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slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker for heavier structures.
735:. Screw pile installations have also extended to residential applications, with many homeowners choosing a screw pile foundation over other options. Some common applications for helical pile foundations include wooden decks, fences, garden houses, pergolas, and carports.
371:
The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it can sustain as well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil. This transfer has to be carried out without resulting in any form of settlement that can cause stability issues for the
934:. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure which the foundation is supporting.
442:
to build foundations are common in many parts of the world. Dry laid stone foundations may have been painted with mortar after construction. Sometimes the top, visible course of stone is hewn, quarried stones. Besides using mortar, stones can also be put in a
378:
Based on the soil and area it is recommended to have a deeper foundation so that it can guard any form of damage or distress. These are mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage and swelling because of temperature
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were used on soft or wet ground even below stone or masonry walls. In marine construction and bridge building a crisscross of timbers or steel beams in concrete is called grillage.
375:
Differential settlements can be avoided by having a rigid base for the foundation. These issues are more pronounced in areas where the superimposed loads are not uniform in nature.
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which uses a single, generally large-diameter, structural element embedded into the earth to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.
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and may have a drain pipe which helps groundwater drain away. They are suitable for soils with a capacity of more than 10 tonnes/m (2,000 pounds per square foot).
1376:
765:, geo-piers and earth-stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were
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1424:
1210:
1477:
1043:
Edwards, Jay
Dearborn, and Nicolas Verton. A Creole lexicon architecture, landscape, people. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. 92.
272:
To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid overloading the underlying soil (possibly causing unequal settlement).
1106:
Stones in gabion for foundation, done in Diez Casas Para Diez
Familias (10x10)'s Casa Rosenda; see Design Like You Give a Damn 2 book by Kate Stohr
423:
Perhaps the simplest foundation is the padstone, a single stone which both spreads the weight on the ground and raises the timber off the ground.
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723:
Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the structure is transferred to the soil through a
1364:
1077:
Darvill, Timothy. The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology. 6th ed. [i.e. 2nd ed. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Padstone.
820:
went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a 4.74-meter-diameter monopile footing in ocean depths up to 16 meters of water.
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712:. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the
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Foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity depending on the type of subsoil/rock supporting the foundation by a
817:
1203:
1052:
Nicholson, Peter. Practical
Masonry, Bricklaying and Plastering, Both Plain and Ornamental. Thomas Kelly: London. 1838. 30–31.
75:
391:
828:
A floating foundation is one that sits on a body of water, rather than dry land. This type of foundation is used for some
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To anchor the structure against natural forces including earthquakes, floods, droughts, frost heaves, tornadoes and wind.
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The location of the foundation chosen must be an area that is not affected or influenced by future works or factors.
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Rubble trench foundations are a shallow trench filled with rubble or stones. These foundations extend below the
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The design and the construction of a well-performing foundation must possess some basic requirements:
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To anchor the structure deeply into the ground, increasing its stability and preventing overloading.
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Another way to install ready-to-build foundations that is more environmentally friendly is to use
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Buildings and structures have a long history of being built with wood in contact with the ground.
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2010:
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below. There are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts,
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Inadequate foundations in muddy soils below sea level caused these houses in the
Netherlands to
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Common examples of possible deformations of foundations arising from improper construction.
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Crabtree, Pam J.. Medieval archaeology: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 2001. 113.
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Many monopile foundations have been used in recent years for economically constructing
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Horns Rev project, Elsam monopile foundation construction process, accessed 2010-04-12
451:, the gabion would last much less long than when using mortar (due to rusting). Using
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Used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of
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from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either
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586:. The concrete walls are supported on continuous footings. There is also a
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2005:
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Black Eagle Dam – cross-section of construction plans for 1892 structure
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To prevent lateral movements of the supported structure (in some cases).
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649: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Typical residential poured concrete foundation, except for the lack of
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Foundations provide the structure's stability from the ground:
166:
which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with
147:
1261:
990:(3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 386,
716:
and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or
498:
construction) in the
Beauvais House in Ste Genevieve, Missouri
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1097:. Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001. 10. Print.
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922:, and the footing itself may be designed structurally by a
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type of wall construction (this example technically called
402:
1061:
Beohar, Rakesh Ranjan. Basic Civil
Engineering. 2005. 90.
558:
Davis House dry-laid stone foundation ruin, Gardiner, NY
476:
194:) in the design of foundation elements of structures.
288:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
447:. One disadvantage is that if using regular steel
976:
411:construction may technically have no foundation.
151:Foundation with pipe fixtures coming through the
3384:
708:, are usually embedded about a meter or so into
590:floor. Note the standing water in the perimeter
455:rebars could reduce this disadvantage somewhat.
182:. Foundation engineering is the application of
2361:
1155:"Lynn & Inner Dowsing Offshore Wind Farms"
2347:
1204:
1218:
458:
278:To provide a level surface for construction.
1109:
874:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
327:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
236:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1211:
1197:
1095:A building history of northern New England
397:The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia
16:Lowest and supporting layer of a structure
894:Learn how and when to remove this message
665:Learn how and when to remove this message
347:Learn how and when to remove this message
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
905:
687:
570:A basic type of rubble trench foundation
403:Earthfast or post in ground construction
390:
358:
146:
127:
1009:
700:Shallow foundation construction example
3398:Foundations (buildings and structures)
3385:
987:Soil mechanics in engineering practice
784:
677:
2335:
1192:
395:The simplest foundation, a padstone.
872:adding citations to reliable sources
839:
647:adding citations to reliable sources
618:
430:
325:adding citations to reliable sources
292:
234:adding citations to reliable sources
201:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1128:
813:locations. For example, a single
738:
477:Gallery of shallow foundation types
13:
1125:, 2009-09-09, accessed 2010-04-12.
926:. The primary design concerns are
14:
3414:
1229:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1177:
1135:Constructing a turbine foundation
1116:Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations
823:
427:are a specific type of padstone.
386:
289:Requirements of a good foundation
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938:soils can also cause problems.
634:needs additional citations for
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41:needs additional citations for
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1028:
1014:(in Italian). Milano: Hoepli.
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609:to be placed on the foundation
1:
1879:Mechanically stabilized earth
1157:. MT Højgaard. Archived from
963:
363:Pouring a concrete foundation
65:"Foundation" engineering
1631:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1010:Ventura, Pierfranco (2019).
984:; Mesri, Gholamreza (1996),
958:Interference of the footings
490:Drawing of Poteaux-en-Terre
418:
7:
2192:Stress distribution in soil
941:
21:Foundation (disambiguation)
10:
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1342:Pore pressure measurement
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2095:Preconsolidation pressure
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1647:
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1490:Standard penetration test
1248:
1235:
1226:
835:
753:to the stronger layer of
510:PSM V24 D321 A primitive
459:Rubble-trench foundations
3075:Multi-family residential
1591:California bearing ratio
1389:Rotary-pressure sounding
1220:Geotechnical engineering
832:and floating buildings.
818:off the coast of England
465:Rubble trench foundation
192:geotechnical engineering
2011:Geosynthetic clay liner
1986:Expanded clay aggregate
1606:Proctor compaction test
1547:Crosshole sonic logging
1533:Nuclear densometer test
1290:Geo-electrical sounding
3393:Architectural elements
2274:Earthquake engineering
2085:Lateral earth pressure
1710:Hydraulic conductivity
1561:Wave equation analysis
1540:Exploration geophysics
1432:Deformation monitoring
1401:Rotary weight sounding
915:
779:pre-tensioned concrete
701:
399:
364:
155:
144:
135:of a house versus the
1452:Settlement recordings
1377:Rock control drilling
1278:Cone penetration test
982:Peck, Ralph Brazelton
953:Structural settlement
920:geotechnical engineer
909:
699:
394:
362:
150:
131:
2314:Agricultural science
2016:Cellular confinement
868:improve this section
643:improve this article
534:, a type of padstone
321:improve this section
230:improve this section
162:is the element of a
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2521: / Guest room
2206:Numerical analysis
2090:Overburden pressure
2080:Pore water pressure
1860:Shoring structures
1735:Reynolds' dilatancy
1636:Water content tests
1621:Triaxial shear test
1581:Soil classification
1554:Pile integrity test
1161:on 20 December 2016
924:structural engineer
807:offshore wind farms
791:Monopile foundation
785:Monopile foundation
775:reinforced concrete
678:Shallow foundations
438:and stones laid in
168:floating structures
133:Shallow foundations
2997:Servants' quarters
2181:Slab stabilisation
2161:Stability analysis
1140:2011-05-21 at the
1121:2010-02-28 at the
1093:Garvin, James L..
916:
702:
684:Shallow foundation
514:in Switzerland on
400:
365:
158:In engineering, a
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3403:Bridge components
3380:
3379:
2798:Janitorial closet
2532:Bedsit / Miniflat
2329:
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2176:Sliding criterion
2138:Response spectrum
2054:
2053:
1884:Pressure grouting
1783:
1782:
1643:
1642:
1596:Direct shear test
1302:Permeability test
904:
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809:in shallow-water
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431:Stone foundations
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3110:Studio apartment
2902:Kitchen-related
2578:Conversation pit
2365:and spaces of a
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2188:Bearing capacity
2075:Effective stress
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1966:Land reclamation
1906:Land development
1801:Natural features
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1765:Specific storage
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1586:Atterberg limits
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3080:Secondary suite
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2906:butler's pantry
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2821:Mechanical room
2774:Electrical room
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1981:Earth structure
1976:Erosion control
1874:Ground freezing
1864:Retaining walls
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1740:Angle of repose
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1526:Visible bedrock
1478:Simple sounding
1466:Shear vane test
1242:instrumentation
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3019:
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2999:
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2992:Servants' hall
2989:
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2842:
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2827:
2818:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2779:Equipment room
2776:
2771:
2766:
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2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
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2695:
2693:Secret passage
2690:
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2678:
2668:
2663:
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2251:Related fields
2247:
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2171:Classification
2168:
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2150:
2145:
2143:Seismic hazard
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1770:Shear strength
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1745:Friction angle
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1626:Oedometer test
1623:
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1616:Sieve analysis
1613:
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1502:Total sounding
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1178:External links
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978:Terzaghi, Karl
968:
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950:
943:
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936:Expansive clay
902:
901:
852:
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843:
837:
834:
825:
824:Floating\barge
822:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
743:Main article:
740:
737:
682:Main article:
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532:staddle stones
529:
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492:post in ground
489:
482:
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463:Main article:
460:
457:
432:
429:
425:Staddle stones
420:
417:
413:Timber pilings
409:Post in ground
404:
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388:
387:Historic types
385:
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188:rock mechanics
184:soil mechanics
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38:
36:
29:
15:
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4:
3:
2:
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3120:Architectural
3117:
3111:
3108:
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3103:
3101:
3100:Semi-detached
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3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Swimming pool
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
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2980:
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2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Great chamber
2955:
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2924:
2922:
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2899:
2896:
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2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Wiring closet
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Semi-basement
2838:
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2504:
2502:
2500:Private rooms
2498:
2492:
2489:
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2479:
2475:
2474:billiard room
2472:
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2428:dirty kitchen
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2279:Geomorphology
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2123:Consolidation
2121:
2119:
2118:Frost heaving
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2110:
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
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1997:
1996:Geosynthetics
1994:
1992:
1991:Crushed stone
1989:
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1982:
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1977:
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1946:Cut-and-cover
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1715:Water content
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1413:Sample series
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1238:
1237:Investigation
1234:
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1225:
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1200:
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1191:
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1103:
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1080:
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1021:9788820386443
1017:
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997:0-471-08658-4
993:
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863:
862:
858:
853:This section
851:
847:
842:
841:
833:
831:
821:
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719:
715:
711:
707:
704:Often called
685:
669:
666:
658:
648:
644:
638:
637:
632:This section
630:
626:
621:
620:
608:
602:
597:
593:
589:
588:concrete slab
585:
578:
573:
566:
561:
554:
549:
542:
537:
533:
530:A granary on
526:
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501:
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374:
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322:
316:
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311:
306:This section
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300:
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294:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
269:
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220:
215:This section
213:
209:
204:
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185:
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84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3250:Roof lantern
3202:
3002:Smoking room
2972:Long gallery
2952:Drawing room
2938:Conservatory
2845:Storm cellar
2816:Storage room
2812:Utility room
2808:Laundry room
2784:Furnace room
2375:Shared rooms
2299:Biogeography
2294:Hydrogeology
2284:Soil science
2264:Geochemistry
2032:
2023:Infiltration
1951:Cut and fill
1894:Soil nailing
1760:Permeability
1725:Bulk density
1442:Inclinometer
1365:Ram sounding
1250:
1165:15 September
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1149:
1130:
1111:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1073:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1011:
1005:
986:
972:
948:Underpinning
917:
890:
884:January 2024
881:
866:Please help
854:
827:
804:fixed-bottom
801:
794:
748:
730:
722:
705:
703:
661:
655:January 2024
652:
641:Please help
636:verification
633:
615:Modern types
592:French drain
584:anchor bolts
516:wood pilings
468:
434:
422:
406:
366:
343:
337:January 2024
334:
319:Please help
307:
267:
252:
246:January 2024
243:
228:Please help
216:
159:
157:
112:
106:January 2024
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3343:Home repair
3140:Belt course
3048:Hidden room
2977:Lumber room
2893:Antechamber
2884:Great house
2864:Wine cellar
2835:Root cellar
2788:Boiler room
2769:Crawl space
2440:Living room
2433:kitchenette
2418:Home cinema
2403:Family room
2398:Dining room
2388:Common room
2309:Archaeology
2033:Foundations
2006:Geomembrane
1889:Slurry wall
1828:Water table
1792:Interaction
1788:Structures
1775:Sensitivity
1572:Laboratory
763:screw piles
733:screw piles
512:stilt house
3387:Categories
3353:Tree house
3323:Front yard
3255:Sill plate
3203:Foundation
3145:Bressummer
3058:house plan
3027:Undercroft
3012:State room
2962:Great hall
2931:still room
2598:dumbwaiter
2583:Cubby-hole
2413:Great room
2383:Bonus room
2166:Mitigation
2148:Shear wave
2133:Earthquake
2128:Compaction
2113:Permafrost
2104:Phenomena/
2001:Geotextile
1926:Embankment
1916:Excavation
1853:Earthworks
1813:Vegetation
1808:Topography
1730:Thixotropy
1720:Void ratio
1703:Properties
1601:Hydrometer
1346:Piezometer
1266:Core drill
1083:0199534047
1067:8170087937
1012:Fondazioni
964:References
928:settlement
795:A type of
714:frost line
471:frost line
372:structure.
160:foundation
141:skyscraper
76:newspapers
3277:Threshold
3160:Colonnade
3105:Townhouse
3043:Furniture
2947:Courtyard
2849:Safe room
2759:Cloakroom
2727:Technical
2717:Vestibule
2702:Staircase
2641:Inglenook
2614:Fireplace
2573:Breezeway
2445:Gynaeceum
2289:Hydrology
2269:Petrology
2157:analysis
2155:Landslide
2060:Mechanics
1971:Track bed
1956:Fill dirt
1941:Terracing
1514:Trial pit
1329:Statnamic
1314:Load test
855:does not
815:wind farm
594:trenches.
496:pallisade
436:Dry stone
419:Padstones
308:does not
217:does not
164:structure
3318:Driveway
3313:Backyard
3272:Skylight
3235:Plumbing
3230:Ornament
3225:Lighting
3135:Baluster
3123:elements
3095:Detached
3090:Terraced
2942:Orangery
2921:scullery
2898:Ballroom
2874:Workshop
2859:Wardrobe
2847: /
2814: /
2810: /
2786: /
2749:Basement
2681:sleeping
2676:screened
2661:Overhang
2605:Entryway
2593:Elevator
2507:Bathroom
2462:man cave
2319:Agrology
2208:software
2106:problems
1936:Causeway
1911:Landfill
1838:Subgrade
1755:Porosity
1750:Cohesion
1138:Archived
1119:Archived
942:See also
769:, later
759:caissons
725:concrete
706:footings
379:changes.
3306:Related
3282:Transom
3174:Cornice
3164:Portico
3155:Chimney
3150:Ceiling
2982:Parlour
2967:Library
2926:spicery
2916:saucery
2911:buttery
2754:Carport
2736:storage
2731:utility
2712:Veranda
2707:Terrace
2636:Hallway
2568:Balcony
2547:Nursery
2542:Cabinet
2537:Boudoir
2519:Bedroom
2491:Sunroom
2423:Kitchen
2259:Geology
2231:SVSlope
2041:Shallow
1961:Grading
1899:Tieback
1843:Subsoil
1833:Bedrock
1823:Topsoil
1818:Terrain
1611:R-value
1574:testing
1324:Dynamic
1251:in situ
1249:Field (
912:subside
876:removed
861:sources
830:bridges
755:subsoil
751:topsoil
718:bedrock
329:removed
314:sources
238:removed
223:sources
198:Purpose
176:shallow
153:sleeves
90:scholar
3370:
3328:Garden
3297:Window
3240:Quoins
3218:Portal
3169:Column
3085:Duplex
3063:styles
3022:Turret
2854:Studio
2830:Pantry
2803:Larder
2793:Garage
2764:Closet
2698:Stairs
2656:Loggia
2619:hearth
2609:Genkan
2563:Atrium
2556:Spaces
2525:closet
2512:toilet
2481:Shrine
2457:Andron
2408:Garret
2241:Plaxis
2236:UTEXAS
2226:SVFlux
2216:SEEP2D
2068:Forces
1921:Trench
1869:Gabion
1679:Gravel
1319:Static
1081:
1065:
1018:
994:
836:Design
811:subsea
777:, and
449:rebars
445:gabion
440:mortar
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3287:Vault
3260:Style
3208:Gable
3198:Floor
3178:Eaves
3068:types
3053:House
3036:Other
3007:Solar
2987:Sauna
2886:areas
2825:floor
2744:Attic
2671:Porch
2666:Patio
2646:Lanai
2626:Foyer
2486:Study
2450:harem
2367:house
2363:Rooms
2221:STABL
1694:Loess
1657:Types
771:steel
172:loads
139:of a
97:JSTOR
83:books
3348:Shed
3333:Home
3292:Wall
3265:list
3245:Roof
3213:Gate
3188:Door
3183:Dome
3130:Arch
2734:and
2688:Ramp
2651:Loft
2631:Hall
2588:Deck
2046:Deep
1689:Loam
1684:Peat
1674:Sand
1669:Silt
1664:Clay
1649:Soil
1351:Well
1167:2016
1079:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1016:ISBN
992:ISBN
930:and
859:any
857:cite
767:wood
710:soil
312:any
310:cite
221:any
219:cite
186:and
180:deep
69:news
3193:Ell
2393:Den
1931:Cut
1240:and
870:by
645:by
323:by
232:by
178:or
52:by
3389::
3176:/
3162:/
2940:/
2823:/
2729:,
2190:*
980:;
781:.
773:,
761:,
720:.
2700:/
2607:/
2355:e
2348:t
2341:v
1794:)
1790:(
1253:)
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1169:.
1024:.
914:.
897:)
891:(
886:)
882:(
878:.
864:.
668:)
662:(
657:)
653:(
639:.
518:.
350:)
344:(
339:)
335:(
331:.
317:.
259:)
253:(
248:)
244:(
240:.
226:.
190:(
143:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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