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surrounded the building. Frank and Raúl attempted to escape. However, an informant betrayed them as they tried to walk to a waiting getaway car. The police officers drove the two men to the Callejón del Muro (Rampart Lane) and shot them in the back of the head. In defiance of
Batista's regime, he was
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Up to this moment neither the police in
Santiago nor the group members themselves knew the extent of the organization País had so painstakingly built. In early 1956, each cell was given the order to paint the name of the movement along with anti-Batista slogans on all the walls and buildings in their
243:
In 1955 when Castro went to Mexico to plan the armed insurrection, a new group began to coalesce and grow, naming itself after the date of the failed 1953 attack on the
Moncada Barracks, July 26 Movement. Many small, clandestine organizations were drawn to this group. País' organization merged with
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On June 30, 1957, Frank's younger brother, Josué País, was killed by the
Santiago police. During the latter part of July 1957 a wave of systematic police searches forced Frank País into hiding in Santiago de Cuba. On July 30 he was in a safe house with Raúl Pujol, despite warnings from other members
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landing of Fidel Castro and a group of guerrillas who intended to establish themselves in the Sierra
Maestra and extend the insurrection across all of Cuba. On November 30, País directed the uprising in Santiago de Cuba which lasted for four days. On March 9, 1957, he was detained by the police and
189:
Although the activity of Fidel Castro's guerrillas in the Sierra
Maestra mountains came to preoccupy the forces of General Fulgencio Batista, and also formed the cornerstone of subsequent accounts of the Cuban revolution, campaigns by rebel groups in the major cities and towns of Cuba also played a
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The family struggled financially, although his mother taught piano to make ends meet. Frank began to study architecture, but abandoned his studies to enroll in the
Oriente Teacher's College which he graduated from on July 6, 1953. Unlike the majority of the revolutionary movement, Pais was actively
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Cell members prepared carefully, finding, repairing, and hiding weapons, participating in mass demonstrations against the
Batista government, raising money, and collecting medical supplies. They published a little mimeographed bulletin which sold for ten cents, reporting news and criticizing the
288:
In response to the death of País, the workers of
Santiago declared a spontaneous general strike. This strike was the largest popular demonstration in the city up to that point. The mobilization of July 30, 1957 is considered one of the most decisive dates in both the
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and July 26 Movement had influence. Groups were also forming in the professional and business organizations of the middle and upper classes. The underground movement against
Batista was everywhere, but nowhere was it stronger than in Santiago, the home of Frank País.
177:, Spain and immigrants to Cuba. Francisco País Pesqueira was one of the founding members of the First Baptist Church of Santiago de Cuba. On his death, Rosario García Calviño took sole charge of 5-year-old Frank and his younger brothers Augustin, 3, and Josué, 2.
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and other combatants of the uprising. He was acquitted in May 1957 amidst a large popular protest. From this time he was one of the principal organizers of support to the rebels in Sierra Maestra and the extension of the insurrection throughout the whole island.
252:
neighborhood. The next morning, the army, the police, and the people of Santiago awoke to the magnitude of the resistance. Every block in the city was covered with writing splashed in paint; "Down with Batista! M-26-7." No one had been arrested.
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in the Sierra Maestra was named for the fallen revolutionary. His childhood home at 226 San Bartolomé Street was turned into The Santiago Frank País García House Museum and designated as a national monument. Also, the international airport in
225:. País asked each person to organize a cell by preparing a list of their friends and close associates, people they could trust, to be members. These cells were composed of both students and workers and the average age was seventeen.
190:
key role in bringing an end to Batista's reign. It is in these cities and towns, in both open and underground organizations, that plans were debated and actions implemented. These organizations included
221:
in July 1953, Frank País began talking with students and young working people, men and women he knew personally, drawing them around him in an informal revolutionary group that became known as the
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The anti-Castro revolutionary movement, MR-30-11 bears the name of Frank País, consisting of mostly ex-members of MR-26-7 who were never in agreement with communist government.
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Toward the end of that year, the movement began to prepare for the armed uprising that would cover Castro's arrival in Cuba. The uprising was organized in support of the
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On March 10, 1952, Fulgencio Batista came to power through a coup d'état. Frank went together with other young people to the
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the July 26 Movement (M-26-7) after Castro's release from jail. País became the leader of the new organization in
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404:"El pastor Gallego de la Revolución cubana" (in Spanish). Periodico Faro de Vigo. July 29, 2007.
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government, countering the censorship with which Batista periodically blanketed the island.
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in an unsuccessful attempt to demand arms in order to defend the democratic government of
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were organizing "fighting committees", and university and high school groups, where the
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The Man Who Invented Fidel: Castro, Cuba, and Herbert L. Matthews of the New York Times
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This article is about the Cuban revolutionary. For the international airport, see
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383:"The Spirit Of Moncada: Fidel Castro's Rise To Power, 1953 - 1959 CSC 1984"
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in the olive green uniform and red and black armband of July 26 Movement.
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of the Movement that it was not secure. The Santiago police under Colonel
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Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground
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religious, working in a Baptist church as a Sunday school teacher.
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137:'s government in Cuba. País was the urban coordinator of the
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445:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 174.
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revolutionary who campaigned for the overthrow of General
420:"Casa Museo Frank País García: Recinto sagrado de Héroes"
217:
Shortly after Castro's attack on the Moncada barracks in
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pastor married to Rosario García Calviño. Both were from
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Márquez, Alejandro Sabino Castañeda (December 1, 2006).
473:"Frank País and the Underground Movement in the cities"
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People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Cuba
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327:
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623:"delegación cubana rinde homenaje a Frank País"
502:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.
149:forces which were conducting activities in the
42: and the second or maternal family name is
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153:mountains. País was killed in the streets of
557:"Fidel sends wreath dedicated to Frank País"
443:Twentieth Century Latin American Revolutions
165:His father was Francisco País Pesqueira, a
534:. New York: Viking Press. pp. 212–14.
232:
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185:Role in Cuba's urban underground movements
157:by the Santiago police on July 30, 1957.
129:(December 7, 1934 – July 30, 1957) was a
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381:Bockman, Larry James (April 1, 1984).
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334:. New York: Public Affairs. pp.
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200:Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil
23:. For the municipality in Cuba, see
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13:
1082:United States embargo against Cuba
1008:Second National Front of Escambray
262:charged with the survivors of the
14:
1209:
1072:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution
732:Havana Presidential Palace attack
651:
555:Montoya, Marlene (July 3, 2008).
532:The Diary of the Cuban Revolution
1168:Cuban people of Galician descent
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621:Sanchez, Oscar (July 31, 2007).
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588:Davison, Phil (June 20, 2007).
1193:People of the Cuban Revolution
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1:
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223:Revolutionary National Action
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1188:People from Santiago de Cuba
631:(in Spanish). Archived from
34:, the first or paternal
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10:
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908:José Ramón Machado Ventura
422:(in Spanish). Santiago 490
362:. latinamericanstudies.org
236:
29:
18:
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978:Directorio Revolucionario
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913:Fernando Martínez Heredia
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471:Cannon, Terrance (1981).
326:DePalma, Anthony (2006).
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103:
87:
58:
51:
1026:William Alexander Morgan
968:Sergio del Valle Jiménez
530:Franqui, Carlos (1976).
494:Sweig, Julia E. (2002).
233:Role in July 26 Movement
988:José Antonio Echeverría
948:Carlos Rafael Rodríguez
722:History Will Absolve Me
306:, Cuba bears his name.
283:Santa Ifigenia Cemetery
108:Santa Ifigenia Cemetery
998:Rolando Cubela Secades
868:Abelardo Colomé Ibarra
863:Norberto Collado Abreu
757:Battle of Las Mercedes
590:"Vilma Espin Guillois"
98:Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
1183:Cuban revolutionaries
1021:Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo
923:Antonio Núñez Jiménez
903:Neill W. Macaulay Jr.
853:Mario Chanes de Armas
795:26th of July Movement
769:Battle of Santa Clara
441:Becker, Marc (2017).
239:26th of July Movement
139:26th of July Movement
1097:Cuban Missile Crisis
1092:Bay of Pigs Invasion
666:at Wikimedia Commons
602:on December 26, 2010
385:. globalsecurity.org
278:José Salas Cañizares
212:Carlos Prío Socarrás
1173:Spanish Protestants
1087:La Coubre explosion
1016:Escambray rebellion
958:Humberto Sorí Marin
818:Efigenio Ameijeiras
813:Juan Almeida Bosque
737:Humboldt 7 massacre
475:. historyofcuba.com
117:Involvement in the
16:Cuban revolutionary
764:Battle of Yaguajay
752:Battle of La Plata
742:Attack on El Uvero
569:on October 6, 2008
21:Frank País Airport
1178:Cuban politicians
1163:Cuban Protestants
1140:
1139:
1060:
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1047:Pedro Luis Boitel
858:Camilo Cienfuegos
662:Media related to
345:978-1-58648-332-6
135:Fulgencio Batista
127:Frank País García
124:
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63:Frank País García
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838:Ramón Castro Ruz
803:Alfredo Abon Lee
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747:Operation Verano
717:Moncada Barracks
701:Cuban Revolution
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293:and the fall of
291:Cuban Revolution
271:Death and legacy
246:Oriente Province
219:Oriente Province
208:Moncada Barracks
155:Santiago de Cuba
119:Cuban Revolution
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77:Santiago de Cuba
73:December 7, 1934
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25:Frank País, Cuba
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808:Ricardo Alarcón
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993:Faure Chomón
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888:Armando Hart
843:Fidel Castro
637:. Retrieved
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604:. Retrieved
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360:"Frank País"
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194:, where the
192:labor unions
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143:Fidel Castro
126:
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93:(1957-07-30)
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
1158:1957 deaths
1153:1934 births
1127:Escopeteros
1077:Cuban exile
1052:Rafael Cruz
980:Estuciantil
918:Huber Matos
883:Che Guevara
873:Vilma Espín
848:Raúl Castro
828:Bob Baldock
639:October 16,
606:October 16,
573:October 16,
426:October 16,
299:Raúl Castro
1147:Categories
938:Frank País
787:and people
664:Frank País
313:References
196:Communists
167:Protestant
161:Early life
69:1934-12-07
53:Frank País
1104:Guevarism
147:guerrilla
709:Timeline
336:120, 139
30:In this
1120:Related
479:May 21,
389:May 21,
366:May 21,
304:Holguín
295:Batista
175:Galicia
36:surname
1065:Impact
727:Granma
628:Granma
562:Granma
538:
510:
449:
342:
264:Granma
258:Granma
44:García
1035:Other
171:Marín
131:Cuban
1109:Foco
641:2008
608:2008
575:2008
536:ISBN
508:ISBN
481:2006
447:ISBN
428:2008
391:2006
368:2006
340:ISBN
88:Died
81:Cuba
59:Born
40:País
173:in
145:'s
38:is
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