234:
348:
555:
first efforts in 1918 to recover borax were unsuccessful. However, a young chemist, Henry
Hellmers, that he hired to work at the Anniversary Mine discovered a profitable process for refining the lake brines into marketable products and by 1926 had a plant operating at Searles Lake. In 1927 the plant was expanded to also produce soda ash. The West End Chemical Company plant in Searles Valley used the
503:. The incorporation of Borax Consolidated, Ltd. included the Sterling Borax Company and the Suckow Property. Though never developed by Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company, his corporate successors have obtained all their borax minerals from the Suckow claims for more than 75 years, and estimate remaining deposits will last for nearly as long. It is now California's largest
771:. Prior to moving, several large pieces of the estate's gardens had been sold on which more modest homes were built. With the stock market crash of 1929, no buyer could be found for the remaining estate and shortly after his death the mansion was demolished after many remarkable and marketable fixtures were removed and sold.
722:
Supporting his first wife's desire to provide homelike accommodations for orphaned girls, Smith financed the construction and operation of 13 residential homes. Each home had a house mother selected by Mrs. Smith, who was directed to provide a normal home life for the girls under her care. Smith also
554:
and south of Muddy
Mountain. He called his operations there the West End Chemical Company and the claim the Anniversary Mine as the claims were acquired on the anniversary of his marriage to his second wife. The profits from this claim provided the capital to develop the Searles Lake deposits. His
590:
In 1882 Smith began accumulating parcels of land in
Oakland that became the estate called Arbor Villa. He and Mollie moved into Oak Hall, the mansion they had built on the estate, in about 1895. This residence was furnished with a pipe organ built by the Farrand and Votey Organ Co. of Detroit as
483:
to form the Borax
Consolidated, Ltd. Together, they formed a multinational mining conglomerate, in which Smith had the controlling interest. Baker expanded the company's foreign acquisitions in Italy, Turkey, and South America and was largely responsible for capitally financing the corporation's
727:. Only the stairway from Park Blvd. remains today. The homes operated for many decades, and several remain standing. As the State assumed care for orphans, the Mary R. Smith Trust was redirected to providing nursing education for qualified young women.
718:
Smith was involved in significant charitable and community events during his lifetime. He frequently made his
Oakland and Shelter Island estates available for fundraising activities, involving his children in running games and booths.
296:
where the only nearby trees were growing. Eventually, to satisfy his curiosity, Smith and two assistants visited Teels Marsh and collected samples, that proved to assay higher than any known sources for
684:
519:
In 1913, Smith became financially overextended and had to turn over his assets to creditors who refused to extend new loans. After winning a lawsuit to protect his wife's interest in a silver mine in
322:
reported that the Smith
Brothers shipped their product in a 30-ton load using two large wagons with a third wagon for food and water drawn by a 24-mule team for 160 miles (260 km) across the
38:
1695:
539:. However, finding a profitable way to convert the extensive lake brines into borax and other important commercial mineral salts products proved elusive for roughly a decade.
1607:
1725:
1464:
An
Economic History of Local and Interurban Transportation in the East Bay Cities with Particular Reference to the Properties Developed by F. M. Smith
1700:
567:
connection at
Searles, California. The Trona Railway was founded by the American Trona Company in 1913. The operation of the railroad is now under
1710:
1645:
1690:
1167:
1730:
1010:
690:
Smith developed a special interest in expanding his business into rail transportation and real estate. His first railroad, the narrow-gauge
409:(and as Smith himself had developed even earlier at his borax works in Nevada - see above). The idea came from Smith's advertising manager,
1705:
1665:
775:
1720:
301:. Returning to Teels Marsh, Smith and his helpers staked claims and, started a company with his brother Julius Smith, and established a
1122:"Industrial minerals and extractive industry geology" Edited by P. W. Scott, Colin Malcolm Bristow, Geological Society of London. p. 90.
583:
Smith married Mary
Rebecca Thompson Wright (1846-1905, known as Mollie) in 1875. After living in Nevada for a few years they settled in
1107:
272:
In 1872, while contracting to provide firewood to a small borax operation at nearby
Columbus Marsh, Smith discovered a rich supply of
1273:
1685:
1670:
1640:
1601:
461:
382:
financial overextension, he acquired Coleman's borax works and holdings in western Nevada, the Death Valley region, and in the
1143:
914:
1502:
595:
242:
65:
433:, which were discovered in 1882 and began operations in 1890, where they continued until 1907. Initial hauling to the
1452:
906:
845:
736:
649:
536:
449:
214:
983:
1389:
768:
724:
672:
1298:
1256:
820:
222:
571:. Note: There is no evidence or reason to believe that Francis Marion Smith was involved in the building of the
397:
Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company then established and aggressively promoted the 20-Mule-Team Borax brand and
1715:
707:
695:
457:
434:
233:
20:
542:
In the meantime, he outbid the new owners of his company for the rights to a rich borax discovery in Nevada's
1675:
1625:
824:
809:
430:
383:
587:
in 1881. Following Mollie's death in 1905 at age 59, he remarried in 1906 to Evelyn Kate Ellis (1877-1957).
405:
that Coleman had used, from 1883 to 1889, to transport borax out of Death Valley to the closest railroad in
748:
691:
614:
442:
391:
309:
to concentrate the borax crystals and separate them from dirt and other impurities. Smith had a house in
105:
1377:
1345:
791:
413:, later owner of Thorkildsen-Mather Borax Company, and in 1916 appointed the first Chief of the new
1467:
801:
Francis Marion Smith Park, on land donated by Smith and his wife, is on Park Boulevard in Oakland.
599:
352:
327:
293:
1022:
702:
in the Bullfrog Mining District. This line was built in direct competition with the "Copper King"
1206:
1104:
568:
939:
507:, which is also the largest borax mine in the world, and where today almost half of the world's
1507:
901:
George Earlie Shankle "American nicknames; their origin and significance" 2nd Ed. 1955 pg. 417
832:
787:
759:
After suffering a major stroke at age 82 in 1928, Smith moved with his wife from their Oakland
564:
500:
281:
198:
181:
698:, not only to ship borax, but also with an eye on the ore and passengers from the boomtown of
1660:
1479:
414:
362:
and Fish Lake. In 1884, Smith bought out his brother. While reduced operations continued at
1655:
1650:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1516:
375:
1474:
Smith, Francis Marion. (Unpublished) circa 1925. Autobiographical Notes on His Early Life.
723:
provided a social hall called The Home Club, which was located on the site of the current
425:
Activity at Harmony Borax Works in Death Valley ceased with the development of the richer
8:
1579:"Arbor Villa: the Home of Mr. & Mrs. F. M. Smith, Photographed by E. T. Dooley, 1902"
1138:. Russell L. Kaldenberg, Searles Valley Historical Society. Charlestown, South Carolina.
1046:
744:
618:
610:
584:
560:
496:
456:
in 1907. Again, long mule teams were used in the early years while Smith constructed the
379:
318:
185:
84:
1281:
739:
presidential elector in the 1912 election. He made his carriage available to Presidents
1578:
1566:
1161:
1051:
988:
965:
740:
473:
453:
406:
323:
683:
218:
1596:
1448:
1441:
1329:
1149:
1139:
1065:
1018:
910:
902:
841:
622:
547:
492:
387:
331:
262:
250:
1680:
1068:
is "about 360 miles" whereas today the distance on modern roads is about 160 miles.
1061:
854:
774:
Francis Marion Smith died in Oakland in 1931 at the age of 85. He is buried in the
703:
699:
661:
480:
438:
402:
289:
210:
173:
794:, includes several operating street cars and transbay trains that operated on the
1611:
837:
629:
543:
520:
504:
363:
310:
1413:
Hanna, Phil Townsend. "The dictionary of California land names". 1951. Page 309
1350:
944:
813:
637:
532:
528:
410:
371:
359:
347:
246:
1371:
1181:
1003:
1634:
1521:
1373:"The Great Desert Railroad Race" Documentary written and produced by Ted Faye
1153:
1111:
657:
572:
556:
177:
37:
1231:
675:'s current campus, where he lived until 3 years prior to his death in 1931.
441:, but were retired as soon as Smith completed the 12-mile (19 km) long
1620:
1616:
805:
790:'s archives wing is named for Francis Marion "Borax" Smith. The museum, in
764:
524:
465:
367:
1133:
261:
At the age of 21, he left Wisconsin to prospect for mineral wealth in the
849:
469:
277:
1055:
1306:
882:
795:
653:
633:
488:
426:
206:
827:
at Presdeleau is listed on the National Register of Historic places.
747:
during their visits to Oakland. The carriage is now displayed at the
645:
551:
398:
285:
632:
called the Realty Syndicate, which developed projects including the
1050:. Vol. 37, no. 12. September 22, 1877. pp. 184–185.
671:, across the street from the MacArthur and Park Blvd. location of
760:
668:
508:
390:. Smith then consolidated them with his own holdings to form the
273:
694:
was built only to ship borax. Later, however, Smith created the
867:
298:
266:
1339:
1337:
448:
When the deposits at Borate neared depletion, work began near
877:
872:
830:"Borax" Smith is a character in the historical fiction novel
641:
306:
302:
169:
43:
937:
1597:
Death Valley National Park.gov: Harmony Borax Works website
1334:
168:(February 2, 1846 – August 27, 1931) was an American
1517:"Mae Burdge Miller eulogy : and related papers, 1974"
1086:
1076:
1074:
977:
975:
973:
931:
919:
1503:"Francis Marion Smith papers, 1888-1944, bulk 1902-1923"
1263:
1696:
Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)
1416:
1071:
984:"History of Pacific Coast Borax and the Rio-Tinto Mine"
970:
245:
in 1846. He went to public schools and graduated from
1461:
1330:"Greater Oakland, 1911" Ed. by Evarts I. Blake, p.278
823:, Smith Street and Smith Cove are named for him. The
452:
to develop nearby claims at what became known as the
366:, Smith now focused his energies and borax mining in
1296:
1271:
667:
In 1896, Smith acquired an estate and constructed a
523:, he acquired mineral rights to a large section of
1440:
292:, while looking westward from the upper slopes of
188:. He was known nationally and internationally as
1632:
1626:Letsgoseeit.com: The Borax Museum − Death Valley
1299:"Frank Smith, the Borax King, on Shelter Island"
1274:"Frank Smith, the Borax King, on Shelter Island"
1060:. The article states that the distance between
288:, near the town he would found ten years later,
1390:"The Story of Francis Marion Smith; Borax King"
1305:. Shillingburg & Associates. Archived from
966:Legends of America-Francis "Borax" Marion Smith
940:"Smith brothers pure borax for sale everywhere"
487:While operating at Borate, Smith purchased the
1297:Shillingburg, Edward; Shillingburg, Patricia.
1272:Shillingburg, Edward; Shillingburg, Patricia.
1567:"Views of Oakland, California, ca. 1930-1939"
609:In 1893, Smith commissioned America's first
1480:"The Borax Industry And Its Chief Promoter"
763:and estate into a smaller residence across
370:and at the 20 Mule Team Canyon mine in the
1438:
1422:
1166:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1092:
1080:
925:
812:, a 5,915 feet (1,803 m) peak in the
36:
19:For other people named Francis Smith, see
1726:20th-century American railroad executives
1543:"Joseph Wakeman Mather papers, 1885-1889"
1131:
628:In 1895, Smith formed a partnership with
491:mineral rights at the "Suckow claims" at
1555:"J. Henry Strachan letterpress copybook"
1531:"J. Henry Strachan letterpress copybook"
1477:
682:
462:Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad
346:
232:
1701:Businesspeople from Oakland, California
606:, within his wife's geo-social circle.
1711:People from Walworth County, Wisconsin
1646:American transportation businesspeople
1633:
778:of Oakland, along "Millionaires Row".
479:In 1899, Smith had joined forces with
256:
196:, as his company produced the popular
1691:Transportation in Oakland, California
1343:
938:Donaldson Brothers (printer) (1872).
1731:19th-century American businesspeople
594:In 1892, he began building a summer
213:, which operated in Oakland and the
1706:People from Inyo County, California
1666:History of the Mojave Desert region
1602:National Mining Hall of Fame.org:
1443:Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith
981:
499:and Mojave and east of present-day
13:
1721:History of Inyo County, California
1495:
1478:Townsend, Charles E. (July 1903).
713:
358:Smith then acquired properties at
14:
1742:
1590:
1447:. San Diego: Howell-North Books.
1344:Allen, Annalee (30 August 2008).
858:was partially based on his life.
730:
650:East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
537:San Bernardino County, California
337:
241:Francis Marion Smith was born in
211:interurban private transit system
982:Orr, Patti (November 30, 2021).
578:
429:borax deposits at Borate in the
1407:
1382:
1365:
1346:"Tracking the steps of 'Borax'"
1323:
1249:
1224:
1199:
1174:
1135:Around Trona and Searles Valley
1125:
1116:
1098:
535:from Death Valley, in northern
435:Atlantic & Pacific Railroad
342:
223:San Francisco Transbay Terminal
152:
132:
1686:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
1671:History of Oakland, California
1641:American mining businesspeople
1462:Smythe, Dallas Walker (1937).
1207:"Francis Marion 'Borax' Smith"
1037:
959:
895:
708:Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad
696:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
563:, to ship the products to the
514:
458:Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad
420:
21:Francis Smith (disambiguation)
1:
1044:"American Borax Production".
888:
848:), and the main character in
825:Smith-Ransome Japanese Bridge
754:
636:, a major urban and suburban
326:from Marietta to the nearest
228:
1132:Fairchild, James L. (2015).
1015:Goldfield Historical Society
749:Oakland Museum of California
401:, which was named after the
202:brand of household cleaner.
122:Mary Rebecca Thompson Wright
7:
861:
692:Borate and Daggett Railroad
678:
615:Pacific Coast Borax Company
443:Borate and Daggett Railroad
392:Pacific Coast Borax Company
374:to the east. In 1890, upon
106:Pacific Coast Borax Company
16:American Mining businessman
10:
1747:
1432:
18:
1439:Hildebrand, G.H. (1982).
1105:Rio Tinto Company Website
816:, is named in his honor.
792:Solano County, California
781:
735:Frank Smith served as an
305:works at the edge of the
237:Smith Brothers pure borax
176:and civic builder in the
111:
100:
92:
73:
51:
35:
28:
1468:University of California
769:Adams Point neighborhood
600:Shelter Island, New York
591:their Opus 852 in 1898.
328:Central Pacific Railroad
205:Frank Smith created the
569:Searles Valley Minerals
550:, north of present-day
104:Borax King, founder of
1508:Oakland Public Library
1011:"Francis Marion Smith"
833:Carter Beats the Devil
788:Western Railway Museum
776:Mountain View Cemetery
687:
565:Union Pacific Railroad
501:Edwards Air Force Base
437:was done again by the
355:
282:Mineral County, Nevada
238:
182:San Francisco Bay Area
1716:Milton College alumni
686:
511:are currently mined.
450:Death Valley Junction
415:National Park Service
350:
236:
1676:Mining in California
1617:Francis Marion Smith
1025:on 20 September 2020
621:. The architect was
460:connecting with the
376:William Tell Coleman
166:Francis Marion Smith
30:Francis Marion Smith
1047:Scientific American
745:William Howard Taft
725:Oakland High School
673:Oakland High School
648:system serving the
619:Alameda, California
611:reinforced concrete
585:Oakland, California
561:Short-line railroad
380:Harmony Borax Works
319:Scientific American
257:Early mining career
243:Richmond, Wisconsin
186:Oakland, California
85:Oakland, California
66:Richmond, Wisconsin
1610:2006-01-16 at the
1394:Mojave Desert News
1303:Shelter-Island.org
1278:Shelter-Island.org
989:Mojave Desert News
821:Shelter Island, NY
741:Theodore Roosevelt
688:
474:Ludlow, California
407:Mojave, California
356:
324:Great Basin Desert
239:
199:20-Mule-Team Borax
96:Mining businessman
1423:Hildebrand (1982)
1309:on 1 October 2016
1284:on 14 August 2012
1145:978-1-4396-5279-4
1093:Hildebrand (1982)
1081:Hildebrand (1982)
1066:Wadsworth, Nevada
1019:Goldfield, Nevada
926:Hildebrand (1982)
915:978-0-8242-0004-6
737:Electoral College
623:Ernest L. Ransome
493:Boron, California
403:Twenty Mule Teams
388:Yermo, California
332:Wadsworth, Nevada
251:Milton, Wisconsin
163:
162:
145:Evelyn Kate Ellis
1738:
1604:Francis M. Smith
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1512:
1491:
1484:Overland Monthly
1471:
1458:
1446:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:. Archived from
1267:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1102:
1096:
1095:, p. 48-59.
1090:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1062:Columbus, Nevada
1059:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1021:. Archived from
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
979:
968:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
935:
929:
923:
917:
899:
855:Burning Daylight
704:William A. Clark
700:Rhyolite, Nevada
481:Richard C. Baker
431:Calico Mountains
384:Calico Mountains
290:Marietta, Nevada
194:"The Borax King"
174:business magnate
156:
154:
136:
134:
80:
62:February 2, 1846
61:
59:
42:Francis Marion "
40:
26:
25:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1631:
1630:
1612:Wayback Machine
1593:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1515:
1501:
1498:
1496:Further reading
1455:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1312:
1310:
1287:
1285:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1182:"Mary R. Smith"
1180:
1179:
1175:
1159:
1158:
1146:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
980:
971:
964:
960:
950:
948:
936:
932:
928:, p. xiii.
924:
920:
900:
896:
891:
864:
838:Glen David Gold
784:
757:
733:
716:
714:Charitable work
681:
662:Claremont Hotel
630:Frank C. Havens
581:
544:Muddy Mountains
521:Tonopah, Nevada
517:
423:
345:
340:
311:Tonopah, Nevada
294:Miller Mountain
259:
231:
159:
158:
155: 1906)
150:
146:
138:
135: 1875)
130:
126:
123:
88:
82:
78:
77:August 27, 1931
69:
63:
57:
55:
47:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1599:
1592:
1591:External links
1589:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1513:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1475:
1472:
1459:
1453:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1406:
1381:
1364:
1351:East Bay Times
1333:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1294:
1262:
1257:"OHS Database"
1248:
1223:
1198:
1173:
1144:
1124:
1115:
1110:2012-09-18 at
1097:
1085:
1070:
1036:
1002:
969:
958:
945:calisphere.org
930:
918:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
863:
860:
814:Amargosa Range
810:Smith Mountain
783:
780:
756:
753:
732:
731:Political work
729:
715:
712:
680:
677:
638:commuter train
613:building, the
580:
577:
548:Callville Wash
533:Panamint Range
529:Searles Valley
516:
513:
422:
419:
411:Stephen Mather
372:Amargosa Range
360:Columbus Marsh
351:20-mule team,
344:
341:
339:
338:The Borax King
336:
265:, starting in
258:
255:
247:Milton Academy
230:
227:
161:
160:
148:
144:
143:
142:
141:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
115:
113:
109:
108:
102:
101:Known for
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
83:
81:(aged 85)
75:
71:
70:
64:
53:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1743:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1583:oac.cdlib.org
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:oac.cdlib.org
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:oac.cdlib.org
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:oac.cdlib.org
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:oac.cdlib.org
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:oac.cdlib.org
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1454:0-8310-7148-6
1450:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1233:
1232:"Arbor Villa"
1227:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1112:archive.today
1109:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1083:, p. 56.
1082:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
991:
990:
985:
978:
976:
974:
967:
962:
947:
946:
941:
934:
927:
922:
916:
912:
908:
907:0-8242-0004-7
904:
898:
894:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
859:
857:
856:
851:
847:
846:0-7868-8632-3
843:
839:
835:
834:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
797:
793:
789:
779:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
720:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
676:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
658:Key Route Inn
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
586:
579:Oakland years
576:
574:
573:Trona Railway
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:Trona Railway
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
505:open-pit mine
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
439:20 mule teams
436:
432:
428:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
349:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
263:American West
254:
252:
248:
244:
235:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:"Borax Smith"
187:
183:
179:
178:Mojave Desert
175:
171:
167:
140:
139:
117:
116:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
76:
72:
67:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1661:Death Valley
1621:Find a Grave
1603:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1520:
1506:
1487:
1483:
1466:. Berkeley:
1463:
1442:
1425:, p. 1.
1418:
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1396:. 2022-11-10
1393:
1384:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1349:
1325:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1302:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:the original
1277:
1265:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1236:Oakland Wiki
1235:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1211:Oakland Wiki
1210:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1186:Oakland Wiki
1185:
1176:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1100:
1088:
1045:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1014:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
987:
961:
949:. Retrieved
943:
933:
921:
897:
853:
831:
829:
818:
806:Death Valley
803:
800:
785:
773:
765:Lake Merritt
758:
734:
721:
717:
689:
666:
627:
617:refinery in
608:
603:
593:
589:
582:
541:
525:Searles Lake
518:
486:
478:
466:Mojave River
447:
424:
396:
368:Death Valley
357:
353:Death Valley
343:Death Valley
317:
315:
271:
260:
240:
204:
197:
193:
189:
165:
164:
79:(1931-08-27)
1656:1931 deaths
1651:1846 births
850:Jack London
604:Pres DeLeau
515:Last mining
484:expansion.
470:Kelso Dunes
464:across the
454:Lila C Mine
421:Other mines
278:Teels Marsh
1635:Categories
1400:2024-01-02
1288:17 January
1241:17 January
1216:17 January
1191:17 January
889:References
883:Boric acid
796:Key System
755:Last years
654:Idora Park
634:Key System
489:Boric acid
427:Colemanite
330:siding in
284:, east of
229:Early life
207:Key System
93:Occupation
58:1846-02-02
1357:3 January
1313:3 January
1162:cite book
1154:967392495
1029:3 January
995:3 January
951:3 January
852:'s novel
646:streetcar
552:Lake Mead
531:over the
399:trademark
394:in 1890.
316:In 1877,
286:Mono Lake
1608:Archived
1108:Archived
1056:26062263
862:See also
679:Railroad
660:and the
602:, named
495:between
219:terminus
215:East Bay
1681:Borates
1433:Sources
1378:YouTube
798:lines.
767:in the
761:mansion
669:mansion
546:, near
527:in the
509:borates
497:Barstow
274:ulexite
221:in the
217:with a
157:
149:
137:
129:
125:
112:Spouses
46:" Smith
1451:
1152:
1142:
1054:
913:
905:
868:Borate
844:
782:Legacy
656:, the
596:estate
299:borate
267:Nevada
184:, and
180:, the
1490:: 24.
1052:JSTOR
878:Borax
873:Boron
642:ferry
386:near
364:Teels
307:marsh
303:borax
209:, an
170:miner
151:(
147:
131:(
127:
44:Borax
1488:XLII
1449:ISBN
1359:2023
1315:2023
1290:2017
1243:2017
1218:2017
1193:2017
1168:link
1150:OCLC
1140:ISBN
1064:and
1031:2023
997:2023
953:2023
911:ISBN
903:ISBN
842:ISBN
786:The
743:and
644:and
559:, a
468:and
192:and
87:, US
74:Died
68:, US
52:Born
1619:at
1376:on
836:by
819:On
804:In
706:'s
598:in
472:at
378:'s
280:in
276:at
249:in
1637::
1581:.
1569:.
1557:.
1545:.
1533:.
1519:.
1505:.
1486:.
1482:.
1392:.
1348:.
1336:^
1301:.
1276:.
1234:.
1209:.
1184:.
1164:}}
1160:{{
1148:.
1073:^
1017:.
1013:.
986:.
972:^
942:.
909:,
808:,
751:.
710:.
664:.
652:,
640:,
625:.
575:.
476:.
445:.
417:.
334:.
313:.
269:.
253:.
225:.
172:,
153:m.
133:m.
1585:.
1573:.
1561:.
1549:.
1537:.
1525:.
1511:.
1470:.
1457:.
1403:.
1361:.
1317:.
1292:.
1259:.
1245:.
1220:.
1195:.
1170:)
1156:.
1058:.
1033:.
999:.
955:.
840:(
60:)
56:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
