642:"Global Forest" artwork is based on a study highlighting the aesthetic and physiological impacts of fractal patterns. Fractals, patterns found universally in nature, repeat self-similarly across scales, with the complexity and aesthetic perception determined by their recursion and dimension rate. Notably, these patterns are featured in art across various cultures, including Jackson Pollock's paintings, eliciting strong aesthetic reactions. Moreover, incorporating fractals in architectural designs can mitigate visual strain and discomfort caused by Euclidean spaces and even reduce stress, resonating with the biophilic idea of humans' innate connection to nature. The ScienceDesignLab collaborated with the Mohawk Group to integrate these findings, producing award-winning "Relaxing Floors" that use fractal patterns, hypothesizing their therapeutic effects stem from nature's soothing visuals.
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Fractals of all kinds have been used as the basis for digital art and animation. High resolution color graphics became increasingly available at scientific research labs in the mid-1980s. Scientific forms of art, including fractal art, have developed separately from mainstream culture. Starting with
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According to
Mitchell, fractal art is not computerized art, lacking in rules, unpredictable, nor something that any person with access to a computer can do well. Instead, fractal art is expressive, creative, and requires input, effort, and intelligence. Most importantly, "fractal art is simply that
459:. They provide a formula to estimate the distance from a point outside the Mandelbrot set to the boundary of the Mandelbrot set (and a similar formula for the Julia sets). Landscapes can, for example, be formed from the distance function for a family of iterations of the form
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Robles, Kelly E.; Roberts, Michelle; Viengkham, Catherine; Smith, Julian H.; Rowland, Conor; Moslehi, Saba; Stadlober, Sabrina; Lesjak, Anastasija; Lesjak, Martin; Taylor, Richard P.; Spehar, Branka; Sereno, Margaret E. (August 17, 2021).
357:, either by iteratively choosing good-looking specimens in a set of random variations of a fractal artwork and producing new variations, to avoid dealing with cumbersome or unpredictable parameters, or collectively, as in the
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Fractal Art is a subclass of two-dimensional visual art, and is in many respects similar to photography—another art form that was greeted by skepticism upon its arrival. Fractal images typically are manifested as
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and "rate" the flame they are viewing, influencing the server, which reduces the traits of the undesirables, and increases those of the desirables to produce a computer-generated, community-created piece of art.
441:. However, as the potential function grows fast near the boundary of the Mandelbrot set, it was necessary for the creator to let the landscape grow downwards, so that it looked as if the Mandelbrot set was a
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has explored fractal art and developed a concept called "homo fractalus" which is based around the idea that the human is the ultimate fractal. Merrin
Parkers from New Zealand specialises in fractal art.
136:. Fractals are any of various extremely irregular curves or shapes for which any suitably chosen part is similar in shape to a given larger or smaller part when magnified or reduced to the same size.
630:, Kefalonia, entitled "IO. Fragmented Myths and Memories: A Fractal Exploration of Kefalonia", part of the 2013–14 international arts festival "Stone Kingdom Kefalonia" commemorating the devastating
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2-dimensional details of fractals, such as the
Mandelbrot Set, fractals have found artistic application in fields as varied as texture generation, plant growth simulation, and landscape generation.
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Fractal art has been exhibited at major international art galleries. One of the first exhibitions of fractal art was "Map Art", a travelling exhibition of works from researchers at the
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532:, who has used fractal geometry and other computer graphics techniques in his works. and Vienna Forrester who creates flame fractal art using data extracted from her photographs.
105:, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software; executing the possibly lengthy calculation; and evaluating the product. In some cases, other
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wrote a "Fractal Art
Manifesto", claiming that. In Italy, the artist Giorgio Orefice wrote the "Fractalism" manifesto, founding a Fractalism cultural mouvement in 1999.
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discovered that the public not only found the images aesthetically pleasing but that they also wanted to understand the scientific background to the images.
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Wang, Hongyu (2005). "Chinese aesthetics, Fractals and the Tao of
Curriculum". In Doll, Jr, William E.; Fleener, Jayne; Trueit, Donna; et al. (eds.).
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Fractals derived from standard geometry by using iterative transformations on an initial common figure like a straight line (the Cantor dust or the
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are used to further modify the images produced. This is called post-processing. Non-fractal imagery may also be integrated into the artwork. The
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Fractal art (especially in the western world) is rarely drawn or painted by hand. It is usually created indirectly with the assistance of
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to the field which had already captured the public's attention through colourful and intricate computer imagery.
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Fractal
Narrative. About the Relationship Between Geometries and Technology and Its Impact on Narrative Spaces
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In 2014, emerging
British fractal artist Vienna Forrester created an exhibition held at the I-node of the
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The first fractal image that was intended to be a work of art was probably the famous one on the cover of
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619:. The show consisted of photographs, installations and sculptures designed to provide greater scientific
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is a term used to differentiate traditional visual art that incorporates fractal elements such as
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There are many different kinds of fractal images. They can be subdivided into several groups.
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atop a mountain with steep sides. The same technique was used a year after in some images in
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It was assumed that fractal art could not have developed without computers because of the
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objects and representing the calculation results as still digital images, animations, and
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1199:"'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2': A Digital Kurt Russell and Other VFX Tricks Revealed"
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has created fractal art which has appeared in exhibitions and on magazine covers.
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580:- such as work listed by Fractal_Dimensions, spectral.haus, and NetMetropolis.
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feature self-similar, fractal-like structures, where parts resemble the whole.
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for example. Perhaps the best example of fractal expressionism is found in
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1324:"Art and Science in Chaos: Contesting Readings of Scientific Visualisation"
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American artist Hal Tenny was hired to design environment in the 2017 film
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Heaven's fractal net: retrieving lost visions in the humanities, Volume 1
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In 1989, fractals were part of the subject matter for an art show called
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has used fractal designs in postcards, T-shirts, and textiles. American
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formed from the potential function on the domain outside the (usual)
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243:'s dripped patterns. They have been analysed and found to contain a
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70:. Fractal art developed from the mid-1980s onwards. It is a genre of
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Trivedi, K. (1989). "Hindu
Temples: Models of a Fractal Universe".
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3681:
Viewpoints: Mathematical
Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
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44:
1447:"Aesthetics and Psychological Effects of Fractal Based Design"
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capabilities they provide. Fractals are generated by applying
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Digital
Mantras: The languages of abstract and virtual worlds
834:
The heart of mathematics: an invitation to effective thinking
681:
576:. There has also been a surge in fractal art distributed via
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1939:
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1432:...Stone Kingdom that is the beautiful island of Kefalonia.
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Many fractal images are admired because of their perceived
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are reminiscent of fractal art, as on the main dome of
985:. State University of New York Press. pp. 81–82.
465:
649:
3578:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
1530:
500:
3713:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
1578:Art and the Mandelbrot set (in commons.Wikimedia)
1416:"VIENNA FORRESTER: Fragmented Myths and Memories"
3995:
1019:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 301.
831:Burger, Edward B.; Michael P. Starbird (2005).
3805:
3708:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
2882:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
2576:
1955:
1603:
1172:"Inaugurata la biennale d'arte contemporanea"
803:
197:Fractals created by the iteration of complex
2862:List of works designed with the golden ratio
1141:
1139:
1137:
247:which has been attributed to his technique.
1382:"Fractal Art – Research – Fine Art Studies"
1145:
806:"Meet Reginald Atkins, mathematical artist"
773:Fractal geometry in architecture and design
717:Infinite compositions of analytic functions
567:which is created by Fractal Artists: ART."
544:is credited with inventing flame fractals.
393:. Similar qualities have been described in
132:methods to solving non-linear equations or
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2583:
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1962:
1948:
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1054:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 169.
2922:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
1551:
1480:
1462:
1376:
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1328:ISEA'94 Proceedings – The Next Generation
1287:
1134:
1113:. Indiana University Press. p. 116.
1016:Chaos, complexity, curriculum and culture
864:
1525:
1196:
587:
414:
317:3D fractal fantasy generated using LAI4D
305:fractal generated using Visions of Chaos
228:are a kind of three dimensional fractal.
143:
86:of fractals lies at the intersection of
31:
20:
3468:Vier BĂĽcher von Menschlicher Proportion
2590:
2516:List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension
1294:. London: Routledge. pp. 220–221.
1260:. Oxford University Press. p. 69.
1106:
974:
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1506:
1420:Ionion Center for the Arts and Culture
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1943:
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1231:"Mandelbrot Set Collection | OpenSea"
1006:
978:
353:Fractals are sometimes combined with
222:generated by random fractal processes
94:. They combine to produce a type of
1617:
1533:Computers, Pattern, Chaos and Beauty
1330:. University of Iowa. Archived from
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1068:
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381:. This is typically achieved by the
201:: perhaps the most famous fractals.
3653:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
1354:"Vienna Forrester - Fractal Artist"
1315:
1244:
1176:Digitale terrestre free: canale 652
1100:
1040:
982:Critical issues in electronic media
932:
858:
824:
808:. CasperJournal.com. Archived from
804:Elysia Conner (February 25, 2009).
776:. Boston: Birkhauser. p. 153.
763:
433:, August 1985. This image showed a
216:and (recently) hypernionic fractals
13:
3667:Making Mathematics with Needlework
1500:
1392:. November 6, 2020. Archived from
901:. Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
797:
613:Strange Attractors: Signs of Chaos
329:A piece generated by Mandelbulb3D.
14:
4045:
3493:I quattro libri dell'architettura
2498:How Long Is the Coast of Britain?
1571:
1211:from the original on May 15, 2017
1197:Giardina, Carolyn (May 8, 2017).
3978:
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3017:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
2701:
1107:Jackson, William Joseph (2004).
666:
652:
516:Notable fractal artists include
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263:
1437:
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1052:Fractals: The Patterns of Chaos
3728:National Museum of Mathematics
3480:Regole generali d'architettura
2522:The Fractal Geometry of Nature
918:
904:
892:
728:
617:New Museum of Contemporary Art
573:Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
501:{\displaystyle z^{2}+az^{4}+c}
419:A 3D landscape generated with
1:
722:
404:
399:miniature trees and rockeries
250:
3253:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
1969:
1257:The artful universe expanded
1178:(in Italian). April 17, 2019
865:Steven R., Holtzman (1995).
697:Mathematics and architecture
592:Fractal art exhibition, 2013
148:A detail from a non-integer
7:
4019:Computer graphic techniques
2538:Chaos: Making a New Science
1554:Fractals, Chaos, Power Laws
1552:Schroeder, Manfred (1991).
1151:"The Fractal Art Manifesto"
912:"Quaternion Julia Fractals"
645:
637:
583:
528:. British artists include
270:Fractal image generated by
257:Fractal-generating software
103:fractal-generating software
10:
4050:
2770:Islamic geometric patterns
1911:Mathematical visualization
1886:Computer-generated imagery
1507:Duarte, German A. (2014).
1288:Robertson, George (1996).
871:. MIT Press. p. 241.
511:
423:, using the Mandelbrot set
408:
361:project, where people use
254:
37:Islamic geometric patterns
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3591:A Mathematician's Apology
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1464:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699962
948:. Springer. p. 214.
837:. Springer. p. 475.
176:iterated function systems
3703:The Bridges Organization
1906:Iterated function system
139:
3565:The Grammar of Ornament
3517:Nature's Harmonic Unity
3427:De prospectiva pingendi
1451:Frontiers in Psychology
355:evolutionary algorithms
62:created by calculating
16:Form of algorithmic art
3899:Abstract expressionism
3718:Institute For Figuring
3630:The 'Life' of a Carpet
3455:A Treatise on Painting
2530:The Beauty of Fractals
1537:. St. Martin's Press.
1388:De Montfort University
1204:The Hollywood Reporter
632:1953 Ionian earthquake
593:
564:
502:
448:The Beauty of Fractals
424:
385:which emerge from the
152:
52:
29:
3599:George David Birkhoff
3573:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
3441:De divina proportione
3421:Piero della Francesca
3400:Leon Battista Alberti
2987:Piero della Francesca
2626:Hyperboloid structure
1583:Fractals in Wikimedia
1511:. Transcript-Verlag.
979:Penny, Simon (1995).
770:Bovill, Carl (1996).
591:
555:
503:
418:
367:distributed computing
341:A piece generated in
233:Fractal Expressionism
147:
117:can be considered as
35:
24:
3839:Abstract photography
3524:Frederik Macody Lund
3395:Filippo Brunelleschi
3276:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
3138:La condition humaine
2476:Lewis Fry Richardson
2471:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
2261:Burning Ship fractal
2193:Weierstrass function
1845:Burning Ship fractal
945:Complexity explained
899:Fractal – Definition
598:University of Bremen
538:Vicky Brago-Mitchell
522:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
463:
134:polynomial equations
3929:Organic abstraction
3749:Mathematical beauty
3674:Rhythm of Structure
3617:Gödel, Escher, Bach
3413:De re aedificatoria
3044:The Ancient of Days
2663:Projective geometry
2592:Mathematics and art
2234:Space-filling curve
2211:Multifractal system
2094:Space-filling curve
2079:Sierpinski triangle
1891:Fractal compression
1814:MojoWorld Generator
1776:Wolfram Mathematica
1396:on October 28, 2023
1358:viennaforrester.art
737:The Visual Computer
628:Planetary Collegium
578:Non-fungible tokens
430:Scientific American
165:Sierpinski triangle
163:), a triangle (the
84:mathematical beauty
4014:Abstract animation
3864:Hard-edge painting
3754:Patterns in nature
3611:Douglas Hofstadter
3237:Desmond Paul Henry
3227:Bathsheba Grossman
3159:The Swallow's Tail
3080:Giorgio de Chirico
2952:Sydney Opera House
2807:Croatian interlace
2461:Aleksandr Lyapunov
2441:Desmond Paul Henry
2405:Self-avoiding walk
2400:Percolation theory
2044:Iterated function
1985:Fractal dimensions
1527:Pickover, Clifford
1422:. October 25, 2014
1334:on October 1, 2011
749:10.1007/BF02153753
674:Mathematics portal
660:Visual arts portal
606:Michael M. Richter
602:Heinz-Otto Peitgen
594:
518:Desmond Paul Henry
498:
457:Michael M. Richter
453:Heinz-Otto Peitgen
425:
182:Strange attractors
167:), or a cube (the
153:
78:which are part of
53:
30:
3991:
3990:
3909:All-over painting
3787:
3786:
3640:
3639:
3604:Aesthetic Measure
3475:Sebastiano Serlio
3449:Leonardo da Vinci
3339:
3338:
3331:Margaret Wertheim
2992:Leonardo da Vinci
2558:
2557:
2504:Coastline paradox
2481:Wacław Sierpiński
2466:Benoit Mandelbrot
2390:Fractal landscape
2298:Misiurewicz point
2203:Strange attractor
2084:Apollonian gasket
2074:Sierpinski carpet
1937:
1936:
1896:Fractal landscape
1806:Scenery generator
1800:
1799:
1635:Graphics software
1076:"Carlos Ginzburg"
1026:978-0-8204-6780-1
955:978-3-540-35777-3
926:"Fractal Art FAQ"
812:on April 20, 2012
600:. Mathematicians
411:Fractal landscape
245:fractal dimension
107:graphics programs
4041:
3981:
3980:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3775:
3774:
3625:Nikos Salingaros
3348:
3347:
3316:Hiroshi Sugimoto
3266:Robert Longhurst
3212:Helaman Ferguson
3167:Crockett Johnson
3096:Circle Limit III
3065:Danseuse au café
2972:
2971:
2942:Pyramid of Khufu
2705:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2421:Michael Barnsley
2288:Lyapunov fractal
2146:Sierpiński curve
2099:Blancmange curve
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1746:
1745:
1671:Kalles Fraktaler
1619:Fractal software
1612:
1605:
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1322:Richard Wright.
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395:Chinese painting
338:
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220:Fractal terrains
121:of fractal art.
4049:
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4039:
4038:
4029:Psychedelic art
4024:Algorithmic art
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3969:
3938:
3904:Action painting
3890:
3883:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3788:
3783:
3763:
3759:Sacred geometry
3732:
3698:Ars Mathematica
3686:
3636:
3547:
3500:
3487:Andrea Palladio
3383:
3376:De architectura
3335:
3291:Antoine Pevsner
3271:Jeanette McLeod
3222:Susan Goldstine
3171:
3030:
3024:
2961:
2947:Sagrada FamĂlia
2908:
2850:
2718:Algorithmic art
2706:
2697:
2693:Wallpaper group
2631:Minimal surface
2594:
2589:
2559:
2554:
2485:
2436:Felix Hausdorff
2409:
2373:Brownian motion
2358:
2329:
2252:
2245:
2215:
2197:
2188:Pythagoras tree
2045:
2038:
2034:Self-similarity
1978:Characteristics
1973:
1968:
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1501:Further reading
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1268:
1252:Barrow, John D.
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1147:Mitchell, Kerry
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707:Psychedelic art
672:
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658:
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640:
586:
546:Carlos Ginzburg
524:, and musician
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274:
268:
259:
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241:Jackson Pollock
237:self-similarity
205:Newton fractals
142:
115:Mandelbrot sets
60:algorithmic art
47:, Turkey, with
41:Selimiye Mosque
17:
12:
11:
5:
4047:
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3849:Constructivism
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3541:The Greek Vase
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3463:Albrecht DĂĽrer
3460:
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3333:
3328:
3326:Roman Verostko
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Alba Rojo Cama
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3247:Charles Jencks
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:George W. Hart
3229:
3224:
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3214:
3209:
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3199:
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3127:
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3106:
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3087:
3082:
3077:
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3068:
3059:Jean Metzinger
3056:
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3047:
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3026:
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3023:
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3020:
3008:
3006:Albrecht DĂĽrer
3003:
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2723:Anamorphic art
2720:
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2690:
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2651:Camera obscura
2648:
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2453:
2451:Helge von Koch
2448:
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2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
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2407:
2402:
2397:
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2387:
2386:
2385:
2383:Brownian motor
2380:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2354:Pickover stalk
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Newton fractal
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2293:Mandelbrot set
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:Newton fractal
2273:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2229:Fractal canopy
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Vicsek fractal
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2089:Fibonacci word
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Koch snowflake
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2040:
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2037:
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2031:
2026:
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2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
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2002:
1992:
1981:
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1967:
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1935:
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1865:Mandelbrot set
1862:
1857:
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1850:Jerusalem cube
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1749:Cross-platform
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1697:Electric Sheep
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1573:
1572:External links
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1386:Reece Hill at
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1086:Leonardo/ISAST
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743:(4): 243–258.
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702:Persian carpet
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551:Kerry Mitchell
530:William Latham
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439:Mandelbrot set
409:Main article:
406:
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365:rendered with
363:fractal flames
359:Electric Sheep
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287:Fibonacci word
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272:Electric Sheep
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255:Main article:
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161:von Koch curve
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88:generative art
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3965:Expressionism
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3744:Droste effect
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3723:Mathemalchemy
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3691:Organizations
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3660:Lumen Naturae
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3512:Samuel Colman
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3321:Daina Taimiņa
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3306:Reza Sarhangi
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3132:René Magritte
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3103:Print Gallery
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3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:Vitruvian Man
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Paolo Uccello
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
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2911:
2905:
2904:
2903:Pi in the Sky
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
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2883:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:Mathemalchemy
2872:
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2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:Vastu shastra
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Geodesic dome
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2694:
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2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Plastic ratio
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Camera lucida
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
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2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
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2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
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2457:
2454:
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2449:
2447:
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2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Brownian tree
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Multibrot set
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:Douady rabbit
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
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2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2237:
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2235:
2232:
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2227:
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2209:
2208:
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2200:
2194:
2191:
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2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:Z-order curve
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Hilbert curve
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:De Rham curve
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Menger sponge
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Barnsley fern
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Fractal flame
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:Found objects
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Ultra Fractal
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1734:
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1713:
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1700:
1698:
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1628:
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1624:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1563:0-7167-2357-3
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1544:0-486-41709-3
1540:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:9783837628296
1514:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1400:September 29,
1395:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1301:0-415-07013-9
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:FutureNatural
1284:
1269:
1267:0-19-280569-X
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1215:September 29,
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1122:
1120:0-253-21620-6
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1061:0-500-27693-5
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1009:
994:
992:0-7914-2317-4
988:
984:
983:
975:
973:
957:
951:
947:
946:
941:
935:
927:
921:
913:
907:
900:
895:
880:
878:0-262-58143-4
874:
870:
869:
861:
846:
844:1-931914-41-9
840:
836:
835:
827:
811:
807:
800:
785:
783:0-8176-3795-8
779:
775:
774:
766:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
727:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:Fractal curve
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
669:
664:
661:
655:
650:
643:
635:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
590:
581:
579:
575:
574:
568:
563:
561:
554:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Bruno Degazio
523:
519:
509:
495:
492:
487:
483:
479:
476:
471:
467:
458:
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
422:
417:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
389:of order and
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
344:
337:
332:
325:
320:
313:
308:
304:
297:
292:
288:
281:
276:
273:
266:
261:
260:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
210:
209:Nova fractals
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
187:Fractal flame
185:
183:
180:
177:
173:
170:
169:Menger sponge
166:
162:
158:
157:
156:
151:
150:Multibrot set
146:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:new media art
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:is a form of
57:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
26:Hindu temples
23:
19:
4009:Abstract art
3943:Predecessors
3858:
3844:Concrete art
3821:Abstract art
3776:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3645:Publications
3629:
3615:
3603:
3589:
3577:
3563:
3540:
3536:Jay Hambidge
3529:Ad Quadratum
3528:
3516:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3453:
3439:
3435:Luca Pacioli
3425:
3411:
3404:
3374:
3362:
3286:Hinke Osinga
3281:István Orosz
3251:
3242:Anthony Hill
3197:Scott Draves
3192:Erik Demaine
3176:Contemporary
3157:
3150:
3136:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3090:M. C. Escher
3070:
3063:
3049:
3042:
3015:
3011:Parmigianino
2996:
2927:Hagia Sophia
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2764:
2750:Computer art
2728:Architecture
2688:Tessellation
2671:Architecture
2621:Golden ratio
2550:Chaos theory
2545:Kaleidoscope
2536:
2528:
2520:
2510:
2446:Gaston Julia
2426:Georg Cantor
2251:Escape-time
2183:Gosper curve
2131:LĂ©vy C curve
2116:Dragon curve
1995:Box-counting
1785:Windows only
1639:
1553:
1532:
1508:
1454:
1450:
1439:
1431:
1424:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:the original
1385:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1290:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1256:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:
1182:November 11,
1180:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1156:December 28,
1154:. Retrieved
1124:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1079:
1070:
1051:
1048:Briggs, John
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1015:
1008:
996:. Retrieved
981:
959:. Retrieved
944:
934:
920:
906:
894:
882:. Retrieved
867:
860:
848:. Retrieved
833:
826:
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
799:
787:. Retrieved
772:
765:
740:
736:
730:
641:
625:
612:
610:
595:
571:
569:
565:
556:
542:Scott Draves
515:
446:
428:
426:
376:
352:
348:
231:
214:Quaternionic
207:, including
154:
123:
100:
96:abstract art
92:computer art
72:computer art
55:
54:
49:self-similar
18:
4034:Digital art
3914:Color Field
3891:abstraction
3879:Suprematism
3859:Fractal art
3831:abstraction
3585:G. H. Hardy
3388:Renaissance
3358:Polykleitos
3296:Tony Robbin
3207:John Ernest
3202:Jan Dibbets
3152:Crucifixion
2975:Renaissance
2829:Mathematics
2802:Celtic knot
2765:Fractal art
2667:Proportion
2641:Perspective
2541:(1987 book)
2533:(1986 book)
2525:(1982 book)
2511:Fractal art
2431:Bill Gosper
2395:LĂ©vy flight
2141:Peano curve
2136:Moore curve
2022:Topological
2007:Correlation
1649:Open-source
1640:Fractal art
1630:Digital art
1556:. Freeman.
1338:October 28,
1307:October 28,
1273:October 28,
1126:October 30,
1092:October 29,
1032:October 28,
998:October 29,
961:October 29,
940:Érdi, Péter
884:October 28,
850:October 30,
816:October 28,
789:October 28,
712:Systems art
371:screensaver
226:Mandelbulbs
199:polynomials
126:calculative
76:digital art
56:Fractal art
3998:Categories
3869:Minimalism
3829:Geometric
3559:Owen Jones
3406:De pictura
3311:Oliver Sin
3261:Andy Lomas
3110:Relativity
2841:String art
2755:Fiber arts
2636:Paraboloid
2349:Orbit trap
2344:Buddhabrot
2337:techniques
2325:Mandelbulb
2126:Koch curve
2059:Cantor set
1916:Orbit trap
1870:Mandelbulb
723:References
405:Landscapes
303:Mandelbulb
251:Techniques
3370:Vitruvius
3344:Theorists
3124:Waterfall
3029:19th–20th
2957:Taj Mahal
2937:Parthenon
2914:Buildings
2868:Continuum
2836:Sculpture
2812:Interlace
2606:Algorithm
2456:Paul LĂ©vy
2335:Rendering
2320:Mandelbox
2266:Julia set
2178:Hexaflake
2109:Minkowski
2029:Recursion
2012:Hausdorff
1860:Mandelbox
1855:Julia set
1656:Apophysis
1473:1664-1078
1390:Leicester
1236:April 24,
621:discourse
534:Greg Sams
435:landscape
369:as their
343:Apophysis
130:iterative
111:Julia set
51:patterns.
4004:Fractals
3983:Category
3960:Futurism
3934:Tachisme
3924:Nuagisme
3889:Lyrical
3854:De Stijl
3778:Category
3505:Romantic
3183:Max Bill
3117:Reptiles
2932:Pantheon
2889:Octacube
2855:Artworks
2797:Knotting
2785:Muqarnas
2683:Symmetry
2611:Catenary
2599:Concepts
2366:fractals
2253:fractals
2221:L-system
2163:T-square
1971:Fractals
1929:Category
1829:VistaPro
1824:Terragen
1761:Chaotica
1728:Fractint
1721:Freeware
1707:openPlaG
1681:Sterling
1676:MilkDrop
1529:(1990).
1491:34484047
1426:June 17,
1363:June 17,
1254:(1995).
1209:Archived
1081:Leonardo
1050:(1992).
942:(2008).
757:29185088
646:See also
638:Artworks
584:Exhibits
421:Terragen
383:patterns
194:fractals
192:L-system
3955:Fauvism
3737:Related
3351:Ancient
3085:Man Ray
3031:Century
2967:Artists
2824:Origami
2738:Pyramid
2616:Fractal
2315:Tricorn
2168:n-flake
2017:Packing
2000:Higuchi
1990:Assouad
1879:Related
1819:Picogen
1733:IFStile
1661:Blender
1482:8416160
692:Greeble
615:at the
512:Artists
443:plateau
387:balance
379:harmony
289:fractal
64:fractal
3950:Cubism
3874:Op art
3552:Modern
3188:Martin
3051:Newton
2846:Tiling
2790:Zellij
2760:4D art
2414:People
2364:Random
2271:Filled
2239:H tree
2158:String
2046:system
1792:VisSim
1742:Retail
1560:
1541:
1515:
1489:
1479:
1471:
1298:
1264:
1117:
1058:
1023:
989:
952:
875:
841:
780:
755:
560:prints
82:. The
45:Edirne
3363:Canon
2819:Music
2775:Girih
2711:Forms
2676:Human
2490:Other
1766:Maple
1756:Bryce
753:S2CID
682:Batik
391:chaos
301:A 3D
174:IFS (
140:Types
119:icons
68:media
3190:and
2780:Jali
1712:XaoS
1702:GIMP
1666:Fyre
1558:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1487:PMID
1469:ISSN
1428:2021
1402:2023
1365:2021
1340:2011
1309:2011
1296:ISBN
1275:2011
1262:ISBN
1238:2022
1217:2023
1184:2021
1158:2015
1128:2011
1115:ISBN
1094:2011
1056:ISBN
1034:2011
1021:ISBN
1000:2011
987:ISBN
963:2011
950:ISBN
886:2011
873:ISBN
852:2011
839:ISBN
818:2011
791:2011
778:ISBN
604:and
455:and
397:and
113:and
90:and
74:and
1690:GNU
1477:PMC
1459:doi
745:doi
451:by
43:in
4000::
2896:Pi
2500:"
1485:.
1475:.
1467:.
1457:.
1455:12
1453:.
1449:.
1430:.
1418:.
1384:.
1373:^
1356:.
1326:.
1207:.
1201:.
1174:.
1149:.
1136:^
1084:.
1078:.
971:^
751:.
739:.
520:,
508:.
401:.
285:A
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3806:t
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2584:e
2577:t
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1963:e
1956:t
1949:v
1611:e
1604:t
1597:v
1566:.
1547:.
1521:.
1493:.
1461::
1404:.
1367:.
1342:.
1311:.
1277:.
1240:.
1219:.
1186:.
1160:.
1130:.
1096:.
1064:.
1036:.
1002:.
965:.
928:.
914:.
888:.
854:.
820:.
793:.
759:.
747::
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496:c
493:+
488:4
484:z
480:a
477:+
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468:z
178:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
