate envoy backs fossil fuel divestment movement" 6852:"Fossil fuel divestment funds double to $ 5tn in a year" 6028:"Harvard Students Move Fossil Fuel Stock Fight to Court" 5186:"Stanford to Purge $ 18 Billion Endowment of Coal Stock" 3745:"Mark Carney: most fossil fuel reserves can't be burned" 3375: 3278: 3276: 2199:

and most city council members introduced the resolution.

1098: 11838:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

8074:

Humboldt State University Targets Fossil Fuels and More

7786:"Divestment of Fossil Fuel Holdings: November 30, 2021" 7223:

Mass. Emerges as Hub of Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement

6941:"We need an apartheid-style boycott to save the planet" 5401:"Stanford Faculty For Fossil Fuel Divestment – Join Us" 5353: 4833:"ANU sale of fossil fuel holdings not enough: students" 2240:

for costs the city faces in relation to climate change.

2221: 1051: 9016:'Demo in protest over uni link to fossil fuel firms', 8719:"Divestment from fossil fuels | London City Hall" 8262:

Stanford to Purge $ 18 Billion Endowment of Coal Stock

8015:(press release), Green Mountain College (14 May 2013). 7851:

Do Pacific islands need to 'walk the talk' on climate?

7762:

Chico State Foundation Approves Fossil Fuel Divestment

7536:

Is Seattle Really Committed to Fossil Fuel Divestment?

6439: 5894:"Harvard Alumni Stage Protest During Reunion Ceremony" 5427:"Letter – Stanford Faculty For Fossil Fuel Divestment" 4430:

Harvard Students Move Fossil Fuel Stock Fight to Court

4203:

Divest–Invest: A Moral Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment

4149:"Breakdown of Electricity Generation by Energy Source" 3537:"The Fossil Fuel Industry and the Case for Divestment" 2954: 2797: 2289: 1288:

In March 2014, John Felmy, the chief economist of the

1050:

found that between 40% and 60% of the market value of

911:

is not taken into account in a company's stock market

857: 10650:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

9191:Örebro first Swedish city to divest from fossil fuels 8562: 8463:(press release), University of Dayton (23 June 2014). 8044:(press release), Hampshire College (19 October 2012). 7679:

Brevard College divests from coal; first in Southeast

5132: 3498:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3356:

Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis

3273: 3060:

Economic recovery programmes during COVID-19 pandemic

1983:

Support for specific fossil fuel divestment campaigns

1833: 808:, and act based on the goals at the Paris Agreement. 9316:

The Power of Fossil Fuel Divestment (And Its Secret)

8971:

Bedfordshire joins Glasgow in fossil fuel commitment

8365:

Divestment: Our Commitment to Fossil Fuel Divestment

8291:

Sterling College Pledges to Divest From Fossil Fuels

8117:

Board of Trustees Votes to Divest From Fossil Fuels

5165:"Guardian to ban advertising from fossil fuel firms" 4298:, 11 March 2015 (page visited on 20 September 2016). 3950:

Hope, Chris; Gilding, Paul; Alvarez, Jimena (2015).

2992: 2867: 2675: 2662:

on disinvesting from fossil fuels, 30 September 2014

1376:, that ANU was the 12th largest shareholders in the 1308:

Exponential growth into a global divestment movement

1195:

asserting that its investments violated state laws.

826:

The Lofoten Declaration (2017) calls for curtailing

8545:

Atmosphere of Hope. Solutions to the Climate Crisis

8498:

University of Maine Board votes to divest from coal

7979:(press release), Goddard College (14 January 2015). 7921:

Calif. college foundation to divest of fossil fuels

7696:

Brevard College to No Longer Invest in Fossil Fuels

7198:"Edward Snowden comes out in support of divestment" 5236:"2014 ASSU Spring Quarter General Election Results" 5086:

Atmosphere of Hope. Solutions to the Climate Crisis

703:

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate

8026:Green Mountain College to Divest From Fossil Fuels 7890:Cornell to Divest from Fossil Fuels, Trustees Vote 6097: 6095: 4366:"Cost of Capital Spikes for Fossil-Fuel Producers" 4259: 4257: 3949: 3838:"World Energy Investment Outlook – Special Report" 3453: 3430:"How much of the world's fossil fuel can we burn?" 3378:"Fossil Fuel Divestment and Portfolio Performance" 3300: 3040:Australian Local Government Fossil Fuel Divestment 2281: – in June 2016, the City Council along with 2048:promote progress toward a more sustainable future. 8833:"SOAS fulfils pledge to divest from fossil fuels" 8316:(press release), Sterling College (17 July 2013). 8280:(press release), Stanford University, 6 May 2014. 4773:"ANU students lukewarm on 'gold standard' policy" 4573:"Fossil Free, Divestment Commitments, April 2016" 4039:. Kepler Cheuvreux. 24 April 2014. Archived from 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 1614: 74:into investments in clean energy and communities 16:Divestment in companies that extract fossil fuels 11973: 10850:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 9312: 8662:UCC investment fund will be free of fossil fuels 6442:"Harvard is Finally Divesting from Fossil Fuels" 5654:"A New Divestment Focus on Campus: Fossil Fuels" 4767: 4765: 1955:Support for the divestment movement by investors 1645:Please improve this section about MIT by adding 717: 9120:Victoria University to divest from fossil fuels 8378:Map: Tracking Academia's Fossil Fuel Divestment 8084: 8082: 6644: 6092: 4531: 4529: 4294:Atif Ansar, Ben Caldecott and James Tilbury, , 4254: 4123:"Solar at grid parity in most of world by 2017" 3599: 3597: 3568:Karney, Brian; et al. (15 December 2015). 2643:Foundations and charitable endowments in the US 11862:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 8474:University of Dayton divests from fossil fuels 6845: 6843: 3936: 3249: 3247: 3245: 2777: 1210:Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment 1150: 10964: 9585:History of climate change policy and politics 9380: 9067: 8877: 6527:"Sign the Petition!; Fossil Free MIT webpage" 4827: 4825: 4762: 3990:University of Cambridge Judge Business School 1507:'Keep it in the ground' banner spread out by 1485: 636: 108: 8352:(press release), Unity College (1 May 2013). 8079: 8069: 8067: 7430: 7195: 4526: 4445:Mariel A. Klein & Theodore R. Delwiche, 3594: 3512:"On Divestment, Adopt the Toronto Principle" 3479:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 655: 9702:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 7545: 7147:"Harvard Alumni: Help Move Harvard Forward" 6840: 3676: 3563: 3561: 3242: 3189: 2976: 2876:agreed to divest £12 million from its 2420:Foothill–De Anza Community College District 1237:attributed in part to divestment pressure. 1122:Similarly, in 2014, financial analyst firm 11933: 10971: 10957: 10931: 10919: 10376: 9387: 9373: 9353:A podcast series recording the process of 8656: 8654: 8438:UD to cut coal and fossil fuel investments 7298:Burlington to study fossil fuel divestment 6849: 5499: 5068:The two divestment organisations cited by 4822: 4410: 4234: 3890: 3802: 3768: 3742: 3132: 643: 629: 610: 598: 11873:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 10671: 10477:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 9610:United Nations Climate Change conferences 9289: 9245: 8360: 8358: 8064: 7990:Goddard College divests from fossil fuels 7730:CalArts Moves to Divest From Fossil Fuels 6179: 5670: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4333: 4095: 3716: 3454:EPA, OAR, OAP, CCD, US (12 August 2013). 3401: 3326: 3255:"Fossil fuel divestment: a brief history" 3207: 2680:Founded in 1992, interfaith organization 1709:Learn how and when to remove this message 1134:Competition from renewable energy sources 669:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 11901:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 10181:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 8917: 8694: 7069: 6823: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6025: 5891: 5820: 5500:University, Stanford (28 October 2015). 5030: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4206:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 4199: 3558: 3163: 2929:Governments and pension funds in Ireland 2893:Colleges and universities in New Zealand 2293: 2183:Office of the New York State Comptroller 2062: 1991: 1502: 1438: 1352: 1341: 1198: 883: 867: 837:. It demands fossil fuel divestment and 27: 10537:National Adaptation Programme of Action 10326:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 9210:, InsideClimate News (9 February 2015). 9110:, Critic Te Arohi, (17 September 2016). 9073: 8988:My journey with fossil fuels divestment 8920:"University to sell fossil fuel shares" 8883: 8651: 7943: 7773:Foundation & Endowment Intelligence 6850:Carrington, Damian (12 December 2016). 5526:Service, Bay City News (12 June 2016). 5525: 4505: 4499: 4056: 3830: 3769:Partington, Richard (15 October 2019). 3743:Shankleman, Jessica (13 October 2014). 3575:. University of Toronto. Archived from 3510:Franta, Benjamin A. (8 February 2016). 3126: 2942:Governments and pension funds in Sweden 2103:Governments and pension funds in the US 1870:secretary-general of the United Nations 1854:secretary-general of the United Nations 1542: 1324:Groups involved in divestment campaigns 1204:Stigmatization of fossil fuel companies 471:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 11974: 11471:Corporate environmental responsibility 10186:Economics of climate change mitigation 10149:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 9662: 9490:Scientific consensus on climate change 9347:Global Divestment Commitments Database 8943: 8771: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8376:Zahra Hirji & Elizabeth Douglass, 8355: 8278:Stanford to divest from coal companies 7525:, Pew Charitable Trusts (12 May 2015). 7436: 7408: 7373: 6990: 6677:"In the News; Fossil Free MIT webpage" 6314: 6070: 5839: 5576: 5453:"SIT-IN: RECAP – Fossil Free Stanford" 4996: 4883: 4791: 4034:"Stranded assets, fossilised revenues" 3986:"Measuring fossil fuel 'hidden' costs" 3803:Carrington, Damian (13 October 2019). 3682: 3635: 3567: 3509: 3352:"Passive investing in a warming world" 2923: 1961:World Pensions & Investments Forum 1959:A prominent speaker at the 5th annual 1947:In September 2020, 12 mayors from the 1784: 1370:Australian Student Environment Network 1328: 1277:Reaction from the fossil-fuel industry 815: 281:Economics of climate change mitigation 10952: 10845:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 10670: 10375: 10111: 9661: 9573: 9454: 9406: 9368: 9003:'Don't invest in fossil fuel firms', 8743: 8695:Davidson, Jordan (16 December 2019). 8410: 7017:Atler, Charlotte (20 February 2015). 7016: 6705: 6617:"A Plan for Action on Climate Change" 6575: 6127: 5719: 5651: 5183: 4969: 4439: 4307: 4283: 4235:Longstreth, Bevis (9 November 2021). 3891:Carrington, Damian (7 January 2015). 3427: 3349: 3190:Gibson, Dylan; Duram, Leslie (2020). 1987: 1723:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1099:Risk of regulation and carbon pricing 11844:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 10867:Representative Concentration Pathway 9808:Tipping points in the climate system 9484:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 8411:Mello, Felicia (18 September 2019). 7892:The Cornell Daily Sun (22 May 2020). 7810: 7316: 7239:Ann Arbor OKs Fossil Fuel Divestment 7196:Wigglesworth, Sam (9 October 2014). 6180:Rocheleau, Matt (20 February 2015). 6153: 6101: 6044: 5974: 5771: 5745: 5211:"This Changes Everything – The Book" 4802: 4263: 4057:Ambrose, Jillian (14 October 2019). 2741: 2193:Madison Metropolitan School District 1618: 722: 10638:Nationally determined contributions 10348:Individual action on climate change 9553:World energy supply and consumption 9246:Krukowska, Ewa (14 November 2019). 8884:Vaughan, Adam (28 September 2016). 8772:Neslen, Arthur (18 February 2016). 8587: 6645:Fossil Free MIT (29 October 2015). 6467:"About Us; Fossil Free MIT webpage" 6128:Leber, Jessica (19 February 2015). 6026:Schwartz, John (19 November 2014). 5821:McDonald, Michael (10 April 2014). 5652:Smith, Randall (5 September 2013). 5031:Gulliver, Robyn (10 October 2022). 4200:Lenferna, Alex (22 November 2018). 4151:. The Shift Project. Archived from 3610:. Arabella Advisors. Archived from 3456:"Climate Change: Basic Information" 3164:Gulliver, Robyn (10 October 2022). 3085:Individual action on climate change 2955:Colleges and universities in Sweden 2798:Colleges and universities in the UK 2616:University of Maine at Presque Isle 2290:Colleges and universities in the US 2024:from coal, gas, and oil companies. 1530:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 1231: 858:Stranded assets – the carbon bubble 773:'s fossil fuel divestment process. 276:Economic analysis of climate change 223:World energy supply and consumption 13: 11486:Environmental full-cost accounting 10978: 10777:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 9394: 9268: 8918:Harrabin, Roger (9 October 2014). 7855:Pacific Institute of Public Policy 7568: 7437:Milman, Oliver (10 January 2018). 7070:Gringlas, Sam (24 November 2019). 7045:"Fossil fuel divestment statement" 6991:Pearce, Andrew (6 December 2015). 6207: 5865: 5794: 5429:. 8 September 2018. Archived from 5403:. 8 September 2018. Archived from 5331: 4997:Taylor, Lenore (17 October 2014). 4884:Milman, Oliver (12 October 2014). 4859:"ANU investment policy draws fire" 4447:Judge Dismisses Divestment Lawsuit 4308:Green, Fergus (1 September 2018). 4212:10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0008 3717:Dickinson, Tim (14 January 2015). 3055:Climate Disclosure Standards Board 2713: 2370:California State University, Chico 2130: – by 2014, city councils or 1834:Support for fossil fuel divestment 1337: 301:Environmental full-cost accounting 14: 12013: 11420:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 10704:Satellite temperature measurement 10309:forestry for carbon sequestration 9590:History of climate change science 9335: 7042: 6824:Davidson, Jordan (19 June 2020). 6288: 6260: 5922: 5720:Leber, Jessica (1 October 2013). 5671:Raghuveer, Tara (20 April 2015). 5625: 5577:Welton, Alli (20 November 2012). 5037:The Commons Social Change Library 3500:(page visited on 2 November 2016) 3170:The Commons Social Change Library 3105:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 2961:Chalmers University of Technology 2868:Religious organizations in the UK 2737: 2676:Religious organizations in the US 1909:, Ban Ki-moon's special envoy on 1781:Plan set to be released in 2021. 1574: 1346:Fossil Free ANU campaigners with 1085:regulations and competition from 673:avoiding dangerous climate change 11932: 11921: 11920: 11890:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 10930: 10918: 10907: 10906: 10894: 10555:Climate Change Performance Index 9934:Destruction of cultural heritage 9239: 9213: 9200: 9184: 9168: 9152: 9136: 9113: 9101: 9053: 9036: 9023: 9010: 8997: 8980: 8963: 8944:Brooks, Libby (8 October 2014). 8937: 8911: 8847: 8825: 8799: 8765: 8737: 8711: 8688: 8671: 8634: 8621: 8533: 8522: 8503: 8490: 8466: 8447: 8430: 8404: 8387: 8370: 8336: 8319: 8300: 8283: 8271: 8254: 8230: 8217: 8198: 8178: 8172: 8147: 8122: 8110: 8094: 8047: 8035: 8018: 7999: 7982: 7963: 7937: 7914: 7895: 7883: 7860: 7843: 7830: 7804: 7778: 7754: 7735: 7723: 7705: 7688: 7671: 7653: 7635: 7613: 7588: 7562: 7528: 7515: 7498: 7481: 7464: 7402: 7390: 7349: 7336: 7310: 7290: 7265: 7248: 7232: 7215: 7164: 7139: 7114: 7089: 7063: 7036: 7010: 6984: 6959: 6877: 6817: 6792: 6767: 6755: 6730: 6699: 6669: 6638: 6609: 6549: 6519: 6489: 6459: 6433: 6408: 6388: 6362: 6336: 6308: 6282: 6254: 6229: 6201: 6173: 6147: 6121: 6064: 6038: 6019: 5994: 5968: 5942: 5916: 5885: 5859: 5697:. 3 October 2013. Archived from 5369:– via www.theguardian.com. 4096:Parkinson, Giles (7 July 2014). 3636:Chiose, Simona (30 March 2016). 3023: 3009: 2995: 2745: 2356:California Institute of the Arts 2097: 1800:Catholic Impact Investing Pledge 1623: 1599:In November 2019, at the annual 609: 597: 585: 11476:Corporate social responsibility 11405:Ocean thermal energy conversion 11344:Community-supported agriculture 11029:Human impact on the environment 10694:Instrumental temperature record 10645:Sustainable Development Goal 13 9074:Vaughan, Adam (30 April 2015). 8119:, (Retrieved 13 February 2018). 5892:Ducharme, Jamie (30 May 2014). 5833: 5814: 5788: 5765: 5739: 5713: 5683: 5664: 5645: 5619: 5599: 5593: 5570: 5545: 5519: 5493: 5471: 5455:. 21 March 2017. Archived from 5445: 5419: 5393: 5347: 5325: 5289: 5253: 5228: 5203: 5177: 5157: 5062: 5050: 5024: 4990: 4970:Young, Ian (17 December 2015). 4963: 4937: 4911: 4877: 4851: 4803:Klee, Louis (23 October 2014). 4736: 4710: 4680: 4655: 4625: 4611: 4586: 4565: 4482: 4456: 4422: 4378: 4358: 4301: 4228: 4193: 4050: 4026: 4018:. 28 April 2014. Archived from 4004: 3910: 3796: 3762: 3650: 3629: 3529: 3503: 3487: 3447: 3428:Clark, Duncan (25 March 2015). 2786:passed a motion calling on the 2400:College of the Marshall Islands 2380:Case Western Reserve University 1496: 1361:The divestment campaign at the 1083:Environmental Protection Agency 509:Corporate social responsibility 76:most impacted by climate change 11716:Socially responsible marketing 10762:Climate variability and change 10112: 9793:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 7944:Murillo, Mike (30 June 2020). 7409:Miller, Kevin (11 June 2021). 6706:Zhong, Vivian (3 March 2015). 4411:Sanzillo, Tom; Hipple, Kathy. 3394:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.036 3369: 3343: 3319:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107237 3294: 3224:"Divestment from Fossil Fuels" 3216: 3157: 3110:Socially responsible investing 2887: 2706:In June 2014, the trustees of 2690:People's Climate March of 2014 2524:San Francisco State University 1615:Fossil Free MIT and MIT Divest 1445:Australian National University 1363:Australian National University 1270:Massachusetts Attorney General 1247: 103:climate-related financial risk 1: 11907:Sustainable Development Goals 11711:Socially responsible business 10872:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 10407:Climate emergency declaration 6315:Annear, Steve (13 May 2015). 6237:"Harvard Heat Week – Wrap up" 5306:. 7 June 2018. Archived from 5270:. 7 June 2018. Archived from 5184:Wines, Michael (6 May 2014). 4508:"The High Cost of Divestment" 1647:secondary or tertiary sources 1383:Australian Ethical Investment 718:Acting on the Paris Agreement 539:Socially responsible business 11987:Economics and climate change 10855:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 10081:Middle East and North Africa 9407: 9131:Sustainable Business Network 8500:, Reuters (27 January 2015). 8155:"Frequently Asked Questions" 6967:"C40 : Divest / Invest" 6440:Fossil Fuel Divest Harvard. 2438:George Washington University 1921:divestment from South Africa 1477:350.org is an international 1290:American Petroleum Institute 1217:ratio of a target company." 798:challenges of climate change 7: 11736:Sustainability organization 11521:Standards and certification 11112:Social return on investment 9929:Depopulation of settlements 9574: 9286:. Retrieved 27 October 2019 4718:"Metgasco Our Dirty Secret" 2988: 2778:Local Authorities in the UK 2622:University of Massachusetts 2342:to divest from fossil fuel. 2000:In February 2015 alumni of 1400:Australian Financial Review 1260:In early 2021, students at 1169: 1151:Unstable fossil fuel prices 1067:International Energy Agency 852: 662:renewable energy transition 544:Sustainability organization 306:Environmental impact design 10: 12018: 11161:Systemic change resistance 10689:Global surface temperature 10580:Popular culture depictions 10492:Ecosystem-based adaptation 10222:Carbon capture and storage 10144:Carbon offsets and credits 9455: 8811:City, University of London 8640:Paul Brandeis Raushenbus, 8631:, United Church of Christ. 8485:National Catholic Reporter 7445:. London, United Kingdom. 6858:. London, United Kingdom. 5772:Romm, Joe (4 March 2014). 5078:Divest-Invest Philanthropy 5057:Divest-Invest Philanthropy 4506:Sporton, Benjamin (2015). 3350:Chung, Connor; Cohn, Dan. 2844:University of Bedfordshire 2810:SOAS, University of London 2804:City, University of London 2708:Union Theological Seminary 2608:University of Maine System 2514:Pacific School of Religion 2340:Southeastern United States 2210:mandate such a divestment. 2205: – in June 2021, the 1601:Harvard-Yale football game 1571:achieved full divestment. 1491:Divest-Invest Philanthropy 1486:Divest-Invest Philanthropy 1479:environmental organization 1470: 1466: 1268:filed complaints with the 1220:The study also says that: 861: 819: 326:High-performance buildings 246:Carbon offsets and credits 163:Carbon capture and storage 109:Motivations for divestment 18: 11916: 11827: 11764: 11536: 11463: 11372: 11339:Climate-smart agriculture 11324: 11296: 11253: 11207: 11174: 11047: 11004: 10986: 10901:Climate change portal 10888: 10827: 10794:Extreme event attribution 10712: 10681: 10677: 10666: 10610: 10545: 10467: 10417:School Strike for Climate 10389: 10385: 10371: 10340: 10296:Climate-smart agriculture 10257: 10214: 10124: 10120: 10107: 10031: 9884: 9831: 9674: 9670: 9657: 9580: 9569: 9498: 9467: 9463: 9450: 9433:Climate change adaptation 9428:Climate change mitigation 9423:Effects of climate change 9413: 9402: 8574:Rockefeller Brothers Fund 7346:, KLCC (13 January 2014). 5840:Crooks, Ed (1 May 2014). 4949:The Sydney Morning Herald 4335:10.1007/s10584-017-2134-6 2936: 2669:Rockefeller Brothers Fund 2658:Rockefeller Brothers Fund 2528:San Francisco, California 2494:Lewis & Clark College 2474:Humboldt State University 2273:Somerville, Massachusetts 2250:San Francisco, California 878:Carbon Tracker Initiative 876:according to data by the 656:Reducing carbon emissions 524:Effects of climate change 466:Climate-smart agriculture 416:Sustainability accounting 396:Climate change litigation 140:Co-benefits of mitigation 126:Climate change mitigation 11481:Environmental accounting 11230:Sustainable architecture 11220:Environmental technology 10804:Global warming potential 10611:International agreements 10258:Preserving and enhancing 9692:Arctic methane emissions 9614:Years in climate change 9521:Greenhouse gas emissions 9418:Causes of climate change 9290:Laskowska, Anna (2017). 9225:European Investment Bank 9165:, (Friday, 13 July 2018) 8597:Norris, Jessica (2015). 7926:26 February 2017 at the 7767:27 February 2017 at the 7717:www.browndailyherald.com 7303:14 February 2015 at the 4594:"Divestment Commitments" 4310:"Anti-fossil fuel norms" 3140:"Divestment Commitments" 2983:European Investment Bank 2977:European Investment Bank 2632:University of Washington 2592:University of California 2484:Johns Hopkins University 2350:Providence, Rhode Island 2261:Santa Monica, California 2244:Providence, Rhode Island 1977:fiduciary responsibility 1658:"Fossil fuel divestment" 1189: 1144:Government of Queensland 923:dangerous climate change 769:, as a reference to the 514:Corporate sustainability 421:Sustainability reporting 373:Verified Carbon Standard 291:Environmental accounting 145:Greenhouse gas emissions 47:is an attempt to reduce 19:Not to be confused with 11354:Sustainable agriculture 10835:Climate change scenario 10487:Disaster risk reduction 10139:Carbon emission trading 9949:U.S. insurance industry 9919:Civilizational collapse 9766:sea surface temperature 9322:. Winnipeg, Canada: ARP 9033:(10 March 2017), 16–17. 9020:(2 December 2016), 2–3. 8835:. soas. 6 February 2018 7970:Goddard College Divests 7932:Community College Daily 7683:Asheville Citizen-Times 7510:San Francisco Chronicle 7385:Wisconsin State Journal 5215:This Changes Everything 5140:"Keep it in the ground" 5092:, 2015, pages 224–225 ( 4598:Fossil Free: Divestment 3120:Sustainable development 3115:Sustainable consumption 3100:One Earth Climate Model 2913:Wellington, New Zealand 2701:United Church of Christ 2667:In September 2014, the 2390:College of the Atlantic 2332:Brevard, North Carolina 2176: – in 2013, Mayor 1973:institutional investors 1963:held in December 2015, 1777:"as soon as possible". 1632:This section about MIT 1509:environmental activists 1157:West Texas Intermediate 890:environmental activists 828:hydrocarbon exploration 385:Frameworks and treaties 11897:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 11766:Sustainable management 11751:Urban drainage systems 11491:Environmental planning 11455:Water recycling shower 11445:Tidal stream generator 11240:Sustainable industries 11199:Sustainable population 11184:Demographic transition 11166:Tragedy of the commons 10828:Research and modelling 10512:Nature-based solutions 10332:Nature-based solutions 10274:Carbon dioxide removal 10191:Fossil fuel divestment 10176:Climate risk insurance 10086:Small island countries 9697:Arctic sea ice decline 8975:Times Higher Education 8660:Celeste Kennel-Shank. 8570:"Divestment Statement" 8249:San Francisco Examiner 7975:21 August 2016 at the 7647:www.insidehighered.com 7399:(enacted 7 March 2013) 6154:Delwiche, Theodore R. 6102:Delwiche, Theodore R. 6045:Delwiche, Theodore R. 5975:Delwiche, Theodore R. 5332:Ed, Op (11 May 2016). 5240:elections.stanford.edu 4748:www.righttoknow.org.au 4494:Wisconsin Public Radio 3496:(article 2, page 22), 3095:Negative externalities 3045:BP Energy Outlook 2020 2981:In November 2019, the 2948:Municipality of Örebro 2872:On 30 April 2015, the 2665: 2468:Amherst, Massachusetts 2454:Green Mountain College 2422:(Foothill College and 2322:Waltham, Massachusetts 2300: 2090: 2050: 2037: 1997: 1945: 1859: 1634:relies excessively on 1553:youth climate movement 1515: 1457: 1448: 1437: 1358: 1350: 1301:World Coal Association 1226: 1120: 897: 881: 755: 715: 476:Nature-based solutions 451:Carbon dioxide removal 341:Public interest design 311:Fossil fuel divestment 266:Climate risk insurance 193:Low-carbon electricity 178:Fossil fuel divestment 41:Fossil fuel divestment 37: 11997:Fossil fuel phase-out 11789:Humanistic capitalism 11604:Environmental finance 11245:Sustainable packaging 10789:Earth's energy budget 10672:Background and theory 10560:Climate crisis (term) 10232:Fossil fuel phase-out 10126:Economics and finance 10091:by individual country 10033:By country and region 10008:Security and conflict 10003:Psychological impacts 9682:Abrupt climate change 9605:Charles David Keeling 9438:By country and region 9342:Global Coal Exit List 8459:13 April 2016 at the 8348:5 August 2017 at the 8185:The Middlebury Campus 7907:5 August 2017 at the 7416:Portland Press Herald 6624:climateaction.mit.edu 6595:climateaction.mit.edu 6561:climateaction.mit.edu 6370:"Washington Examiner" 6071:Goldenberg, Suzanne. 4637:ANU Enviro Collective 3075:Fossil fuel subsidies 3031:Global warming portal 2971: 2850:University of Bristol 2838:University of Glasgow 2816:King's College London 2646: 2428:Cupertino, California 2297: 2252: – in 2013, the 2150:Boston, Massachusetts 2077: 2069:University of Glasgow 2063:University of Glasgow 2045: 2026: 2010:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 1995: 1929: 1842: 1506: 1453: 1442: 1429: 1414:, with the Treasurer 1356: 1345: 1222: 1199:Effects of divestment 1115: 887: 871: 771:University of Toronto 726: 686: 411:Social responsibility 183:Fossil fuel phase-out 31: 21:Fossil fuel phase-out 11756:Urban infrastructure 11450:Water heat recycling 11273:Conservation biology 11117:Steady-state economy 11092:Micro-sustainability 11077:Ecological footprint 11034:Planetary boundaries 10618:Glasgow Climate Pact 10279:Carbon sequestration 9844:Mass mortality event 9206:Elizabeth Douglass, 9125:5 March 2016 at the 8668:(25 September 2014). 8530:(08 September 2022). 8515:20 June 2018 at the 8479:26 June 2015 at the 8243:4 April 2015 at the 8210:8 March 2015 at the 7551:Suzanne Goldenberg, 7221:David Scharfenberg, 5904:on 23 September 2015 5304:Fossil Free Stanford 5268:Fossil Free Stanford 4296:University of Oxford 4155:on 24 September 2016 4127:reneweconomy.com.au/ 3382:Ecological Economics 3307:Ecological Economics 3127:Notes and references 2919:university to do so. 2903:Dunedin, New Zealand 2820:University of London 2598:University of Dayton 2556:Stanford, California 2518:Berkeley, California 2360:Valencia, California 2254:Board of Supervisors 2144:Berkeley, California 2128:Truro, Massachusetts 1543:Fossil Free Stanford 1374:Northern Rivers, NSW 1214:University of Oxford 944:Ex-Soviet Republics 921:in order to prevent 791:1 April 2020 at the 456:Carbon sequestration 296:Environmental design 188:Fossil fuel vehicles 72:fossil fuel industry 11857:Earth Summit (1992) 11511:Metrics and indices 11364:Sustainable fishery 11283:Holocene extinction 11102:Product stewardship 11072:Earth Overshoot Day 10757:Climate sensitivity 10532:The Adaptation Fund 9988:Infectious diseases 9885:Social and economic 9050:(26 February 2018). 9007:(17 November 2015). 8551:, 2015, pages 117 ( 8382:Inside Climate News 8312:18 May 2015 at the 8107:(13 December 2017). 8011:18 May 2015 at the 7880:(20 December 2014). 7872:18 May 2015 at the 7811:Banerjee, Shreyas. 7775:(17 December 2014). 7747:18 May 2015 at the 7702:(23 February 2015). 7685:(20 February 2015). 7665:Brandeis University 7575:Energy News Network 7362:18 May 2015 at the 7243:Ann Arbor Chronicle 6891:. 22 September 2015 6537:on 12 November 2016 6404:. 25 November 2019. 6241:Harvardheatweek.org 5433:on 8 September 2018 5407:on 8 September 2018 4643:on 27 February 2017 4436:(19 November 2014). 4326:2018ClCh..150..103G 4264:Shankman, Sabrina. 4179:reneweconomy.com.au 3328:20.500.11850/517323 3209:10.3390/su122310069 3065:European Green Deal 2924:Republic of Ireland 2909:Victoria University 2899:University of Otago 2862:People & Planet 2732:mountaintop removal 2722:bank divested from 2656:, president of the 2636:Seattle, Washington 2566:Craftsbury, Vermont 2552:Stanford University 2542:Seattle, Washington 2488:Baltimore, Maryland 2448:Plainfield, Vermont 2318:Brandeis University 2308:American University 2267:Seattle, Washington 2156:Burlington, Vermont 2138:Ann Arbor, Michigan 1785:Faith organizations 1329:People & Planet 1046:In 2013 a study by 925: 822:Lofoten Declaration 816:Lofoten Declaration 752:, article 2 (2015). 534:Ethical consumerism 529:Energy conservation 241:Building insulation 91:divestment movement 70:investments in the 12002:Sustainable energy 11982:Ethical investment 11316:Sustainable energy 11278:Endangered species 11235:Sustainable design 11149:Consumer behaviour 10328:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 10300:Forest management 10284:Direct air capture 10249:Sustainable energy 10206:Net zero emissions 10201:Low-carbon economy 10196:Green Climate Fund 9983:Indigenous peoples 9876:Plant biodiversity 9664:Effects and issues 9227:. 14 November 2019 9197:,(14 October 2014) 9133:(2 December 2014). 9063:, Bright-green.org 8977:(20 January 2015). 8865:on 23 October 2018 8677:Antonia Blumberg, 8333:(6 February 2015). 8297:(5 February 2013). 8223:Associated Press, 8061:(4 December 2012). 8053:Justin Gillisdec, 7996:(19 January 2015). 7934:(28 October 2013). 7911:, De Anza College. 7857:(29 January 2015). 7836:Associated Press, 7792:. 30 November 2021 7700:Transylvania Times 7476:Providence Journal 7355:Erica Augenstein, 7307:(4 December 2014). 7296:Associated Press, 7245:(22 October 2013). 7176:www.thecrimson.com 7126:www.thecrimson.com 7101:www.thecrimson.com 6779:MIT Climate Portal 6718:on 7 November 2016 6687:on 7 November 2016 6657:on 7 November 2016 6507:on 7 November 2016 6477:on 7 November 2016 6420:www.thecrimson.com 6376:. 23 November 2019 6350:. 23 November 2019 6032:The New York Times 5898:Bostonmagazine.com 5866:Watros, Steven R. 5658:The New York Times 5481:. 20 November 2015 5385:has generic name ( 5190:The New York Times 5173:. 29 January 2020. 4978:on 21 January 2016 4724:. 16 February 2013 4621:. 13 January 2009. 4392:. 16 December 2018 4374:. 9 November 2021. 3643:The Globe and Mail 3070:Fossil fuels lobby 2757:. You can help by 2728:coal thermal mines 2697:2013 general synod 2576:New York, New York 2538:Seattle University 2504:Middlebury College 2478:Arcata, California 2410:Cornell University 2301: 2189:Madison, Wisconsin 2002:Harvard University 1998: 1988:Harvard University 1516: 1449: 1407:The Canberra Times 1359: 1351: 1065:In June 2014, the 918: 898: 882: 847:low-carbon economy 554:Consumer behaviour 504:Conscious business 461:Direct air capture 336:Low-carbon economy 213:Sustainable energy 38: 11969: 11968: 11895:Earth Summit 2002 11878:Lisbon Principles 11850:Our Common Future 11528:Sustainable yield 11334:Civic agriculture 11087:Green consumption 11024:Global governance 10946: 10945: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10819:Radiative forcing 10662: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10482:Adaptive capacity 10367: 10366: 10363: 10362: 10227:Energy transition 10103: 10102: 10099: 10098: 9813:Tropical cyclones 9739:Urban heat island 9653: 9652: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9526:Carbon accounting 9480:Greenhouse effect 9446: 9445: 9149:, (12 July 2018). 8992:The Bristol Cable 8744:Mathiesen, Karl. 8666:Christian Century 8442:Dayton Daily News 8105:JHU Press Release 7521:Rebecca Beitsch, 7368:Cornell Daily Sun 7317:Woodruff, Chase. 7260:Daily Californian 7051:on 18 August 2015 6681:fossilfreemit.org 6626:. 21 October 2015 6531:fossilfreemit.org 6501:fossilfreemit.org 6471:fossilfreemit.org 6289:Klein, Mariel A. 6006:Divestproject.org 5956:. 28 October 2014 5746:Bernhard, Meg P. 5701:on 18 August 2015 4951:. 15 October 2014 4925:. 12 October 2014 4750:. 15 January 2013 4692:dev.woroni.com.au 4544:Arabella Advisors 4488:Chuck Quirmbach, 4241:Project Syndicate 4221:978-0-19-881324-8 4129:. 12 January 2015 4046:on 20 April 2017. 4022:on 29 April 2014. 3664:. 27 October 2021 2874:Church of England 2775: 2774: 2464:Hampshire College 2458:Poultney, Vermont 2432:community college 2394:Bar Harbor, Maine 2374:Chico, California 2207:Maine Legislature 1880:Leonardo DiCaprio 1796:COVID-19 pandemic 1775:carbon neutrality 1719: 1718: 1711: 1693: 1412:Abbott government 1281:In October 2014, 1056:Royal Dutch Shell 1044: 1043: 894:Ende Gelände 2016 830:and expansion of 759:Toronto Principle 723:Toronto Principle 653: 652: 286:Emissions trading 173:Energy transition 12009: 11936: 11935: 11924: 11923: 11868:Agenda 21 (1992) 11839: 11804:Natural resource 11691:Organic movement 11666:Impact investing 11385:Hydroelectricity 11359:Sustainable diet 11311:Renewable energy 11306:Carbon footprint 11288:Invasive species 11225:Natural building 11176:World population 11137:Marketing myopia 11097:Over-consumption 11067:Circular economy 11062:Anti-consumerism 11019:Environmentalism 10973: 10966: 10959: 10950: 10949: 10934: 10933: 10922: 10921: 10910: 10909: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10862:Paleoclimatology 10679: 10678: 10668: 10667: 10429:Ecological grief 10412:Climate movement 10387: 10386: 10373: 10372: 10353:Plant-based diet 10244:Renewable energy 10122: 10121: 10109: 10108: 9944:Economic impacts 9866:Invasive species 9722:Coastal flooding 9672: 9671: 9659: 9658: 9595:Svante Arrhenius 9571: 9570: 9541:from agriculture 9531:Carbon footprint 9516:Greenhouse gases 9465: 9464: 9452: 9451: 9404: 9403: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9366: 9365: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9321: 9297: 9277:(October 2019). 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9217: 9211: 9204: 9198: 9195:gofossilfree.org 9188: 9182: 9181:, (12 July 2018) 9172: 9166: 9156: 9150: 9140: 9134: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9071: 9065: 9057: 9051: 9040: 9034: 9027: 9021: 9014: 9008: 9001: 8995: 8994:(10 March 2017). 8984: 8978: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8861:. Archived from 8851: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8721:. Archived from 8715: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8692: 8686: 8675: 8669: 8658: 8649: 8638: 8632: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8605:. Archived from 8594: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8566: 8560: 8537: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8507: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8470: 8464: 8451: 8445: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8408: 8402: 8391: 8385: 8384:(20 March 2015). 8374: 8368: 8367:, Unity College. 8362: 8353: 8340: 8334: 8323: 8317: 8304: 8298: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8258: 8252: 8234: 8228: 8221: 8215: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8077: 8071: 8062: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8024:Peter Rothberg, 8022: 8016: 8003: 7997: 7986: 7980: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7941: 7935: 7918: 7912: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7864: 7858: 7847: 7841: 7840:(13 March 2013). 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7782: 7776: 7760:Laura Matthews, 7758: 7752: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7709: 7703: 7692: 7686: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7566: 7560: 7559:(25 April 2013). 7549: 7543: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7512:(11 March 2015). 7502: 7496: 7495:(25 April 2013). 7485: 7479: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7387:(25 April 2013). 7377: 7371: 7370:(23 April 2013). 7353: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7269: 7263: 7252: 7246: 7236: 7230: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7202:Glasgow Guardian 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7047:. Archived from 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6917:. Archived from 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6847: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6714:. Archived from 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6683:. Archived from 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6653:. Archived from 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6621: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6592: 6584: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6533:. Archived from 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6503:. Archived from 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6473:. Archived from 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6322:The Boston Globe 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6187:The Boston Globe 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5954:Harvard Magazine 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5900:. Archived from 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5795:Hashmi, Amna H. 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5459:on 21 March 2017 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5378: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5301: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5110: 5101: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4974:. Archived from 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4865:. 7 October 2014 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4839:. 3 October 2014 4829: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4779:. 7 October 2013 4769: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4694:. Archived from 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4639:. Archived from 4629: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4553:on 23 March 2016 4552: 4546:. Archived from 4541: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4503: 4497: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4460: 4454: 4453:(24 March 2015). 4443: 4437: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4337: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4270:The Boston Globe 4261: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4093: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3966:on 28 March 2016 3965: 3958: 3947: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3844:on 29 April 2016 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3686:(6 March 2014). 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3617:on 29 March 2015 3616: 3609: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3507: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3330: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3261:. 8 October 2014 3251: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3144:Gofossilfree.org 3136: 3090:Low-carbon power 3033: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2770: 2767: 2749: 2742: 2663: 2562:Sterling College 2498:Portland, Oregon 2414:Ithaca, New York 2404:Marshall Islands 2364:carbon-intensive 2346:Brown University 2312:Washington, D.C. 2279:Washington, D.C. 2219: 2174:Ithaca, New York 2162:Denver, Colorado 2088: 2035: 2014:Darren Aronofsky 1943: 1934: 1895:Yotam Ottolenghi 1857: 1714: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1651: 1627: 1619: 1609:climate movement 1232:Financial impact 1124:Kepler Cheuvreux 941:China and India 926: 917: 907:in intensifying 839:phase-out of use 753: 743: 739: 736:... including by 735: 731: 713: 691: 645: 638: 631: 613: 612: 601: 600: 594: 590: 589: 588: 331:Impact investing 203:Renewable energy 113: 112: 12017: 12016: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12007: 12006: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11912: 11837: 11829: 11828:Agreements and 11823: 11760: 11564:Climate finance 11532: 11459: 11415:Reclaimed water 11368: 11320: 11292: 11249: 11203: 11189:Family planning 11170: 11043: 11000: 10982: 10977: 10947: 10942: 10895: 10893: 10876: 10823: 10814:Orbital forcing 10708: 10673: 10654: 10628:Paris Agreement 10606: 10602:Warming stripes 10541: 10507:Managed retreat 10502:Loss and damage 10463: 10397:Business action 10381: 10359: 10336: 10259: 10253: 10210: 10171:Climate finance 10116: 10095: 10027: 9880: 9856:Extinction risk 9832:Flora and fauna 9827: 9788:Permafrost thaw 9783:Ozone depletion 9712:Extreme weather 9666: 9649: 9576: 9557: 9494: 9459: 9442: 9409: 9398: 9393: 9362: 9338: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9271: 9269:Further reading 9266: 9256: 9254: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9219: 9218: 9214: 9205: 9201: 9189: 9185: 9173: 9169: 9157: 9153: 9141: 9137: 9127:Wayback Machine 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9092: 9090: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9054: 9041: 9037: 9028: 9024: 9015: 9011: 9002: 8998: 8986:Carla Denyer, ' 8985: 8981: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8942: 8938: 8928: 8926: 8916: 8912: 8902: 8900: 8882: 8878: 8868: 8866: 8853: 8852: 8848: 8838: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8790: 8788: 8770: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8725:on 3 April 2015 8717: 8716: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8693: 8689: 8685:(10 June 2014). 8683:Huffington Post 8676: 8672: 8659: 8652: 8646:Huffington Post 8639: 8635: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8609:on 23 June 2024 8595: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8523: 8517:Wayback Machine 8508: 8504: 8496:Robin Respaut, 8495: 8491: 8487:(24 June 2014). 8481:Wayback Machine 8471: 8467: 8461:Wayback Machine 8452: 8448: 8444:(23 June 2014). 8436:Chris Stewart, 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8409: 8405: 8399:Environment 360 8392: 8388: 8375: 8371: 8363: 8356: 8350:Wayback Machine 8341: 8337: 8325:John Schwartz, 8324: 8320: 8314:Wayback Machine 8305: 8301: 8289:Kathryn Flagg, 8288: 8284: 8276: 8272: 8260:Michael Wines, 8259: 8255: 8251:(8 April 2013). 8245:Wayback Machine 8236:Laura Dudnick, 8235: 8231: 8227:(12 June 2013). 8222: 8218: 8212:Wayback Machine 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8099: 8095: 8087: 8080: 8072: 8065: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8023: 8019: 8013:Wayback Machine 8004: 8000: 7987: 7983: 7977:Wayback Machine 7968: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7942: 7938: 7928:Wayback Machine 7919: 7915: 7909:Wayback Machine 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7874:Wayback Machine 7865: 7861: 7848: 7844: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7769:Wayback Machine 7759: 7755: 7749:Wayback Machine 7740: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7694:Jeremiah Reed, 7693: 7689: 7677:Tonya Maxwell, 7676: 7672: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7567: 7563: 7550: 7546: 7542:(5 March 2014). 7533: 7529: 7520: 7516: 7503: 7499: 7493:Huffington Post 7486: 7482: 7478:(21 June 2013). 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7378: 7374: 7364:Wayback Machine 7354: 7350: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7315: 7311: 7305:Wayback Machine 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7277:BostonGlobe.com 7271: 7270: 7266: 7254:Andrew Dickey, 7253: 7249: 7237: 7233: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7204: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7151:Harvard Forward 7145: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7041: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6947:. 10 April 2014 6939: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6921:on 2 April 2015 6909: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6848: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6401:TheGuardian.com 6394: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6220: 6218: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6134:Fastcoexist.com 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6100: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6043: 6039: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5846:Financial Times 5838: 5834: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5776:. ThinkProgress 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5726:Fastcoexist.com 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5669: 5665: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5600:Lee, Steven S. 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5382: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5362: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5182: 5178: 5170:TheGuardian.com 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5120:. 25 March 2015 5112: 5111: 5104: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4801: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4698:on 2 March 2016 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4514:on 27 June 2015 4504: 4500: 4496:(4 March 2014). 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4470:. 22 March 2021 4462: 4461: 4457: 4451:Harvard Crimson 4444: 4440: 4428:John Schwartz, 4427: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4314:Climatic Change 4306: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4262: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4094: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3872:. 24 March 2015 3864: 3863: 3859: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3715: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3582:on 1 April 2020 3579: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3516:Harvard Crimson 3508: 3504: 3494:Paris Agreement 3492: 3488: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3426: 3419: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3344: 3299: 3295: 3290:. 26 July 2023. 3282: 3281: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3080:Held v. Montana 3029: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2979: 2974: 2957: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2895: 2890: 2870: 2800: 2788:Mayor of London 2784:London Assembly 2780: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2755:needs expansion 2740: 2716: 2714:Banks in the US 2678: 2664: 2661: 2652: 2645: 2444:Goddard College 2424:De Anza College 2328:Brevard College 2292: 2217: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2084: 2065: 2036: 2033: 2006:Natalie Portman 1990: 1985: 1965:Earth Institute 1957: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1858: 1848: 1841: 1836: 1787: 1759:Boston Magazine 1715: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1640:primary sources 1628: 1617: 1577: 1545: 1518:In March 2015, 1501: 1488: 1475: 1469: 1433:climate justice 1340: 1338:Fossil Free ANU 1331: 1326: 1310: 1279: 1250: 1234: 1208:A study by the 1206: 1201: 1192: 1172: 1153: 1136: 1129: 1107: 1101: 920: 901:Stranded assets 866: 860: 855: 843:just transition 824: 818: 793:Wayback Machine 767:Harvard Crimson 763:Paris Agreement 754: 750:Paris Agreement 748: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 714: 696: 689: 658: 649: 586: 584: 583: 576: 575: 494: 493:Related content 486: 485: 441: 431: 430: 406:Paris Agreement 401:Ethical banking 391:Business ethics 386: 378: 377: 261:Climate finance 236: 228: 227: 158: 111: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12015: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11963: 11956: 11949: 11942: 11930: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11904: 11903:(Rio+20, 2012) 11898: 11892: 11887: 11881: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11859: 11854: 11846: 11841: 11833: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11770: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11651: 11649:Infrastructure 11646: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11579:Eco-capitalism 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11496:Sustainability 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11467: 11465: 11464:Accountability 11461: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11302: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11259: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11211: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11180: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11122:Sustainability 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11057:Anthropization 11053: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11010: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10980:Sustainability 10976: 10975: 10968: 10961: 10953: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10940: 10928: 10916: 10904: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10769: 10767:Cloud feedback 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10722: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10675: 10674: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10635: 10625: 10623:Kyoto Protocol 10620: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10577: 10575:Media coverage 10572: 10567: 10565:Climate spiral 10562: 10557: 10551: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10473: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10454:Public opinion 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10409: 10404: 10402:Climate action 10399: 10393: 10391: 10383: 10382: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10316: 10314:REDD and REDD+ 10311: 10306: 10298: 10293: 10291:Carbon farming 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10271: 10265: 10263: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10141: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10118: 10117: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10023:Water security 10020: 10018:Water scarcity 10015: 10013:Urban flooding 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9861:Forest dieback 9858: 9853: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9798:Sea level rise 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9771:stratification 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9678: 9676: 9668: 9667: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9536:Carbon leakage 9533: 9528: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9477: 9475:Climate system 9471: 9469: 9461: 9460: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9400: 9399: 9396:Climate change 9392: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9369: 9360: 9359: 9350: 9349:by Stand.earth 9344: 9337: 9336:External links 9334: 9333: 9332: 9310: 9298: 9287: 9284:The New Yorker 9270: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9238: 9212: 9199: 9183: 9167: 9151: 9135: 9112: 9100: 9082:. London, UK. 9066: 9052: 9042:Ellen Jones, ' 9035: 9022: 9009: 8996: 8979: 8969:Harriet Line, 8962: 8936: 8910: 8892:. London, UK. 8876: 8846: 8824: 8798: 8764: 8736: 8710: 8687: 8670: 8650: 8648:(2 July 2013). 8633: 8627:Micki Carter, 8620: 8586: 8561: 8532: 8521: 8519:(25 May 2016). 8502: 8489: 8465: 8454:Dayton Divests 8446: 8429: 8403: 8401:(9 June 2014). 8393:Diane Toomey, 8386: 8369: 8354: 8335: 8331:New York Times 8318: 8299: 8282: 8270: 8266:New York Times 8253: 8229: 8216: 8197: 8179:POUX, SABINE. 8171: 8146: 8121: 8109: 8093: 8078: 8063: 8059:New York Times 8046: 8034: 8032:(16 May 2013). 8017: 7998: 7988:John Herrick, 7981: 7962: 7936: 7913: 7894: 7882: 7859: 7849:Giff Johnson, 7842: 7829: 7803: 7777: 7753: 7734: 7722: 7704: 7687: 7670: 7652: 7634: 7612: 7600:MassDivest.org 7587: 7561: 7544: 7527: 7514: 7497: 7487:Aaron Sankin, 7480: 7470:Alex Kuffner, 7463: 7429: 7401: 7389: 7372: 7348: 7335: 7309: 7289: 7264: 7262:(8 July 2013). 7247: 7231: 7214: 7188: 7163: 7138: 7113: 7088: 7062: 7035: 7009: 6997:Financial News 6983: 6958: 6932: 6902: 6876: 6839: 6816: 6791: 6766: 6754: 6729: 6698: 6668: 6637: 6608: 6574: 6563:. October 2015 6548: 6518: 6488: 6458: 6432: 6407: 6387: 6361: 6335: 6307: 6295:Thecrimson.com 6281: 6261:Woolf, Nicky. 6253: 6228: 6208:Howard, Emma. 6200: 6172: 6160:Thecrimson.com 6146: 6120: 6108:Thecrimson.com 6091: 6063: 6051:Thecrimson.com 6037: 6018: 5993: 5981:Thecrimson.com 5967: 5941: 5929:Thecrimson.com 5923:Patel, Dev A. 5915: 5884: 5872:Thecrimson.com 5858: 5832: 5813: 5801:Thecrimson.com 5787: 5764: 5752:Thecrimson.com 5738: 5712: 5682: 5663: 5644: 5632:Thecrimson.com 5626:Patel, Dev A. 5618: 5606:Thecrimson.com 5592: 5569: 5557:Thecrimson.com 5544: 5518: 5492: 5470: 5444: 5418: 5392: 5346: 5324: 5313:on 7 June 2018 5288: 5277:on 7 June 2018 5252: 5227: 5202: 5176: 5156: 5131: 5102: 5061: 5049: 5023: 4989: 4972:"Farewell ANU" 4962: 4936: 4910: 4876: 4863:Canberra Times 4850: 4821: 4790: 4777:Canberra Times 4761: 4735: 4709: 4679: 4667:www.abc.net.au 4654: 4624: 4610: 4585: 4564: 4525: 4498: 4481: 4455: 4438: 4434:New York Times 4421: 4403: 4377: 4371:Bloomberg News 4357: 4320:(1): 103–116. 4300: 4282: 4253: 4227: 4220: 4192: 4181:. October 2013 4166: 4140: 4114: 4083: 4049: 4025: 4003: 3992:. 23 July 2015 3977: 3935: 3909: 3883: 3857: 3829: 3795: 3761: 3735: 3704: 3675: 3649: 3628: 3593: 3557: 3544:Toronto350.org 3528: 3502: 3486: 3446: 3417: 3368: 3342: 3293: 3272: 3241: 3215: 3196:Sustainability 3182: 3156: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3020: 3006: 3003:Economy portal 2990: 2987: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2906: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2824:Anglo American 2813: 2807: 2799: 2796: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2752: 2750: 2739: 2738:United Kingdom 2736: 2715: 2712: 2677: 2674: 2654:Stephen Heintz 2650: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2619: 2605: 2595: 2589: 2579: 2572:The New School 2569: 2559: 2549: 2535: 2521: 2511: 2501: 2491: 2481: 2471: 2461: 2451: 2441: 2435: 2417: 2407: 2397: 2387: 2377: 2367: 2353: 2343: 2325: 2315: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2247: 2241: 2234:ConocoPhillips 2211: 2200: 2186: 2171: 2168:Eugene, Oregon 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2086:Edward Snowden 2082: 2073:Edward Snowden 2064: 2061: 2031: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1975:to take their 1956: 1953: 1937: 1923:in protest of 1911:climate change 1905:In March 2015 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1792:green recovery 1786: 1783: 1743:L. Rafael Reif 1717: 1716: 1631: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1576: 1575:Divest Harvard 1573: 1544: 1541: 1526:Wellcome Trust 1500: 1495: 1487: 1484: 1471:Main article: 1468: 1465: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1309: 1306: 1278: 1275: 1266:Boston College 1254:Suffolk County 1249: 1246: 1233: 1230: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1171: 1168: 1152: 1149: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1079:Peabody Energy 1042: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 982: 981: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 932:United States 930: 909:global warming 905:carbon dioxide 862:Main article: 859: 856: 854: 851: 820:Main article: 817: 814: 806:climate change 746: 728:This Agreement 724: 721: 719: 716: 694: 657: 654: 651: 650: 648: 647: 640: 633: 625: 622: 621: 620: 619: 607: 595: 578: 577: 574: 573: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 499:Climate action 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 346:Sustainability 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 316:Green building 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 271:Eco-capitalism 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 168:Coal phase-out 165: 159: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 137: 135:Climate change 129: 128: 122: 121: 110: 107: 49:climate change 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12014: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11962: 11961: 11957: 11955: 11954: 11950: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11941: 11940: 11931: 11929: 11928: 11919: 11918: 11915: 11908: 11905: 11902: 11899: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11885: 11884:Earth Charter 11882: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11774:Environmental 11772: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11763: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11706:Refurbishment 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11696:Organizations 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11609:Green economy 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11594:Eco-socialism 11592: 11590: 11589:Eco-investing 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11574:Disinvestment 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11462: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11395:Marine energy 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11349:Cultured meat 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11295: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11256: 11252: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11206: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11107:Simple living 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10974: 10969: 10967: 10962: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10939: 10938: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10840:Climate model 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10772:Cloud forcing 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10665: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10547:Communication 10544: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10527:Vulnerability 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10497:Flood control 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10319:reforestation 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10304:afforestation 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10239:Nuclear power 10237: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10134:Carbon budget 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10106: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9972: 9971:Mental health 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9902:United States 9900: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9756:deoxygenation 9754: 9752: 9751:acidification 9749: 9748: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9660: 9656: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9572: 9568: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9546:from wetlands 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9506:Deforestation 9504: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9385: 9383: 9378: 9376: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9356: 9351: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9275:Bill McKibben 9273: 9272: 9253: 9252:Bloomberg.com 9249: 9242: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9209: 9203: 9196: 9192: 9187: 9180: 9179:theJournal.ie 9176: 9171: 9164: 9160: 9155: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9056: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9032: 9026: 9019: 9013: 9006: 9000: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8951: 8947: 8940: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8880: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8850: 8834: 8828: 8813:. 4 July 2023 8812: 8808: 8802: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8630: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8591: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8558: 8557:9780141981048 8554: 8550: 8549:Penguin Books 8546: 8542: 8536: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8493: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8472:Brian Roewe, 8469: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8450: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8366: 8361: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8339: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8279: 8274: 8268:(6 May 2014). 8267: 8263: 8257: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8233: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8201: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8102: 8097: 8090: 8085: 8083: 8075: 8070: 8068: 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7066: 7050: 7046: 7043:Faust, Drew. 7039: 7024: 7020: 7013: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6844: 6827: 6820: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6096: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6067: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5802: 5798: 5791: 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Reference: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4574: 4568: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4414: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3724: 3723:Rolling Stone 3720: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684:Harvey, Fiona 3679: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3229: 3228:Unity College 3225: 3219: 3210: 3205: 3202:(23): 10069. 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3017:Energy portal 3012: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2934: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2878:tar sands oil 2875: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2782:In 2015, the 2769: 2766:December 2018 2760: 2756: 2753:This section 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720:Goldman Sachs 2711: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2670: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626:Massachusetts 2623: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2582:Unity College 2580: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2296: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218:US$ 5 billion 2215: 2214:New York City 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2178:Svante Myrick 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132:town meetings 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2098:United States 2087: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969:Jeffrey Sachs 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1907:Mary Robinson 1901: 1900:Tilda Swinton 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1885:Bianca Jagger 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727:Bill McKibben 1724: 1713: 1710: 1702: 1699:November 2016 1691: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: – 1659: 1655: 1654:Find sources: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1378:coal seam gas 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1335: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1294:Bill McKibben 1291: 1286: 1284: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1196: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1167: 1165: 1164:Goldman Sachs 1161: 1158: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 927: 924: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 895: 891: 886: 879: 875: 874:carbon bubble 870: 865: 864:Carbon bubble 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833: 829: 823: 813: 809: 807: 801: 799: 794: 790: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 751: 745: 711: 710: 705: 704: 699: 693: 685: 681: 678: 677:carbon budget 674: 670: 665: 663: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 626: 624: 623: 618: 617: 608: 606: 605: 596: 593: 582: 581: 580: 579: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 519:Disinvestment 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 490: 489: 482: 481:Reforestation 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 435: 434: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 382: 381: 374: 371: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 232: 231: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 198:Nuclear power 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 157: 152: 151: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 131: 130: 127: 124: 123: 119: 115: 114: 106: 104: 98: 96: 92: 87: 85: 81: 80:Unity College 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:United States 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 26: 22: 11992:Fossil fuels 11958: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11925: 11849: 11614:Construction 11537:Applications 11255:Biodiversity 11014:Anthropocene 10935: 10923: 10911: 10892: 10725:Carbon cycle 10682:Measurements 10377:Society and 10261:carbon sinks 10190: 10166:Climate debt 10156:Carbon price 9978:Human rights 9803:Season creep 9761:heat content 9687:Anoxic event 9600:James Hansen 9361: 9355:The Guardian 9354: 9324:. Retrieved 9315: 9305: 9292: 9278: 9255:. Retrieved 9251: 9241: 9229:. Retrieved 9224: 9215: 9202: 9194: 9186: 9178: 9170: 9162: 9154: 9146: 9138: 9130: 9115: 9103: 9093:28 September 9091:. Retrieved 9080:The Guardian 9079: 9069: 9060: 9055: 9047: 9038: 9031:Bristol Post 9030: 9025: 9018:Bristol Post 9017: 9012: 9005:Bristol Post 9004: 8999: 8991: 8982: 8974: 8965: 8953:. Retrieved 8950:The Guardian 8949: 8939: 8927:. Retrieved 8923: 8913: 8903:28 September 8901:. Retrieved 8890:The Guardian 8889: 8879: 8867:. Retrieved 8863:the original 8858: 8849: 8837:. Retrieved 8827: 8815:. Retrieved 8801: 8789:. Retrieved 8778:The Guardian 8777: 8767: 8755:. Retrieved 8751:The Guardian 8749: 8739: 8727:. Retrieved 8723:the original 8713: 8701:. Retrieved 8690: 8682: 8673: 8665: 8645: 8636: 8623: 8611:. Retrieved 8607:the original 8602: 8577:. Retrieved 8573: 8564: 8544: 8541:Tim Flannery 8535: 8524: 8505: 8492: 8484: 8468: 8449: 8441: 8432: 8420:. 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