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conversion of northern Europe to
Protestantism and the closing of monasteries and convents resulted in the discarding of many Catholic religious and liturgical manuscripts some of which were used by bookbinders. Sometimes, manuscript fragments have been removed from bookbindings either because the fragments were viewed as significant or valuable, or in the course of rebinding. Removal of these fragments destroys important context and evidence and is strongly criticized by scholars. Where it is necessary to remove such fragments, accepted practice requires they be preserved with the book and their original location recorded.
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17:
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47:. They are commonly found in book bindings, especially printed books from the 15th to the 17th centuries, used in a variety of ways such as wrappers or covers for the book, as endpapers, or cut into pieces and used to reinforce the binding. In other non-Western manuscript cultures, fragments of paper manuscripts and other materials, takes place beside parchment, including board covers that many times reused written paper.
130:
55:"transdisciplinary nature requires the collaboration of specialists trained in a range of fields, not just paleography, codicology, and diplomatics, but also the history of the printed book, the history of libraries, musicology, art history, intellectual history, digital humanities – in sum, most historical arts dealing with content on a page."
160:
Scholars have studied Otto Ege's dismemberment and sale of manuscript leaves and have attempted to locate the present locations of the leaves of some of those manuscripts. A number of online projects have been started to collect images of these and other manuscript leaves in a virtual reconstruction
137:
Beginning in the nineteenth century, collectors cut ornamented initial letters and miniatures from illuminated manuscripts. In the twentieth century some book dealers began removing leaves from manuscripts to be sold for greater profit as individual pages or keepsakes. This "breaking" of manuscripts
54:
fueled by the abundance in institutional libraries of binding fragments that have never been studied or even catalogued. A number of symposia, websites and projects have been formed to pursue the study. In their field-defining editorial, William Duba and
Christoph Flüeler note that fragmentology's
678:
Skemer, Don C., Medieval & Renaissance
Manuscripts in the Princeton University Library, Princeton (2013), Vol. II, Ms. 132, pp. 371–381, Taylor Collection of 89 Manuscript Leaves and Documents, Ms. 138, pp. 387–400, Princeton general collection of 133 Manuscript Leaves and Documents
63:
Leaves and parts of parchment leaves have been used in bindings of manuscripts since the Middle Ages. The use of manuscript fragments in bindings increased greatly at the end of the 15th century when printed books began to appear in increasing numbers, supplanting many older manuscripts. The
603:
Babcock, Robert Gary; Davis, Lisa Fagin & Rusche, Philip G., Catalogue Of
Medieval And Renaissance Manuscripts In The Beinecke Rare Book And Manuscript Library At Yale University: MSS 184 - 485 (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies: V. 34, 48, 100, 176), Brepols Pub. (2004),
147:
are available on eBay and from book and manuscript dealers. Scholars strongly condemn this practice, even where the manuscript is incomplete to begin with, as it destroys the integrity and evidence of the entire manuscript. The most famous or infamous manuscript breaker was
94:
Evidence where a book was bound. Since medieval manuscripts generally did not travel far from where they were produced, the fact that a binding incorporates fragments of a manuscript from a known location may be evidence that the book was bound there or
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which contain illuminated pages, gilding and attractive decorations. "As a result, today there are tens of thousands of single leaves in several hundred U.S. collections." This practice continues today and many individual leaves of books of hours and
666:
Ker, Neil R., Fragments of
Medieval Manuscripts Used as Pastedowns in Oxford Bindings, with a Survey of Oxford Binding c. 1515-1620, Oxford Bibliographical Society Publications, Third Series, No. 4., Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society (1954),
358:
See Peter Kidd, Review: Fragments of
Medieval Manuscripts Used as Pastedowns in Oxford Bindings, with a Survey of Oxford Binding c. 1515-1620, The Library: The Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 2006), pp.
565:, hg. v. Siegfried de Rachewiltz u. Andreas Rauchegger in Zusammenarbeit mit Christiane Ganner (Schriften des Landwirtschaftsmuseums Brunnenburg 15), Brunnenburg 2014, S. 200–219
748:
98:
Evidence concerning the book binder. The fact that fragments of the same manuscript are found in various bookbindings may connect the bindings, perhaps to a specific binder.
629:
Gumbert, J. P., Illustrated
Inventory of Medieval Manuscripts in Latin Script in the Netherlands, Vol. 1 Utrecht, Museum Catharijneconvent, Hilversum, Netherlands (2011),
640:
Gumbert, J. P., Illustrated
Inventory of Medieval Manuscripts in Latin Script in the Netherlands, Vol. 2 Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Hilversum, Netherlands (2009),
228:
615:
Gumbert, J. P., Illustrated
Inventory of Medieval Manuscripts in Latin Script in the Netherlands, Introduction: Rules-Instructions, Hilversum, Netherlands (2009),
165:, based in Switzerland. This has been referred to as "digital fragmentology". Websites have also been used to identify and date manuscript fragments through
482:
516:
409:
204:
375:
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Kienhorst, Hans, Verbruikt
Verleden, Handschriftfragmenten in en uit boeken van klooster Soeterbeeck, Radboud Universiteit (Nijmegen 2009)
503:
180:
317:
Pickwoad, Nicholas (2000). "The Use of Fragments in Medieval Manuscripts in the Construction and Covering of Bindings on Printed Books".
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in the case of European manuscript cultures). A manuscript fragment may consist of whole or partial leaves, typically made of
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645:
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152:, who dismembered many complete and fragmentary manuscripts to sell the leaves individually or in large boxed collections.
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Katz, Farley, Rare French "Cisiojanus" fragment identified in bookbinding through crowdsourcing project, Cultural Compass
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Fragmenta ne Pereant. Recupero e studio dei frammenti di manoscritti medievali e rinascimentali riutilizzati in legature
609:
450:
Interpreting and Collecting Fragments of Medieval Books (Proceedings of the Seminar in the History of the Book to 1500)
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Interpreting and Collecting Fragments of Medieval Books (Proceedings of the Seminar in the History of the Book to 1500)
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580:
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467:"Manuscript "Fragmentology": Perspectives on the Scholarly and Pedagogical Value of Medieval Manuscript Fragments"
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Fragments of 12th-century glossed Bible reinforcing book spine (outer cover removed), Yale Law School library
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504:"Fragmentology, the new manuscript study – with reference to manuscript fragments in South Africa"
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466:
729:
517:"New exhibit, "Reused, Rebound, Recovered: Medieval Manuscript Fragments in Law Book Bindings""
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321:. Los Altos Hills, CA & London: Anderson-Lovelace & The Red Gull Press. pp. 1–20.
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Erwin, Micah, Archivist declares medieval manuscript fragment crowdsourcing project success
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www.flick-werk.net. Die Kunst des Flickens und Wiederverwertens im historischen Tirol
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Wenn Buchmenschen zum Messer greifen: Zur Wiederverwendung mittelalterlicher Bücher.
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Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts at the University of California, Los Angeles
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262:
452:, Los Altos Hills, CA & London: Anderson-Lovelace & The Red Gull Press,
27:
is the study of surviving fragments of manuscripts (mainly manuscripts from the
483:"Fragmentary Christian Texts of the Middle Ages: Contents, Methods, Challenges"
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With photographs of manuscript fragments in books at the Soeterbeeck Cloister.
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Illuminated letter with painting of John, cut out from 13th-century manuscript
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Fragmentology: A Journal for the Study of Medieval Manuscript Fragments
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722:- International Digital Research Lab for Medieval Manuscript Fragments
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In recent years, fragmentology has become an active part of scholarly
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Franciscan Breviary, Italy (1465), with illuminated letters cut out
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Manuscript fragments may provide a variety of useful evidence for
728:- Center for Digital Humanities, College of Arts and Sciences at
725:
663:, pp. 92–144. Collection of 134 medieval manuscript leaves.
39:, conjugate pairs or sometimes gatherings of a parchment book or
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248:(the study of manuscript codices or books as physical objects)
129:
40:
376:"Manuscript Road Trip: The Promise of Digital Fragmentology"
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Books within books: Hebrew Fragments in European Libraries
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Book cover of manuscript leaf with slits for binding cords
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469:. 50th International Congress on Medieval Studies. 2015
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Preservation of a unique or rare text or other writing.
448:
Brownrigg, Linda L.; Smith, Margaret M., eds. (2000),
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Duba, William and Christoph Flüeler, "Fragments and
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735:Digital Analysis of Chant Transmission (DACT)
760:- Centre for Bibliographical History at the
571:Perani, Mauro & Ruini, Cesarino (eds.),
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91:Preservation of early or significant script.
43:, or parts of single-leaf documents such as
210:Manuscript leaf used as hinge reinforcement
108:The internal and external structure of the
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749:Medieval Manuscript Fragment Project
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273:(the sheets or fragments themselves)
302:: 1–5 – via fragmentology.ms.
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374:Davis, Lisa Fagin (13 July 2015).
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575:, Longi Editore (Ravenna 2002).
198:Manuscript leaf used as pastedown
612:. Fragments in Beinecke Library.
598:Catalogs of manuscript fragments
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292:"Fragments and Fragmentology"
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537:"Medieval Fragments Project"
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138:has been most common with
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485:. The Fragment Project,
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521:Yale Law School Library
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535:Erwin, Micah (2012).
502:Steyn, Carol (2016).
156:Digital fragmentology
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444:. DOI: 10.24446/a04a
428:Symposia and studies
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651:Ferrari, Mirella,
398:"Scattered Leaves"
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252:Paleography
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29:Middle Ages
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493:26 January
473:26 January
396:Ben Mauk,
246:Codicology
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240:See also
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