1200:
inter-institutional competition, resistance to change, and vested interests. In addition, "one of the greatest problems" was the incompatibility between the restrictions imposed by law on high school students in the institution's first two years and the greater freedom desired by students in the institution's second two years. The differing regulatory and accreditation requirements often also meant that students in the last two years of the school could not take the same classes as students in the first two years for equivalent credit.
20:
1230:. Hutchins' approach involved eliminating the last two years of high school entirely for the top 25% of students, and allowing them to proceed directly to college and obtain their bachelor's degree at the age at which they would ordinarily have been only two years through college. The plan faced stiff resistance from a variety of entrenched constituencies, including university faculty and high school principals, and most such
88:
a 6-4-4 plan. Seven did so and established four-year public junior colleges: Pasadena (1928), Compton (1932), Ventura (1937), Pomona (1942), Napa (1942), Vallejo (1945), Stockton (1948). From the late–1940s to the early–1960s, all of these localities changed back to a traditional high-school system. The last holdout was Napa, which reverted in 1964.
1755:"St. Marys: A When-Did Timeline", page 6, By Janet Butler Haugaard, Executive Editor and Writer, St. Mary’s College of Maryland with Susan G. Wilkinson, Director of Marketing and Communications, Historic St. Mary’s City Commission and Julia A. King, Associate Professor of Anthropology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland St. Marys College Archives
87:
Around its peak in 1942, the movement embraced 34 institutions nationwide, enrolling about 16,000 students in total. Five of these institutions and 8,000 of the students were in
California. The development of the movement in California was aided by a state law allowing individual districts to adopt
1207:
in
Illinois, the four-year junior college essentially functioned as two separate institutions, with most students either transferring in or out after the 12th grade, and only a handful of students continuing through the full four years. As a result, many of the economies envisioned by advocates of
1199:
Four-year junior colleges and the 6-4-4 movement were never able to achieve the critical mass required to shift the national educational system, and had faded away by the mid-1960s. A number of problems have been cited for the inability of the idea to take root, including problems with
84:, and four years of junior college (or "senior school"). Under this plan, graduation from junior college would "mark the end of the period of general education", and students who wished would then proceed to more specialized education leading to the bachelor's degree and beyond.
66:. The first law formally authorizing such institutions was enacted in 1908. However, the idea took some time to catch on. The first four-year junior was established in Texas in 1923 as Hillsboro Junior College, known today as
1238:. However, at Shimer College in Chicago, which had previously been a women's four-year junior college, an early entrance program descended directly from the Hutchins program remains in place.
1227:
1211:
The public junior colleges that had adopted four-year junior college curricula, such as those in
California and Texas, chiefly returned to a two-year junior college model; many are now
598:
35:
was a type of educational institution in the United States in the 20th century that provided education from the 11th to the 14th grades, corresponding to the last two years of
209:
74:
573:
649:
124:
55:
831:
991:
1757:
1788:
51:
respectively, advocates of the four-year junior college argued that all four years should be considered part of secondary education.
499:
1846:
315:
808:
964:
1694:
1218:
The problem of providing a smooth transition between high school and college remained, however, and was tackled by
340:
130:
Localities that could not support a two-year junior college due to scale would be able to support a four-year one.
191:
1343:
1261:
704:
393:
913:
264:
70:. Many others were established soon thereafter, but even in 1931, they numbered fewer than ten nationwide.
1146:
969:
59:
1171:
679:
1851:
1231:
1068:
938:
861:
626:
415:
63:
1803:
1764:
1841:
1252:
Growth of an
American Invention: A Documentary History of the Junior and Community College Movement
1094:
918:
606:
478:
1219:
996:
556:
504:
425:
113:
Student time could be saved, with "superior" students finishing in three years rather than four.
729:
217:
1732:
1223:
887:
786:
778:
734:
684:
657:
140:
The legal dropout age of 16 makes the 10th grade a more logical breaking point than the 12th.
1073:
892:
398:
366:
73:
The four-year junior college movement was closely associated with a broader movement for a
152:
This is a list of schools that at one time adopted a four-year junior college curriculum.
8:
1151:
1125:
1099:
755:
631:
452:
345:
294:
143:
A four-year junior institution can attract better teachers and staff than a two-year one.
134:
44:
1286:
100:
Four-year junior colleges could deal better with the unique psychological challenges of
1384:
1332:
1250:
1215:. Many of the private colleges that had adopted the model are now four-year colleges.
1047:
943:
470:
238:
96:
Advocates of four-year junior colleges advanced ten arguments in their system's favor:
81:
77:
48:
1782:
1675:
1339:
1307:
1257:
1212:
709:
320:
289:
1826:
1640:"Conversion Patterns of Four-Year Institutions to Two-Year Institutions: 1948-1973"
1376:
1235:
1042:
760:
581:
551:
529:
371:
243:
183:
107:
Unnecessary overlap between high-school and college coursework could be eliminated.
1639:
1354:
1320:
1120:
866:
813:
447:
1298:
27:
sign to reflect its change from a four-year junior college to a regular college.
1821:
1204:
1176:
420:
133:
The four-year junior college would more closely resemble the successful German
117:
24:
1835:
1679:
1663:
1022:
839:
1311:
127:
could be provided over a four-year period than in a two-year junior college.
1618:
1017:
524:
67:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
269:
101:
36:
1586:
1574:
1388:
40:
19:
1547:
54:
The first proposal for four-year junior colleges was made in 1894, by
1402:
1380:
1203:
Perhaps as a result of these issues, in some institutions, such as
1718:
An
Uncommon Place: Oxford College of Emory University, 1914–2000
1271:
Eells, Walter C. (1931). "What Manner of Child Shall This Be?".
543:
closed after 1950, reopened in 1962 as a two-year institution
1234:
programs disappeared, reappearing decades later as a form of
1297:
1208:
the four-year junior college system could not be achieved.
1451:
1449:
1592:
1580:
1284:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1367:
Wood, James M. (1930). "The Four-Year Junior
College".
1537:
1535:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1419:
1417:
1664:"Marianopolis College: A Visionary Immigrants' Dream"
1568:
1408:
1318:
1356:
History of the Junior
College Movement in California
1319:
Sexson, John
Amherst; Harbeson, John Wesley (1946).
1306:. Mt. Carroll, Ill.: Shimer College. pp. 3–22.
385:
Two Year Junior from 1923-1970, four year 1970-2000
147:
1532:
1485:
1461:
1429:
1414:
1473:
1331:
1249:
1598:
1833:
80:: six years of elementary school, four years of
110:Capital and maintenance costs could be reduced.
1805:Report of a Survey of Frances Shimer College
1375:(9). Ohio State University Press: 515–519.
1751:
1749:
1661:
1299:"Shimer College History (1853–1950)"
961:St. Mary’s Female Seminary-Junior College
1730:
1281:, reprinted in Diener 1986, pages 99–115.
1735:. Ursuline Sisters of Mount Saint Joseph
1619:"Governance at Goddard: A Brief History"
500:Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College
18:
1801:
1746:
1834:
1787:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1637:
1616:
1514:
1455:
1423:
1352:
1334:A History of American Higher Education
1329:
1247:
496:Harrison-Stone-Jackson Junior College
116:Students could be better prepared for
1808:. University of Chicago. p. 185.
1692:
1604:
1541:
1526:
1467:
1440:
1295:
1270:
1228:Fund for the Advancement of Education
1715:
1699:Community and Junior College Journal
1479:
1366:
60:Wilmerding School of Industrial Arts
43:. Although these are now considered
623:John Tarleton Agricultural College
316:Central Christian College of Kansas
235:Cameron State Agricultural College
13:
1285:Eells, Walter Crosby, ed. (1940).
809:Oxford College of Emory University
172:Years as four-year junior college
14:
1863:
1733:"Ursuline Academy, Paola, Kansas"
1226:and later nationwide through the
983:Women only - later coeducational
148:List of four-year junior colleges
1291:. American Council on Education.
341:El Camino College Compton Center
1795:
1731:Patterson, Sarah (2014-08-06).
1724:
1709:
1686:
1655:
1631:
1610:
1369:The Journal of Higher Education
1302:. In Hostetter, A. Beth (ed.).
16:Defunct type of American school
1847:Types of university or college
1638:Beeler, Kent D. (1973-07-13).
1241:
965:St. Mary's College of Maryland
726:Mount Aloysius Junior College
705:Moberly Area Community College
394:East Central Community College
1:
1693:Eells, Walter Crosby (1943).
1593:American Junior Colleges 1940
1581:American Junior Colleges 1940
1396:
1304:Centennial Anniversary Record
914:Pearl River Community College
599:Jefferson City Junior College
265:Utah State University Eastern
1695:"National Park Discontinues"
1662:Petrauskas, John C. (1992).
1194:
1147:Vermont College of Fine Arts
988:Saint Mary's Junior College
390:East Central Junior College
91:
7:
1815:
1802:Russell, John Dale (1944).
1720:. Atlanta: Bookhouse Group.
1617:Hamlin, Wilfrid G. (1993).
1362:. Bureau of Junior College.
910:Pearl River Junior College
210:Bartlesville Junior College
39:and the first two years of
10:
1868:
1569:Sexson & Harbeson 1946
1409:Sexson & Harbeson 1946
680:Meridian Community College
1232:early entrance to college
1069:San Joaquin Delta College
939:Mount San Antonio College
862:Labette Community College
627:Tarleton State University
521:Hillsboro Junior College
64:San Francisco, California
1716:Moon, Joseph C. (2003).
1353:Winter, Carl G. (1964).
1330:Thelin, John R. (2004).
1322:The New American College
1288:American Junior Colleges
1095:Solano Community College
1065:Stockton Junior College
884:Pasadena Junior College
676:Meridian Junior College
33:four-year junior college
23:Students repainting the
1248:Diener, Thomas (1986).
1220:Robert Maynard Hutchins
1143:Vermont Junior College
1117:Ventura Junior College
1091:Vallejo Junior College
858:Parsons Junior College
701:Moberly Junior College
1273:Junior College Journal
935:Pomona Junior College
730:Mount Aloysius College
416:Frances Shimer College
28:
1224:University of Chicago
888:Pasadena City College
779:National Park College
574:Iberia Junior College
363:Dixie Junior College
22:
1296:Glass, Rose (1953).
1168:Westminster College
752:Napa Junior College
650:Marot Junior College
367:Utah Tech University
1529:, pp. 101–108.
1172:Westminster College
992:Saint Mary's School
756:Napa Valley College
286:Cazenovia Seminary
45:secondary education
1213:community colleges
471:Greenbrier College
239:Cameron University
158:Contemporary name
125:student counseling
82:junior high school
78:educational system
58:, Director of the
49:tertiary education
29:
1571:, pp. 78–79.
1458:, pp. 12–13.
1192:
1191:
1039:Stephens College
548:Hiwassee College
290:Cazenovia College
192:Cambridge Springs
56:George A. Merrill
1859:
1852:Education reform
1827:Secondary school
1810:
1809:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1763:. Archived from
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1753:
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1740:
1728:
1722:
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1707:
1706:
1690:
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1518:
1512:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
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1453:
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1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1392:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1326:
1315:
1301:
1292:
1280:
1267:
1255:
1236:gifted education
1043:Stephens College
847:–1957 (?)
832:College of Paola
552:Hiwassee College
444:Goddard College
337:Compton College
312:Central College
184:Alliance College
155:
154:
118:semiprofessional
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1842:Junior colleges
1832:
1831:
1818:
1813:
1800:
1796:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:"Archived copy"
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1738:
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1729:
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1714:
1710:
1691:
1687:
1660:
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1623:
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1575:
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1548:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:, pp. 101.
1466:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1411:, p. xvii.
1407:
1403:
1399:
1381:10.2307/1974766
1359:
1346:
1264:
1244:
1222:, first at the
1197:
1121:Ventura College
1001:North Carolina
970:St. Mary's City
805:Oxford College
448:Goddard College
261:Carbon College
175:Public/private
162:
150:
94:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1822:Junior college
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1794:
1745:
1723:
1708:
1685:
1654:
1630:
1609:
1597:
1595:, p. 170.
1585:
1583:, p. 164.
1573:
1546:
1544:, p. 106.
1531:
1519:
1484:
1482:, p. 515.
1472:
1460:
1445:
1443:, p. 113.
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1364:
1350:
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1293:
1282:
1268:
1262:
1243:
1240:
1205:Shimer College
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1193:
1190:
1189:
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1182:
1179:
1177:Salt Lake City
1174:
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607:Jefferson City
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483:West Virginia
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421:Shimer College
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25:Shimer College
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1864:
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1807:
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1798:
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1784:
1770:on 2014-02-21
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1536:
1528:
1523:
1517:, p. 13.
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1437:
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1433:
1426:, p. 12.
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1038:
1037:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
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1014:Snow College
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1772:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1737:. Retrieved
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1018:Snow College
923:Mississippi
794:–1942
689:Mississippi
665:—1942
662:Connecticut
632:Stephenville
557:Madisonville
525:Hill College
509:Mississippi
403:Mississippi
218:Bartlesville
163:(if extant)
161:Current name
151:
95:
86:
72:
68:Hill College
53:
32:
30:
1515:Winter 1964
1456:Winter 1964
1424:Winter 1964
1242:Works cited
1130:California
1104:California
1078:California
1060:Women only
1009:Women only
948:California
919:Poplarville
897:California
853:Women only
800:Women only
787:Forest Glen
765:California
747:Women only
671:Women only
491:Women only
439:Women only
350:California
102:adolescence
37:high school
1836:Categories
1774:2014-03-20
1739:2015-01-07
1705:: 101–102.
1648:2015-01-07
1624:2015-01-07
1605:Glass 1953
1542:Eells 1931
1527:Eells 1931
1468:Eells 1931
1441:Eells 1931
1397:References
1345:0801880041
1263:0313249938
1152:Montpelier
1133:1937-1949
1107:1945-1955
1081:1948-1953
977:1926-1960
951:1942-1946
900:1928-1953
821:1947-1963
768:1942-1964
561:Tennessee
537:1923-1950
505:Perkinston
460:1938-1940
453:Plainfield
433:1931-1950
379:1970-2000
372:St. George
353:1932-1949
302:1934-1940
251:1927-1941
225:1940-1950
1680:0024-5089
1480:Wood 1930
1195:Aftermath
1052:Missouri
974:Maryland
791:Maryland
714:Missouri
611:Missouri
586:Missouri
530:Hillsboro
479:Lewisburg
430:Illinois
321:McPherson
299:New York
295:Cazenovia
248:Oklahoma
222:Oklahoma
204:Men only
166:Locality
135:Gymnasium
92:Arguments
1816:See also
1783:cite web
1668:Lituanus
1312:33122715
1186:Private
1161:Private
1156:Vermont
1074:Stockton
1057:Private
1048:Columbia
1006:Private
893:Pasadena
850:Private
836:–
824:Private
818:Georgia
797:Private
783:–
744:Private
685:Meridian
668:Private
658:Thompson
654:–
603:–
591:Private
578:–
566:Private
488:Private
475:–
463:Private
457:Vermont
436:Private
330:Private
305:Private
214:–
201:Private
188:–
178:Remarks
1389:1974766
1136:Public
1126:Ventura
1110:Public
1100:Vallejo
1084:Public
1032:Public
1023:Ephraim
997:Raleigh
980:Public
954:Public
928:Public
903:Public
877:Public
871:Kansas
867:Parsons
844:Kansas
771:Public
735:Cresson
719:Public
710:Moberly
694:Public
642:Public
616:Public
540:Public
514:Public
408:Public
399:Decatur
382:Public
356:Public
346:Compton
325:Kansas
279:Public
254:Public
228:Public
137:system.
123:Better
41:college
1678:
1387:
1342:
1310:
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944:Pomona
874:1935-
814:Oxford
639:1917-
636:Texas
582:Iberia
534:Texas
244:Lawton
169:State
1768:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1674:(3).
1643:(PDF)
1385:JSTOR
1360:(PDF)
1181:Utah
1027:Utah
840:Paola
376:Utah
274:Utah
270:Price
120:work.
75:6-4-4
1789:link
1676:ISSN
1340:ISBN
1308:OCLC
1258:ISBN
761:Napa
47:and
1377:doi
62:in
1838::
1785:}}
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31:A
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