245:
359:
566:
first efforts in 1918 to recover borax were unsuccessful. However, a young chemist, Henry
Hellmers, that he hired to work at the Anniversary Mine discovered a profitable process for refining the lake brines into marketable products and by 1926 had a plant operating at Searles Lake. In 1927 the plant was expanded to also produce soda ash. The West End Chemical Company plant in Searles Valley used the
514:. The incorporation of Borax Consolidated, Ltd. included the Sterling Borax Company and the Suckow Property. Though never developed by Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company, his corporate successors have obtained all their borax minerals from the Suckow claims for more than 75 years, and estimate remaining deposits will last for nearly as long. It is now California's largest
782:. Prior to moving, several large pieces of the estate's gardens had been sold on which more modest homes were built. With the stock market crash of 1929, no buyer could be found for the remaining estate and shortly after his death the mansion was demolished after many remarkable and marketable fixtures were removed and sold.
733:
Supporting his first wife's desire to provide homelike accommodations for orphaned girls, Smith financed the construction and operation of 13 residential homes. Each home had a house mother selected by Mrs. Smith, who was directed to provide a normal home life for the girls under her care. Smith also
565:
and south of Muddy
Mountain. He called his operations there the West End Chemical Company and the claim the Anniversary Mine as the claims were acquired on the anniversary of his marriage to his second wife. The profits from this claim provided the capital to develop the Searles Lake deposits. His
601:
In 1882 Smith began accumulating parcels of land in
Oakland that became the estate called Arbor Villa. He and Mollie moved into Oak Hall, the mansion they had built on the estate, in about 1895. This residence was furnished with a pipe organ built by the Farrand and Votey Organ Co. of Detroit as
494:
to form the Borax
Consolidated, Ltd. Together, they formed a multinational mining conglomerate, in which Smith had the controlling interest. Baker expanded the company's foreign acquisitions in Italy, Turkey, and South America and was largely responsible for capitally financing the corporation's
738:. Only the stairway from Park Blvd. remains today. The homes operated for many decades, and several remain standing. As the State assumed care for orphans, the Mary R. Smith Trust was redirected to providing nursing education for qualified young women.
729:
Smith was involved in significant charitable and community events during his lifetime. He frequently made his
Oakland and Shelter Island estates available for fundraising activities, involving his children in running games and booths.
307:
where the only nearby trees were growing. Eventually, to satisfy his curiosity, Smith and two assistants visited Teels Marsh and collected samples, that proved to assay higher than any known sources for
695:
530:
In 1913, Smith became financially overextended and had to turn over his assets to creditors who refused to extend new loans. After winning a lawsuit to protect his wife's interest in a silver mine in
333:
reported that the Smith
Brothers shipped their product in a 30-ton load using two large wagons with a third wagon for food and water drawn by a 24-mule team for 160 miles (260 km) across the
49:
1706:
550:. However, finding a profitable way to convert the extensive lake brines into borax and other important commercial mineral salts products proved elusive for roughly a decade.
1618:
17:
1736:
1475:
An
Economic History of Local and Interurban Transportation in the East Bay Cities with Particular Reference to the Properties Developed by F. M. Smith
1711:
578:
connection at
Searles, California. The Trona Railway was founded by the American Trona Company in 1913. The operation of the railroad is now under
1721:
1656:
1701:
1178:
1741:
1021:
701:
Smith developed a special interest in expanding his business into rail transportation and real estate. His first railroad, the narrow-gauge
420:(and as Smith himself had developed even earlier at his borax works in Nevada - see above). The idea came from Smith's advertising manager,
1716:
1676:
786:
1731:
312:. Returning to Teels Marsh, Smith and his helpers staked claims and, started a company with his brother Julius Smith, and established a
1133:"Industrial minerals and extractive industry geology" Edited by P. W. Scott, Colin Malcolm Bristow, Geological Society of London. p. 90.
594:
Smith married Mary
Rebecca Thompson Wright (1846-1905, known as Mollie) in 1875. After living in Nevada for a few years they settled in
1118:
283:
In 1872, while contracting to provide firewood to a small borax operation at nearby
Columbus Marsh, Smith discovered a rich supply of
1284:
1696:
1681:
1651:
1612:
472:
393:
financial overextension, he acquired Coleman's borax works and holdings in western Nevada, the Death Valley region, and in the
1154:
925:
1513:
606:
253:
76:
444:, which were discovered in 1882 and began operations in 1890, where they continued until 1907. Initial hauling to the
1463:
917:
856:
747:
660:
547:
460:
225:
994:
1400:
779:
735:
683:
1309:
1267:
831:
233:
582:. Note: There is no evidence or reason to believe that Francis Marion Smith was involved in the building of the
408:
Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company then established and aggressively promoted the 20-Mule-Team Borax brand and
1726:
718:
706:
468:
445:
244:
31:
553:
In the meantime, he outbid the new owners of his company for the rights to a rich borax discovery in Nevada's
1686:
1636:
835:
820:
441:
394:
598:
in 1881. Following Mollie's death in 1905 at age 59, he remarried in 1906 to Evelyn Kate Ellis (1877-1957).
416:
that Coleman had used, from 1883 to 1889, to transport borax out of Death Valley to the closest railroad in
759:
702:
625:
453:
402:
320:
to concentrate the borax crystals and separate them from dirt and other impurities. Smith had a house in
116:
1388:
1356:
802:
424:, later owner of Thorkildsen-Mather Borax Company, and in 1916 appointed the first Chief of the new
1478:
812:
Francis Marion Smith Park, on land donated by Smith and his wife, is on Park Boulevard in Oakland.
610:
363:
338:
304:
1033:
713:
in the Bullfrog Mining District. This line was built in direct competition with the "Copper King"
1217:
1115:
579:
950:
518:, which is also the largest borax mine in the world, and where today almost half of the world's
1518:
912:
George Earlie Shankle "American nicknames; their origin and significance" 2nd Ed. 1955 pg. 417
843:
798:
770:
After suffering a major stroke at age 82 in 1928, Smith moved with his wife from their Oakland
575:
511:
292:
209:
192:
709:, not only to ship borax, but also with an eye on the ore and passengers from the boomtown of
1671:
1490:
425:
373:
and Fish Lake. In 1884, Smith bought out his brother. While reduced operations continued at
1666:
1661:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1527:
386:
1485:
Smith, Francis Marion. (Unpublished) circa 1925. Autobiographical Notes on His Early Life.
734:
provided a social hall called The Home Club, which was located on the site of the current
436:
Activity at Harmony Borax Works in Death Valley ceased with the development of the richer
8:
1590:"Arbor Villa: the Home of Mr. & Mrs. F. M. Smith, Photographed by E. T. Dooley, 1902"
1149:. Russell L. Kaldenberg, Searles Valley Historical Society. Charlestown, South Carolina.
1057:
755:
629:
621:
595:
571:
507:
467:
in 1907. Again, long mule teams were used in the early years while Smith constructed the
390:
329:
196:
95:
1292:
750:
presidential elector in the 1912 election. He made his carriage available to Presidents
1589:
1577:
1172:
1062:
999:
976:
751:
484:
464:
417:
334:
694:
229:
1607:
1459:
1452:
1340:
1160:
1150:
1076:
1029:
921:
913:
852:
633:
558:
503:
398:
342:
273:
261:
1691:
1079:
is "about 360 miles" whereas today the distance on modern roads is about 160 miles.
1072:
865:
785:
Francis Marion Smith died in Oakland in 1931 at the age of 85. He is buried in the
714:
710:
672:
491:
449:
413:
300:
221:
184:
805:, includes several operating street cars and transbay trains that operated on the
1622:
848:
640:
554:
531:
515:
374:
321:
1424:
Hanna, Phil Townsend. "The dictionary of California land names". 1951. Page 309
1361:
955:
824:
648:
543:
539:
421:
382:
370:
358:
257:
1382:
1192:
1014:
1645:
1532:
1384:"The Great Desert Railroad Race" Documentary written and produced by Ted Faye
1164:
1122:
668:
583:
567:
188:
48:
1242:
686:'s current campus, where he lived until 3 years prior to his death in 1931.
452:, but were retired as soon as Smith completed the 12-mile (19 km) long
1631:
1627:
816:
801:'s archives wing is named for Francis Marion "Borax" Smith. The museum, in
775:
535:
476:
378:
1144:
272:
At the age of 21, he left Wisconsin to prospect for mineral wealth in the
860:
480:
288:
1066:
1317:
893:
806:
664:
644:
499:
437:
217:
838:
at Presdeleau is listed on the National Register of Historic places.
758:
during their visits to Oakland. The carriage is now displayed at the
656:
562:
409:
296:
643:
called the Realty Syndicate, which developed projects including the
1061:. Vol. 37, no. 12. September 22, 1877. pp. 184–185.
682:, across the street from the MacArthur and Park Blvd. location of
771:
679:
519:
401:. Smith then consolidated them with his own holdings to form the
284:
705:
was built only to ship borax. Later, however, Smith created the
878:
309:
277:
1350:
1348:
459:
When the deposits at Borate neared depletion, work began near
888:
883:
841:"Borax" Smith is a character in the historical fiction novel
652:
317:
313:
180:
54:
948:
1608:
Death Valley National Park.gov: Harmony Borax Works website
1345:
179:(February 2, 1846 – August 27, 1931) was an American
1528:"Mae Burdge Miller eulogy : and related papers, 1974"
1097:
1087:
1085:
988:
986:
984:
942:
930:
1514:"Francis Marion Smith papers, 1888-1944, bulk 1902-1923"
1274:
1707:
Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)
1427:
1082:
995:"History of Pacific Coast Borax and the Rio-Tinto Mine"
981:
256:
in 1846. He went to public schools and graduated from
1472:
1341:"Greater Oakland, 1911" Ed. by Evarts I. Blake, p.278
834:, Smith Street and Smith Cove are named for him. The
463:
to develop nearby claims at what became known as the
377:, Smith now focused his energies and borax mining in
1307:
1282:
678:
In 1896, Smith acquired an estate and constructed a
534:, he acquired mineral rights to a large section of
1451:
303:, while looking westward from the upper slopes of
199:. He was known nationally and internationally as
1643:
1637:Letsgoseeit.com: The Borax Museum − Death Valley
1310:"Frank Smith, the Borax King, on Shelter Island"
1285:"Frank Smith, the Borax King, on Shelter Island"
1071:. The article states that the distance between
299:, near the town he would found ten years later,
1401:"The Story of Francis Marion Smith; Borax King"
1316:. Shillingburg & Associates. Archived from
977:Legends of America-Francis "Borax" Marion Smith
951:"Smith brothers pure borax for sale everywhere"
498:While operating at Borate, Smith purchased the
1308:Shillingburg, Edward; Shillingburg, Patricia.
1283:Shillingburg, Edward; Shillingburg, Patricia.
1578:"Views of Oakland, California, ca. 1930-1939"
620:In 1893, Smith commissioned America's first
1491:"The Borax Industry And Its Chief Promoter"
774:and estate into a smaller residence across
381:and at the 20 Mule Team Canyon mine in the
1449:
1433:
1177:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1103:
1091:
936:
823:, a 5,915 feet (1,803 m) peak in the
47:
30:For other people named Francis Smith, see
1737:20th-century American railroad executives
1554:"Joseph Wakeman Mather papers, 1885-1889"
1142:
639:In 1895, Smith formed a partnership with
502:mineral rights at the "Suckow claims" at
1566:"J. Henry Strachan letterpress copybook"
1542:"J. Henry Strachan letterpress copybook"
1488:
693:
473:Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad
357:
243:
1712:Businesspeople from Oakland, California
617:, within his wife's geo-social circle.
14:
1722:People from Walworth County, Wisconsin
1657:American transportation businesspeople
1644:
789:of Oakland, along "Millionaires Row".
490:In 1899, Smith had joined forces with
267:
207:, as his company produced the popular
18:Francis Marion "Borax" Smith
1702:Transportation in Oakland, California
1354:
949:Donaldson Brothers (printer) (1872).
1742:19th-century American businesspeople
605:In 1892, he began building a summer
224:, which operated in Oakland and the
1717:People from Inyo County, California
1677:History of the Mojave Desert region
1613:National Mining Hall of Fame.org:
1454:Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith
992:
510:and Mojave and east of present-day
24:
1732:History of Inyo County, California
1506:
1489:Townsend, Charles E. (July 1903).
724:
369:Smith then acquired properties at
25:
1753:
1601:
1458:. San Diego: Howell-North Books.
1355:Allen, Annalee (30 August 2008).
869:was partially based on his life.
741:
661:East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
548:San Bernardino County, California
348:
252:Francis Marion Smith was born in
222:interurban private transit system
993:Orr, Patti (November 30, 2021).
589:
440:borax deposits at Borate in the
1418:
1393:
1376:
1357:"Tracking the steps of 'Borax'"
1334:
1260:
1235:
1210:
1185:
1146:Around Trona and Searles Valley
1136:
1127:
1109:
546:from Death Valley, in northern
446:Atlantic & Pacific Railroad
353:
234:San Francisco Transbay Terminal
163:
143:
1697:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
1682:History of Oakland, California
1652:American mining businesspeople
1473:Smythe, Dallas Walker (1937).
1218:"Francis Marion 'Borax' Smith"
1048:
970:
906:
719:Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad
707:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
574:, to ship the products to the
525:
469:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
431:
32:Francis Smith (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1055:"American Borax Production".
899:
859:), and the main character in
836:Smith-Ransome Japanese Bridge
765:
647:, a major urban and suburban
337:from Marietta to the nearest
239:
1143:Fairchild, James L. (2015).
1026:Goldfield Historical Society
760:Oakland Museum of California
412:, which was named after the
213:brand of household cleaner.
133:Mary Rebecca Thompson Wright
7:
872:
703:Borate and Daggett Railroad
689:
626:Pacific Coast Borax Company
454:Borate and Daggett Railroad
403:Pacific Coast Borax Company
385:to the east. In 1890, upon
117:Pacific Coast Borax Company
27:American Mining businessman
10:
1758:
1443:
29:
1450:Hildebrand, G.H. (1982).
1116:Rio Tinto Company Website
827:, is named in his honor.
803:Solano County, California
792:
746:Frank Smith served as an
316:works at the edge of the
248:Smith Brothers pure borax
187:and civic builder in the
122:
111:
103:
84:
62:
46:
39:
1479:University of California
780:Adams Point neighborhood
611:Shelter Island, New York
602:their Opus 852 in 1898.
339:Central Pacific Railroad
216:Frank Smith created the
580:Searles Valley Minerals
561:, north of present-day
115:Borax King, founder of
1519:Oakland Public Library
1022:"Francis Marion Smith"
844:Carter Beats the Devil
799:Western Railway Museum
787:Mountain View Cemetery
698:
576:Union Pacific Railroad
512:Edwards Air Force Base
448:was done again by the
366:
293:Mineral County, Nevada
249:
193:San Francisco Bay Area
1727:Milton College alumni
697:
522:are currently mined.
461:Death Valley Junction
426:National Park Service
361:
247:
1687:Mining in California
1628:Francis Marion Smith
1036:on 20 September 2020
632:. The architect was
471:connecting with the
387:William Tell Coleman
177:Francis Marion Smith
41:Francis Marion Smith
1058:Scientific American
756:William Howard Taft
736:Oakland High School
684:Oakland High School
659:system serving the
630:Alameda, California
622:reinforced concrete
596:Oakland, California
572:Short-line railroad
391:Harmony Borax Works
330:Scientific American
268:Early mining career
254:Richmond, Wisconsin
197:Oakland, California
96:Oakland, California
77:Richmond, Wisconsin
1621:2006-01-16 at the
1405:Mojave Desert News
1314:Shelter-Island.org
1289:Shelter-Island.org
1000:Mojave Desert News
832:Shelter Island, NY
752:Theodore Roosevelt
699:
485:Ludlow, California
418:Mojave, California
367:
335:Great Basin Desert
250:
210:20-Mule-Team Borax
107:Mining businessman
1434:Hildebrand (1982)
1320:on 1 October 2016
1295:on 14 August 2012
1156:978-1-4396-5279-4
1104:Hildebrand (1982)
1092:Hildebrand (1982)
1077:Wadsworth, Nevada
1030:Goldfield, Nevada
937:Hildebrand (1982)
926:978-0-8242-0004-6
748:Electoral College
634:Ernest L. Ransome
504:Boron, California
414:Twenty Mule Teams
399:Yermo, California
343:Wadsworth, Nevada
262:Milton, Wisconsin
174:
173:
156:Evelyn Kate Ellis
16:(Redirected from
1749:
1615:Francis M. Smith
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1523:
1502:
1495:Overland Monthly
1482:
1469:
1457:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1291:. Archived from
1278:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1106:, p. 48-59.
1101:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1073:Columbus, Nevada
1070:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:. Archived from
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
990:
979:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
946:
940:
934:
928:
910:
866:Burning Daylight
715:William A. Clark
711:Rhyolite, Nevada
492:Richard C. Baker
442:Calico Mountains
395:Calico Mountains
301:Marietta, Nevada
205:"The Borax King"
185:business magnate
167:
165:
147:
145:
91:
73:February 2, 1846
72:
70:
53:Francis Marion "
51:
37:
36:
21:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1642:
1641:
1623:Wayback Machine
1604:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1526:
1512:
1509:
1507:Further reading
1466:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1323:
1321:
1298:
1296:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1193:"Mary R. Smith"
1191:
1190:
1186:
1170:
1169:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
991:
982:
975:
971:
961:
959:
947:
943:
939:, p. xiii.
935:
931:
911:
907:
902:
875:
849:Glen David Gold
795:
768:
744:
727:
725:Charitable work
692:
673:Claremont Hotel
641:Frank C. Havens
592:
555:Muddy Mountains
532:Tonopah, Nevada
528:
434:
356:
351:
322:Tonopah, Nevada
305:Miller Mountain
270:
242:
170:
169:
166: 1906)
161:
157:
149:
146: 1875)
141:
137:
134:
99:
93:
89:
88:August 27, 1931
80:
74:
68:
66:
58:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1625:
1610:
1603:
1602:External links
1600:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1524:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1464:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1417:
1392:
1375:
1362:East Bay Times
1344:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1305:
1273:
1268:"OHS Database"
1259:
1234:
1209:
1184:
1155:
1135:
1126:
1121:2012-09-18 at
1108:
1096:
1081:
1047:
1013:
980:
969:
956:calisphere.org
941:
929:
904:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
874:
871:
825:Amargosa Range
821:Smith Mountain
794:
791:
767:
764:
743:
742:Political work
740:
726:
723:
691:
688:
649:commuter train
624:building, the
591:
588:
559:Callville Wash
544:Panamint Range
540:Searles Valley
527:
524:
433:
430:
422:Stephen Mather
383:Amargosa Range
371:Columbus Marsh
362:20-mule team,
355:
352:
350:
349:The Borax King
347:
276:, starting in
269:
266:
258:Milton Academy
241:
238:
172:
171:
159:
155:
154:
153:
152:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
126:
124:
120:
119:
113:
112:Known for
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
94:
92:(aged 85)
86:
82:
81:
75:
64:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1754:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1594:oac.cdlib.org
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:oac.cdlib.org
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:oac.cdlib.org
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:oac.cdlib.org
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:oac.cdlib.org
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:oac.cdlib.org
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1465:0-8310-7148-6
1461:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1243:"Arbor Villa"
1238:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1123:archive.today
1120:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 56.
1093:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1002:
1001:
996:
989:
987:
985:
978:
973:
958:
957:
952:
945:
938:
933:
927:
923:
919:
918:0-8242-0004-7
915:
909:
905:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
870:
868:
867:
862:
858:
857:0-7868-8632-3
854:
850:
846:
845:
839:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
810:
808:
804:
800:
790:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
739:
737:
731:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
687:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
669:Key Route Inn
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
599:
597:
590:Oakland years
587:
585:
584:Trona Railway
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Trona Railway
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
516:open-pit mine
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
450:20 mule teams
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
360:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
274:American West
265:
263:
259:
255:
246:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:"Borax Smith"
198:
194:
190:
189:Mojave Desert
186:
182:
178:
151:
150:
128:
127:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
87:
83:
78:
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
1672:Death Valley
1632:Find a Grave
1614:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1531:
1517:
1498:
1494:
1477:. Berkeley:
1474:
1453:
1436:, p. 1.
1429:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1407:. 2022-11-10
1404:
1395:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1360:
1336:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1313:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1288:
1276:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1247:Oakland Wiki
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1222:Oakland Wiki
1221:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1197:Oakland Wiki
1196:
1187:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1111:
1099:
1056:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1025:
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
998:
972:
960:. Retrieved
954:
944:
932:
908:
864:
842:
840:
829:
817:Death Valley
814:
811:
796:
784:
776:Lake Merritt
769:
745:
732:
728:
700:
677:
638:
628:refinery in
619:
614:
604:
600:
593:
552:
536:Searles Lake
529:
497:
489:
477:Mojave River
458:
435:
407:
379:Death Valley
368:
364:Death Valley
354:Death Valley
328:
326:
282:
271:
251:
215:
208:
204:
200:
176:
175:
90:(1931-08-27)
1667:1931 deaths
1662:1846 births
861:Jack London
615:Pres DeLeau
526:Last mining
495:expansion.
481:Kelso Dunes
475:across the
465:Lila C Mine
432:Other mines
289:Teels Marsh
1646:Categories
1411:2024-01-02
1299:17 January
1252:17 January
1227:17 January
1202:17 January
900:References
894:Boric acid
807:Key System
766:Last years
665:Idora Park
645:Key System
500:Boric acid
438:Colemanite
341:siding in
295:, east of
240:Early life
218:Key System
104:Occupation
69:1846-02-02
1368:3 January
1324:3 January
1173:cite book
1165:967392495
1040:3 January
1006:3 January
962:3 January
863:'s novel
657:streetcar
563:Lake Mead
542:over the
410:trademark
405:in 1890.
327:In 1877,
297:Mono Lake
1619:Archived
1119:Archived
1067:26062263
873:See also
690:Railroad
671:and the
613:, named
506:between
230:terminus
226:East Bay
1692:Borates
1444:Sources
1389:YouTube
809:lines.
778:in the
772:mansion
680:mansion
557:, near
538:in the
520:borates
508:Barstow
285:ulexite
232:in the
228:with a
168:
160:
148:
140:
136:
123:Spouses
57:" Smith
1462:
1163:
1153:
1065:
924:
916:
879:Borate
855:
793:Legacy
667:, the
607:estate
310:borate
278:Nevada
195:, and
191:, the
1501:: 24.
1063:JSTOR
889:Borax
884:Boron
653:ferry
397:near
375:Teels
318:marsh
314:borax
220:, an
181:miner
162:(
158:
142:(
138:
55:Borax
1499:XLII
1460:ISBN
1370:2023
1326:2023
1301:2017
1254:2017
1229:2017
1204:2017
1179:link
1161:OCLC
1151:ISBN
1075:and
1042:2023
1008:2023
964:2023
922:ISBN
914:ISBN
853:ISBN
797:The
754:and
655:and
570:, a
479:and
203:and
98:, US
85:Died
79:, US
63:Born
1630:at
1387:on
847:by
830:On
815:In
717:'s
609:in
483:at
389:'s
291:in
287:at
260:in
1648::
1592:.
1580:.
1568:.
1556:.
1544:.
1530:.
1516:.
1497:.
1493:.
1403:.
1359:.
1347:^
1312:.
1287:.
1245:.
1220:.
1195:.
1175:}}
1171:{{
1159:.
1084:^
1028:.
1024:.
997:.
983:^
953:.
920:,
819:,
762:.
721:.
675:.
663:,
651:,
636:.
586:.
487:.
456:.
428:.
345:.
324:.
280:.
264:.
236:.
183:,
164:m.
144:m.
1596:.
1584:.
1572:.
1560:.
1548:.
1536:.
1522:.
1481:.
1468:.
1414:.
1372:.
1328:.
1303:.
1270:.
1256:.
1231:.
1206:.
1181:)
1167:.
1069:.
1044:.
1010:.
966:.
851:(
71:)
67:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
