545:
2461:
1465:
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592:, whom King Zhou had offended, entered into and possessed her body, expelling the true Daji's soul. The spirit, as Daji, and her new husband schemed cruelly and invented many devices of torture, such as forcing righteous officials to hug red-hot metal pillars. Because of such cruelties, many people, including King Zhou's own former generals, revolted and fought against the
510:
When a fox is fifty years old, it can transform itself into a woman; when a hundred years old, it becomes a beautiful female, or a spirit medium, or an adult male who has sexual intercourse with women. Such beings are able to know things at more than a thousand miles' distance; they can poison men by
624:
Since the beginning of the Tang, many commoners have worshiped fox spirits. They make offerings in their bedchambers to beg for their favor. The foxes share people's food and drink. They do not serve a single master. At the time there was a figure of speech saying, "Where there is no fox demon, no
368:
Fox spirits and nine-tailed foxes appear frequently in
Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology. Depending on the story, the fox spirit's presence may be a good or a bad omen. The motif of nine-tailed foxes from Chinese culture was eventually transmitted and introduced to Japanese, Korean, and
651:
In late imperial China, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, disruptions in the domestic environment could be attributed to the mischief of fox spirits, which could throw or tear apart objects in a manner similar to a poltergeist. "Hauntings" by foxes were often regarded as both commonplace and
562:
Among the arts of the Way, there is a specific doctrine of the celestial fox. [The doctrine] says that the celestial fox has nine tails and a golden color. It serves in the Palace of the Sun and Moon and has its own fu (talisman) and a jiao ritual. It can transcend yin and
1603:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
453:
Mountain, where much jade can be found on its south slope and green cinnabar on its north. There is a beast here whose form resembles a fox with nine tails. It makes a sound like a baby and is a man-eater. Whoever eats it will be protected against insect-poison
702:
Fox spirits were thought to be able to disguise themselves as women. In this guise, they seduced young men who were scholars or merely intelligent to absorb "life essence through their semen". This allowed them to actually turn into humans, then
489:(202 BC – 9 AD; 25–220 AD), the development of ideas about interspecies transformation had taken place in Chinese culture. The idea that non-human creatures with advancing age could assume human form is presented in works such as the
381:
Painting of a fox spirit from Yanju's tomb, Gansu
Province. Older depictions of fox spirits depict the eight other tails as branching out from the main tail rather than being separate tails of their own.
652:
essentially harmless, with one seventeenth-century author commenting that "Out of every ten houses in the capital, six or seven have fox demons, but they do no harm and people are used to them".
1712:
Ting, Nai-tung. "A Comparative Study of Three
Chinese and North-American Indian Folktale Types." Asian Folklore Studies 44, no. 1 (1985): 42–43. Accessed July 1, 2020. doi:10.2307/1177982.
445:, had commented that the "nine-tailed fox was an auspicious omen that appeared during times of peace." However, in chapter 1, another aspect of the nine-tailed fox is described:
40:
732:
466:
encountered a white nine-tailed fox, which he interpreted as an auspicious sign that he would marry Nüjiao. In Han iconography, the nine-tailed fox is sometimes depicted at
511:
sorcery, or possess and bewilder them, so that they lose their memory and knowledge; and when a fox is thousand years old, it ascends to heaven and becomes a celestial fox.
2378:
567:
The fox spirits encountered in tales and legends are usually females and appear as young, beautiful women. One of the most infamous fox spirits in
Chinese mythology was
533:
both can be eight hundred years of age, and when they are five hundred years old, they become enlightened and are able to take up human form. 狐貍、豺狼皆壽八百歲，滿五百歲，則善變為人形。
2532:
2520:
637:, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful. For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within
2602:
648:. This resulted in Huizong ordering the destruction of all fox temples in Kaifeng. The city was invaded the next day, and the dynasty fell after five months.
2515:
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1394:
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2607:
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922:
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600:, one of the vassals of Shang, founded a new dynasty named after his country. The fox spirit in Daji's body was later driven out by
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860:
1447:
Lin, Fu-shih (2014-12-08). ""Old
Customs and New Fashions": An Examination of Features of Shamanism in Song China".
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are love stories between a fox appearing as a beautiful girl and a young human male. In the fantasy novel
2685:
1997:
1402:
1845:
1809:
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674:
Belief in fox spirits has also been implicated as an explanatory factor in the incidence of attacks of
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2320:
2100:
1824:
964:
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991:
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1804:
1086:
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1045:
1018:
959:
645:
2690:
2675:
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2156:
2130:
1981:
1784:
681:
655:
Typically fox spirits were seen as dangerous, but some of the stories in the Qing dynasty book
2527:
1292:
699:, stating "the immature young monks, not understanding this, believe in these fox-spirits..."
2559:
2554:
2510:
2125:
1829:
1064:
801:
757:
In the story-arc concerning
Pilgrims while they're passing through the Kingdom of Biqiu, the
396:
289:, who may either be benevolent or malevolent spirits. In Chinese mythology and folklore, the
1280:
750:
demoness, who lured the Bull Demon King away from
Princess Iron Fan by-means of her massive
293:
takes variant forms with different meanings, powers, characteristics, and shapes, including
2670:
2482:
2371:
884:
1677:
The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China
671:, a huli jing teaches a young girl magic, enabling her to conjure armies with her spells.
537:
In a Tang
Dynasty story, foxes could become humans by wearing a skull and worshipping the
499:(27–91). As these traditions developed, the fox's capacity for transformation was shaped.
59:
8:
2544:
2255:
2110:
1715:
Anatole, Alex. "Tao of
Celestial Foxes -The Way to Immortality" Volumes I, II, III)(2015)
442:
177:
2276:
2105:
2090:
1578:
1552:
585:
467:
1639:
The discourse on foxes and ghosts: Ji Yun and eighteenth-century literati storytelling
735:, introduced as the demon-brother's venerable mother and maternal-uncle, respectively.
154:
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541:. They would try multiple skulls until they found one that fit without falling off.
2665:
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2042:
2037:
1943:
1696:
A Chinese
Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas
1536:
597:
300:
274:
85:
52:
616:
Popular fox worship during the Tang dynasty has been mentioned in a text entitled
584:. A beautiful daughter of a general, she was married forcibly to the cruel tyrant
377:
2052:
1855:
1502:. Translated by Hsien-yi Yang; Gladys Yang. Foreign Language Press. p. 176.
1231:, a compilation of supernatural stories of which many have fox spirits as a theme
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also appear in Wu Cheng'en's late 16th-century novel, the Journey to the West:
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1963:
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1911:
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A brother-sister pair appear in the story-arc covering the demon-brothers,
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in her role as the goddess of immortality. According to the first-century
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19:"Foxwoman" redirects here. For the Dungeons & Dragons creature, see
1885:
1540:
1205:, the fox immortals, highly cultivated fox spirits in Chinese tradition
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1953:
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123:
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1958:
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450:
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224:
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608:, and her spirit condemned by Nüwa herself for excessive cruelty.
403:
period (circa fourth to circa first century BC). The work states:
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2012:
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1208:
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demoness), are plaguing the unwitting-king, who had married the
644:
On the eve of the Jurchen invasion, a fox went to the throne of
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2017:
1986:
1948:
1895:
1819:
1237:, the realm some fox spirits were thought to be able to go to
751:
713:
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made a connection between nine-tailed foxes and the divine:
530:
502:
Describing the transformation and other features of the fox,
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1992:
1970:
1814:
1602:
1234:
1185:
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418:
135:
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742:, it's revealed that Princess Iron Fan's husband, the
252:
1658:
Alien kind: Foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative
1606:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
1223:, the most well-known fox spirit in Chinese mythology
1188:, a well-known character who was a fox spirit in the
421:
and worship foxes that have four legs and nine tails.
111:
97:
716:
which was able to navigate through higher realms of
709:, and then, after 1,000 years, it would turn into a
684:
found in southern China and Malaysia in particular.
482:), the fox's nine tails symbolize abundant progeny.
413:
lies to the north where the inhabitants consume the
1523:Cheng, S. T. (1996). "A critical review of Chinese
2303:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
773:whilst she posed as a mortal young-woman and the
2647:
746:, has left her for Princess Jade Countenance, a
196:
182:
1248:
633:, fox spirit cults, such as those dedicated to
1641:. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong.
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1364:
229:
215:
2379:
1755:
1731:
1055:
1028:
1001:
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57:
1698:. Berkeley: University of California press.
1395:"Fox-spirit Daji invents the Paoluo torture"
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1583:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1483:
1471:
1422:
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695:compares them to voices that speak of the
38:
1339:
1337:
1335:
923:Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms
915:Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings
548:Qing Dynasty depiction of the fox spirit.
1309:
543:
376:
1679:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1660:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2648:
1332:
1278:
687:There is mention of the fox spirit in
668:The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt
588:. A nine-tailed fox spirit who served
506:(276–324) made the following comment:
113:
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1769:
1743:
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1522:
1228:Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
789:
1674:
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1381:
1370:
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1254:
2249:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
1451:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 262–263.
1446:
1199:, a similar fox spirit from Vietnam
1174:Dead or Alive Xtreme Venus Vacation
13:
1851:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1591:
1499:A Brief History of Chinese Fiction
1495:
604:, the first Prime Minister of the
385:The nine-tailed fox occurs in the
14:
2707:
2393:
2270:What the Master Would Not Discuss
1719:
1217:, a similar fox spirit from Korea
1211:, a similar fox spirit from Japan
449:Three hundred li farther east is
21:Foxwoman (Dungeons & Dragons)
2459:
1529:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
1399:Chinese Torture/Supplice chinois
2335:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
2328:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
1694:Strassberg, Richard E. (2002).
1563:
1516:
1489:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1128:The Good Kid and the Fox Spirit
1115:The Sacred Book of the Werewolf
826:Boruto: Naruto Next Generations
480:Debates in the White Tiger Hall
372:
160:
136:
2296:Records of the Grand Historian
1573:. Honolulu. 2008. p. 218.
1387:
1375:
1349:
1272:
1260:
1130:イイコと妖狐, a song by Kikuo (2023)
1072:Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries
794:
761:and his adopted-daughter, the
253:
197:
112:
98:
58:
16:Chinese mythological creatures
1:
2263:In Search of the Supernatural
2179:Classic of Mountains and Seas
1630:
1241:
985:The Investiture of the Gods 2
611:
393:Classic of Mountains and Seas
285:creatures usually capable of
2696:Animals in Chinese mythology
1095:Tale of the Nine Tailed 1938
930:
625:village can be established."
7:
2656:Chinese legendary creatures
1637:Chan, Leo Tak-hung (1998).
1179:
980:The Investiture of the Gods
733:Golden-Horn and Silver-Horn
641:, including those of Daji.
353:; 'fox clan'), and
10:
2712:
1656:Huntington, Rania (2003).
1329:, pp. 88–89 & 184
948:Strange Tales of Liao Zhai
777:as her mortal father; the
738:In the story-arc covering
571:, who is portrayed in the
18:
2622:
2573:
2491:
2475:
2468:
2457:
2429:
2408:
2401:
2349:Mulian Rescues His Mother
2321:Legend of the White Snake
2312:
2170:
2144:
2068:
1904:
1838:
1777:
1732:
1449:Modern Chinese Religion I
1074:Season 1 Episode 6 (2012)
1056:
1029:
1002:
951:
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358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
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313:'fox immortal'),
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37:
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28:
2565:Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine
2221:The Peach Blossom Spring
1134:
1121:
1117:by Victor Pelevin (2004)
1102:
1046:Love, Death & Robots
992:Legend of Nine Tails Fox
779:White-Faced Vixen Spirit
771:White-Faced Vixen Spirit
763:White-Faced Vixen Spirit
345:; 'fox demon'),
329:; 'fox saint'),
2342:The Magic Lotus Lantern
2235:Investiture of the Gods
1279:Wallen, Martin (2006).
1087:My Roommate Is a Gumiho
1079:Tale of the Nine Tailed
1038:Investiture of the Gods
1019:Moonshine and Valentine
960:The Legend and the Hero
833:
646:Emperor Huizong of Song
337:; 'fox king'),
2550:Takahashi Inari Shrine
2533:Taikodani Inari Shrine
2157:Peaches of Immortality
1982:Chinese guardian lions
1905:Mythological creatures
1675:Kang, Xiaofei (2006).
1026:Beauties in the Closet
682:culture-bound syndrome
627:
565:
549:
535:
513:
460:
431:
382:
321:; 'fox god'),
183:
2560:Takayama Inari Shrine
2555:Namiyoke Inari Shrine
2511:Takekoma Inari Shrine
2242:The Sorcerer's Revolt
1830:Chinese folk religion
1065:Eternal Love of Dream
1053:The Life of White Fox
802:Fox Spirit Matchmaker
622:
560:
547:
527:
508:
462:In one ancient myth,
447:
433:In chapter 14 of the
407:靑丘國在其北其人食五穀衣絲帛其狐四足九尾。
405:
397:Warring States period
395:), compiled from the
380:
369:Vietnamese cultures.
2681:Mythological canines
2603:Toyokawa Inari Tokyo
2483:Fushimi Inari-taisha
1790:Godly world concepts
885:Hanson and the Beast
861:A Chinese Fairy Tale
283:Chinese mythological
2545:Kasama Inari Shrine
2528:Yūtoku Inari Shrine
2256:Journey to the West
1726:Fox Spirits in Asia
1571:The Record of Linji
1111:by A.Y. Chao (2023)
937:The Legend of Nezha
443:Eastern Jin dynasty
441:, a scholar of the
178:Vietnamese alphabet
2686:Mythological foxes
2516:Yakyu Inari Shrine
2499:Shiwa Inari Shrine
2277:Heavenly Questions
2091:Gate of the Ghosts
1846:Gods and immortals
1810:Gods and immortals
1541:10.1007/BF00118751
790:In popular culture
781:is later slain by
586:King Zhou of Shang
550:
411:Land of Blue Hills
383:
2643:
2642:
2618:
2617:
2455:
2454:
2358:
2357:
2228:The Four Journeys
1771:Chinese mythology
1705:978-0-520-21844-4
1686:978-0-231-13338-8
1667:978-0-674-01094-9
1648:978-962-201-749-8
1619:978-3-8365-1448-4
1509:978-7-119-05750-7
1484:Huntington (2003)
1472:Huntington (2003)
1458:978-90-04-27164-7
1423:Huntington (2003)
1344:Huntington (2003)
1327:Strassberg (2002)
1302:978-1-86189-297-3
1109:Shanghai Immortal
999:Fox in the Screen
892:The Legend of Hei
818:Naruto: Shippuden
775:White Deer Spirit
759:White Deer Spirit
740:Princess Iron Fan
525:, it is written:
311:
268:
267:
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167:
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86:Standard Mandarin
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2313:Other folk tales
2043:Nine-headed Bird
2038:Peng (mythology)
1944:Four Holy Beasts
1839:Major personages
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1496:Lu, Xun (1959).
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1462:
1444:
1438:
1437:, pp. 37–39
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1401:. Archived from
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1049:Episode 8 (2019)
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877:Once Upon a Time
598:King Wen of Zhou
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2106:Kunlun Mountain
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2053:Nine-tailed fox
1900:
1856:Eight Immortals
1834:
1778:Overview topics
1773:
1768:
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1612:. p. 280.
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1221:Nine-tailed fox
1182:
1149:Ninetails from
1137:
1124:
1105:
933:
836:
797:
792:
744:Bull Demon King
711:nine-tailed fox
691:Buddhism, when
614:
470:and along with
430:
425:
408:
375:
363:nine-tailed fox
172:Vietnamese name
68:Literal meaning
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2581:Toyokawa Inari
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519:(對俗篇) of the
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2409:Main Deities
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2177:
2116:Moving Sands
2058:
2022:
1978:(Fox spirit)
1975:
1922:Azure Dragon
1912:Four Symbols
1695:
1676:
1657:
1638:
1605:
1570:
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1535:(1): 67–82.
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1498:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1448:
1442:
1430:
1425:, p. 14
1418:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:the original
1398:
1389:
1384:, p. 23
1377:
1358:, p. 17
1351:
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1017:
1011:Eternal Love
1009:
998:
990:
984:
978:
975:구가의 서 (2013)
970:
958:
947:
936:
921:
913:
905:
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849:Painted Skin
847:
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778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
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693:Linji Yixuan
689:Chinese Chán
686:
675:
673:
666:
656:
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631:Song dynasty
628:
623:
617:
615:
606:Zhou dynasty
579:
573:Ming Dynasty
566:
561:
555:Youyang Zazu
553:
551:
536:
528:
520:
516:
514:
509:
501:
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484:
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468:Mount Kunlun
464:Yu the Great
461:
448:
434:
432:
406:
392:
386:
384:
373:Descriptions
367:
354:
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
294:
290:
270:
269:
248:Romanization
161:hô͘-lî-chiaⁿ
145:Southern Min
137:wu⁴lei⁴zing¹
93:Hanyu Pinyin
47:Chinese name
2671:Inari faith
2606: [
2594: [
2591:Saijo Inari
2536: [
2519: [
2502: [
2476:Head Shrine
2421:Ukanomitama
2416:Inari Ōkami
2214:Shenyi Jing
2028:Four Perils
1927:White Tiger
1876:Yan Emperor
1474:, p. .
1435:Kang (2006)
1382:Kang (2006)
1371:Kang (2006)
1356:Kang (2006)
1346:, p. 9
1291:. pp.
1267:Kang (2006)
1255:Kang (2006)
983:(2014) and
963:(2007) and
899:Jiang Ziyia
852:(2008) and
795:Anime/Manga
663:Pu Songling
596:. Finally,
487:Han dynasty
485:During the
435:Shanhaijing
427:Shanhaijing
415:Five Grains
401:Western Han
388:Shanhaijing
2650:Categories
2635:Fox spirit
2442:Fox spirit
2430:Minor gods
2131:Weak River
2023:Fox spirit
1733:北方的民间信仰-狐仙
1631:Literature
1409:2006-12-26
1287:. London:
1242:References
1197:Hồ ly tinh
965:its sequel
854:its sequel
612:Traditions
602:Jiang Ziya
539:Big Dipper
529:Foxes and
497:Wang Chong
291:fox spirit
184:hồ ly tinh
71:fox spirit
29:Fox spirit
2630:Abura-age
2289:Huainanzi
2186:Shi Yi Ji
2126:Red River
1976:Huli jing
1954:Fenghuang
1795:Astrology
1579:cite book
1156:Ninetales
931:TV series
783:Zhu Bajie
767:Huli jing
748:Huli jing
725:Huli jing
517:Duìsúpiān
476:Baihutong
472:Xi Wangmu
271:Huli jing
2586:Ryōhō-ji
1959:Yinglong
1866:Shennong
1608:. Köln:
1557:34630225
1180:See also
1141:Yae Miko
765:(also a
424:—
365:').
355:jiuweihu
225:Hiragana
131:Jyutping
99:húlijīng
2666:Fairies
2661:Yaoguai
2574:Temples
2447:Shinshi
2193:Bowuzhi
2121:Penglai
2111:Longmen
2059:more...
2013:Wuzhiqi
1989:(Bixie)
1886:Chang'e
1861:Youchao
1800:Dragons
1610:Taschen
1549:8740959
1209:Kitsune
1168:Pokemon
1164:Delphox
1160:Zoroark
639:Kaifeng
629:In the
618:Hu Shen
522:Baopuzi
492:Lunheng
451:Qingqiu
417:, wear
399:to the
361:; '
323:husheng
301:Chinese
275:Chinese
192:Chữ Hán
152:Hokkien
53:Chinese
2469:Places
2437:Dakini
2281:Chu Ci
2162:Xirang
2096:Fusang
2076:Buzhou
2069:Places
2048:Tianma
2008:Xiezhi
2003:Hundun
1998:Horses
1891:Hou Yi
1881:Chiyou
1825:Ghosts
1702:
1683:
1664:
1645:
1616:
1555:
1547:
1506:
1455:
1299:
1215:Kumiho
1203:Huxian
1162:, and
1098:(2023)
1090:(2021)
1082:(2020)
1068:(2020)
1060:(2019)
1041:(2019)
1033:(2018)
1022:(2017)
1014:(2017)
1006:(2016)
995:(2016)
987:(2015)
967:(2009)
955:(2005)
944:(2003)
926:(2023)
918:(2021)
910:(2020)
902:(2020)
894:(2019)
888:(2017)
880:(2017)
872:(2016)
864:(2011)
856:(2012)
844:(1988)
829:(2017)
821:(2007)
813:(1999)
810:Naruto
805:(2015)
706:huxian
697:Dharma
578:novel
576:shenmo
531:dholes
504:Guo Pu
439:Guo Pu
331:huwang
315:hushen
303::
296:huxian
281:) are
277::
2610:]
2598:]
2540:]
2523:]
2506:]
2145:Items
2136:Youdu
2018:Yeren
1987:Pixiu
1949:Qilin
1896:Kuafu
1820:Pangu
1553:S2CID
1295:–70.
1166:from
1151:Ōkami
1143:from
1135:Games
1122:Music
1103:Books
1057:白狐的人生
952:新聊斋志异
752:dowry
563:yang.
339:huyao
211:Kanji
2623:Misc
2402:Gods
2081:Diyu
1993:Nian
1971:Bixi
1815:Tian
1700:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1585:link
1545:PMID
1525:Koro
1504:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1235:Tian
1186:Daji
1030:柜中美人
941:哪吒传奇
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