3970:
central Junta of War for Spain revealed that total supplies for defense in the peninsula (including the navy, coastal garrisons, and militia in addition to the three major war fronts in
Catalonia, Extremadura and Galicia) were only 1427 quintales (66 tons) due to so much powder having been spent in the fight against France. Shortages were particularly prominent among the militia and reserve forces. In 1632, 70% of the 44,000 men in Castile's militias were "unarmed" (as in, armed only with swords or similar weapons rather than firearms or pikes) due to a shortage of arquebuses. With the outbreak of war, this situation quickly improved so that by 1636 only 25% of militiamen in Castile were armed with hand weapons alone, with 25% carrying pikes and the remaining 50% arquebuses and muskets. By the end of the conflict, however, the situation had deteriorated once again, with more than 87 percent of the 465,000 militiamen listed in Castilian registers classed as "unarmed".
3874:, then the strongest military power in Europe, required French forces of unprecedented size and an associated expansion of the taxation and supply base needed to support them. To meet these needs, official estimates for the army expanded from 39,000 in 1630 to around 150,000 shortly before the declaration of war in May 1635. However, at this stage the French state was unable to support such large numbers; of the 27,000 men who took part in the invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in May of the same year, fewer than 15,000 remained a month later. Throughout the war, both sides struggled to support offensives outside their own boundaries; the Spanish invasion of northern France in 1636 collapsed due to lack of supplies and was not repeated.
514:
3950:
316:
3878:
2789:
3248:
3459:
574:
525:
423:
412:
401:
390:
378:
367:
3740:
253:
166:
328:
273:
202:
2978:
233:
445:
213:
584:
503:
492:
481:
470:
459:
349:
304:
285:
3829:
55:
2780:, while the feeding of the draught animals essential for transport and cavalry restricted campaigning in the winter. By the 1630s, the countryside had been devastated by years of constant warfare, which limited the size of the armies and their ability to conduct operations. Sickness killed far more soldiers than combat. The French army that invaded Flanders in May 1635 had been reduced by desertion and disease from 27,000 to under 17,000 by early July.
2677:
3915:
of men and material. These advantages could be offset by engaging them on multiple fronts while attacking their lines of communication, a tactic the French used throughout the war by supporting the
Catalan, Neapolitan and Portuguese rebels along with allies in Northern Italy and the Rhineland. Loss of Dutch naval support after 1648 severely impacted their ability to challenge the Spanish at sea, until replaced with the English alliance in 1657.
265:
192:
434:
179:
3325:
3041:
3283:
3269:
3466:
3339:
3311:
3055:
2985:
3550:
3297:
3255:
3013:
3536:
2999:
3578:
3508:
3494:
3069:
3027:
3592:
3564:
3522:
3480:
3097:
3083:
3843:"The (1659 treaty) was a peace of equals. Spanish losses were not great, and France returned some territory and strongholds. With hindsight, historians have regarded the treaty as a symbol of the 'decline of Spain' and the 'ascendancy of France'; at that time, however, (it) appeared a far from decisive verdict on the international hierarchy".
3846:"Spain maintained her supremacy in Europe until 1659, and was the greatest imperial power for years after that. Although (its) economic and military power suffered an abrupt decline in the half century after (1659), (it) was a major participant in the European coalitions against Louis XIV, and the peace congresses at
3839:
Traditional scholarship viewed the war as a French victory that marked the start of France's rise, replacing Spain as the predominant
European power. More recent assessments argue this relies on hindsight, and that while France made crucial strategic gains around its borders, the outcome was far more
3965:
to support other areas of the
Spanish Empire, and paid a third of Milan's government expenditures. As a result, its public debt quintupled and by 1648 interest payments constituted 57% of the kingdom's revenue. In both Naples and Sicily, taxes tripled between 1618 and 1688; Philip sought to mitigate
3914:
created the support systems that allowed France to sustain an army of nearly 200,000 men for extended periods, and crucially ensure co-ordinated strategy between different fronts. The more experienced
Spanish were better equipped in this respect while their resources made it easier to replace losses
2937:
reached its maximum nominal extent under Philip's rule, but its size and complexity made it increasingly difficult to govern, or enact essential reforms. However, its depth of resources consistently allowed it to recover from defeats that would have shattered other powers, and new regulations passed
3969:
Despite its power, the
Spanish army was subject to constant supply shortages throughout the twenty five year conflict. By the end of it, both states were exhausted. When the commander of the Army of Extremadura requested 3,000 quintales (138 tons) of gunpowder for the 1659 campaign in Portugal, the
3897:
and paid by France, between 1635 and 1642 official troop levels averaged 150,000 to 160,000, with a peak of 211,000 in 1639. These are based on official muster rolls and should be treated with caution, since officers were paid for numbers reported, rather than those actually present; in addition,
3977:; although quickly suppressed, it exposed the weakness of Spanish rule in Italy and the alienation of the local elites from Madrid. In 1650, the governor of Milan wrote that as well as widespread dissatisfaction in the south, the only one of the Italian states that could be relied on was the
3381:. Less decisive than often thought, the battle led to the loss of the veteran army and ended Spanish dominance of the European battlefield. It also gave Condé, a member of the royal family and the effective ruler of large parts of eastern France, leverage in his struggle with Anne and
3861:
claims the Peaces of
Westphalia and the Pyrenees both reflected mutual exhaustion and stalemate, not a "military diktat imposed by victorious powers". Elsewhere, he labels the Franco-Spanish War as "25 years of indecisive, over-ambitious and, on occasions, truly disastrous conflict".
3997:
The strength of the French Army fluctuated greatly in the 1640s, and estimates by historians vary accordingly, ranging from 218,000 to just 40,000 around 1645–1648. On average, it is likely that about 100,000 soldiers were usually in the field at any given time.
3909:
Throughout the war, logistics remained the major constraint on the number of troops, while strategy was often subordinated to the need to find adequate provisions, especially given the primitive infrastructure then available. It was not until the 1660s that
3618:
had declared bankruptcy in 1647, he reduced expenditure by prioritising the retaking of
Catalonia and remaining on the defensive elsewhere. In addition, many of his best troops had been lost at Rocroi and parts of Flanders overrun, including the key port of
3750:
On 8 May 1659, France and Spain began negotiating terms; the death of Oliver
Cromwell in September 1658 weakened England, which was allowed to observe but excluded from the talks. Although the Anglo-Spanish War was suspended after the 1660
2953:
mercantile lobby saw that as an opportunity to end the war. Negotiations ended without result in 1633 but strengthened the peace party. The Peace of Prague led to rumours of a proposed Austro-Spanish offensive in the
Netherlands and led
3898:
during this period on average another 10% was absent due to sickness, although most generally recovered. Parrott estimates variances between "Reported" and "Actual" averaged up to 35% for the French and 50% for the Spanish. Historian
2734:, and by 1640, many Dutch statesmen viewed French ambitions in the Spanish Netherlands as a threat. Unlike France, Swedish war aims were restricted to Germany, and in 1641, the Swedes considered a separate peace with Emperor
3696:, Mazarin offered peace terms but refused to accept Philip's insistence for Condé to be restored to his French titles and lands. Since the Spanish king viewed this as a personal obligation to Condé, the war continued.
3644:
was offset by the loss of Barcelona to French-backed Catalan rebels. Mazarin forced Condé into exile in the Spanish Netherlands in 1651, where his immense prestige in territories adjacent to the Spanish possession of
3194:, the campaign did not continue past Corbie due to high risks deemed by the Cardinal-Infante, and the attack was not repeated as the Cardinal-Infante himself would fall ill not long after in the coming years.
3197:
As agreed at Compiègne in 1635, the French replaced Swedish garrisons in Alsace. Prior to his death in 1639, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar won a series of victories over the Imperials in the Rhineland, notably the
3966:
the impact by providing tax exemption for the elderly and poor and increasing consumption taxes on the wealthy, but this and other measures had the indirect effect of crushing the southern Italian economy.
1010:
1341:
3241:. However, they soon found the new administration differed little from the old, which turned the war into a three sided contest between the Franco-Catalan elite, the rural peasantry and the Spanish.
1020:
970:
615:
1292:
5262:
3435:
ended the Thirty Years' War, recognised Dutch independence and ended the drain on Spanish resources. Under the October 1648 Treaty of Münster, France gained strategic locations in Alsace and
3627:
attacks on Dutch and French shipping. However, his position improved after the Peace of Westphalia ended the Dutch war, and political and economic turmoil in France led to a civil war, the
1277:
1272:
1262:
3664:
border. However, doing so forced Philip into bankruptcy again, while the end of the Fronde allowed Mazarin to resume attacks on Milan, possession of which would allow France to threaten
1756:
3778:. These were more significant than often assumed; in combination with the 1648 Treaty of Münster, France strengthened its borders in the east and south-west, while in 1662, Charles II
3213:
With Spanish resources stretched to the limit in Europe, the Dutch used the opportunity to attack their possessions in the Americas, Africa and Asia, especially those belonging to the
3961:
In addition to supporting its own army and navy, from 1630 to 1643 Naples supplied an average of 10,000 soldiers a year to the Spanish army, provided an annual subsidy of one million
1193:
5495:
1301:
1198:
880:
1336:
701:
766:
1917:
3727:'s death in September led to political chaos in England, and fighting in northern Italy ended when French allies Savoy and Modena agreed to a truce with the Spanish commander,
3127:
on 24 June, where they were joined by Dutch reinforcements. Disease and lack of supplies quickly reduced the besieging army, which withdrew in the face of a relief force under
1045:
8314:
2831:
remained neutral and viewed it as an inheritance dispute, and the revolt was quickly suppressed. However, when Frederick refused to admit defeat, Imperial forces invaded the
2723:, which continued in the period leading up to 1620. Reversing the trend was a major Habsburg objective during the Thirty Years' War, but failure was acknowledged by the 1648
3114:
1635–1659; key locations in northern France and the Spanish Netherlands (current Belgium borders shown; Arras, Valenciennes and Dunkirk were part of the Spanish Netherlands)
2776:
Until the advent of railways in the 19th century, water was the primary means of bulk transportation, and campaigns focused on control of rivers and ports. Armies relied on
1360:
1188:
771:
8142:
3797:, while Louis XIV renounced his claim to be Count of Barcelona, and king of Catalonia. Condé regained his possessions and titles, as did many of his followers, such as the
1025:
2715:
was primarily a European land power and focused on the Holy Roman Empire, which contained over 1,800 states, most of them extremely small. Although the Habsburgs had been
1370:
1218:
1203:
1168:
848:
823:
781:
736:
721:
691:
676:
608:
1990:
731:
3812:, and formed the basis of French claims over the next 50 years. The marriage was more significant than intended, since it was agreed shortly after Philip's second wife,
2029:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1072:
960:
915:
890:
3922:
and the empire increasingly relied on its Italian territories for recruits and money. Historian Davide Maffi calculates the Duchy of Milan provided an annual 6 million
2285:
950:
910:
3840:
balanced. One view is that the two parties effectively settled for a draw, and that had France not moderated its demands in 1659, Spain would have continued fighting.
3170:
opposed further large-scale land operations in favour of attacks on Spanish trade. In the campaign of 1636, Philip switched his focus to recovering territories in the
2191:
1592:
1223:
1213:
1173:
1114:
1082:
1040:
1035:
1030:
975:
3699:
France had previously relied on the Dutch to provide naval support against Spain, which ended after Westphalia. In 1657, Mazarin replaced the loss by negotiating an
3636:
Philip initially hoped simply to improve the terms on offer from France, but the Fronde allowed him to make substantial gains in the Netherlands, including retaking
2054:
1647:
1403:
1267:
1228:
1208:
1183:
1139:
1129:
1109:
1087:
1057:
1000:
990:
945:
920:
895:
853:
833:
761:
751:
2089:
1282:
1178:
1134:
1015:
985:
980:
935:
2273:
2007:
2181:
2059:
1119:
1077:
965:
930:
791:
601:
3247:
3221:. Damage to the economy and tax increases imposed to pay for the war led to protests throughout Spanish territories, which in 1640 erupted into open revolts in
2201:
1163:
905:
337:
241:
7272:
2711:
Wider co-operation between the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs was limited since their objectives did not always align. Spain was a global maritime power, and
2261:
995:
2635:. After 1635, France intervened directly through anti-Habsburg alliances with the Dutch and the Swedish and supported insurgencies with money and troops in
1995:
1773:
5573:
Parrott, David (2006). "France's War against the Habsburgs, 1624–1659: the Politics of Military Failure". In García Hernan, Enrique; Maffi, Davide (eds.).
1062:
786:
3202:
in December 1638. Severing the Spanish Road meant the Spanish armies in Flanders had to be resupplied by sea, which made them vulnerable to attack by the
6281:
2111:
1922:
776:
3210:
in 1639. Although most convoys managed to get through, that illustrated the difficulties Spain faced in sustaining its war effort in the Low Countries.
7292:
6207:
3719:
in June 1658, Philip requested a truce, which Mazarin refused, but once again success proved illusory. On 15 August, Spain won an important victory at
2322:
2151:
2121:
1761:
1092:
865:
746:
371:
3458:
2580:
at its centre. Some historians suggest the Franco-Spanish War was simply part of a much wider contest with many different locations and participants.
2513:. After Westphalia in 1648, the war continued between Spain and France, with neither side able to achieve decisive victory. France made some gains in
8210:
801:
756:
8334:
3911:
3790:. In addition to these territorial loses, Spain was forced to recognize and confirm all of the French territorial gains at the Peace of Westphalia.
2871:
2019:
1838:
17:
8309:
7757:
3728:
3672:
and Portugal. By now, the two antagonists were exhausted, with neither able to establish dominance. From 1654 to 1656, major French victories at
3352:
741:
496:
7252:
2666:
8319:
1585:
2839:, it presented a direct threat both to Imperial Protestant states and external powers that held Imperial territories. They included the Dutch
8399:
8215:
7302:
2855:. That presented Richelieu with additional opportunities to weaken his Habsburg opponents in Spain and the Empire but avoid direct conflict.
1396:
3942:. In 1631 to 1636 alone, Naples provided 3.5 million scudi, significant naval resources and 53,500 recruits for the Spanish army, more than
2649:
For their part, the Habsburgs backed the Huguenots and numerous conspiracies led by the feudal lords who resented their loss of power under
8339:
6907:
6265:
2977:
5501:
3902:
suggests an average of 60% "Reported" versus "Actual" "provides the most reasonable guide", a figure based on André Corvisier's 1964 work
2730:
France faced the same issue of diverging objectives with its allies. The war coincided with the period of economic supremacy known as the
8294:
3447:
and French-occupied Lorraine. Although Emperor Ferdinand was now at peace with France, the fighting between France and Spain continued.
5363:
The 1635 Treaty of Prague; a failed settlement? in Enduring Controversies in Military History, Volume I: Critical Analyses and Context
2290:
507:
8254:
1578:
8122:
7226:
5904:
3605:
2962:
to provide 16,000 troops for a campaign in Alsace and the Rhineland, formed an anti-Spanish alliance with the Dutch and signed the
2883:
2824:
1537:
1389:
7206:
3798:
3370:
2835:
and forced him into exile. The removal of a hereditary prince changed the nature and extent of the war. Combined with a renewed
1355:
529:
382:
2427:
6344:
7980:
6091:
3132:
2773:. Richelieu aimed to end Spanish dominance in those areas, an objective that had been largely achieved at his death in 1642.
1311:
6942:
6811:
6438:
6434:
5661:
Protestant Cosmopolitanism and Diplomatic Culture: Brandenburg-Swedish Relations in the Seventeenth Century (Northern World)
2769:
were strategically important to the Road but also provided access to the vulnerable southern borders of France and Habsburg
8075:
8070:
7438:
6844:
6487:
5940:
5537:
The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars
3110:
2898:, whose lands were devastated by the plague and famine that accompanied the war. A significant Imperial-Spanish victory at
1559:
8137:
7257:
2266:
518:
31:
6126:
2451:, each supported by various allies at different points. The first phase, beginning in May 1635 and ending with the 1648
7904:
7221:
7157:
6879:
6859:
6334:
6066:
5873:
5854:
5835:
5816:
5797:
5727:
5687:
5668:
5620:
5601:
5582:
5563:
5544:
5525:
5484:
5465:
5408:
5370:
5351:
5303:
5281:
5214:
5195:
5128:
5109:
5077:
5058:
5035:
5016:
4994:
4972:
4950:
4931:
2540:, but the treaty marked the end of its position as the predominant European power during the rest of the 17th century.
8269:
7373:
3820:
as king, once described as "always on the verge of death, but repeatedly baffling Christendom by continuing to live."
1690:
7970:
7879:
7277:
6821:
6374:
6004:
3949:
3708:
3167:
3156:
2735:
2390:
2302:
1316:
1124:
806:
438:
2607:. Prior to 1635, France sought to weaken both branches of the Habsburgs by financing their opponents, including the
8170:
6854:
6338:
6116:
5224:
Hayden, J Michael (1973). "Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French Foreign Policy, 1598–1615".
2501:
France avoided direct participation in the Thirty Years' War until May 1635, when it declared war on Spain and the
1470:
236:
7546:
7481:
5157:
Ekberg, Carl J (1981). "Abel Servien, Cardinal Mazarin, and the Formulation of French Foreign Policy, 1653–1659".
5087:
Costa, Fernando Dores (2005). "Interpreting the Portuguese War of Restoration (1641–1668) in a European Context".
8304:
8299:
8107:
7899:
7686:
7486:
7035:
6970:
6556:
6458:
3392:
in August 1648, France was unable to knock Spain out of the war. In the Holy Roman Empire, Imperial victories at
1947:
1852:
8025:
7541:
6985:
6869:
4007:
Total available in Italy, Portugal, Catalonia; excludes another 90,000 facing the Dutch in the Army of Flanders.
2278:
2074:
870:
427:
8324:
8127:
8065:
7864:
7282:
6995:
6975:
6947:
6864:
6839:
6699:
6507:
6414:
6354:
6321:
5809:
The Dutch-Spanish War in the Low Countries 1621–1648 in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War
5389:
5147:
3782:. Acquisition of Roussillon established the Franco-Spanish border along the Pyrenees, but divided the historic
2844:
2365:
2094:
1710:
8090:
7919:
7676:
3401:
3217:, which was also ruled by Philip IV. Spanish inability to protect those interests caused increasing unrest in
2899:
2251:
1954:
8329:
8242:
8220:
8175:
8117:
8095:
7909:
7681:
7363:
7152:
7137:
6222:
6086:
6039:
3689:
2942:
2930:
2816:
1532:
1485:
1433:
828:
7471:
5575:
Guerra y Sociedad en La Monarquía Hispánica: Politica, Estrategia y Cultura en la Europa Moderna (1500–1700)
3640:. Elsewhere, neither side was able to win a significant advantage. In 1650, Spanish success in crushing the
2963:
8112:
8080:
7611:
7476:
6912:
6292:
6101:
5897:
3877:
2946:
2221:
2186:
1867:
1829:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1097:
227:
8100:
7433:
5207:
The Hero of Italy: Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma, his Soldiers, and his Subjects in the Thirty Years' War
3816:, gave birth to a second son, both of whom died young. Philip died in 1665, leaving his four-year-old son
2141:
2012:
885:
8085:
7985:
7616:
7068:
7000:
5969:
3938:
was required to supply 17,000 scudi a month, as well as provide ships for the fleet and soldiers for the
2875:
1959:
1937:
1448:
485:
7536:
7443:
3119:
In May, a French army of 27,000 invaded the Spanish Netherlands and defeated a smaller Spanish force at
8020:
7383:
7030:
6917:
6829:
6801:
6428:
6398:
6203:
6034:
3974:
3669:
3641:
3425:
3222:
2958:
of France and Richelieu to decide on direct intervention. In early 1635, they signed an agreement with
2644:
2640:
2487:
2479:
2375:
2350:
1778:
1715:
1500:
1350:
1326:
843:
726:
656:
463:
276:
205:
7403:
7358:
2925:
became king in 1621, he resumed the war. The cost proved extremely high and increased after 1628 by a
2887:
1907:
7939:
7889:
7747:
7646:
7142:
7015:
6980:
6932:
6834:
6446:
6330:
6019:
5989:
5984:
5766:
Sutherland, NM (1992). "The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Structure of European Politics".
5121:
European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, Vol. 2: 1650–1697
4987:
A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society, 1550–1800 (Studies in European history)
3783:
3653:
3238:
2938:
in 1631 and 1632 were key to the improved Spanish military performance in the first part of the war.
2788:
2405:
1892:
1819:
1804:
1365:
1005:
925:
6564:
2521:, but by 1658 both sides were financially exhausted, which led them to make peace in November 1659.
2166:
2000:
1306:
8389:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
7884:
7767:
7727:
7666:
7661:
7601:
7020:
7010:
6796:
6499:
6410:
6111:
5004:
4982:
4960:
2852:
2662:
2410:
2211:
1897:
1847:
1720:
1652:
8264:
7343:
6576:
6096:
8384:
8379:
8374:
7934:
7792:
7636:
7576:
7526:
7428:
7025:
6990:
6937:
6572:
6442:
6406:
6136:
6009:
5994:
5890:
4881:
Lorraine White. "The Experience of Spain's Early Modern Soldiers: Combat, Welfare and Violence."
3756:
3716:
3704:
3443:, which controlled access to Alpine passes in Northern Italy. However, the peace excluded Italy,
3405:
3160:
2907:
2848:
2658:
2620:
2577:
2370:
2334:
2312:
2307:
1985:
1814:
1799:
1657:
1475:
940:
838:
405:
290:
7127:
5264:
The Grand Condé in exile; Power politics in France, Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, 1652–1659
5070:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
2886:, which provided much of Sweden's income. The Swedish intervention continued after his death at
8225:
7797:
7732:
7236:
7122:
7005:
6965:
6609:
6402:
6061:
6051:
5790:
Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage Volume I
3927:
3894:
3832:
3805:
3763:
3700:
3673:
3397:
2959:
2918:
2529:
2460:
2395:
2327:
2246:
2084:
1766:
1675:
1250:
955:
818:
450:
126:
7368:
4924:
Better Begging than Fighting: The Royalist Army in exile in the war against Cromwell 1656–1660
2156:
706:
8394:
7671:
7081:
6902:
6791:
6730:
6658:
6568:
6269:
5949:
3801:, but his political power was broken, and he did not hold military command again until 1667.
3794:
3712:
3417:
3183:
2628:
2495:
2400:
2256:
2064:
2049:
2044:
2034:
1882:
1794:
1695:
1104:
696:
671:
666:
8205:
7606:
7393:
7353:
7312:
6286:
5427:
Lynn, John A (1994). "Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–1715".
3918:
At its peak in 1632, the Spanish army contained around 300,000 regulars, exclusive of local
3388:
Despite some successes in northern France and the Spanish Netherlands, including victory at
2459:. The second phase continued until 1659, when France and Spain agreed to peace terms in the
2226:
2146:
900:
8180:
7849:
7812:
7802:
7742:
7641:
7621:
7516:
7328:
7147:
6024:
6014:
5188:
The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800
3847:
3739:
3416:
achieved little because of lack of resources and the disruption caused by the 1639 to 1642
3393:
3179:
3163:. Captured by the Spanish on 28 July, it was recovered only after a long and costly siege.
2914:
2891:
2863:
2800:
2792:
2608:
2569:
2456:
2380:
2241:
2206:
2176:
2126:
2024:
1730:
1685:
1680:
1642:
1602:
1233:
1067:
711:
686:
46:
7706:
7496:
7418:
4943:
France and the Thirty Years War in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War
3186:
led by Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into northern France captured the key fortified town of
1751:
8:
8249:
8005:
7990:
7874:
7854:
7807:
7787:
7591:
7586:
7531:
7501:
7267:
6892:
6849:
6806:
6735:
6704:
6475:
6454:
6420:
6326:
6296:
6227:
6071:
6044:
5944:
5594:
Crucial years in Anglo-Dutch relations (1625–1642): the political and diplomatic contacts
3858:
3817:
3432:
3421:
3218:
3207:
3128:
3120:
2895:
2836:
2832:
2724:
2716:
2588:
2584:
2471:
2452:
2385:
2360:
2069:
2039:
1975:
1912:
1735:
1725:
1666:
1542:
1522:
1331:
1321:
681:
661:
646:
416:
99:
7995:
7696:
2490:(1647), and from 1647 to 1653, Spain backed French rebels in the civil war known as the
2231:
1705:
8010:
8000:
7975:
7929:
7894:
7752:
7461:
7338:
7211:
6709:
6689:
6349:
6237:
5964:
5754:
5750:
5647:
5444:
5330:
5249:
5241:
5174:
3813:
3804:
An integral part of the peace negotiations was the marriage contract between Louis and
3752:
3743:
3693:
3646:
3615:
3234:
3199:
2922:
2867:
2812:
2777:
2650:
2600:
2533:
2216:
2136:
2116:
1887:
1527:
1245:
7333:
7262:
5458:
The Limits of Royal Authority: Resistance and Obedience in Seventeenth-Century Castile
1902:
8190:
8132:
7965:
7737:
7711:
7701:
7691:
7626:
7581:
7511:
7491:
7466:
7413:
7388:
6653:
6180:
6121:
6076:
5935:
5869:
5850:
5831:
5812:
5793:
5723:
5683:
5664:
5616:
5597:
5578:
5559:
5540:
5521:
5480:
5461:
5404:
5385:
5366:
5347:
5299:
5277:
5253:
5210:
5191:
5143:
5124:
5105:
5073:
5054:
5031:
5012:
4990:
4968:
4946:
4927:
3809:
3444:
3436:
3214:
3203:
2828:
2742:
2720:
2712:
2697:
2624:
2592:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2502:
2444:
2106:
1872:
1857:
1824:
1700:
1632:
1512:
1287:
573:
524:
513:
474:
422:
411:
400:
389:
377:
366:
333:
321:
258:
171:
111:
64:
59:
The war was driven by long standing French attempts to strengthen their borders with
6211:
5313:
Jensen, De Lamar (1985). "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy".
7822:
7817:
7782:
7762:
7521:
7398:
7297:
7201:
6663:
6503:
5746:
5706:
5639:
5436:
5322:
5233:
5166:
3943:
3939:
3882:
3851:
3767:
3382:
3378:
3374:
2903:
2902:
in September 1634 forced the Swedes to abandon southern Germany, and most of their
2882:
partly to support his Protestant coreligionists, but he also sought control of the
2840:
2746:
2731:
2654:
2576:
argued that it actually formed part of a wider ongoing European struggle, with the
2549:
2297:
2236:
2196:
2171:
2161:
2101:
1862:
1809:
1637:
1517:
716:
444:
327:
272:
201:
138:
8200:
6232:
5737:
Stradling, Robert (1979). "Castrophe and Recovery: The Defeat of Spain, 1639–43".
5170:
8265:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
8015:
7955:
7869:
7777:
7651:
7631:
7596:
7378:
7348:
7287:
6897:
6887:
6783:
6668:
6560:
6517:
6277:
6185:
6056:
5781:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
3957:, April 1648; high taxes imposed to pay for the war led to revolt in October 1647
3779:
3724:
3366:
3226:
3152:
3124:
2820:
2808:
2636:
2483:
2355:
2131:
2079:
1980:
1627:
1618:
1495:
1480:
875:
813:
651:
593:
394:
232:
223:
7924:
3609:
Northern Italy; key locations 1635–1659 (note Pinerolo, ceded to France in 1648)
7859:
7772:
7656:
7408:
7231:
7216:
7117:
7091:
7076:
6957:
6552:
6546:
6450:
6217:
6131:
6081:
5959:
5913:
5047:
The Armies and Wars of the Sun King 1643–1715. Volume 1: The Guard of Louis XIV
4030:
3978:
3871:
3771:
3681:
3413:
3409:
3389:
3369:, took control of the Regency Council that ruled in his name. Five days later,
3230:
2934:
2859:
2766:
2762:
2705:
2689:
2669:
in 1642. Spain also helped finance the 1648–1653 French civil war known as the
2632:
2612:
2561:
2537:
2510:
2506:
2467:
2448:
2317:
1877:
1547:
796:
433:
308:
264:
218:
196:
191:
184:
115:
103:
60:
6364:
2572:
was primarily seen as a German religious conflict. In 1938, British historian
8288:
7423:
6273:
6190:
5999:
3923:
3171:
2804:
1570:
4016:
Wilson estimates three men died from disease for every one killed in action.
3828:
3361:
Louis XIII died on 14 May 1643, and was succeeded by his five-year-old son,
2524:
French territorial gains were minor but strengthened the kingdom's borders.
8195:
8185:
7914:
7453:
7307:
7132:
6648:
6424:
6106:
5954:
5630:
Quainton, C Eden (1935). "Colonel Lockhart and the Peace of the Pyrenees".
5497:
Religion, revolt, and creation of regional identity in Catalonia, 1640–1643
3935:
3899:
2917:(1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, suspended in 1609 by the
2750:
2681:
1552:
1423:
7506:
3715:, whose supporters joined the Spanish as a result. After the Anglo-French
54:
7096:
6922:
6491:
6369:
5710:
2757:
but also passing through areas considered vital to French security, like
7086:
5758:
5178:
7960:
6694:
5974:
5651:
5334:
5245:
4029:
on a single flood tide, which allowed them to raid as far north as the
3775:
3677:
3657:
2955:
2921:. The Spanish strongly objected to its commercial provisions, and when
2604:
1505:
1151:
142:
5448:
3786:, an event still commemorated each year by French Catalan-speakers in
1381:
6927:
6684:
6584:
6359:
6261:
6195:
4026:
3787:
3720:
3624:
3362:
2950:
2926:
2879:
2676:
2548:
Europe in the 17th century was dominated by the struggle between the
2525:
2475:
107:
95:
5643:
5326:
3904:
L'armée française de la fin du XVIIe siècle au ministère de Choiseul
3885:(1643) is often seen as the end of the battlefield supremacy of the
7101:
5979:
5440:
5295:
Spain, Europe and the Atlantic: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott
5237:
5050:
3926:
for the war, as well as an average of 4,000 recruits per year. The
3665:
3661:
3440:
3175:
3136:
2770:
2754:
2753:, a land supply route connecting Spanish possessions in Italy with
2719:
since 1440, their control over the empire was weakened by the 1555
2518:
2514:
5697:
Serra, Eva (2008). "The Treaty of the Pyrenees, 350 Years Later".
5556:
Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642
5119:
Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar, eds. (1917).
4238:
4236:
4234:
2583:
During the 1620s, France was threatened internally by a series of
8259:
8230:
6740:
6725:
5882:
5807:
Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2014). Asbach, Olaf; Schröder, Peter (eds.).
3919:
3620:
2616:
5401:
War in International Society: A Study in International Sociology
3835:, whose marriage to Louis XIV was part of the peace negotiations
2478:. In addition, France supported revolts against Spanish rule in
7196:
6750:
6745:
6522:
4587:
4231:
3954:
3886:
3734:
3629:
3187:
3155:. The French retreated across the border, and the Dutch, under
3140:
2758:
2670:
2596:
2491:
1744:
Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)
91:
5420:
Spain Under the Habsburgs: Vol. 11 Spain and America 1598–1700
4635:
3973:
In October 1647, discontent led to revolts in both Sicily and
8237:
6511:
6175:
4539:
4144:
3962:
3685:
3637:
3191:
3144:
2969:
2587:
and externally by Habsburg possessions on its borders in the
583:
502:
491:
480:
469:
458:
348:
303:
5680:
The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618–1850
4827:
4551:
4505:
4503:
4033:, and so its closure was an English objective for centuries.
81:(24 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)
6580:
6495:
5274:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
4941:
Bely, Lucien (2014). Asbach, Olaf; Schröder, Peter (eds.).
4683:
4464:
4452:
4272:
3652:
Over the course of 1652, Spain recaptured both Dunkirk and
3148:
6473:
4815:
4695:
3774:
along its border with the Spanish Netherlands, as well as
4863:
4839:
4563:
4500:
4488:
4392:
4344:
4284:
4248:
4168:
4156:
4051:
4049:
4743:
4731:
4332:
4185:
4183:
3373:, then known as the duc d'Enghien, defeated the Spanish
2913:
The other major European conflict of the period was the
4803:
4719:
4611:
4356:
4296:
4102:
4100:
4085:
4647:
4527:
4260:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4073:
4061:
4046:
3823:
2858:
As a result, Catholic France supported the Protestant
2494:. Both also backed opposing sides in the 1639 to 1642
8315:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
6228:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
4851:
4779:
4671:
4659:
4623:
4575:
4515:
4416:
4404:
4380:
4320:
4207:
4195:
4180:
2906:
used the opportunity to make peace with Ferdinand II
4900:
4888:
4791:
4476:
4440:
4368:
4219:
4117:
4115:
4097:
3857:
David Parrott, Professor of Early Modern History at
3660:, the front by 1653 had stabilised along the modern
3428:
in 1647 left Spain firmly in control of the region.
5866:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War
4767:
4755:
4707:
4599:
4308:
4127:
2749:. As a result, much of the fighting focused on the
312:
4428:
2745:, was the primary source of money for the Spanish
2741:From the late 16th century, Italy, especially the
623:
4965:European Warfare, 1494–1660 (Warfare and History)
4112:
3668:. The attempt failed despite support from Savoy,
2536:. Spain remained as a great power and retained a
8286:
5520:(in Spanish). Editorial Universidad de Granada.
5118:
4641:
3865:
3159:, marched urgently on the strategic position of
175:
6772:
5382:War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1975
3206:, which destroyed a large Spanish fleet at the
3135:, the Spanish took the initiative and captured
5291:Israel, Jonathan (2003). Elliott, John (ed.).
1600:
281:
6417:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
5898:
5518:La sociedad española en el siglo XVII, vol. I
3711:, and France withdrew support for the exiled
3365:, whose mother, the former Spanish princess,
1586:
1397:
609:
6092:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
5806:
5787:
5500:(PHD). Ohio State University. Archived from
5260:
5137:
4701:
4689:
4593:
4557:
4545:
4458:
4242:
3808:, which he used to justify the 1666 to 1667
3735:Treaty of the Pyrenees and marriage contract
5830:(2005 ed.). New York Review of Books.
5293:Spain in the Low Countries, (1635–1643) in
3766:, signed on 5 November 1659, France gained
3656:, and although limited combat continued in
3356:1635–1648; key locations Rhineland campaign
2505:and entered the conflict as an ally of the
5905:
5891:
5765:
5361:Knox, Bill (2017). Tucker, Spencer (ed.).
5067:
4150:
4091:
2970:Phase I: 1635 to 1648 Treaty of Westphalia
2657:. The most significant ones were the 1632
2455:, is considered a related conflict of the
1593:
1579:
1404:
1390:
616:
602:
8211:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
5736:
5717:
5384:(2015 ed.). University of Kentucky.
5044:
5009:The Origins of War in Early Modern Europe
4833:
4725:
4338:
4079:
4067:
4055:
3450:
3445:Imperial territories in the Low Countries
8216:Colonial universities in the Philippines
5825:
5629:
5610:
5493:
5140:Age of Louis XIV (Story of Civilization)
4617:
4509:
4470:
4278:
3948:
3876:
3827:
3738:
3190:in August, but despite causing panic in
2787:
2675:
7207:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
5677:
5572:
5553:
5025:
4921:
4885:January 2002, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1–38 .
4821:
4797:
4749:
4737:
4581:
4533:
4025:Ships based in Dunkirk could enter the
3174:, while a Franco-Savoyard offensive in
2517:and along the north-eastern end of the
1411:
14:
8310:17th-century military history of Spain
8287:
8160:
5863:
5844:
5778:
5720:Spain's Struggle For Europe, 1598–1668
5658:
5534:
5474:
5455:
5312:
5290:
5271:
5223:
5204:
5185:
5156:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4785:
4677:
4665:
4629:
4569:
4521:
4494:
4422:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4350:
4326:
4290:
4266:
4254:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4174:
4162:
4106:
331:Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1636–1646)
8335:Military history of the Ancien Régime
8320:Civil wars of the Early Modern period
8159:
8055:
8054:
7178:
7056:
6771:
6630:
6598:
6535:
6472:
6387:
6310:
6250:
6164:
6153:
5925:
5924:
5886:
5696:
5515:
5417:
5398:
5341:
5099:
5086:
5003:
4981:
4959:
4906:
4894:
4713:
4653:
4605:
4482:
4446:
4434:
4314:
4225:
4138:
3649:made him a valuable ally for Philip.
3412:offensives against the Spanish-ruled
3324:
3133:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria
2874:intervention in the Empire. In 1630,
2543:
2443:was fought from 1635 to 1659 between
1574:
1385:
597:
8400:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
6488:Captaincy General of the Philippines
5980:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
5591:
5426:
5379:
5360:
5138:Durant, Ariel; Durant, Will (1963).
4940:
4926:(2016 ed.). Helion Publishing.
4809:
4773:
4761:
4410:
4362:
4302:
4121:
3755:, it did not formally end until the
3684:were offset by Spanish victories at
3371:Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé
3151:and besieged Dutch garrisons in the
3040:
8191:Indochristian painting in New Spain
6311:
5849:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.
5847:Transformation of Europe, 1558–1648
3824:Aftermath and historical assessment
3424:in June 1646, and the recapture of
3282:
3268:
3233:recognised Louis XIII of France as
2943:captured the Spanish treasure fleet
32:Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)
24:
7158:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
6631:
5912:
5751:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x
5123:(2018 ed.). Forgotten Books.
3465:
3338:
3310:
3054:
2568:. Until the mid 20th century, the
860:Northern Spain and Southern France
443:
25:
8411:
6388:
6251:
6132:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
5516:Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1970).
5477:Europe in the Seventeenth Century
5261:Inglis Jones, James John (1994).
3946:from a population half the size.
3707:. That expanded the scope of the
3400:were offset by French success at
3168:States General of the Netherlands
2984:
2949:the following year. The powerful
2945:, which they used to finance the
2890:in 1632 but caused tensions with
2466:Major areas of conflict included
1968:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)
578:200,000–300,000 killed or wounded
8243:Criollos in the colonial society
8171:Spanish missions in the Americas
7293:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
5494:Mitchell, Andrew Joseph (2005).
5159:The International History Review
5102:Spain in the Seventeenth Century
5053:: Helion & Company Limited.
3590:
3576:
3562:
3549:
3548:
3534:
3520:
3506:
3492:
3478:
3464:
3457:
3337:
3323:
3309:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3095:
3081:
3067:
3053:
3039:
3025:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2983:
2976:
2795:, French ruler from 1610 to 1643
1839:Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
582:
572:
523:
512:
501:
490:
479:
468:
457:
432:
421:
410:
399:
388:
376:
365:
347:
326:
314:
302:
283:
271:
263:
251:
231:
211:
200:
190:
177:
164:
53:
8340:France–Spain military relations
8270:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
6154:
4875:
4019:
3535:
2998:
2819:, in place of the conservative
1787:Danish intervention (1625–1629)
1667:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)
8295:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
6599:
6322:Captaincy General of Guatemala
6030:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
5792:. Cambridge University Press.
5558:. Cambridge University Press.
5539:. Cambridge University Press.
5460:. Cambridge University Press.
5298:. Cambridge University Press.
5028:Corsairs and Navies, 1600–1760
4010:
4001:
3991:
3577:
3507:
3493:
3068:
3026:
79:19 May 1635 – 7 November 1659
13:
1:
8221:General Archive of the Indies
7482:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
7153:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
7138:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
6087:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
6040:War of the Spanish Succession
6005:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
5788:Van Gelderen, Martin (2002).
5678:Schneid, Frederick C (2012).
5346:(2003 ed.). Allen Lane.
5315:The Sixteenth Century Journal
5226:The Journal of Modern History
5171:10.1080/07075332.1981.9640251
5089:Journal of Portuguese History
4040:
3866:Financial and military impact
3793:France withdrew support from
3709:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
3591:
3563:
3521:
3479:
3096:
2817:Frederick V of the Palatinate
2783:
558:
552:
547:
542:
228:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
27:Part of the Thirty Years' War
7179:
6293:Captaincy General of Yucatan
6223:Union with Holy Roman Empire
6202:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
6117:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
5072:(2017 ed.). McFarland.
5068:Clodfelter, Micheal (2008).
4642:Davenport & Paullin 1917
3893:Including those supplied by
3082:
2663:1641 Princes des Paix rising
641:Flanders and Northern France
18:Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)
7:
7057:
6773:Administrative subdivisions
5970:War of the League of Cognac
5613:A Military History of Italy
5479:(1983 ed.). Palgrave.
2947:capture of 's-Hertogenbosch
2876:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1619:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)
555:110,000–125,000 (1653–1659)
10:
8416:
7487:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
7472:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
7374:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
6536:
6272:), Western United States (
6165:
6035:Portuguese Restoration War
5779:Tucker, Spencer C (2011).
5699:Catalan Historical Journal
5615:. Praeger Publishers Inc.
4915:
3408:. In Italy, French-backed
464:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
277:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
206:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
29:
8255:Slavery in Spanish Empire
8166:
8155:
8061:
8050:
7948:
7842:
7835:
7720:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7542:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
7452:
7321:
7283:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
7245:
7189:
7185:
7174:
7143:Barcelona Trading Company
7110:
7067:
7063:
7052:
6956:
6908:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
6878:
6820:
6782:
6778:
6767:
6718:
6677:
6641:
6637:
6626:
6605:
6542:
6483:
6415:Venezuela, part of Guyana
6394:
6317:
6268:, Central United States (
6257:
6171:
6160:
6149:
6000:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
5985:Expulsion of the Moriscos
5931:
5920:
5783:. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.
5768:English Historical Review
5632:Pacific Historical Review
5535:Parker, Geoffrey (1972).
5429:French Historical Studies
5272:Israel, Jonathan (1995).
5267:(PHD). Oxford University.
3784:Principality of Catalonia
3753:restoration of Charles II
3746:, ruler from 1621 to 1665
3239:Principality of Catalonia
2578:Habsburg-Bourbon conflict
2532:, the eldest daughter of
2423:
1612:
1419:
1158:Franche-Comté and Germany
637:
565:
536:
357:
153:
71:
52:
44:
39:
8196:Quito painting tradition
8186:Cusco painting tradition
7547:García López de Cárdenas
7537:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
7444:Felipe González de Ahedo
7364:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
5941:Conquest of the Americas
5845:Wilson, Charles (1976).
5205:Hanlon, Gregory (2014).
5186:Hanlon, Gregory (2016).
5045:Chartrand, René (2019).
4702:Durant & Durant 1963
3984:
3166:After that failure, the
2853:Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
1021:Villefranche-de-Conflent
7981:Comuneros (New Granada)
7758:Balearic Islands (1558)
7477:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
7404:Ruy López de Villalobos
7359:Miguel López de Legazpi
7273:García de Toledo Osorio
6137:Western Sahara conflict
6127:Independence of Morocco
6067:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
6010:Piracy in the Caribbean
5995:French Wars of Religion
5659:Riches, Daniel (2012).
5611:Paoletti, Ciro (2007).
5596:. Uitgeverij Verloren.
5554:Parrott, David (2001).
3757:Treaty of Madrid (1667)
3705:Commonwealth of England
3623:, a centre for Spanish
2849:Christian IV of Denmark
2803:began in 1618 when the
8305:17th century in France
8300:17th-century conflicts
8226:Colonial Spanish Horse
7900:Colonia del Sacramento
7123:Spanish treasure fleet
6700:Royal Decree of Graces
5864:Wilson, Peter (2009).
5718:Stradling, RA (1994).
5475:Maland, David (1966).
5344:Spain's Road to Empire
5100:Darby, Graham (2015).
4922:Barrett, John (2015).
3958:
3928:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3895:Bernard of Saxe-Weimar
3890:
3836:
3833:Maria Theresa of Spain
3780:sold Dunkirk to France
3764:Treaty of the Pyrenees
3747:
3692:. Under pressure from
3451:Phase II: 1648 to 1659
2960:Bernard of Saxe-Weimar
2843:, hereditary ruler of
2796:
2771:territories in Austria
2708:
2530:Maria Theresa of Spain
2461:Treaty of the Pyrenees
451:Bernard of Saxe-Weimar
448:
358:Commanders and leaders
127:Treaty of the Pyrenees
8325:Wars involving France
7384:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
7344:Juan Sebastián Elcano
6659:Council of the Indies
6020:Spanish–Moro conflict
5990:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
5950:Treaty of Tordesillas
5826:Wedgwood, CV (1938).
5456:Mackay, Ruth (1999).
5342:Kamen, Henry (2002).
3952:
3880:
3831:
3795:Afonso VI of Portugal
3742:
3713:Charles II of England
3701:anti-Spanish alliance
3418:Piedmontese Civil War
3237:and the ruler of the
2929:with France over the
2791:
2679:
2496:Piedmontese Civil War
971:San Lorenzo de Mongay
566:Casualties and losses
447:
8330:Wars involving Spain
8181:Mesoamerican Codices
7905:Comuneros (Paraguay)
7743:Siege of Castelnuovo
7329:Christopher Columbus
7148:Consulate of the Sea
7128:Casa de Contratación
6719:Titles and positions
6112:Spanish–American War
6102:Liberal constitution
5945:Asia and the Pacific
5828:The Thirty Years War
5711:10.2436/20.1000.01.6
5592:Poot, Anton (2013).
5418:Lynch, Jack (1969).
5399:Luard, Evan (1986).
5026:Bromley, JS (1987).
3606:class=notpageimage|
3353:class=notpageimage|
3111:class=notpageimage|
1810:Lutter am Barenberge
338:Various Swiss States
242:Various Swiss States
30:For other uses, see
7910:Cartagena de Indias
7532:Diego de Mazariegos
7502:Pere Fages i Beleta
7369:Sebastián de Ocampo
6850:Provincias Internas
6822:Captaincies General
6736:Municipal president
6705:School of Salamanca
6476:Spanish East Indies
6455:Misiones Orientales
6327:Spanish West Indies
6291:, Central America (
6238:Pyrénées-Orientales
6191:Union with Portugal
6082:Napoleonic invasion
6062:War of Jenkins' Ear
5722:. Hambledon Press.
5380:Levy, Jack (1983).
5365:. Greenwood Press.
5276:. Clarendon Press.
4872:, pp. 119–120.
4848:, pp. 324–325.
4836:, pp. 206–207.
4824:, pp. 548–551.
4596:, pp. 296–300.
4572:, pp. 221–224.
4497:, pp. 666–668.
4473:, pp. 431–448.
4401:, pp. 272–273.
4365:, pp. 120–122.
4353:, pp. 521–523.
4305:, pp. 182–183.
4293:, pp. 125–126.
4281:, pp. 385–386.
4257:, pp. 314–316.
4245:, pp. 169–170.
4177:, pp. 663–664.
4165:, pp. 451–470.
4153:, pp. 588–590.
3953:The Spanish retake
3859:New College, Oxford
3433:Peace of Westphalia
3208:Battle of the Downs
3200:capture of Breisach
3129:Ottavio Piccolomini
2964:Treaty of Compiègne
2941:In 1628, the Dutch
2919:Twelve Years' Truce
2896:Brandenburg-Prussia
2837:Counter-Reformation
2725:Peace of Westphalia
2717:Holy Roman Emperors
2653:and his successor,
2589:Spanish Netherlands
2585:Huguenot rebellions
2472:Spanish Netherlands
2453:Peace of Westphalia
1413:Franco-Spanish wars
1011:Castelló d'Empúries
343:Phase II: 1648–1659
247:Phase II: 1648–1659
100:Spanish Netherlands
8206:Academia Antártica
8161:Other civil topics
7527:Pánfilo de Narváez
7429:Sebastián Vizcaíno
7394:Andrés de Urdaneta
7354:Juan Ponce de León
7339:Ferdinand Magellan
7313:Bernardo de Gálvez
7212:Indian auxiliaries
6710:Trial of residence
6690:Laws of the Indies
6474:Asia and Oceania (
6335:Dominican Republic
5422:. Basil Blackwell.
5142:. TBS Publishing.
5030:. Continnuum-3PL.
4812:, p. 896–897.
3959:
3891:
3837:
3814:Mariana of Austria
3748:
3744:Philip IV of Spain
3717:capture of Dunkirk
3694:Pope Alexander VII
3616:Philip IV of Spain
3235:Count of Barcelona
3131:on 4 July. Led by
2931:Mantuan succession
2797:
2761:. The independent
2709:
2651:Cardinal Richelieu
2544:Strategic overview
2538:vast global empire
2441:Franco-Spanish War
1278:3rd Lérins Islands
1273:2nd Lérins Islands
1263:1st Lérins Islands
627:Franco-Spanish War
449:
298:Phase I: 1635–1648
160:Phase I: 1635–1648
40:Franco–Spanish War
8282:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8151:
8150:
8056:Spanish conquests
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8033:
7831:
7830:
7512:Pedro de Alvarado
7497:Gaspar de Portolà
7492:Pedro de Valdivia
7467:Francisco Pizarro
7419:Nicolás de Ovando
7414:Alonso de Ercilla
7389:Alonso de Salazar
7222:Ships of the line
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7043:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6594:
6593:
6551:Northern Africa (
6547:Equatorial Guinea
6531:
6530:
6468:
6467:
6383:
6382:
6306:
6305:
6297:Spanish Caribbean
6270:Spanish Louisiana
6246:
6245:
6181:Crown of Castille
6145:
6144:
6122:Spanish Civil War
6097:Adams–Onís Treaty
6077:Nootka Convention
6025:Thirty Years' War
6015:Eighty Years' War
5936:Catholic Monarchs
5926:Timeline–immersed
4752:, pp. 31–49.
4740:, pp. 77–78.
4690:Inglis Jones 1994
4656:, pp. 82–84.
4594:Inglis Jones 1994
4558:Inglis Jones 1994
4548:, pp. 59–64.
4546:Inglis Jones 1994
4512:, pp. 27–28.
4459:Van Gelderen 2002
4413:, pp. 94–95.
4243:Van Nimwegen 2014
3810:War of Devolution
3642:Neapolitan Revolt
3215:Portuguese Empire
3204:Dutch States Navy
3184:Spanish incursion
2915:Eighty Years' War
2866:and funded first
2864:war against Spain
2845:Nassau-Dillenburg
2829:Holy Roman Empire
2801:Thirty Years' War
2765:and Spanish-held
2743:Kingdom of Naples
2721:Peace of Augsburg
2625:Venetian Republic
2574:Veronica Wedgwood
2570:Thirty Years' War
2566:Holy Roman Empire
2503:Holy Roman Empire
2457:Thirty Years' War
2436:
2435:
2418:
2417:
1960:Strasbourg Bridge
1604:Thirty Years' War
1568:
1567:
1379:
1378:
1146:France hinterland
592:
591:
475:Francisco de Melo
334:Duchy of Bouillon
322:Holy Roman Empire
259:Kingdom of France
172:Kingdom of France
149:
148:
145:annexed by France
112:Mediterranean Sea
47:Thirty Years' War
16:(Redirected from
8407:
8157:
8156:
8123:Chibchan Nations
8052:
8051:
8021:Santiago de Cuba
7880:Guadalupe Island
7840:
7839:
7567:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7522:Diego de Almagro
7399:Antonio de Ulloa
7303:Ambrosio Spinola
7298:Pedro de Zubiaur
7268:Alfonso d'Avalos
7258:Antonio de Leyva
7202:Army of Flanders
7187:
7186:
7176:
7175:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7053:
6780:
6779:
6769:
6768:
6639:
6638:
6628:
6627:
6596:
6595:
6569:Peñón of Algiers
6533:
6532:
6470:
6469:
6385:
6384:
6308:
6307:
6290:
6248:
6247:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6150:
6072:Seven Years' War
6045:Queen Anne's War
5922:
5921:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5860:
5841:
5822:
5803:
5784:
5775:
5762:
5733:
5714:
5693:
5674:
5655:
5626:
5607:
5588:
5569:
5550:
5531:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5490:
5471:
5452:
5423:
5414:
5395:
5376:
5357:
5338:
5309:
5287:
5268:
5257:
5220:
5201:
5182:
5153:
5134:
5115:
5096:
5083:
5064:
5041:
5022:
5000:
4978:
4956:
4937:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4560:, pp. 9–12.
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4269:, pp. 1–23.
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4125:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4034:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3940:Army of Flanders
3883:Battle of Rocroi
3666:Habsburg Austria
3594:
3593:
3580:
3579:
3566:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3524:
3523:
3510:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3383:Cardinal Mazarin
3375:Army of Flanders
3341:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3178:was defeated at
3099:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3043:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2841:Prince of Orange
2813:Crown of Bohemia
2809:Bohemian Estates
2747:Army of Flanders
2732:Dutch Golden Age
2659:Montmorency plot
2655:Cardinal Mazarin
2486:(1640–1653) and
2396:2nd Saint Martin
2391:Cape St. Vincent
2366:1st Saint Martin
2331:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2098:
2016:
2004:
1951:
1830:'s-Hertogenbosch
1770:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1101:
810:
632:
628:
618:
611:
604:
595:
594:
587:
586:
577:
576:
560:
554:
549:
544:
528:
527:
517:
516:
506:
505:
495:
494:
484:
483:
473:
472:
462:
461:
439:Prince of Orange
437:
436:
426:
425:
415:
414:
404:
403:
393:
392:
381:
380:
370:
369:
352:
351:
330:
324:
320:
318:
317:
307:
306:
293:
289:
287:
286:
275:
268:
267:
257:
255:
254:
237:Catalan Republic
235:
217:
215:
214:
204:
195:
194:
187:
183:
181:
180:
170:
168:
167:
73:
72:
65:Habsburg Austria
57:
37:
36:
21:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8390:1635 beginnings
8370:1650s in France
8365:1640s in France
8360:1630s in France
8355:1650s conflicts
8350:1640s conflicts
8345:1630s conflicts
8285:
8284:
8283:
8274:
8250:Old inquisition
8162:
8147:
8057:
8030:
7986:Trinidad (1797)
7956:La Noche Triste
7944:
7940:San Juan (1797)
7890:San Juan (1595)
7827:
7716:
7556:Notable battles
7551:
7517:Martín de Ursúa
7448:
7379:Alonso de Ojeda
7349:Juan de la Cosa
7334:Pinzón brothers
7317:
7288:John of Austria
7263:Martín de Goiti
7241:
7181:
7162:
7106:
7059:
7040:
6952:
6948:Terra Australis
6943:Río de la Plata
6888:Castilla de Oro
6874:
6816:
6812:Río de la Plata
6774:
6755:
6714:
6673:
6669:Santa Hermandad
6633:
6614:
6610:Terra Australis
6601:
6590:
6557:Spanish Morocco
6538:
6527:
6518:Northern Taiwan
6479:
6464:
6435:Río de la Plata
6390:
6379:
6313:
6312:Central America
6302:
6284:
6253:
6242:
6186:Crown of Aragon
6167:
6156:
6141:
6057:Bourbon Reforms
5927:
5916:
5911:
5876:
5857:
5838:
5819:
5800:
5745:(11): 205–219.
5730:
5690:
5671:
5644:10.2307/3633132
5623:
5604:
5585:
5566:
5547:
5528:
5507:
5505:
5487:
5468:
5411:
5392:
5373:
5354:
5327:10.2307/2541220
5306:
5284:
5217:
5198:
5150:
5131:
5112:
5080:
5061:
5038:
5019:
4997:
4975:
4953:
4934:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4883:War in History,
4880:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4329:, pp. 4–5.
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4151:Sutherland 1992
4149:
4145:
4137:
4128:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4098:
4092:Clodfelter 2008
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3868:
3826:
3799:Comte de Montal
3737:
3725:Oliver Cromwell
3612:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3453:
3367:Anne of Austria
3359:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3229:. In 1641, the
3157:Frederick Henry
3153:Duchy of Cleves
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2972:
2910:in April 1635.
2851:, who was also
2786:
2546:
2474:and the German
2437:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2406:Colberger Heide
2325:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2187:2nd Breitenfeld
2092:
2065:2nd Rheinfelden
2010:
1998:
1945:
1938:1st Rheinfelden
1868:1st Breitenfeld
1848:Swedish landing
1779:Vlach uprisings
1764:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1569:
1564:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1380:
1375:
1199:Lons-le-Saunier
1095:
804:
702:Aire-sur-la-Lys
633:
630:
626:
624:
622:
581:
571:
551:
546:
545:100,000 (1640s)
522:
521:
519:Leopold Wilhelm
511:
510:
500:
499:
489:
488:
486:John of Austria
478:
477:
467:
466:
456:
453:
441:
431:
430:
420:
419:
409:
408:
398:
397:
387:
386:
375:
374:
364:
346:
345:
341:
340:
332:
325:
315:
313:
311:
301:
300:
284:
282:
280:
270:
262:
261:
252:
250:
249:
245:
244:
240:
230:
226:
224:Duchy of Mantua
222:
212:
210:
209:
199:
189:
188:
178:
176:
174:
165:
163:
162:
134:
118:
80:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8385:1650s in Spain
8382:
8380:1640s in Spain
8377:
8375:1630s in Spain
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8066:Canary Islands
8062:
8059:
8058:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7920:Túpac Amaru II
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7865:Bogotá savanna
7862:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7773:Spanish Armada
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7667:White Mountain
7664:
7662:Cape Celidonia
7659:
7657:English Armada
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7573:
7571:
7564:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7434:Juan Fernández
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7409:Diego Columbus
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7237:Army of Africa
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7217:Spanish Armada
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7183:
7182:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7118:Manila galleon
7114:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7061:
7060:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6776:
6775:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6635:
6634:
6632:Administration
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6553:Western Sahara
6549:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6451:Banda Oriental
6432:
6418:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6266:Coastal Alaska
6258:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6158:
6157:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5918:
5917:
5914:Spanish Empire
5910:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5875:978-0713995923
5874:
5868:. Allen Lane.
5861:
5856:978-0297770152
5855:
5842:
5837:978-1590171462
5836:
5823:
5818:978-1409406297
5817:
5804:
5799:978-0521802031
5798:
5785:
5776:
5763:
5734:
5729:978-1852850890
5728:
5715:
5694:
5689:978-9004226715
5688:
5675:
5670:978-9004240797
5669:
5656:
5638:(3): 267–280.
5627:
5622:978-0275985059
5621:
5608:
5603:978-9087043803
5602:
5589:
5584:978-8400084912
5583:
5570:
5565:978-0521792097
5564:
5551:
5546:978-0521084628
5545:
5532:
5527:978-8433816771
5526:
5513:
5491:
5486:978-0333335741
5485:
5472:
5467:978-0521643436
5466:
5453:
5441:10.2307/286722
5435:(4): 881–906.
5424:
5415:
5410:978-1850430124
5409:
5396:
5390:
5377:
5372:978-1440841194
5371:
5358:
5353:978-0140285284
5352:
5339:
5321:(4): 451–470.
5310:
5305:978-0521470452
5304:
5288:
5283:978-0198730729
5282:
5269:
5258:
5238:10.1086/240888
5221:
5216:978-0199687244
5215:
5202:
5197:978-1138158276
5196:
5183:
5165:(3): 317–329.
5154:
5148:
5135:
5130:978-0483158924
5129:
5116:
5111:978-1138836440
5110:
5097:
5084:
5079:978-0786474707
5078:
5065:
5060:978-1911628606
5059:
5042:
5037:978-0907628774
5036:
5023:
5018:978-0859761680
5017:
5001:
4996:978-0333519066
4995:
4979:
4974:978-0415275316
4973:
4957:
4952:978-1409406297
4951:
4938:
4933:978-1910777725
4932:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4909:, p. 407.
4899:
4897:, p. 406.
4887:
4874:
4862:
4860:, p. 116.
4850:
4838:
4834:Stradling 1979
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4788:, p. 790.
4778:
4776:, p. 891.
4766:
4764:, p. 890.
4754:
4742:
4730:
4726:Stradling 1994
4718:
4706:
4694:
4692:, p. 307.
4682:
4680:, p. 838.
4670:
4668:, p. 227.
4658:
4646:
4634:
4632:, p. 134.
4622:
4620:, p. 268.
4610:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4536:, p. 233.
4526:
4524:, p. 747.
4514:
4499:
4487:
4485:, p. 147.
4475:
4463:
4461:, p. 284.
4451:
4449:, p. 402.
4439:
4427:
4425:, p. 661.
4415:
4403:
4391:
4389:, p. 934.
4379:
4367:
4355:
4343:
4341:, p. 212.
4339:Stradling 1979
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4230:
4228:, p. 403.
4218:
4216:, p. 627.
4206:
4204:, p. 669.
4194:
4192:, p. 259.
4179:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4126:
4111:
4109:, p. 791.
4096:
4084:
4080:Chartrand 2019
4072:
4068:Chartrand 2019
4060:
4056:Chartrand 2019
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:Orkney Islands
4018:
4009:
4000:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:Duchy of Parma
3872:Spanish Empire
3870:Taking on the
3867:
3864:
3825:
3822:
3736:
3733:
3723:in Catalonia,
3682:Saint-Ghislain
3604:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3414:Duchy of Milan
3351:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3231:Catalan Courts
3161:Schenkenschans
3109:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2935:Spanish Empire
2860:Dutch Republic
2827:. Most of the
2785:
2782:
2767:Duchy of Milan
2763:Duchy of Savoy
2692:dependencies;
2613:Northern Italy
2545:
2542:
2507:Dutch Republic
2468:northern Italy
2434:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2254:
2252:2nd Nördlingen
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1988:
1986:Schenkenschans
1983:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:1st Nördlingen
1952:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Bergen op Zoom
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:White Mountain
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1538:Coalition Wars
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
862:
861:
857:
856:
851:
849:2nd Gravelines
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
824:3rd Landrecies
821:
816:
811:
799:
794:
789:
784:
782:2nd Landrecies
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
737:2nd Saint Omer
734:
729:
727:1st Gravelines
724:
722:2nd Thionville
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
687:1st Thionville
684:
682:1st Saint Omer
679:
677:1st Landrecies
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
642:
638:
635:
634:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
590:
589:
579:
568:
567:
563:
562:
561:110,000 (1640)
556:
550:120,000 (1653)
539:
538:
534:
533:
454:
360:
359:
355:
354:
353:Spanish Empire
309:Spanish Empire
295:
219:Duchy of Parma
185:Dutch Republic
156:
155:
151:
150:
147:
146:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
116:Atlantic Ocean
104:Northern Italy
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
61:Habsburg Spain
50:
49:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8412:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8201:Tapada limeña
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8158:
8154:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8053:
8049:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7793:Montes Claros
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7733:Vienna (1529)
7731:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7462:Hernán Cortés
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7454:Conquistadors
7451:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7424:Juan de Ayala
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:Duke of Savoy
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7173:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7077:Dollar (Peso)
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7055:
7051:
7037:
7036:Santo Domingo
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:New Andalusia
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:Santo Domingo
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6784:Viceroyalties
6781:
6777:
6770:
6766:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6625:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6597:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6534:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6389:South America
6386:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6309:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6274:Spanish Texas
6271:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6252:North America
6249:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6233:Franche-Comté
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:. Laberinto.
5576:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5504:on 2022-09-24
5503:
5499:
5498:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5209:. Routledge.
5208:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:. Routledge.
5189:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:. Routledge.
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5005:Black, Jeremy
5002:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4983:Black, Jeremy
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:. Routledge.
4966:
4962:
4961:Black, Jeremy
4958:
4954:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4884:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4728:, p. 27.
4727:
4722:
4716:, p. 50.
4715:
4710:
4704:, p. 25.
4703:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4644:, p. 50.
4643:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4618:Quainton 1935
4614:
4608:, p. 16.
4607:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4584:, p. 69.
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4510:Paoletti 2007
4506:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4472:
4471:Mitchell 2005
4467:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4377:, p. 70.
4376:
4371:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4317:, p. 42.
4316:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4279:Wedgwood 1938
4275:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4141:, p. 66.
4140:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4124:, p. 34.
4123:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4094:, p. 39.
4093:
4088:
4082:, p. 34.
4081:
4076:
4070:, p. 24.
4069:
4064:
4058:, p. 33.
4057:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3850:in 1678, and
3849:
3844:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:Maria Theresa
3802:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3647:Franche-Comté
3643:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3607:
3460:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3439:, as well as
3438:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:. Victory at
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:Zusmarshausen
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3331:Zusmarshausen
3249:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:Low Countries
3169:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:and besieged
3122:
3112:
2979:
2967:
2966:with Sweden.
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:German allies
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2736:Ferdinand III
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:, clients in
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:Franche-Comté
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:(1640–1668),
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:Naval battles
2342:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Wevelinghoven
2311:
2309:
2308:Zusmarshausen
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2286:Hohentübingen
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:2nd Magdeburg
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Ray-sur-Saône
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Dessau Bridge
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Bad Kreuznach
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:Neu Titschein
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1371:3rd Barcelona
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Porto Longone
1345:
1340:
1338:
1337:Castellammare
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:1st Barcelona
1320:
1318:
1317:3rd Tarragona
1315:
1313:
1312:2nd Tarragona
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:Naval battles
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Castellfollit
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:2nd Barcelona
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:4th Tarragona
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:1st Tarragona
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
808:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
636:
629:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
596:
585:
580:
575:
570:
569:
564:
557:
541:
540:
535:
531:
526:
520:
515:
509:
504:
498:
493:
487:
482:
476:
471:
465:
460:
455:
452:
446:
442:
440:
435:
429:
424:
418:
417:La Meilleraye
413:
407:
402:
396:
391:
384:
379:
373:
368:
362:
361:
356:
350:
344:
339:
335:
329:
323:
310:
305:
299:
296:
292:
278:
274:
266:
260:
248:
243:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
207:
203:
198:
193:
186:
173:
161:
158:
157:
152:
144:
140:
137:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
84:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
8395:1659 endings
8176:Architecture
8071:The Americas
7935:Newfoundland
7925:Túpac Katari
7915:Cuerno Verde
7850:Tenochtitlan
7682:Valenciennes
7439:Luis Fajardo
7308:Blas de Lezo
7253:Duke of Alba
7133:Spanish Road
6971:Buenos Aires
6880:Governorates
6649:Ayuntamiento
6642:Organization
6107:Carlist Wars
6029:
5955:Italian Wars
5865:
5846:
5827:
5808:
5789:
5780:
5771:
5767:
5742:
5738:
5719:
5702:
5698:
5679:
5660:
5635:
5631:
5612:
5593:
5574:
5555:
5536:
5517:
5506:. Retrieved
5502:the original
5496:
5476:
5457:
5432:
5428:
5419:
5400:
5381:
5362:
5343:
5318:
5314:
5296:
5292:
5273:
5263:
5229:
5225:
5206:
5187:
5162:
5158:
5139:
5120:
5101:
5092:
5088:
5069:
5046:
5027:
5008:
4989:. Palgrave.
4986:
4964:
4942:
4923:
4902:
4890:
4882:
4877:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4829:
4822:Parrott 2001
4817:
4805:
4800:, p. 8.
4798:Parrott 2001
4793:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4750:Parrott 2006
4745:
4738:Parrott 2001
4733:
4721:
4709:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4582:Schneid 2012
4577:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4534:Bromley 1987
4529:
4517:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4437:, p. 4.
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4170:
4158:
4146:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3993:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3936:protectorate
3931:
3917:
3908:
3903:
3900:John A. Lynn
3892:
3869:
3856:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3803:
3792:
3761:
3749:
3698:
3690:Valenciennes
3651:
3635:
3628:
3613:
3430:
3387:
3360:
3212:
3196:
3165:
3118:
3047:Valenciennes
2940:
2912:
2884:Baltic trade
2857:
2825:Ferdinand II
2811:offered the
2798:
2775:
2751:Spanish Road
2740:
2729:
2710:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2682:Spanish Road
2648:
2629:Transylvania
2582:
2556:, and their
2547:
2523:
2500:
2465:
2440:
2438:
2426:
2371:Lizard Point
2222:Philippsburg
2192:2nd Freiberg
2167:Wolfenbüttel
2112:1st Freiberg
2107:2nd Breisach
2085:Wittenweiher
2075:Fuenterrabía
1933:1st Breisach
1918:Pfaffenhofen
1490:
1424:Italian Wars
1343:
1294:
1194:Sainte-Agnès
881:Ille-sur-Têt
871:Fuenterrabía
829:Valenciennes
625:
385:(until 1652)
363:
342:
297:
291:Commonwealth
279:(1655–1659)
246:
239:(1640–1641)
208:(1647–1649)
159:
154:Belligerents
45:Part of the
8143:Philippines
8108:El Salvador
7728:Capo d'Orso
7612:St. Quentin
7587:Rome (1527)
7246:Strategists
6996:Guadalajara
6923:New Navarre
6918:New Castile
6903:La Luisiana
6855:Puerto Rico
6845:Philippines
6802:New Granada
6492:Philippines
6453:(Uruguay),
6449:(Bolivia),
6399:New Granada
6339:Puerto Rico
6285: [
6155:Territories
5975:Encomiendas
5811:. Ashgate.
5232:(1): 1–23.
4945:. Ashgate.
4870:Hanlon 2016
4858:Hanlon 2014
4846:Ekberg 1981
4786:Wilson 2009
4678:Tucker 2011
4666:Maland 1966
4630:Hanlon 2016
4570:Parker 1972
4522:Wilson 2009
4495:Wilson 2009
4423:Wilson 2009
4399:Israel 1995
4387:Israel 1995
4375:Israel 1995
4351:Israel 1995
4327:Mackay 1999
4291:Riches 2012
4267:Hayden 1973
4255:Wilson 2009
4214:Wilson 2009
4202:Wilson 2009
4190:Wilson 1976
4175:Wilson 2009
4163:Jensen 1985
4107:Wilson 2009
3398:Mergentheim
3289:Mergentheim
3275:Rheinfelden
3182:in June. A
2807:-dominated
2704:: Ruled by
2696:: Ruled by
2326: [
2289: [
2277: [
2265: [
2247:Mergentheim
2182:Schweidnitz
2093: [
2011: [
1999: [
1946: [
1765: [
1731:Frankenthal
1696:Mingolsheim
1251:Fort Rocher
1214:2nd Poligny
1209:1st Poligny
1189:Saint-Amour
1140:3rd Valenza
1130:2nd Cremona
1115:1st Cremona
1110:2nd Valenza
1096: [
1058:1st Valenza
1001:3rd Tortosa
991:2nd Tortosa
921:1st Tortosa
839:2nd Dunkirk
834:2nd Mardyck
805: [
767:Armentières
762:1st Dunkirk
752:1st Mardyck
631:(1635–1659)
532:(from 1652)
294:(1657–1659)
221:(1635–1637)
133:Territorial
8289:Categories
7813:Somosierra
7803:Manila Bay
7677:Nördlingen
7617:Gravelines
7097:Columnario
7069:Currencies
6986:Concepción
6958:Audiencias
6933:New Toledo
6898:La Florida
6731:Corregidor
6695:Papal bull
6600:Antarctica
6508:Micronesia
5965:Golden Age
5508:2021-12-29
5403:. Tauris.
5391:081316365X
5149:0207942277
5011:. Donald.
4907:Kamen 2002
4895:Kamen 2002
4714:Luard 1986
4654:Serra 2008
4606:Black 1991
4483:Black 2002
4447:Kamen 2002
4435:Costa 2005
4315:Lynch 1969
4226:Kamen 2002
4139:Darby 2015
4041:References
3854:in 1697".
3776:Roussillon
3762:Under the
3678:Landrecies
3658:Roussillon
3472:Tornavento
3402:Nördlingen
3394:Tuttlingen
3345:Nördlingen
3317:Tuttlingen
3180:Tornavento
3061:Maastricht
2956:Louis XIII
2900:Nördlingen
2833:Palatinate
2805:Protestant
2793:Louis XIII
2784:Background
2605:Roussillon
2560:rivals in
2401:Lister Dyb
2262:Korneuburg
2207:Tuttlingen
2177:Honnecourt
2127:Thionville
2070:Saint Omer
2025:Tornavento
1898:Alte Veste
1883:Maastricht
1757:Érsekújvár
1716:Heidelberg
1643:Wisternitz
1361:Sant Feliu
1356:Formentera
1234:Tuttlingen
1219:Pontarlier
1204:Bletterans
1152:The Fronde
1068:Tornavento
986:4th Lleida
981:3rd Lleida
956:2nd Lleida
941:1st Lleida
936:2nd Salses
906:La Granada
876:1st Salses
772:Nieuwpoort
712:Honnecourt
692:Charlemont
672:1st Corbie
662:La Capelle
657:Le Catelet
143:Roussillon
63:(red) and
8118:Nicaragua
8096:Guatemala
8006:Pichincha
7991:Chacabuco
7930:Pensacola
7875:Mataquito
7855:Cajamarca
7836:New World
7808:Trafalgar
7712:Alhucemas
7592:Landriano
7577:Comuneros
7563:Old World
7507:Joan Orpí
7227:Royalists
7001:Guatemala
6928:New Spain
6865:Venezuela
6840:Guatemala
6797:New Spain
6792:Columbian
6685:Exequatur
6585:Cape Juby
6439:Argentina
6262:New Spain
6196:Gibraltar
5960:Habsburgs
5682:. Brill.
5663:. Brill.
5254:144914347
4810:Lynn 1994
4774:Lynn 1994
4762:Lynn 1994
4411:Bely 2014
4363:Poot 2013
4303:Knox 2017
4122:Levy 1983
4027:North Sea
3788:Perpignan
3721:Camprodon
3703:with the
3654:Barcelona
3625:privateer
3431:The 1648
3422:Orbetello
3363:Louis XIV
3227:Catalonia
3121:Les Avins
2991:Les Avins
2951:Amsterdam
2927:proxy war
2923:Philip IV
2908:at Prague
2880:Pomerania
2870:and then
2667:Cinq-Mars
2637:Catalonia
2552:kings of
2534:Philip IV
2526:Louis XIV
2484:Catalonia
2476:Rhineland
2386:The Downs
2361:The Slaak
2351:Gibraltar
2274:Totenhöhe
2257:3rd Hulst
2157:La Marfée
2045:2nd Breda
2040:Wittstock
2008:Haselünne
1976:Les Avins
1913:Oldendorf
1888:Nuremberg
1858:Magdeburg
1853:Frankfurt
1820:Stralsund
1805:Oldenzaal
1736:Stadtlohn
1686:Bacharach
1681:Oppenheim
1548:1808–1814
1543:1793–1795
1533:1718–1720
1528:1688–1697
1523:1683–1684
1518:1673–1678
1513:1667–1668
1506:1648–1653
1501:1641–1659
1496:1640–1659
1491:1635–1659
1486:1628–1631
1476:1595–1598
1471:1580–1583
1464:1551–1559
1459:1542–1544
1454:1536–1538
1449:1526–1529
1444:1521–1526
1439:1512–1516
1434:1502–1504
1429:1495–1498
1342:Piombino
1332:Orbetello
1327:Cartagena
1302:Île de Ré
1240:Caribbean
1169:Martignat
1046:Camprodon
996:Montblanc
966:2nd Roses
931:1st Roses
926:Perpignan
916:Collioure
844:The Dunes
819:2nd Arras
787:Diksmuide
707:La Marfée
697:1st Arras
647:Les Avins
108:Rhineland
96:Catalonia
90:Northern
8128:Colombia
8113:Honduras
8026:Asomante
8011:Ayacucho
8001:Carabobo
7976:Curalaba
7753:Ceresole
7647:Gembloux
7607:Mühlberg
7322:Mariners
7180:Military
7102:Doubloon
7087:Maravedí
7031:Santiago
6938:Paraguay
6664:Germania
6504:Caroline
6459:Malvinas
6443:Paraguay
6403:Colombia
6345:Trinidad
6212:Sardinia
6052:Bourbons
5759:24411536
5179:40105147
5051:Solihull
5007:(1987).
4985:(1991).
4963:(2002).
3934:Spanish
3932:de facto
3848:Nijmegen
3729:Caracena
3662:Pyrenees
3556:Pinerolo
3441:Pinerolo
3437:Lorraine
3410:Savoyard
3303:Mannheim
3261:Breisach
3223:Portugal
3219:Portugal
3176:Lombardy
3137:Limbourg
3019:Brussels
2878:invaded
2823:Emperor
2821:Catholic
2778:foraging
2755:Flanders
2641:Portugal
2621:Ottomans
2615:and the
2593:Lorraine
2564:and the
2558:Habsburg
2528:married
2519:Pyrenees
2515:Flanders
2480:Portugal
2428:Treaties
2242:2nd Brno
2227:Jüterbog
2217:Freiburg
2202:1st Brno
2147:Preßnitz
2142:Montjuïc
2137:Cambrils
2117:Chemnitz
1943:Liegnitz
1928:Konstanz
1893:Wiesloch
1726:Mannheim
1366:Bordeaux
1351:Cambrils
1268:Sardinia
1224:Jonvelle
1083:Vercelli
1073:Marbegno
1063:Morbegno
1026:Cadaqués
976:Balaguer
901:Montmeló
886:Montjuïc
797:2nd Lens
777:Commines
742:1st Lens
537:Strength
497:Caracena
428:La Ferté
406:Choiseul
86:Location
67:(yellow)
8260:Asiento
8231:Mustang
8091:Yucatán
8086:Chiapas
7966:Tucapel
7798:Passaro
7748:Algiers
7738:Preveza
7707:Tetouan
7702:Vitoria
7692:Bitonto
7632:Antwerp
7627:Lepanto
7582:Bicocca
7058:Economy
6981:Charcas
6976:Caracas
6870:Yucatán
6741:Regidor
6726:Alcalde
6654:Cabildo
6561:Tripoli
6500:Mariana
6447:Charcas
6423:(Peru,
6407:Ecuador
6370:Bonaire
6365:Curazao
6350:Jamaica
6278:Florida
5739:History
5652:3633132
5335:2541220
5246:1877591
4916:Sources
3944:Castile
3920:militia
3912:Louvois
3887:tercios
3852:Ryswick
3818:Charles
3772:Hainaut
3621:Dunkirk
3542:Cremona
3005:Dunkirk
2872:Swedish
2862:in its
2713:Austria
2698:Austria
2690:Spanish
2617:Grisons
2550:Bourbon
2509:and of
2411:Fehmarn
2381:Channel
2376:Dunkirk
2212:Kolding
2162:Dorsten
2055:Leipzig
1923:Steinau
1873:Bamberg
1825:Wolgast
1815:Groenlo
1774:Hodonín
1752:Humenné
1721:Fleurus
1701:Wimpfen
1648:Bautzen
1633:Lomnice
1297:Santoña
1293:Laredo
1288:Getaria
1246:Tortuga
1174:Savigny
1031:Solsona
946:Miravet
896:Almenar
866:Leucate
854:Bergues
747:Bergues
732:Béthune
588:Unknown
395:Gassion
372:Turenne
336:(1641)
135:changes
8238:Castas
7996:Boyacá
7971:Guiana
7961:Iguape
7885:Recife
7823:Mactan
7818:Annual
7783:Rocroi
7778:Leiden
7763:Djerba
7697:Bailén
7652:Ostend
7637:Azores
7232:Legión
7197:Tercio
7190:Armies
7092:Escudo
7021:Panamá
7016:Mexico
7011:Manila
6966:Bogotá
6751:Vecino
6746:Syndic
6577:Béjaïa
6537:Africa
6523:Tidore
6411:Panama
6375:Belize
6282:Mexico
6208:Sicily
6204:Naples
6166:Europe
5872:
5853:
5834:
5815:
5796:
5774:(424).
5757:
5726:
5686:
5667:
5650:
5619:
5600:
5581:
5562:
5543:
5524:
5483:
5464:
5449:286722
5447:
5407:
5388:
5369:
5350:
5333:
5302:
5280:
5252:
5244:
5213:
5194:
5177:
5146:
5127:
5108:
5076:
5057:
5034:
5015:
4993:
4971:
4949:
4930:
3975:Naples
3963:ducats
3955:Naples
3768:Artois
3670:Modena
3630:Fronde
3614:After
3584:Modena
3514:Casale
3500:Mantua
3426:Naples
3379:Rocroi
3188:Corbie
3141:Gennep
3125:Leuven
3075:Corbie
3033:Leuven
2933:. The
2892:Saxony
2888:Lützen
2868:Danish
2847:, and
2759:Alsace
2702:Orange
2686:Purple
2671:Fronde
2665:, and
2661:, the
2645:Naples
2643:, and
2633:Sweden
2623:, the
2619:, the
2597:Alsace
2554:France
2511:Sweden
2492:Fronde
2488:Naples
2470:, the
2445:France
2335:Prague
2323:Dachau
2303:Naples
2298:Triebl
2237:Jankau
2232:Bysjön
2197:Rocroi
2172:Kempen
2152:Plauen
2132:Salses
2122:Melnik
2102:Vlotho
1996:Dömitz
1981:Leuven
1908:Lützen
1863:Werben
1762:Tyrnau
1706:Höchst
1691:Jülich
1638:Sablat
1628:Pilsen
1229:Maynal
1184:Cornod
1179:Arbent
1125:Naples
1093:Casale
1088:Chieri
1016:Girona
951:Monzón
911:Monzón
814:Mouzon
802:Rethel
757:Furnes
717:Rocroi
652:Leuven
319:
288:
256:
216:
182:
169:
139:Artois
123:Result
106:, the
92:France
8133:Chile
8101:Petén
8076:Aztec
7895:Bahia
7870:Penco
7860:Cusco
7788:Downs
7768:Tunis
7687:Ceuta
7672:Breda
7622:Malta
7602:Tunis
7597:Pavia
7111:Trade
7026:Quito
6991:Cusco
6830:Chile
6565:Tunis
6512:Palau
6429:Chile
6360:Aruba
6355:Haiti
6289:]
6218:Milan
6176:Spain
5755:JSTOR
5705:(1).
5648:JSTOR
5445:JSTOR
5331:JSTOR
5250:S2CID
5242:JSTOR
5175:JSTOR
3985:Notes
3924:scudi
3686:Pavia
3674:Arras
3638:Ypres
3598:Pavia
3570:Genoa
3528:Milan
3486:Turin
3192:Paris
3145:Diest
3103:Arras
2706:Spain
2694:Green
2609:Dutch
2562:Spain
2449:Spain
2356:Genoa
2330:]
2293:]
2281:]
2269:]
2097:]
2090:Thann
2080:Kallo
2060:Hanau
2050:Venlo
2035:Somme
2015:]
2003:]
1950:]
1903:Fürth
1795:Breda
1769:]
1307:Cádiz
1283:Genoa
1135:Pavia
1105:Turin
1100:]
1078:Breme
1052:Italy
1036:Berga
809:]
792:Ypres
667:Somme
530:Condé
508:Vélez
383:Condé
269:Savoy
197:Savoy
8138:Inca
8081:Maya
8016:Guam
7949:Lost
7721:Lost
7642:Mons
7082:Real
7006:Lima
6893:Cuba
6835:Cuba
6807:Perú
6583:and
6581:Ifni
6573:Oran
6496:Guam
6425:Acre
6421:Peru
6331:Cuba
6210:and
5870:ISBN
5851:ISBN
5832:ISBN
5813:ISBN
5794:ISBN
5724:ISBN
5684:ISBN
5665:ISBN
5617:ISBN
5598:ISBN
5579:ISBN
5560:ISBN
5541:ISBN
5522:ISBN
5481:ISBN
5462:ISBN
5405:ISBN
5386:ISBN
5367:ISBN
5348:ISBN
5300:ISBN
5278:ISBN
5211:ISBN
5192:ISBN
5144:ISBN
5125:ISBN
5106:ISBN
5095:(1).
5074:ISBN
5055:ISBN
5032:ISBN
5013:ISBN
4991:ISBN
4969:ISBN
4947:ISBN
4928:ISBN
3930:, a
3881:The
3770:and
3688:and
3680:and
3404:and
3396:and
3390:Lens
3225:and
3149:Goch
3147:and
3089:Lens
2894:and
2799:The
2680:The
2631:and
2603:and
2447:and
2439:The
2318:Lens
2020:Raon
1878:Rain
1560:1823
1553:1815
1481:1625
1164:Dole
1120:Proh
141:and
76:Date
7843:Won
7570:Won
6678:Law
6575:,
6295:),
6276:),
5772:107
5747:doi
5707:doi
5640:doi
5437:doi
5323:doi
5234:doi
5167:doi
3377:at
2815:to
8291::
6579:,
6571:,
6567:,
6563:,
6559:,
6555:,
6510:,
6506:,
6502:,
6498:,
6494:,
6457:,
6445:,
6441:,
6427:,
6413:,
6409:,
6405:,
6337:,
6333:,
6287:es
6280:,
6206:,
5943:,
5770:.
5753:.
5743:64
5741:.
5701:.
5646:.
5634:.
5443:.
5433:18
5431:.
5329:.
5319:16
5317:.
5248:.
5240:.
5230:45
5228:.
5173:.
5161:.
5091:.
5049:.
4502:^
4233:^
4182:^
4129:^
4114:^
4099:^
4048:^
3981:.
3906:.
3759:.
3731:.
3676:,
3633:.
3385:.
3143:,
3139:,
2738:.
2727:.
2700:;
2688::
2684:;
2673:.
2639:,
2627:,
2599:,
2595:,
2591:,
2498:.
2463:.
2328:de
2291:de
2279:de
2267:de
2095:de
2013:de
2001:de
1948:de
1767:de
1098:zh
807:zh
559:c.
553:c.
548:c.
543:c.
114:,
110:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
6587:)
6514:)
6490:(
6478:)
6461:)
6437:(
6431:)
6401:(
6341:)
6329:(
6299:)
6264:(
6214:)
5906:e
5899:t
5892:v
5878:.
5859:.
5840:.
5821:.
5802:.
5761:.
5749::
5732:.
5713:.
5709::
5703:1
5692:.
5673:.
5654:.
5642::
5636:4
5625:.
5606:.
5587:.
5568:.
5549:.
5530:.
5511:.
5489:.
5470:.
5451:.
5439::
5413:.
5394:.
5375:.
5356:.
5337:.
5325::
5308:.
5286:.
5256:.
5236::
5219:.
5200:.
5181:.
5169::
5163:3
5152:.
5133:.
5114:.
5093:3
5082:.
5063:.
5040:.
5021:.
4999:.
4977:.
4955:.
4936:.
3889:.
1594:e
1587:t
1580:v
1405:e
1398:t
1391:v
1344:·
1295:·
617:e
610:t
603:v
34:.
20:)
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