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379:(It is thus allowable to say, as of now: In the multitude of cases, the lowering of the freezing point of a solvent depends only on the relation between the number of molecules of the dissolved substance and of the solvent; it is independent of the nature, number, arrangement of the atoms composing the dissolved molecules.)
377:"Il est donc permis de dire, dès à présent: Dans une multitude de cas, l'abaissement du point de congélation d'un dissolvant ne dépend que du rapport entre le nombres de molécules du corps dissous et du dissolvant; il est indépendant de la nature, du nombre, de l'arrangement des atomes qui composent les molécules dissoutes."
260:, due to a solute, showing that the decrease is proportional to the solute's molecular weight. This relationships holds best in the limiting case of a dilute solution. These two generalizations afforded a new method of determining the molecular weights of dissolved substances, and were utilized by
382:
In his next paper, Raoult specified (p. 1033) that in a solution containing one mole of solute per 100 moles of solvent, the freezing point is reduced by 0.62 °C, regardless of the nature of solute or solvent. See: F.-M. Raoult (1882)
255:
of a substance be dissolved in 100 molecules of any given solvent, the temperature of solidification of the latter will be lowered by 0.63 °C. Another relation on which Raoult worked was that concerning the depression of a solvent's
212:, and three years later he succeeded to the chair of chemistry, which he held until his death in 1901. Raoult's earliest researches were physical in character, being largely concerned with the phenomena of the
268:, among other chemists, in support of the hypothesis of electrolytic dissociation in solutions. Raoult's freezing-point depression method became even more useful after it was improved by
695:
725:
159:; 10 May 1830 – 1 April 1901) was a French chemist who conducted research into the behavior of solutions, especially their physical properties.
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By 1889, Beckmann had developed a convenient apparatus for measuring the increase in the boiling points of solutions. See:
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457:(17) : 1-42. A condensed version of this article is available in English: J. van't Hoff (August 1888)
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This reduction in vapor pressure had been predicted, via thermodynamic calculations, by two investigators:
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An account of Raoult's life and work was given by van 't Hoff in a memorial lecture delivered before the
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in 1853, and after holding several intermediate positions was appointed in 1862 to the professorship of
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223:, to which he devoted the last two decades of his life. His first paper describing how solutes
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503:(Studies on the practice of determining molecular weights from decreases of vapor pressure),
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Morachevskii, A. G. (2005). "Francois Marie Raoult (To 175th
Anniversary of His Birthday)".
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Raoult later stated his law in terms of the reduction of the vapor pressures of solutions:
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Raoult first stated his law in terms of the reduction of the freezing points of solutions:
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and became a standard technique for determining molecular weights of organic substances.
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501:"Studien zur Praxis der Bestimmung des Molekulargewichts aus Dampfdruckerniedrigungen"
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General Law of the Vapor
Pressure of Solvents (Comptes Rendus 104, 1430 - 1433, 1887)
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The Modern Theory of
Solutions: Memoirs by Pfeffer, Van't Hoff, Arrhenius, and Raoult
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General Law of the
Freezing of Solutions (Comptes Rendus 95, 1030 - 1033, 1882)
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459:"The function of osmotic pressure in the analogy between solutions and gases,"
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449:(Laws of chemical equilibrium in the dilute state, gaseous or in solution),
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In 1867 Raoult was put in charge of chemistry classes at the
University of
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Getman, Frederick H. (1936). "Francois-Marie Raoult, Master
Cryoscopist".
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704:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 898.
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Wisniak, Jaime (2001). "François-Marie Raoult: Past and Modern Look".
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of solutions was published in 1878. Further experiments with various
488:(Determination of molecular weights from boiling point elevations),
365:"Loi de congélation des solutions benzéniques des substances neutres"
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447:"Lois de l'équilibre chimique dans l'état dilué, gazeux ou dissous"
338:(On vapor pressure and on the freezing point of saline solutions),
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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367:(Law of freezing of solutions of neutral substances in benzene),
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which gained him a doctor's degree in Paris the following year.
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486:"Bestimmung des Molekulargewichts aus Siedepunktserhöhungen"
432:"Sur la loi des points de congélation des solutions salines"
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Raoult's name is best known in connection with work on
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434:(On the law of freezing points of saline solutions),
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of a solution. He expressed the relationship as the
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Loi générale des tensions de vapeur des dissolvants"
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451:Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar
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453:(Royal Swedish Science Academy Proceedings),
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664:(Contains reprints of three papers by Raoult)
532:Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions
385:"Loi générale de congélation des dissolvants"
387:(General law of the freezing of solvents),
288:Prix International de Chimie LaCaze (1889)
726:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
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300:Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur (1900)
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647:Works by or about François-Marie Raoult
251:(general law of freezing), that if one
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201:lycée. There he prepared a thesis on
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563:Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry
505:Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie
490:Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie
16:French physical chemist (1830–1901)
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249:loi générale de la congélation
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225:depressed the freezing points
721:19th-century French chemists
524:Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
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575:10.1007/s11167-005-0409-6
528:"Raoult Memorial Lecture"
445:J. H. van 't Hoff (1885)
297:Prix de l'Institut (1895)
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656:Jones, Harry C. (1899).
701:Encyclopædia Britannica
277:London Chemical Society
696:Raoult, François Marie
499:Ernst Beckmann (1889)
484:Ernst Beckmann (1889)
462:Philosophical Magazine
604:10.1007/s00897000432a
592:The Chemical Educator
283:Activities and honors
181:. He became aspirant
131:François-Marie Raoult
35:François-Marie Raoult
23:François-Marie Raoult
544:10.1039/CT9028100969
408:F.-M. Raoult (1887)
363:F.-M. Raoult (1882)
334:F.-M. Raoult (1878)
243:of a solute and the
442: : 1349-1352.
420: : 1430-1433.
270:Ernst Otto Beckmann
262:Jacobus van 't Hoff
203:electromotive force
167:Raoult was born at
279:on 26 March 1902.
633:10.1021/ed013p153
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241:molecular weights
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109:Scientific career
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89:Raoult's law
58:1 April 1901
736:1901 deaths
731:1830 births
538:: 969–981.
237:acetic acid
174:département
77:Nationality
44:10 May 1830
715:Categories
305:References
292:Davy Medal
231:, such as
183:répétiteur
99:Davy Medal
612:120321275
221:solutions
195:chemistry
171:, in the
119:Chemistry
583:94880672
526:(1902).
253:molecule
229:solvents
210:Grenoble
70:Grenoble
689::
649:at the
233:benzene
185:at the
169:Fournes
62:1901-05
60: (
48:Fournes
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610:
581:
355:Note:
294:(1892)
115:Fields
102:(1892)
95:Awards
80:French
608:S2CID
579:S2CID
191:Reims
187:Lycée
264:and
235:and
199:Sens
179:Nord
55:Died
41:Born
698:".
629:doi
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149:uː
143:ɑː
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152:l
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133:(
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