747:), were founded by Catherine. When a child was brought to these institutions the baptismal name was asked, and a receipt was given, by which the child could be reclaimed up to the age of ten. After the usual period of six years in the country, care was taken with the education, especially of the more promising children. The hospitals served as a valuable source of recruits for the public service. The rights of parents over their children were very much restricted, and those of the government much extended by a
636:
219:
115:
916:
96:(vol. i. p. 434), a violent attack on foundling hospitals. He argued that they discouraged marriage and therefore population, and that even the best management would be unable to prevent a high mortality. He wrote: "An occasional child murder from false shame is saved at a very high price if it can be done only by the sacrifice of some of the best and most useful feelings of the human heart in a great part of the nation".
540:, who is entitled to the whole credit of the foundation, states as its objects to prevent the frequent murders of poor miserable children at their birth, and to suppress the inhuman custom of exposing newborn infants to perish in the streets. The Foundling Hospital kept receiving children until the 1950s, when British law changed the focus in care for foundlings from children's homes to
170:
constantly diminishing allowance, and the arrangement could be determined by fourteen days notice on either side. The foster-parents could retain the child in their service or employment till the age of twenty-two, but the true parents could at any time reclaim the foundling on reimbursing the asylum and compensating the foster-parents.
378:
included, besides (1) orphans and (2) foundlings proper, (3) children abandoned by their parents, (4) ill-treated, neglected or morally abandoned children whose parents have been deprived of their parental rights by the decision of a court of justice, and (5) children, under sixteen years of age, of
160:
issued to the charitable endowment commission. In 1818 foundling asylums and lying-in houses were declared to be state institutions. They were accordingly supported by the state treasury until the fundamental law of 20 October 1860 handed them over to the provincial committees. As of 1910, they were
564:
Scotland never seems to have possessed a foundling hospital. In 1759 John Watson left funds which were to be applied to the pious and charitable purpose of preventing child murder by the establishment of a hospital for receiving pregnant women and taking care of their children as foundlings. But by
496:
contained about 700 beds. There were also in Paris numerous private charities for the adoption of poor children and orphans. It is impossible here to give even a sketch of the long and able controversies which occurred in France on the principles of management of foundling hospitals, the advantages
418:
the stay was the shortest, for by the law of 1904, continuing the principle laid down in 1811, all children under thirteen years of age under the guardianship of the state, except the mentally or physically infirm, must be boarded out in country districts. They were generally apprenticed to someone
169:
were made. When two months old the child was sent for six or ten years to the houses in the neighborhood of respectable married persons, who had certificates from the police or the poor-law authorities, and who were inspected by the latter and by a special medical officer. These persons received a
80:. The reason for this discrepancy was the perception that children abandoned by their parents carried with them a burden of immorality. Their parents tended to be unmarried and poor. Alleviating the burden of unwanted pregnancies was often seen as encouraging infidelity and prostitution.
165:, or where the mother undertook to serve for four months as nurse or midwife in an asylum, or produced a certificate from the parish priest and poor-father (the parish inspector of the poor-law administration) that she had no money. In other cases payments of thirty to 100
454:) in the country for board, school-money, etc.; (3) clothing; (4) travelling-money for nurses and children; (5) printing, etc.; (6) expenses in time of sickness and for burials and apprentice fees were borne in the proportion of two-fifths by the state, two-fifths by the
178:
In this country the arrangements for the relief of foundlings and the appropriation of public funds for that purpose very much resemble those in France (see below), and can hardly be usefully described apart from the general questions of local government and
303:
The foundling hospitals had been started as a reform to save the numerous infants who were being abandoned in the streets of Paris. Infant mortality at that date was extremely high – about 50 percent, in large part because families sent their infants to be
655:
It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk
238:
It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk
134:
It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk
565:
an act of parliament in 1822, which sets forth doubts as to the propriety of the original purpose, the money was given to trustees to erect a hospital for the maintenance and education of destitute children.
161:
local institutions, depending on provincial funds, and were quite separate from the ordinary parochial poor institute. Admission was free when the child was actually found on the street, or was sent by a
469:
was conceded to the parent on payment of a small fee. The decree of 1811 contemplated the repayment of all expenses by a parent reclaiming a child. The same decree directed a tour or revolving box (
622:
was opened on
Douglas Road in 1841. The Foundling Hospital at Leitrim Street subsequently closed in July 1855, when it was converted by the Emigration Commissioners for use as an Emigration depot.
450:(premium on survival), washing, clothes, and the outdoor expenses, which include (1) temporary assistance to unmarried mothers in order to prevent desertion; (2) allowances to the foster-parents (
308:. The mortality rate in the foundling hospitals, which also sent the babies out to be wet nursed, proved worse, however, and most of the infants sent there likely perished.
509:
to another, the hygiene and service of hospitals and the inspection of nurses, the education and reclamation of the children and the rights of the state in their future.
292:
was the next in importance. No provision, however, was made outside the great towns; the houses in the cities were overcrowded and administered with laxity; and in 1784
610:
was opened in 1747 at
Leitrim Street, following a 1735 Act of the Irish Parliament. It was funded by local taxes. The building site, now occupied by the Lady's Well or
964:
673:
As of 1910, Italy was very rich in foundling hospitals, pure and simple, orphans and other destitute children being separately provided for. In Rome one branch of the
931:
614:, was based around a small quadrangle with a chapel, school-rooms, boys dormitories, girls dormitories, and staff apartments. Following the enactment of the
379:
parents condemned for certain crimes, whose parental rights have been delegated by a tribunal to the state. Children classified under 1-5 were termed
697:
or foundling hospital, founded in 1346, and receiving 450 children annually, was under provincial administration. The splendid legacy of the last
76:
Historically, care for foundlings tended to develop more slowly or with greater variation from country to country than, for example, care for
395:, i.e., children who have either committed or been the victim of some felony or crime and are placed under state care by judicial authority.
391:, i.e., children of persons undergoing a judicial sentence and children temporarily taken in while their parents are in hospital, and (3)
383:, wards of public charity, and were distinguished by the law of 1904 from children under the protection of the state, classified as: (1)
34:, i.e., children who had been abandoned or exposed, and left for the public to find and save. A foundling hospital was not necessarily a
936:
646:
229:
125:
588:
was opened. From 1,500 to 2,000 children were received annually. Due to the high mortality and financial cost of the hospital, in 1835
315:
undertook as a state debt the support of every foundling. For a time premiums were given to the mothers of illegitimate children, the
296:
prophesied that the state would yet be seriously embarrassed by this increasing evil. From 1452 to 1789 the law had imposed on the
873:
61:. But it was in the 7th and 8th centuries that definite institutions for foundlings were established in such towns as
482:
959:
727:
foundlings were received at the church windows by a staff of women paid by the state. But starting in the reign of
589:
157:
707:, was applied to the support of about 160 children by the Congregazione di Carità acting through thirty
579:
374:, which completely decentralized the system of national poor relief established by the Revolution. The
268:
and other religious ladies, the foundlings of Paris from the horrors of a primitive institution named
619:
618:
the Poor Law Union workhouses replaced many of the functions of the
Foundling Hospital. In Cork, the
285:
152:
In
Austria foundling hospitals occupied a very prominent place in the general instructions which, by
536:
in 1739 for "the maintenance and education of exposed and deserted young children." The petition of
601:
674:
187:, however, are purely communal bodies, although they receive pecuniary assistance from both the
954:
689:, devoted to foundlings. The average annual number of foundlings supported was about 3,000. In
387:, i.e., children whose parents or relatives are unable, through poverty, to support them; (2)
682:
765:
As of 1910, in the United States of
America, foundling hospitals, which are chiefly private
289:
754:
8:
728:
611:
261:
529:
523:
265:
20:
869:
778:
731:, foundling hospitals were in the hands of the provincial officer of public charity (
724:
312:
38:, but more commonly a children's home, offering shelter and education to foundlings.
31:
553:
788:
615:
420:
42:
423:
they remained under the guardianship of the administrative commissioners of the
740:
704:
699:
686:
293:
281:
197:
81:
191:
and the state. A decree of 1811 directed that there should be an asylum and a
948:
940:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 746–747.
927:
922:
866:
Charity
Movements in Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Philanthropy and Improvement
533:
399:
58:
549:
537:
473:
in
Germany) to be kept at each hospital. These have been discontinued. The
162:
607:
541:
85:
70:
257:
431:. The state paid the whole of the cost of inspection and supervision.
277:
783:
766:
439:
335:. As of 1904, laws of France relating to this part of what is called
305:
300:
the duty of succouring children found deserted on their territories.
273:
89:
744:
545:
180:
153:
35:
921:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
434:
The expenses of administration, the home expenses, for the nurse (
202:
49:) in marble shells at the church doors, and tended first by the
708:
690:
585:
411:
344:
166:
77:
749:
66:
62:
41:
The antecedents of such institutions was the practice of the
548:. The Foundling Hospital is now a child care charity called
370:
These laws carried out the general principles of the law of
868:. Woodbridge, Suffold: Boydell & Brewer. p. 152.
824:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
822:
820:
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816:
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is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright
228:
is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright
124:
is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright
552:. Its history and art collection are on display at the
834:
801:
402:
which received all these children was a departmental (
272:(on the rue St Landry), and ultimately obtained from
99:
45:
providing a system of relief, children being left (
30:was originally an institution for the reception of
16:
Institution where abandoned children were cared for
965:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
946:
419:engaged in the agricultural industry, and until
592:(then Irish Secretary) closed the institution.
325:Toute recherche de la paternité est interdite
503:
456:
425:
863:
462:, and the remaining fifth by the communes.
414:, in which, with the exception of children
892:. S. Lewis & Co, 1837, 'Cork' Section.
926:
851:
828:
769:, existed in most of the large cities.
485:, and associated with a representative
406:), and not a communal institution. The
333:la recherche de la matérnité est admise
19:For the children's home in London, see
947:
890:A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland
497:of tours and the system of admission
629:
212:
108:
735:). The great central institutions (
501:, the transfer of orphans from one
13:
584:In 1704 the Foundling hospital of
195:for receiving foundlings in every
14:
976:
156:dated 16 April 1781, the emperor
84:, for example, the noted English
914:
760:
723:Under the old Russian system of
681:built in 728 by King Ina in the
634:
512:
358:De l'administration des finances
350:the instruction of February 1823
217:
185:Commissions des Hospices Civiles
113:
100:Foundling hospitals in the world
53:or male nurses, and then by the
733:prykaz obshestvennago pryzrenya
311:The first constitutions of the
895:
882:
857:
532:of London was incorporated by
264:rescued, with the help of the
1:
901:The Foundling Hospital Cork.
794:
652:, which was produced in 1911.
235:, which was produced in 1911.
131:, which was produced in 1911.
494:Hospice des enfants-assistés
363:the law of 24 July 1889, and
94:The Principles of Population
7:
864:Sonnelitter, Karen (2016).
772:
559:
327:, while by art. 341 of the
10:
981:
599:
580:Foundling Hospital, Dublin
577:
568:
521:
517:
477:of Paris was managed by a
410:was usually the ward of a
353:the decree of 5 March 1852
298:seigneurs de haute justice
201:. The last wheel, that of
173:
104:
18:
718:
685:) was, since the time of
573:
408:établissement dépositaire
404:établissement dépositaire
280:for their accommodation.
208:
625:
606:A Foundling Hospital in
602:Foundling Hospital, Cork
483:minister of the interior
381:pupilles de l'assistance
937:Encyclopædia Britannica
675:Santo Spirito in Sassia
648:Encyclopædia Britannica
595:
487:conseil de surveillance
366:the law of 27 June 1904
231:Encyclopædia Britannica
127:Encyclopædia Britannica
753:issued by the emperor
713:deputazione fraternate
504:
457:
426:
205:, was closed in 1860.
903:Westmeath Independent
337:l'Assistance publique
960:Children's hospitals
677:(so called from the
616:Poor Laws in Ireland
317:enfants de la patrie
284:were granted to the
183:administration. The
932:Foundling Hospitals
475:Assistance publique
436:nourrice sédentaire
262:St. Vincent de Paul
743:(with a branch at
695:Casa degli Esposti
530:Foundling Hospital
524:Foundling Hospital
467:droit de recherche
321:12 Brumaire, An II
290:Hôtel-Dieu of Lyon
266:Louise de Marillac
28:foundling hospital
21:Foundling Hospital
875:978-1-78327-068-2
779:Child abandonment
739:), at Moscow and
737:Vospitatelnoi Dom
671:
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481:appointed by the
313:French Revolution
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826:
666:
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650:Eleventh Edition
638:
637:
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612:Murphy's Brewery
554:Foundling Museum
507:
460:
444:nourrice au sein
429:
393:enfants en garde
389:enfants en dépôt
385:enfants secourus
376:enfants assistés
372:7 Frimaire An V.
319:, by the law of
249:
246:
240:
233:Eleventh Edition
221:
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129:Eleventh Edition
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36:medical hospital
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930:, ed. (1911). "
915:
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888:Lewis, Samuel.
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789:Street children
775:
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721:
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639:
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620:Union Workhouse
604:
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582:
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499:à bureau ouvert
448:prime de survie
347:of January 1811
276:the use of the
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176:
146:
140:
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118:
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92:, made, in his
43:Catholic Church
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
978:
968:
967:
962:
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943:
942:
928:Chisholm, Hugh
908:
907:
905:, 7 July 1855.
894:
881:
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854:, p. 747.
833:
831:, p. 746.
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741:St. Petersburg
720:
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705:Ludovico Manin
687:Pope Sixtus IV
679:Schola Saxonum
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522:Main article:
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294:Jacques Necker
286:Paris hospital
282:Letters patent
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198:arrondissement
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163:criminal court
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82:Thomas Malthus
59:foster parents
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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955:Child welfare
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939:
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924:
923:public domain
912:
911:
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867:
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852:Chisholm 1911
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829:Chisholm 1911
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643:This section
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534:Royal Charter
531:
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513:Great Britain
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461:
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360:of 5 May 1869
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330:
329:Code Napoléon
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288:in 1670. The
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245:December 2016
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729:Catherine II
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712:
698:
694:
678:
672:
659:
647:
644:
605:
590:Lord Glenelg
583:
563:
550:Coram Family
538:Thomas Coram
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502:
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493:
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486:
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471:Drehcylinder
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93:
75:
54:
51:matricularii
50:
46:
40:
27:
25:
542:foster care
505:département
458:département
452:nourriciers
427:département
356:the law of
260:'s France,
189:départments
86:demographer
71:Montpellier
949:Categories
795:References
755:Nicholas I
492:The Paris
306:wet nursed
258:Louis XIII
55:nutricarii
32:foundlings
784:Orphanage
767:charities
757:in 1837.
479:directeur
440:wet nurse
438:) or the
274:Louis XIV
270:La Couche
158:Joseph II
90:economist
773:See also
745:Gatchina
711:boards (
560:Scotland
546:adoption
421:majority
416:en dépôt
181:poor law
154:rescript
925::
725:Peter I
569:Ireland
518:England
446:), the
412:hospice
339:were:
278:Bicêtre
203:Antwerp
174:Belgium
167:florins
105:Austria
78:orphans
47:jactati
919:
872:
719:Russia
709:parish
691:Venice
586:Dublin
574:Dublin
400:asylum
345:decree
209:France
63:Trèves
750:ukase
683:Borgo
656:page.
626:Italy
239:page.
193:wheel
135:page.
67:Milan
870:ISBN
700:doge
693:the
608:Cork
596:Cork
544:and
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