Franklin Pierce - Knowledge

2431:, Pierce expected a plurality, if not the required two-thirds majority. On the first ballot, he received only 122 votes, many of them from the South, to Buchanan's 135, with Douglas and Cass receiving the rest. By the following morning fourteen ballots had been completed, but none of the three main candidates were able to get two-thirds of the vote. Pierce, whose support had been slowly declining as the ballots passed, directed his supporters to break for Douglas, withdrawing his name in a last-ditch effort to defeat Buchanan. Douglas, only 43 years of age, believed that he could be nominated in 1860 if he let the older Buchanan win this time, and received assurances from Buchanan's managers that this would be the case. After two more deadlocked ballots, Douglas's managers withdrew his name, leaving Buchanan as the clear winner. To soften the blow to Pierce, the convention issued a resolution of "unqualified approbation" in praise of his administration and selected his ally, former Kentucky Representative 2266: 2869:

but his attempts to satisfy all factions failed and made him many enemies. In carrying out his principles of strict construction he was most in accord with Southerners, who generally had the letter of the law on their side. He failed utterly to realize the depth and the sincerity of Northern feeling against the South and was bewildered at the general flouting of the law and the Constitution, as he described it, by the people of his own New England. At no time did he catch the popular imagination. His inability to cope with the difficult problems that arose early in his administration caused him to lose the respect of great numbers, especially in the North, and his few successes failed to restore public confidence. He was an inexperienced man, suddenly called to assume a tremendous responsibility, who honestly tried to do his best without adequate training or temperamental fitness.

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on southern states' rights, even though he was morally opposed to slavery itself. He was also frustrated with the "religious bigotry" of abolitionists, who cast their political opponents as sinners. "I consider slavery a social and political evil," Pierce said, "and most sincerely wish that it had no existence upon the face of the earth." Still, he wrote in December 1835, "One thing must be perfectly apparent to every intelligent man. This abolition movement must be crushed or there is an end to the Union." After the Civil War, Pierce believed that if the North had not aggressively agitated against Southern slavery, the South would have eventually ended slavery on its own and that the conflict had been "brought upon the nation by fanatics on both sides".

40: 1777: 1001:. Pierce's father was elected again as governor, retiring after that term. The younger Pierce was appointed as chairman of the House Education Committee in 1829 and the Committee on Towns the following year. By 1831 the Democrats held a legislative majority, and Pierce was elected Speaker of the House. The young Speaker used his platform to oppose the expansion of banking, protect the state militia, and offer support to the national Democrats and Jackson's reelection effort. At 27, he was a star of the New Hampshire Democratic Party. Though attaining early political and professional success, in his personal letters he continued to lament his bachelorhood and yearned for a life beyond Hillsborough. 2818: 1379:, an issue which caused a dramatic split between Pierce and his former ally Hale, now a U.S. Representative. Hale was so impassioned against adding a new slave state that he wrote a public letter to his constituents outlining his opposition to the measure. Pierce responded by reassembling the state Democratic convention to revoke Hale's nomination for another term in Congress. The political firestorm led to Pierce severing ties with his longtime friend, and with his law partner Fowler, who was a Hale supporter. Hale refused to withdraw, and as a majority vote was needed for election in New Hampshire, the party split led to deadlock and a vacant House seat. Eventually, the Whigs and Hale's 2305:, and from Texas north to what is now the Canada–United States border, was a crucial part of Douglas's plans for western expansion. He wanted a transcontinental railroad with a link from Chicago to California, through the vast western territory. Organizing the territory was necessary for settlement as the land would not be surveyed nor put up for sale until a territorial government was authorized. Those from slave states had never been content with western limits on slavery, and felt it should be able to expand into territories procured with blood and treasure that had come, in part, from the South. Douglas and his allies planned to organize the territory and let local settlers 1757:

law, had done. He was the first president to deliver his inaugural address from memory. In it, he hailed an era of peace and prosperity at home and urged a vigorous assertion of U.S. interests in its foreign relations, including the "eminently important" acquisition of new territories. "The policy of my Administration", he said, "will not be deterred by any timid forebodings of evil from expansion." Avoiding the word "slavery", he emphasized his desire to put the "important subject" to rest and maintain a peaceful union. He alluded to his own personal tragedy, telling the crowd, "You have summoned me in my weakness, you must sustain me by your strength."

1096: 5758:, pp. xi–xii: "History has accorded to the Pierce administration a share of the blame for policies that incited the slavery issue, hastened the collapse of the second party system, and brought on the Civil War. ... It is both an inaccurate and unfair judgment. Pierce was always a nationalist attempting to find a middle ground to keep the Union together. ... The alternative to attempting to steer a moderate course was the breakup of the Union, the Civil War and the deaths of more than six hundred thousand Americans. Pierce should not be blamed for attempting throughout his political career to avoid this fate." 10705: 3333:

daily drills on the grounds in front of the President's house. The Reverend William Allen, the college's president, objected to the noise and ordered a halt to the activity. When Pierce refused to comply with Allen's order, animosity grew between the students and the college authorities resulting in the junior class going on strike. Pierce was accused of leading the rebellion, but the college records do not acknowledge the event. Pierce's father took note of his son's role, however, and in a rare letter, admonished him about his behavior. In later years, classmates fondly recalled the strike and Pierce's key role.

1224: 1575:(who had succeeded Taylor after the president's death earlier in 1850). Pierce strongly supported the compromise, giving a well-received speech in December 1850 pledging himself to "The Union! Eternal Union!" The same month, the Democratic nominee for governor, John Atwood, issued a letter opposing the Compromise, and Pierce helped to recall the state convention and remove Atwood from the ticket. The fiasco compromised the election for the Democrats, who lost several races; still, Pierce's party retained its control over the state, and was well positioned for the upcoming presidential election. 1749:. Both Franklin and Jane Pierce survived, but their only remaining son, 11-year-old Benjamin, was crushed to death in the wreckage, his body nearly decapitated. Pierce was not able to hide the gruesome sight from his wife. They both suffered severe depression afterward, which likely affected Pierce's performance as president. Jane Pierce wondered whether the accident was divine punishment for her husband's pursuit and acceptance of high office. She wrote a lengthy letter of apology to "Benny" for her failings as a mother. She avoided social functions for much of her first two years as 2911:

North. He was able to negotiate a reciprocal trade treaty with Canada, to begin the opening of Japan to western trade, to add land to the Southwest, and to sign legislation for the creation of an overseas empire . His Cuba and Kansas policies led only to deeper sectional strife. His support for the Kansas–Nebraska Act and his determination to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act helped polarize the sections. Pierce was hard-working and his administration largely untainted by graft, yet the legacy from those four turbulent years contributed to the tragedy of secession and civil war.

1813: 10433: 1473:. The battle was disastrous for Pierce: his horse was suddenly startled during a charge, knocking him groin-first against his saddle. The horse then tripped into a crevice and fell, pinning Pierce underneath and debilitating his knee. The incident made it look like he had fainted, causing one soldier to call for someone else to take command, saying, "General Pierce is a damned coward." Pierce returned for the following day's action, but injured his knee again, forcing him to hobble after his men; by the time he caught up, the battle was mostly won. 2809: 1344:" wing of his party represented farmers and other rural voters, who sought an expansion of social programs and labor regulations and a restriction on corporate privilege. The state's political culture grew less tolerant of banks and corporations after the Panic of 1837, and Hill was voted out of office. Pierce was closer to the radicals philosophically, and reluctantly agreed to represent Hill's adversary in a legal dispute regarding ownership of a newspaper—Hill lost, and founded his own paper, of which Pierce was a frequent target. 509: 1873: 1594: 2529:, Northern Democrats, including Douglas, endorsed Lincoln's plan to bring the Southern states back into the fold by force. Pierce wanted to avoid war at all costs, and wrote to Van Buren, proposing an assembly of former U.S. presidents to resolve the issue, but this suggestion was not acted on. "I will never justify, sustain or in any way or to any extent uphold this cruel, heartless, aimless, unnecessary war," Pierce wrote to his wife. Pierce publicly opposed President Lincoln's order suspending the writ of 1297:

Democrats insisted that their state's U. S. senators be limited to one six-year term, so he had little likelihood of reelection. Also, he was frustrated at being a member of the legislative minority and wished to devote his time to his family and law practice. His last actions in the Senate in February 1842 were to oppose a bill distributing federal funds to the states—believing that the money should go to the military instead—and to challenge the Whigs to reveal the results of their investigation of the

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recuperate. His condition deteriorated, and Congress passed a special law allowing him to be sworn in before the American consul in Havana on March 24. Wanting to die at home, he returned to his plantation in Alabama on April 17 and died the next day. The office of vice president remained vacant for the remainder of Pierce's term, as the Constitution then had no provision for filling the vacancy. This extended vacancy meant that for nearly the entirety of Pierce's presidency the

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desire to see one of their own elected, he knew his future influence depended on his availability to run. Thus, he quietly allowed his supporters to lobby for him, with the understanding that his name would not be entered at the convention unless it was clear that none of the front-runners could win. To broaden his potential base of southern support as the convention approached, he wrote letters reiterating his support for the Compromise of 1850, including the controversial

4043:, p. 249: "John P. Hale, who had been nominated for re-election to Congress by the Democratic party, was at this election dropped from the ticket, and John Woodbury substituted, in consequence of Mr. Hale's refusal to go with the party in voting for the annexation of Texas. A portion of the party, consisting of those who approved of his opposition to the extension of slavery, voted for him, and succeeded in defeating his opponent, leaving a vacancy in the delegation". 1269:, a proposal which split the Democratic Party. Debate over slavery continued in Congress, and abolitionists proposed its end in the District of Columbia, where Congress had jurisdiction. Pierce supported a resolution by Calhoun against this proposal, which Pierce considered a dangerous stepping stone to nationwide emancipation. Meanwhile, the Whigs were growing in congressional strength, which would leave Pierce's party with only a small majority by the end of the decade. 793: 11456: 1396: 11444: 2404: 7847: 6988: 1738: 1505: 1315: 7857: 1645:

still no votes for Pierce. Buchanan's team then had its delegates vote for minor candidates, including Pierce, to demonstrate Buchanan's inevitability and unite the convention behind him. This novel tactic backfired after several ballots as Virginia, New Hampshire, and Maine switched to Pierce; the remaining Buchanan forces began to break for Marcy, and Pierce was soon in third place. After the 48th ballot, North Carolina Congressman

2594:. Pierce's reputation in the North was further damaged the following month when the Mississippi plantation of the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, was seized by Union soldiers. Pierce's correspondence with Davis, all pre-war, revealing his deep friendship with Davis and predicting that civil war would result in insurrection in the North, was sent to the press. Pierce's words hardened abolitionist sentiment against him. 2389:

Congress, though only a few northern Whigs gained election. In Pierce's New Hampshire, hitherto loyal to the Democratic Party, the Know-Nothings elected the governor, all three representatives, dominated the legislature, and returned John P. Hale to the Senate. Anti-immigrant fervor brought the Know-Nothings their highest numbers to that point, and some northerners were elected under the auspices of the new Republican Party.

6626: 1894:, which was inefficiently managed and had many unsettled accounts. Guthrie increased oversight of Treasury employees and tariff collectors, many of whom were withholding money from the government. Despite laws requiring funds to be held in the Treasury, large deposits remained in private banks under the Whig administrations. Guthrie reclaimed these funds and sought to prosecute corrupt officials, with mixed success. 1496:, who had the opportunity to observe Pierce firsthand during the war, countered the allegations of cowardice in his memoirs, written several years after Pierce's death: "Whatever General Pierce's qualifications may have been for the Presidency, he was a gentleman and a man of courage. I was not a supporter of him politically, but I knew him more intimately than I did any other of the volunteer generals." 5770:, pp. 180–184: "Those who play the presidential ratings game have always assigned to Franklin Pierce a below-average score. ... In light of subsequent events, the Pierce administration can be seen only as a disaster for the nation. Its failure was as much a failure of the system as a failure of Pierce himself, whom Roy Franklin Nichols has skillfully portrayed as a complex and tragic figure." 11420: 1676:. The Whigs could not unify their factions as the Democrats had, and the convention adopted a platform almost indistinguishable from the Democrats', including support of the Compromise of 1850. This incited the Free Soilers to field their own candidate, Senator Hale, at the Whigs' expense. The lack of political differences reduced the campaign to a bitter personality contest and helped to dampen 1617:, as a compromise candidate, but Woodbury's death in September 1851 opened up an opportunity for Pierce's allies to present him as a potential dark horse in the mold of Polk. New Hampshire Democrats felt that, as the state in which their party had most consistently gained Democratic majorities, they should supply the presidential candidate. Other possible standard-bearers included Douglas, Cass, 2460:

the final days of the Pierce administration, Congress passed bills to increase the pay of army officers and to build new naval vessels, also expanding the number of seamen enlisted. It also passed a tariff reduction bill he had long sought. Pierce and his cabinet left office on March 4, 1857, the only time in U.S. history that the original cabinet members all remained for a full four-year term.

949:. He was admitted to the New Hampshire bar in late 1827 and began to practice in Hillsborough. He lost his first case, but soon proved capable as a lawyer. Despite never being a legal scholar, his memory for names and faces served him well, as did his personal charm and deep voice. In Hillsborough, his law partner was Albert Baker, who had studied law under Pierce and was the brother of 1417:, husband of Pierce's older half-sister Elizabeth. As a legislator, he was a passionate advocate for volunteer militias. As a militia officer himself, he had experience mustering and drilling bodies of troops. When Congress declared war against Mexico in May 1846, Pierce immediately volunteered to join, although no New England regiment yet existed. His hope to fight in the 1087:, boosting Pierce's political career. Pierce's term began in March 1833, but he would not be sworn in until Congress met in December, and his attention was elsewhere. He had recently become engaged and bought his first house in Hillsborough. Franklin and Benjamin Pierce were among the prominent citizens who welcomed President Jackson to the state on his visit in mid-1833. 2886:, who served at a time when America had the military might to make her desires stick. "American foreign and commercial policy beginning in the 1890s, which eventually supplanted European colonialism by the middle of the twentieth century, owed much to the paternalism of Jacksonian Democracy cultivated in the international arena by the Presidency of Franklin Pierce." 2329:, who rallied public sentiment in the North against the bill. Northerners had been suspicious of the Gadsden Purchase, moves towards Cuba annexation, and the influence of slaveholding Cabinet members such as Davis, and saw the Nebraska bill as part of a pattern of southern aggression. The result was a political firestorm that did great damage to Pierce's presidency. 11408: 2668:, which he signed January 22, 1868, Pierce left a large number of specific bequests such as paintings, swords, horses, and other items to friends, family, and neighbors. Much of his $ 72,000 estate (equal to $ 1,650,000 today) went to his brother Henry's family, and to Hawthorne's children and Pierce's landlady. Henry's son Frank Pierce received the largest share. 2193:, which reduced the need for British coastline enforcement. Buchanan was sent as minister to London to pressure the British government, which was slow to support a new treaty. A favorable reciprocity treaty was ratified in August 1854, which Pierce saw as a first step toward American annexation of Canada. While the administration negotiated with Britain over the 1352:, and Pierce took a leading role in helping the state legislature settle their differences. His priorities were "order, moderation, compromise, and party unity", which he tried to place ahead of his personal views on political issues. As he would as president, Pierce valued Democratic Party unity highly, and saw the opposition to slavery as a threat to that. 981:. The work of the New Hampshire Democratic Party came to fruition in March 1827, when their pro-Jackson nominee, Benjamin Pierce, won the support of the pro-Adams faction and was elected governor of New Hampshire essentially unopposed. While the younger Pierce had set out to build a career as an attorney, he was fully drawn into the realm of politics as the 2574:

true. Pierce denied them, and Seward hastily backtracked. Later, Republican newspapers printed the Hopkins letter in spite of his admission that it was a hoax, and Pierce decided that he needed to clear his name publicly. When Seward refused to make their correspondence public, Pierce publicized his outrage by having a Senate ally, California's

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because of this, he saw the actions of abolitionists, and the more moderate Free Soilers, as divisive and as a threat to the constitutionally-guaranteed rights of southerners. Although he criticized those who sought to limit or end slavery, he rarely rebuked southern politicians who took extreme positions or opposed northern interests.

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none of them. Partisans found themselves unable to secure positions for their friends, which put the Democratic Party on edge and fueled bitterness between factions. Before long, northern newspapers accused Pierce of filling his government with pro-slavery secessionists, while southern newspapers accused him of abolitionism.

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the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. According to Buchanan, the British were impressed by the message and were rethinking their policy. Nevertheless, Buchanan was unable to get them to abandon their Central American possessions. The Canadian treaty was ratified by Congress, the British parliament, and Canada's colonial legislatures.

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find a middle ground to keep the Union together. ... The alternative to attempting to steer a moderate course was the breakup of the Union, the Civil War and the deaths of more than six hundred thousand Americans. Pierce should not be blamed for attempting throughout his political career to avoid this fate.

2373:, Pierce called their work an act of rebellion. The president continued to recognize the pro-slavery legislature, which was dominated by Democrats, even after a Congressional investigative committee found its election to have been illegitimate. He dispatched federal troops to break up a meeting of the 3059:

Four other presidents—John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Chester Arthur—failed to be nominated for re-election by their respective parties; however, each of those four presidents had been elected vice president and had assumed the presidency after their respective predecessors had died

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He was president at a time that called for almost superhuman skills, yet he lacked such skills and never grew into the job to which he had been elected. His view of the Constitution and the Union was from the Jacksonian past. He never fully understood the nature or depth of Free Soil sentiment in the

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Despite a reputation as an able politician and a likable man, during his presidency Pierce served only as a moderator among the increasingly bitter factions that were driving the nation towards civil war. To Pierce, who saw slavery as a question of property rather than morality, the Union was sacred;

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As a national political leader Pierce was an accident. He was honest and tenacious of his views but, as he made up his mind with difficulty and often reversed himself before making a final decision, he gave a general impression of instability. Kind, courteous, generous, he attracted many individuals,

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As the Democratic Convention of 1860 approached, some asked Pierce to run as a compromise candidate that could unite the fractured party, but Pierce refused. As Douglas struggled to attract southern support, Pierce backed Cushing and then Breckinridge as potential alternatives, but his priority was a

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Pierce did not temper his rhetoric after losing the nomination. In his final message to Congress, delivered in December 1856, he vigorously attacked Republicans and abolitionists. He took the opportunity to defend his record on fiscal policy, and on achieving peaceful relations with other nations. In

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Factionalism between pro- and anti-administration Democrats ramped up quickly, especially within the New York Democratic Party. The more conservative Hardshell Democrats or "Hards" of New York were deeply skeptical of the Pierce administration, which was associated with Marcy (who became Secretary of

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to fill the rest of Hill's term. In December 1836, Pierce was elected to the full term, to commence in March 1837, and at age 32, was at the time one of the youngest members in Senate history. The election came at a difficult time for Pierce, as his father, sister, and brother were all seriously ill,

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enrolled at Bowdoin in Pierce's junior year; he became a political ally of Pierce's and then his rival. Pierce organized and led an unofficial militia company called the Bowdoin Cadets during his junior year, which included Cilley and Hawthorne. The unit performed drill on campus near the president's

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Franklin and Jane Pierce seemingly had little in common, and the marriage would sometimes be a troubled one. The bride's family were staunch Whigs, a party largely formed to oppose Andrew Jackson, whom Pierce revered. Socially, Jane Pierce was reserved and shy, the polar opposite of her new husband.

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Jane Pierce died of tuberculosis in Andover, Massachusetts in December 1863; she was buried at Old North Cemetery in Concord, New Hampshire. Pierce was further grieved by the death of his close friend Nathaniel Hawthorne in May 1864; he was with Hawthorne when the author died unexpectedly. Hawthorne

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Pierce never lost sight of politics during his travels, commenting regularly on the nation's growing sectional conflict. He insisted that northern abolitionists stand down to avoid a southern secession, writing that the bloodshed of a civil war would "not be along Mason and Dixon's line merely", but

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Pierce had wanted to organize the Nebraska Territory without explicitly addressing the matter of slavery, but Douglas could not get enough Southern votes to accomplish this. Pierce was skeptical of the bill, knowing it would result in bitter opposition from the North. Douglas and Davis convinced him

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Pierce favored expansion and a substantial reorganization of the military. Secretary of War Davis and Navy Secretary James C. Dobbin found the Army and Navy in poor condition, with insufficient forces, a reluctance to adopt new technology, and inefficient management. Under the Pierce administration,

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approached, Scott ordered Pierce to the rear to convalesce. He responded, "For God's sake, General, this is the last great battle, and I must lead my brigade." Scott yielded, and Pierce entered the fight tied to his saddle, but the pain in his leg became so great that he passed out on the field. The

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of reinforcements for General Scott's army, with Ransom succeeding to command of the regiment. Needing time to assemble his brigade, Pierce reached the already seized port of Vera Cruz in late June, where he prepared a march of 2,500 men accompanying supplies for Scott. The three-week journey inland

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Despite his resignation from the Senate, Pierce had no intention of leaving public life. The move to Concord had given him more opportunities for cases, and allowed Jane Pierce a more robust community life. Jane had remained in Concord with her young son Frank and her newborn Benjamin for the latter

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grew more vocal in the mid-1830s, Congress was inundated with petitions from anti-slavery groups seeking legislation to restrict slavery in the United States. From the beginning, Pierce found the abolitionists' "agitation" to be an annoyance, and saw federal action against slavery as an infringement

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in 1854, in violation of neutrality laws, and Pierce eventually expelled Crampton and three consuls. To Pierce's surprise, the British did not expel Buchanan in retaliation. In his December 1855 State of the Union message to Congress, Pierce had set forth the American case that Britain had violated

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When Franklin Pierce departed New Hampshire for the inauguration, Jane chose not to accompany him. Pierce, then the youngest man to be elected president, chose to affirm his oath of office on a law book rather than on a Bible, as all his predecessors except John Quincy Adams, who swore on a book of

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Pierce kept quiet so as not to upset his party's delicate unity, and allowed his allies to run the campaign. It was the custom at the time for candidates to not appear to seek the office, and he did no personal campaigning. Pierce's opponents caricatured him as an anti-Catholic coward and alcoholic

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The convention assembled on June 1 in Baltimore, and deadlock occurred as expected. On the first ballot of the 288 delegates, held on June 3, Cass claimed 116, Buchanan 93, and the rest were scattered, with no votes for Pierce. The next 34 ballots passed with no candidate even close to victory, and

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Despite home-state support, Pierce faced obstacles to his nomination, since he had been out of office for a decade, and lacked the front-runners' national reputation. He publicly declared that such a nomination would be "utterly repugnant to my tastes and wishes", but given New Hampshire Democrats'

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succeeded him. Pierce and the Democrats were quick to challenge the new administration, questioning the removal of federal officeholders, and opposing Whig plans for a national bank. In December 1841 Pierce decided to resign from Congress, something he had been planning for some time. New Hampshire

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When was the last time, if ever, that a sitting president was not nominated by his party for a second term? It only happened once to an elected president. That was Franklin Pierce... Four other presidents were denied the nomination of their party, but none of these were elected in their own right.

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Wallner writes: "It is doubtful if any former president was as reviled in later life as Franklin Pierce was, and his reputation has hardly improved in the century and a half since his death. If anything, he has been forgotten and relegated to a footnote in history books—as an amiable nonentity who

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in the Senate chamber) as election slogans. The Buchanan/Breckinridge ticket was elected, but the Democratic percentage of the popular vote in the North fell from 49.8 percent in 1852 to 41.4 in 1856 as Buchanan won only five of sixteen free states (Pierce had won fourteen), and in three of those,

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Pierce was finally allowed to return to Concord in late December 1847. He was given a hero's welcome in his home state, and submitted his resignation from the Army, which was approved on March 20, 1848. His military exploits elevated his popularity in New Hampshire, but his injuries and subsequent

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Pierce remained involved in the state Democratic Party, which was split by several issues. Governor Hill, who represented the commercial, urban wing of the party, advocated the use of government charters to support corporations, granting them privileges such as limited liability and eminent domain

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at age 12. Not fond of schooling, Pierce grew homesick and walked 12 miles (19 km) back to his home one Sunday. His father fed him dinner and drove him part of the distance back to school before ordering him to walk the rest of the way in a thunderstorm. Pierce later cited this moment as "the

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of land from Mexico and led a failed attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain. He signed trade treaties with Britain and Japan and his Cabinet reformed its departments and improved accountability, but political strife during his presidency overshadowed these successes. His popularity declined sharply in

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He also thought - and he sincerely believed this - that if the North hadn't attacked the South so much for being for this moral sin of slavery, that the South eventually over time would have ended slavery on its own, that he felt that the Civil War was unnecessary. And he always said that, and he

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History has accorded to the Pierce administration a share of the blame for policies that incited the slavery issue, hastened the collapse of the second party system, and brought on the Civil War. ... It is both an inaccurate and unfair judgment. Pierce was always a nationalist attempting to

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surveys (2000 and 2009). Part of his failure was in allowing a divided Congress to take the initiative, most disastrously with the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Although he did not lead that fight—Senator Douglas did—Pierce paid the cost in damage to his reputation. The failure of Pierce, as president, to

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faith at St. Paul's Church in Concord. He found this church to be less political than his former Congregational denomination, which had alienated Democrats with anti-slavery rhetoric. He took up the life of an "old farmer", as he called himself, buying up property, drinking less, farming the land

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editors forwarded the Hopkins letter to government officials. Seward then ordered the arrest of possible "traitors" in Michigan, which included Hopkins. Hopkins confessed authorship of the letter and admitted the hoax, but despite this, Seward wrote to Pierce demanding to know if the charges were

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The Senate unanimously and immediately confirmed all of Pierce's Cabinet nominations. Pierce spent the first few weeks of his term sorting through hundreds of lower-level federal positions to be filled. This was a chore, as he sought to represent all factions of the party, and could fully satisfy

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appointments, Pierce sought to unite a party that was squabbling over the fruits of victory. Most in the party had not originally supported him for the nomination, and some had allied with the Free Soil party to gain victory in local elections. Pierce decided to allow each of the party's factions

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in mid-September, although his brigade was held in reserve for much of the battle. For much of the Mexico City battle, he was in the sick tent, plagued by acute diarrhea. Pierce remained in command of his brigade during the three-month occupation of the city; while frustrated by the stalled peace

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Within the student body, Pierce's influence was widespread. Besides heading the Athenian Society, he also formed the only military company in the history of the college. "Captain" Pierce, in an attempt to provide recreation and instruction for his fellow students, led the Bowdoin Cadets in their

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David Potter concludes that the Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas–Nebraska Act were "the two great calamities of the Franklin Pierce administration ... Both brought down an avalanche of public criticism." More important, says Potter, they permanently discredited Manifest Destiny and "popular

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further incensed Pierce, who gave an address to New Hampshire Democrats in July 1863 vilifying Lincoln. "Who, I ask, has clothed the President with power to dictate to any one of us when we must or when we may speak, or be silent upon any subject, and especially in relation to the conduct of any

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them in 1844." This proved true, as Scott won only Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Vermont, finishing with 42 electoral votes to Pierce's 254. With 3.2 million votes cast, Pierce won the popular vote, 50.9% to 44.1%. A sizable block of Free Soilers broke for Pierce's in-state rival,

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of the liver, knowing he would not recover. A caretaker was hired; none of his family members were present in his final days. He died at 4:35 am on Friday, October 8, 1869, at the age of 64. President Grant, who later defended Pierce's service in the Mexican-American War, declared a day of

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in April 1865, a mob gathered outside Pierce's home in Concord, demanding to know why he had not raised a flag as a public mourning gesture. Pierce grew angry, expressing sadness over Lincoln's death but denying any need for a public gesture. He told them that his history of military and public

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The midterm congressional elections of 1854 and 1855 were devastating to the Democrats (as well as to the Whig Party, which was on its last legs). The Democrats lost almost every state outside the South. The administration's opponents in the North worked together to return opposition members to

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The resignation in May 1836 of Senator Isaac Hill, who had been elected governor of New Hampshire, left a short-term opening to be filled by the state legislature, and with Hill's term as senator due to expire in March 1837, the legislature also had to fill the six-year term to follow. Pierce's

2484:. Buchanan altered course from the Pierce administration, replacing all his appointees. The Pierces eventually moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where Pierce had begun to speculate in property. Seeking warmer weather, he and Jane spent the next three years traveling, beginning with a stay in 2423:

Pierce fully expected to be renominated by the Democrats. In reality, his chances of winning the nomination (let alone the general election) were slim. The administration was widely disliked in the North for its position on the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and Democratic leaders were aware of Pierce's

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Pierce and his administration used threats and promises to keep most Democrats on board in favor of the bill. The Whigs split along sectional lines; the conflict destroyed them as a national party. The Kansas–Nebraska Act was passed in May 1854 and ultimately defined the Pierce presidency. The

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and part of southern New Mexico; the price was cut from $ 15 million to $ 10 million. Congress also included a protection clause for a private citizen, Albert G. Sloo, whose interests were threatened by the purchase. Pierce opposed the use of the federal government to prop up private

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for the presidency by the Republican candidate, Lincoln. In the months between Lincoln's election, and his inauguration on March 4, 1861, Pierce looked on as several southern states began plans to secede. He was asked by Justice Campbell to travel to Alabama and address that state's secession

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with federal money. He saw both the bank and infrastructure spending as unconstitutional, with internal improvements the responsibility of the states. Pierce's first term was fairly uneventful from a legislative standpoint, and he was easily reelected in March 1835. When not in Washington, he

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during congressional recesses. Pierce returned to Concord in early 1842, and his reputation as a lawyer continued to flourish. Known for his gracious personality, eloquence, and excellent memory, Pierce attracted large audiences in court. He would often represent poor people for little or no

1824:

Buchanan had urged Pierce to consult Vice President-elect King in selecting the Cabinet, but Pierce did not do so—Pierce and King had not communicated since they had been selected as candidates in June 1852. By the start of 1853, King was severely ill with tuberculosis, and went to Cuba to

1214:

read the article on the Senate floor as "proof" that New Hampshire was a hotbed of abolitionism. Calhoun apologized after Pierce replied to him in a speech which stated that most signatories were women and children, who could not vote, which therefore cast doubt on the one-in-33 figure.

1907:

of possible transcontinental railroad routes throughout the country. The Democratic Party had long rejected federal appropriations for internal improvements, but Davis felt that such a project could be justified as a Constitutional national security objective. Davis also deployed the

1490:

troubles in battle led to accusations of cowardice that would long shadow him. He had demonstrated competence as a general, especially in the initial march from Vera Cruz, but his short tenure and his injury left little for historians to judge his ability as a military commander by.

1516:, the insular sect threatened with legal action over accusations of abuse. But his role as a party leader continued to take up most of his attention. He continued to wrangle with Hale, who was anti-slavery and had opposed the war, stances that Pierce regarded as needless agitation. 2424:

electoral vulnerability. Nevertheless, his supporters began to plan for an alliance with Douglas to deny James Buchanan the nomination. Buchanan had solid political connections and had been safely overseas through most of Pierce's term, leaving him untainted by the Kansas debacle.

2212:

Pierce's administration aroused sectional apprehensions when three U.S. diplomats in Europe drafted a proposal to the president to purchase Cuba from Spain for $ 120 million (USD), and justify the "wresting" of it from Spain if the offer were refused. The publication of the

3113:

Attractive, polished, and outgoing, he was remembered by classmates more for his social skills than his scholarship... he married Jane Means Appleton, the daughter of Bowdoin College's president... Jane was a frail, somewhat sickly, and erratic woman who suffered from bouts of

1709:("the hero of many a well-fought bottle"). Scott, meanwhile, drew weak support from the Whigs, who were torn by their pro-Compromise platform and found him to be an abysmal, gaffe-prone public speaker. The Democrats were confident: a popular slogan was that the Democrats "will 1260:

had begun. He considered the depression a result of the banking system's rapid growth, amidst "the extravagance of overtrading and the wilderness of speculation". So that federal money would not support speculative bank loans, he supported newly elected Democratic president

1932:

movement, with Marcy leading the charge as secretary of state. Marcy sought to present to the world a distinctively American, republican image. He issued a circular recommending that U.S. diplomats wear "the simple dress of an American citizen" instead of the elaborate

2496:"within our own borders in our own streets". He also criticized New England Protestant ministers, who largely supported abolition and Republican candidates, for their "heresy and treason". The rise of the Republican Party forced the Democrats to defend Pierce; during 1852:, systematizing its operations, expanding the use of paper records, and going after fraud. Another of Pierce's reforms was to expand the role of the U.S. attorney general in appointing federal judges and attorneys, an important step in the eventual development of the 2356:

Even as the act was being debated, settlers on both sides of the slavery issue poured into the territories so as to secure the outcome they wanted in the voting. The passage of the act resulted in so much violence between groups that the territory became known as

1347:

In June 1842 Pierce was named chairman of the State Democratic Committee, and in the following year's state election he helped the radical wing take over the state legislature. The party remained divided on several issues, including railroad development and the

849:

to Hillsborough after the war, purchasing 50 acres (20 ha) of land. Pierce was the fifth of eight children born to Benjamin and his second wife Anna Kendrick; his first wife Elizabeth Andrews died in childbirth, leaving a daughter. Benjamin was a prominent

1657:

When word reached New Hampshire of the result, Pierce found it difficult to believe, and his wife fainted. Their son Benjamin wrote to his mother hoping that Franklin's candidacy would not be successful, as he knew she would not like to live in Washington.

2615:

Pierce's drinking impaired his health in his last years, and he grew increasingly spiritual. He had a brief relationship with an unknown woman in mid-1865. During this time, he used his influence to improve the treatment of Davis, now a prisoner at

985:

between Adams and Jackson approached. In the state elections held in March 1828, the Adams faction withdrew their support of Benjamin Pierce, voting him out of office, but Franklin Pierce won his first election, a one-year term as Hillsborough's

2217:, which had been drawn up at Secretary of State Marcy's insistence, provoked the scorn of northerners, who viewed it as an attempt to annex a slave-holding possession to bolster Southern interests. It helped discredit the expansionist policy of 2840:

After his death, Pierce mostly passed from the American consciousness, except as one of a series of presidents whose disastrous tenures led to civil war. Pierce's presidency is widely regarded as a failure; he is often described as one of the

2232:(a venture originally planned under Fillmore) in an effort to expand trade to the East. Perry wanted to encroach on Asia by force, but Pierce and Dobbin pushed him to remain diplomatic. Perry signed a modest trade treaty with the Japanese 735:

As president, Pierce attempted to enforce neutral standards for civil service while also satisfying the Democratic Party's diverse elements with patronage, an effort that largely failed and turned many in his party against him. He was a

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as territorial governor, who drew the ire of pro-slavery legislators. Geary was able to restore order in Kansas, though the electoral damage had already been done—Republicans used "Bleeding Kansas" and "Bleeding Sumner" (the brutal

1209:

article added up the number of signatures on petitions from that state, divided by the number of residents according to the 1830 census, and suggested the actual number was one-in-33. Pierce was outraged when South Carolina Senator

2657:

national mourning. Newspapers across the country carried lengthy front-page stories examining Pierce's colorful and controversial career. Pierce was interred next to his wife and two of his sons in the Minot enclosure at Concord's

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in Boston. Northerners rallied in support of Burns, but Pierce was determined to follow the Fugitive Slave Act to the letter, and dispatched federal troops to enforce Burns's return to his Virginia owner despite furious crowds.

1167:

from being rechartered. The Democrats, including Pierce, defeated proposals supported by the newly formed Whig Party, and the bank's charter expired. Pierce broke from his party on occasion, opposing Democratic bills to fund

2850:

secure sectional conciliation helped bring an end to the dominance of the Democratic Party that had started with Jackson, and led to a period of over seventy years when the Republicans mostly controlled national politics.

1272:

One topic of particular importance to Pierce was the military. He took an interest in military pensions, seeing abundant fraud within the system, and was named chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Pensions in the

6578:

Williamson, Richard Joseph. "Friendship, politics, and the literary imagination: The impact of Franklin Pierce on Hawthorne's work" (PhD dissertation, University of North Texas, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1996.

2309:. This would repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820, as most of it was north of the 36°30′ N line the Missouri Compromise deemed "free". The territory would be split into a northern part, Nebraska, and a southern part, 1649:

delivered an unexpected and passionate endorsement of Pierce, sparking a wave of support for him. On the 49th ballot, Pierce received all but six of the votes, gaining the nomination. Delegates selected Alabama Senator

1570:

led a successful effort to split it into separate measures so that each legislator could vote against the parts his state opposed without endangering the overall package. The bills passed, and were signed by President

910:

house, until the noise caused him to demand that it halt. The students rebelled and went on strike, an event that Pierce was suspected of leading. During his final year at Bowdoin, he spent several months teaching at

1192:

of South Carolina looked to prevent anti-slavery petitions from reaching the House floor, however, Pierce sided with the abolitionists' right to petition. Nevertheless, Pierce supported what came to be known as the

2542:

In September 1861, Pierce traveled to Michigan, visiting his former Interior Secretary, McClelland, former senator Cass, and others. A Detroit bookseller, J. A. Roys, sent a letter to Lincoln's Secretary of State,

1684:; according to biographer Peter A. Wallner, it was "one of the least exciting campaigns in presidential history". Scott was harmed by the lack of enthusiasm of anti-slavery northern Whigs for him and the platform; 10206: 10201: 2435:, as the vice-presidential nominee. This loss marked the only time in U.S. history that an elected president who was an active candidate for reelection was not nominated by his political party for a second term. 2547:, accusing the former president of meeting with disloyal people, and saying he had heard there was a plot to overthrow the government and establish Pierce as president. Later that month, the pro-administration 2513:

convention. Due to illness he declined, but sent a letter appealing to the people of Alabama to remain in the Union, and give the North time to repeal laws against southern interests and to find common ground.

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sovereignty" as political doctrines. Historian Kenneth Nivison, writing in 2010, takes a more favorable view of Pierce's foreign policy, stating that his expansionism prefaced those of later presidents

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came across from Missouri to vote in the territorial elections although they were not resident in Kansas, giving that element the victory. Pierce supported the outcome despite the irregularities. When

1745:

Pierce began his presidency in mourning. Weeks after his election, on January 6, 1853, he and his family were traveling from Boston by train when their car derailed and rolled down an embankment near

1056:, Norwich faculty members and militia officers, to increase recruiting efforts and improve training and readiness. Pierce served as a Norwich University trustee from 1841 to 1859, and received the 905:, with whom he formed lasting friendships. He was the last in his class after two years, but he worked hard to improve his grades and graduated in fifth place in 1824 in a graduating class of 14. 11631: 1551:, a Louisianan, whose views on most political issues were unknown. Despite his past support for Van Buren, Pierce supported Cass, turning down the quiet offer of second place on the Free Soil 1277:(1839–1841). In that capacity, he urged the modernization and expansion of the Army, with a focus on militias and mobility rather than on coastal fortifications, which he considered outdated. 1134:. They had three sons, all of whom died in childhood. Franklin Jr. (February 2–5, 1836) died in infancy, while Frank Robert (August 27, 1839 – November 14, 1843) died at the age of four from 1372: 781: 693: 11516: 1237:

while his wife also continued to suffer from chronic poor health. As senator, he was able to help his old friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, who often struggled financially, procuring for him a

1163:

convened its regular session on December 2. Jackson's second term was under way, and the House of Representatives had a strong Democratic majority, whose primary focus was to prevent the

2317:

politicians, the Compromise of 1850 had already annulled the Missouri Compromise by admitting the state of California, including territory south of the compromise line, as a free state.

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Pierce's health began to decline again in mid-1869; he resumed heavy drinking despite his deteriorating physical condition. He returned to Concord that September, suffering from severe

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Above all, she was a committed devotee of the temperance movement. She detested Washington and usually refused to live there, even after Franklin Pierce became a U.S. Senator in 1837.

2438:

Pierce endorsed Buchanan, though the two remained distant; he hoped to resolve the Kansas situation by November to improve the Democrats' chances in the general election. He installed

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Americans won the battle and Pierce helped negotiate an armistice. He then returned to command and led his brigade throughout the rest of the campaign, eventually taking part in the

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public servant?", he demanded. Pierce's comments were ill-received in much of the North, especially as his criticism of Lincoln's aims coincided with the twin Union victories at

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would deadlock, with no candidate able to win the necessary two-thirds majority. New Hampshire Democrats, including Pierce, supported his old teacher, Levi Woodbury, by then an

1205:", which had the dual meaning of "craven-spirited man" and "northerner with southern sympathies". Pierce had stated that not one in 500 New Hampshirites were abolitionists; the 1937:

worn in European courts, and that they hire only American citizens to work in consulates. Marcy received international praise for his 73-page letter defending Austrian refugee

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of 1850 had failed to keep Britain from expanding its influence in the region. Gaining the advantage over Britain in the region was a key part of Pierce's expansionist goals.

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says, "His administration turned out to be one of the most disastrous in American history. It witnessed the collapse of the party system inherited from the Age of Jackson".

993:

Pierce actively campaigned in his district on behalf of Jackson, who carried both the district and the nation by large margins in the November 1828 election, even though he

3781:

never took that back, even at the height of the war itself. He always believed the Civil War was unnecessary, and it was brought upon the nation by fanatics on both sides.

2561:

a letter purporting to be from a member of the Knights of the Golden Circle, indicating that "President P." was part of a plot against the Union. Hopkins intended for the

761:, but they abandoned him and his bid failed. His reputation in the North suffered further during the American Civil War as he became a vocal critic of President Lincoln. 8972: 8919: 8915: 7959: 7126: 1785: 1614: 854:

state legislator, farmer, and tavern-keeper. During Pierce's childhood, his father was deeply involved in state politics, while two of his older brothers fought in the

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and psychological ailments. She abhorred politics and especially disliked Washington, DC, creating a tension that would continue throughout Pierce's political ascent.

11636: 5789: 994: 776:. As a result of his support of the South, as well as failing to hold the Union together in time of strife, historians and scholars generally rank Pierce as one of 768:, suffered from illness and depression for much of her life. Their last surviving son was killed in a train accident while the family was traveling, shortly before 10196: 10191: 7037: 6760: 2960: 2954: 1856:. There was a vacancy on the Supreme Court—Fillmore, having failed to get Senate confirmation for his nominees, had offered it to newly elected Louisiana Senator 10237: 2948: 1119:

and Elizabeth Means. The Appletons were prominent Whigs, in contrast with the Pierces' Democratic affiliation. Jane Pierce was shy, devoutly religious, and pro-

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was founded in 1973 as the Franklin Pierce Law Center. When the school was renamed in 2010, a Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property was established.

2942: 1654:, a Buchanan supporter, as Pierce's running mate, and adopted a platform that rejected further "agitation" over slavery and supported the Compromise of 1850. 1331:

part of Pierce's Senate term, and this separation had taken a toll on the family. Pierce, meanwhile, had begun a demanding but lucrative law partnership with

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and driving overland to Mexico City. Congress passed a bill authorizing the creation of ten regiments, and Pierce was appointed commander and colonel of the

1368: 237: 9866: 6599: 1566:. These would give victories to North and South, and gained the support of his fellow Whig, Webster. With the bill stalled in the Senate, Illinois Senator 1197:, which allowed for petitions to be received, but not read or considered. This passed the House in 1836. He was attacked by the New Hampshire anti-slavery 3160: 1409:

Active military service was a long-held dream for Pierce, who had admired his father's and brothers' service in his youth, particularly his older brother

6836: 1766: 997:. The outcome further strengthened the Democratic Party, and Pierce won his first legislative seat the following year, representing Hillsborough in the 10230: 7042: 6764: 2890: 193: 2535:, arguing that even in a time of war, the country should not abandon its protection of civil liberties. This stand won him admirers with the emerging 11114: 10836: 10253: 7080: 6752: 2265: 1952:, which required the U.S. to prevent Native American raids into Mexico from New Mexico Territory. Gadsden negotiated a treaty with Mexican President 1826: 1232:

candidacy for the Senate was championed by state Representative John P. Hale, a fellow Athenian at Bowdoin. After much debate, the legislature chose

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Taylor, Michael J. C. (2001). "Governing the Devil in Hell: 'Bleeding Kansas' and the Destruction of the Franklin Pierce Presidency (1854–1856)".

11506: 10171: 9956: 9811: 7968: 7915: 7772: 7481: 4995: 2338: 708:. Democrats saw him as a compromise candidate uniting Northern and Southern interests, and nominated him for president on the 49th ballot at the 638: 7461: 11566: 9991: 9038: 7886: 7737: 2492:. In Rome, he visited Nathaniel Hawthorne; the two men spent much time together and the author found the retired president as buoyant as ever. 5806: 7732: 1032:. Interested in revitalizing and reforming the state militias, which had become increasingly dormant during the years of peace following the 1083:. New Hampshire had been a marginal state politically, but from 1832 through the mid-1850s became the most reliably Democratic state in the 11496: 11379: 11095: 8842: 8822: 8802: 8782: 8762: 8742: 8722: 8702: 8682: 8662: 8642: 8622: 8602: 8582: 8557: 8537: 8517: 8497: 8477: 8457: 8437: 8417: 8397: 8377: 8357: 8337: 8317: 8297: 8277: 7807: 7782: 7747: 7722: 1836:

Pierce sought to run a more efficient and accountable government than his predecessors. His Cabinet members implemented an early system of

1844:

passed three decades later, which mandated that most U.S. government positions be awarded on the basis of merit, not patronage. Secretary

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over the expansion of slavery in the American West. Pierce's administration was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the

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They were: John Tyler, Whig, 1844... Millard Fillmore, Whig, 1852... Andrew Johnson, Democrat, 1868... Chester Arthur, Republican, 1884.

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political turmoil that followed the passage saw the short-term rise of the nativist and anti-Catholic American Party, often called the

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Crockett, David A. (December 2012). "The Historical Presidency: The Perils of Restoration Politics: Nineteenth-Century Antecedents".

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calling for the annexation of Cuba, a document that was roundly criticized. He fully expected the Democrats to renominate him in the

2598:

had controversially dedicated his final book to Pierce. Some Democrats tried again to put Pierce's name up for consideration as the

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After leaving the White House, the Pierces remained in Washington for more than two months, staying with former Secretary of State

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while both served in Congress. Pierce had campaigned heavily for Polk during the election, and in turn Polk appointed him as

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on the coast, sometimes visiting Jane's relatives in Massachusetts. Still interested in politics, he expressed support for

1973:

industry and did not endorse the final version of the treaty, but it was ratified nonetheless. The acquisition brought the

1523:

of land divided the U.S. politically, with many in the North insisting that slavery not be allowed there (and offering the

1233: 1174: 165: 5926: 1860:, who had declined. Pierce also offered the seat to Benjamin, but he persisted in his refusal, whereupon Pierce nominated 11551: 11237: 11162: 10884: 10789: 10778: 10721: 9856: 8829: 8809: 8789: 8769: 8749: 8729: 8709: 8689: 8669: 8649: 8629: 8609: 8589: 8564: 8544: 8524: 8504: 8484: 8464: 8444: 8424: 8404: 8384: 8364: 8344: 8324: 8304: 8284: 8264: 8251: 8238: 8225: 8212: 8199: 8186: 8173: 8160: 8147: 8134: 8121: 8108: 8069: 8056: 8043: 8030: 8017: 8004: 7991: 7561: 6871: 6808: 6676: 6199: 2398: 2146: 2132: 2075: 2020: 1887: 1853: 1837: 1670: 1610: 1584: 1536: 1274: 1160: 709: 84: 692:, where he served from 1837 until his resignation in 1842. His private law practice was a success, and he was appointed 11481: 7581: 6464: 3047: 2530: 2348:

Northerners resented Pierce's attempted expansion of slavery through Kansas–Nebraska and Cuba. In this 1856 cartoon, a

1562:

Senator Henry Clay, a Whig, hoped to put the slavery question to rest with a set of proposals that became known as the

1469:

was perilous, and the men fought off several attacks before joining with Scott's army in early August, in time for the

1442: 1244:

Pierce voted the party line on most issues and was an able senator, but not an eminent one; he was overshadowed by the

870:

to prepare for college. By this time, he had built a reputation as a charming student, sometimes prone to misbehavior.

2695:

In addition to his LL.D. from Norwich University, Pierce received honorary doctorates from Bowdoin College (1853) and

1964:

into Mexico, and so a clause was included charging the U.S. with combating future such attempts. Congress reduced the

1941:, who had been captured abroad in mid-1853 by the Austrian government despite his intention to become a U.S. citizen. 11531: 9931: 7511: 7431: 6345: 3324: 1461: 1298: 1181: 1021: 1005: 701: 642: 571: 508: 2722:, his Concord home from 1842 to 1848, is open seasonally and maintained by a volunteer group, "The Pierce Brigade". 2553:

printed an item calling Pierce "a prowling traitor spy", and intimating that he was a member of the pro-Confederate

2352:

is held down by Pierce, Buchanan, and Cass while Douglas shoves "Slavery" (depicted as a black man) down his throat.

1512:

Returning to Concord, Pierce resumed his law practice; in one notable case he defended the religious liberty of the

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in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.

2735: 2625: 2578:, read the letters between Seward and Pierce into the Congressional record, to the administration's embarrassment. 2344: 2127: 2051: 1904: 1788: 1681: 1164: 382: 20: 4031:, p. 249: "Jan.7.-Hon. John P. Hale's letter to his constituents against the annexation of Texas, published". 3491: 2997:

cites the log cabin as the more likely birthplace, and historian Peter A. Wallner asserts this is conclusively so.

1948:

to Mexico to buy land for a potential railroad. Gadsden was also charged with renegotiating the provisions of the

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The two-story school building burned some years later, and Hancock Academy was founded in 1836 to fill its place.

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negotiations, he also tried to distance himself from the constant conflict between Scott and the other generals.

861:

Pierce's father placed Pierce in a school at Hillsborough Center in childhood and sent him to the town school in

769: 10432: 2624:, as well as to his own nephews. On the second anniversary of Jane's death, Pierce was baptized into his wife's 1609:

who had left the party with Van Buren to form the Free Soil Party had returned. It was widely expected that the

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Pierce was popular and outgoing, but his family life was difficult; his three children died young and his wife,

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in Concord, where Pierce died, was destroyed by fire in 1981, but is nevertheless listed on the register. The

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The life of Gen. Frank. Pierce, of New Hampshire, the Democratic candidate for president of the United States

2831: 2642: 2313:, and the expectation was that Kansas would allow slavery and Nebraska would not. In the view of pro-slavery 1727: 1606: 1143: 666: 3070:

had no business being president and who reached that lofty position purely by the accident of circumstance."

2285:

The greatest challenge to the country's equilibrium during the Pierce administration was the passage of the

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In late 1832, the Democratic Party convention nominated Pierce for one of New Hampshire's five seats in the

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Historian Larry Gara, who authored a book on Pierce's presidency, wrote in the former president's entry in

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summed up the attitude of many when he said of the Whig platform, "we defy it, execrate it, spit upon it".

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as measurer of coal and salt at the Boston Customs House that allowed the author time to continue writing.

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had not yet begun to attract a large following. Democratic strength in New Hampshire was also bolstered by

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in December 1853, purchasing a large swath of land in the southwest. Negotiations were nearly derailed by

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Nivison, Kenneth (March 2010). "Purposes Just and Pacific: Franklin Pierce and the American Empire".

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Presidents from Taylor Through Grant, 1849–1877: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents

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unfolded, but he kept his distance; Lincoln won a second term by a large margin. When news spread of

2198: 1776: 1301:, where the Whigs had probed for Democratic corruption for nearly a year but had issued no findings. 987: 974: 934: 846: 797: 5569: 1535:. Both proposals were anathema to many Southerners, and the controversy split the Democrats. At the 1130:

Jane Pierce disliked Hillsborough as well, and in 1838, the Pierces relocated to the state capital,

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This article is about the president of the United States. For other people with the same name, see

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himself, and hosting visiting relatives. He spent most of his time in Concord and his cottage at

2497: 2286: 2270: 2256: 1861: 1284:. The incumbent carried New Hampshire but lost the election to the Whig candidate, military hero 1017: 867: 646: 565: 6311: 1223: 1004:

Like all white males in New Hampshire between the ages of 18 and 45, Pierce was a member of the

897:, one of 19 freshmen. He joined the Athenian Society, a progressive literary society, alongside 645:

was a fundamental threat to the nation's unity, he alienated anti-slavery groups by signing the

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to support the bill regardless. It was tenaciously opposed by northerners such as Ohio Senator

1929: 1912:

to supervise construction projects in the District of Columbia, including the expansion of the

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An advocate of a southern transcontinental route, Davis persuaded Pierce to send rail magnate

1123:, encouraging Pierce to abstain from alcohol. She was somewhat gaunt, and constantly ill from 1075:

for the young Democrat, as the National Republicans had faded as a political force, while the

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Buchanan won because of a split between the Republican candidate, former California senator

1820:

died a little more than one month into his term, leaving a vacancy that could not be filled.

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to make the charges public, at which point Hopkins would admit authorship, thus making the

2432: 2366: 2314: 2237: 1477: 1380: 1266: 1256:, who dominated the Senate. Pierce entered the Senate at a time of economic crisis, as the 689: 598: 137: 8: 10547: 10512: 10482: 10372: 10362: 10357: 10327: 10134: 9427: 9417: 9251: 9156: 9144: 9114: 9108: 8181: 8155: 8116: 8112: 8090: 7930: 7920: 7507: 7427: 6866: 6792: 6460: 2370: 2290: 2189:. Marcy completed a trade reciprocity agreement with the British minister to Washington, 1917: 1718:

Hale, who won 4.9% of the popular vote. The Democrats took large majorities in Congress.

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Pierce campaigned vigorously throughout his home state for Van Buren's reelection in the

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Relations with Great Britain needed resolution, as American fishermen were upset at the

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The Whig nominee was General Scott, Pierce's commander in Mexico; his running mate was

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By 1824, New Hampshire was a hotbed of partisanship, with figures such as Woodbury and

705: 670: 650: 532: 11255: 7185: 5796:(2007): "His fervor for expanding the borders helped set the stage for the Civil War." 3556:

Norwich University, 1819–1911; Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, Volume 2

3527:

Norwich University, 1819–1911; Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor, Volume 1

3241: 2788:, the second most populous county in the state, is named in honor of President Pierce. 2581:

The institution of the draft and the arrest of outspoken anti-administration Democrat

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Several institutions and places have been named after Pierce, many in New Hampshire:

2696: 2544: 1857: 1552: 1326:. The house was restored in the 1970s and is now maintained as a historic attraction. 1245: 978: 230: 6607: 6236: 3118:

and deep depression... the two enjoyed a successful, if at time difficult, marriage.

2476:. Pierce, seen here in 1858, remained a vocal political figure after his presidency. 1812: 745:

the Northern states after he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which nullified the

11557:

Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire

11412: 11328: 11068: 11021: 10942: 10693: 10582: 10517: 10377: 10272: 10124: 9981: 9597: 9577: 9567: 9557: 9537: 9353: 9341: 9317: 9305: 9281: 9263: 9132: 9084: 8996: 8452: 8412: 8332: 8203: 8194: 8190: 8177: 8151: 8038: 8021: 8008: 7999: 7487: 7477: 7457: 7417: 7367: 7317: 7267: 7154: 6970: 6851: 6846: 6635: 6040: 5990: 5860: 4160: 3366: 2879: 2646: 2621: 2481: 2428: 2310: 2274: 2229: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2056: 1965: 1864:, an advocate of states' rights; this was Pierce's only Supreme Court appointment. 1809:

State) and the more moderate New York faction, the Softshell Democrats or "Softs".

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attended to his law practice, and in December 1835 returned to the capital for the

1049: 970: 894: 834: 754: 741: 471: 118: 7198: 6498: 5586: 5488: 2557:. No such conspiracy existed, but a Pierce supporter, Guy S. Hopkins, sent to the 11448: 11285: 11042: 10910: 10797: 10740: 10587: 10572: 10382: 10342: 10292: 10282: 9654: 9522: 9517: 9452: 9437: 9329: 9210: 9072: 8793: 8653: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8548: 8532: 8508: 8448: 8432: 8242: 8125: 8064: 7986: 7587: 7567: 7537: 7397: 6861: 6662: 6545: 6231: 5793: 4546: 4164: 3358: 2808: 2549: 2501: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2322: 2302: 2260: 2151: 2094: 2025: 1900: 1817: 1651: 1646: 1544: 1520: 1453: 1414: 1211: 1135: 1057: 1037: 1013: 950: 898: 890: 858:; public affairs and the military were thus a major influence in his early life. 750: 713: 658: 467: 94: 918:, where he earned his first salary and his students included future Congressman 749:, while many Southern whites continued to support him. The act's passage led to 11424: 11180: 11027: 10981: 10927: 10607: 10597: 10567: 10557: 10537: 10507: 10477: 10472: 10457: 10422: 10417: 10392: 10387: 10367: 10352: 9679: 9602: 9572: 9507: 9502: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9447: 9432: 9365: 9347: 9299: 9275: 9180: 9126: 8633: 8617: 8597: 8492: 8288: 8268: 8246: 8142: 8138: 8073: 7995: 7982: 7667: 7547: 7517: 7407: 7387: 7357: 7307: 7171: 7139: 7101: 7029: 6977: 6541: 6107:

The Expatriation of Franklin Pierce: The Story of a President and the Civil War

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Jane Pierce and "Benny", whose death cast a shadow over Pierce's term in office

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By the 1850s, Pierce had become a leader of the New Hampshire Democratic Party.

1430: 1426: 1253: 1116: 1053: 966: 911: 721: 218: 177: 130: 11136: 10858: 6044: 945:, followed by a period of study in 1826 and 1827 under Judge Edmund Parker in 829:. He was a sixth-generation descendant of Thomas Pierce, who had moved to the 11470: 10759: 10627: 10612: 10602: 10592: 10577: 10522: 10487: 10467: 10307: 10302: 10277: 10267: 10186: 9631: 9617: 9395: 9257: 9198: 9008: 8833: 8817: 8717: 8657: 8552: 8472: 8328: 8220: 8034: 7637: 7607: 7347: 7277: 7093: 7089: 4524: 3770:"Interview with Peter Wallner: Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son" 2980:

Vice President King died in office. As this was prior to the adoption of the

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in 1858, Douglas called the former president "a man of integrity and honor".

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some appointments, even those that had not supported the Compromise of 1850.

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Partisan violence spilled into Congress in May 1856 when Free Soil Senator

2334: 1661: 1323: 1124: 1061: 1009: 906: 45: 6533: 6186:. The American Presidents (Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Company, LLC. 6136: 2539:, but others saw the stand as further evidence of Pierce's southern bias. 11290: 9659: 9622: 9383: 9371: 9174: 9162: 9120: 9026: 8098: 7617: 6943: 2617: 2526: 2205: 1626: 1395: 1108: 1100: 1033: 1016:

in 1831. He remained in the militia until 1847, and attained the rank of

855: 765: 394: 11443: 3923: 3020:. Modern writers prefer this term to distinguish it from the modern-day 1605:

approached, the Democrats were divided over slavery, though most of the

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Democratic Party members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives

6689:

Exterior Statues and Memorials – N.H. Division of Historical Resources

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laying the groundwork for a party of Democrats in support of General

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service proved his patriotism, which was enough to quiet the crowd.

2403: 1665:

This anti-Pierce political cartoon depicts him as weak and cowardly.

9150: 8837: 8348: 7871: 6620: 3314:"Franklin Pierce and Bowdoin College Associates Hawthorne and Hale" 2298: 2247:, was one of Pierce's "most personally satisfying" days in office. 1559:, was held in New Hampshire to his lowest percentage in any state. 1238: 926: 792: 6698: 2794:, established in 1857, is also named in honor of President Pierce. 2197:, U.S. interests were also an issue in Central America, where the 1977:

to its present-day boundaries, excepting later minor adjustments.

1387:

as governor, and sent Hale to the Senate, much to Pierce's anger.

633:(November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th 8713: 8697: 8677: 5882:. Vol. 1. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 413. 2489: 2485: 1969: 1513: 1465: 1448: 1159:

Pierce departed in November 1833 for Washington, D.C., where the

1045: 6655: 5554:“Franklin Pierce statue was criticized even before its creation” 11632:

American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law

6671: 6356: 6131:. American Crisis Biographies. George W. Jacobs & Company. 5810: 5660: 3774: 3135: 2846: 2620:

in Virginia. He also offered financial help to Hawthorne's son

2380:

Passage of the act coincided with the seizure of escaped slave

2204:

British consuls in the U.S. sought to enlist Americans for the

1527:

to ensure it), while others wanted slavery barred north of the

1504: 1322:

house where Pierce lived from 1842 to 1848 is now known as the

772:. A heavy drinker for much of his life, Pierce died in 1869 of 2993:

Some local accounts suggest he was born in the Homestead. The

1547:, backing former president Van Buren. The Whigs chose General 1314: 866:

turning-point in my life". Later that year, he transferred to

10252: 3465:

The New-Hampshire Annual Register, and United States Calendar

1867: 1292:. Harrison died after a month in office, and Vice President 3478:

Triumphant Mourner: The Tragic Dimension of Franklin Pierce

2706:

specifically because of their association with Pierce. The

11627:

Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election

11622:

Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election

11547:

Democratic Party United States senators from New Hampshire

6059: 5173:"When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?" 2508:

united Democratic Party. The split Democrats were soundly

1367:

was welcome news to Pierce, who had befriended the former

11617:

United States Attorneys for the District of New Hampshire

6592: 5176: 2845:. The public placed him third-to-last among his peers in 6495:

Ordeal of the Union: Vol. 2: A House Dividing, 1852–1857

5576:

Published January 18th, 2023. Accessed March 20th, 2023.

4770: 4768: 2738:

commemorate Pierce and his family around New Hampshire.

2569:

editors seem overly partisan and gullible. Instead, the

1928:

The Pierce administration aligned with the expansionist

1543:

for president, while a minority broke off to become the

192: 11517:

American military personnel of the Mexican–American War

7190: 6146:

Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era

5931:. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House. p. 404. 2782:, was founded in the 1850s and honors President Pierce. 2645:; he later expressed optimism for Johnson's successor, 2236:

that was successfully ratified. The 1856 launch of the

11602:

Speakers of the New Hampshire House of Representatives

11542:

Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees

3323:. New Hampshire Historical Society: 24. Archived from 2641:

policy and supported the president's acquittal in his

1760: 11396: 6298:

Notable Events in the History of Dover, New Hampshire

5560:

Published June 16th, 2020. Accessed March 20th, 2023.

5151: 5149: 5136: 5134: 4765: 1456:

in the Mexican–American War boosted his public image.

238:

Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives

6600:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

2919: 2702:

Two places in New Hampshire have been listed on the

2427:

When balloting began on June 5 at the convention in

1421:

was one reason he refused an offer to become Polk's

821:

Franklin Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in a

7228: 6837:

List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce

6526:

Franklin Pierce, Young Hickory of the Granite Hills

5121: 5119: 3365:. 87–88 (10). New England Publishing Company: 265. 1767:

List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce

1111:(March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), a daughter of 990:, a position to which he was reelected five times. 881:, a lifelong friend of Pierce, wrote the biography 653:. Conflict between North and South continued after 7081:United States Senator (Class 3) from New Hampshire 6547:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861 6373: 6235: 5146: 5131: 3715: 3713: 2730:, dedicated in 1914, stands on the grounds of the 1429:'s advance slowed in northern Mexico, and General 956: 885:in support of Pierce's 1852 presidential campaign. 280:New Hampshire House of Representatives 5711:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. 5486: 4217: 4215: 2456:and the Know Nothing, former president Fillmore. 1833:of Missouri, was next in line to the presidency. 1539:, the majority nominated former Michigan senator 11637:Democratic Party presidents of the United States 11468: 5116: 5046: 5044: 4087: 4085: 3768:Lamb, Brian; Wallner, Peter (October 25, 2004). 3648:American President: An Online Reference Resource 1154: 16:President of the United States from 1853 to 1857 7043:New Hampshire's at-large congressional district 5953:Research Guide to American Historical Biography 5574:New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources. 4997:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government 4381: 4379: 4377: 4169:. Vol. 1. C. L. Webster. pp. 146–147. 3710: 2671: 1923: 5633:. Mount Washington Observatory. Archived from 5380: 5378: 5031: 5029: 4623: 4621: 4212: 2463: 1383:took control of the legislature, elected Whig 1138:. Benjamin (April 13, 1841 – January 6, 1853) 11122: 10844: 10654: 10238: 7887: 7214: 6714: 6351:Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire`s Favorite Son 6259:Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son 5979:Franklin Pierce: New Hampshire's Favorite Son 5041: 4584: 4582: 4178: 4176: 4082: 3644:"Franklin Pierce: Life Before the Presidency" 3246:. Philadelphia: J.W. Lewis & Co. p. 3243:History of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 1732: 11502:19th-century presidents of the United States 7008: 6641:Essays on Franklin Pierce and his presidency 6419: 5846: 5844: 5365: 5363: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4374: 2369:set up a shadow government, and drafted the 1555:, and was so effective that Taylor, who was 1288:. The Whigs took a majority of seats in the 10104:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 10079:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 5410: 5408: 5375: 5026: 4618: 4268: 4266: 4143: 4141: 3767: 3155: 3153: 1441:in February 1847, with Truman B. Ransom as 1399:Pierce in his brigadier general's uniform, 929:briefly with former New Hampshire Governor 11129: 11115: 10851: 10837: 10661: 10647: 10245: 10231: 7894: 7880: 7856: 7221: 7207: 6721: 6707: 6014: 6012: 5570:”New Hampshire Highway Historical Markers” 5395: 5393: 5338: 5336: 5166: 5164: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4579: 4403: 4173: 3580: 3578: 3496:. McWhiney Foundation Press. p. 155. 3259: 3257: 2221:the Democratic Party had often supported. 1903:, at Pierce's request, led surveys by the 1791:-engraved portrait of Pierce as president 1597:Campaign poster for the Pierce/King ticket 1499: 816: 298:January 7, 1829 – January 2, 1833 250:January 5, 1831 – January 2, 1833 155:March 4, 1837 – February 28, 1842 38: 10254:United States senators from New Hampshire 10089:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 6459: 6309: 5841: 5773: 5761: 5681: 5360: 5278: 5194: 4970: 4953: 3014:at the time; it soon became known as the 2758:University of New Hampshire School of Law 1868:Economic policy and internal improvements 1721: 1460:On March 3, 1847, Pierce was promoted to 410: 187:U.S. House of Representatives 11143:1856 United States presidential election 10865:1852 United States presidential election 10099:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 10094:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 10074:Democratic Attorneys General Association 6803:1852 United States presidential election 6438: 6294: 6216:. Somerset Publishers. pp. 262–69. 6143: 5904:. Somerset Publishers. pp. 268–69. 5850: 5405: 5020: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4263: 4138: 4040: 4028: 3914: 3912: 3839: 3837: 3637: 3635: 3622: 3620: 3356: 3150: 2675: 2610: 2488:and followed by tours of Europe and the 2467: 2402: 2343: 2264: 1871: 1811: 1736: 1696: 1660: 1592: 1589:1852 United States presidential election 1503: 1447: 1394: 1373:United States Attorney for New Hampshire 1313: 1309: 1222: 1103:was her husband's opposite in many ways. 1094: 1090: 1081:Jackson's landslide reelection that year 872: 791: 787: 637:, serving from 1853 to 1857. A northern 414: 11587:People from Hillsborough, New Hampshire 11512:Alcohol-related deaths in New Hampshire 11051: 10130:National Federation of Democratic Women 6523: 6503: 6400: 6275: 6256: 6104: 6065: 6030: 6009: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5682:Rochester, Junius (November 10, 1998). 5542:. Associated Press. September 18, 1981. 5474: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5369: 5354: 5342: 5333: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5272: 5260: 5236: 5200: 5161: 5125: 5086: 5062: 5035: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4906: 4894: 4870: 4834: 4810: 4786: 4759: 4735: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4561: 4498: 4474: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4368: 4332: 4296: 4272: 4245: 4233: 4182: 4147: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4091: 4076: 4052: 4016: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3903: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3828: 3816: 3792: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3584: 3575: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3403: 3344: 3311: 3287: 3263: 3254: 3227: 3215: 2961:New Hampshire historical marker no. 216 2955:New Hampshire historical marker no. 125 1390: 1149: 11507:19th-century New Hampshire politicians 11469: 6565: 6540: 6230: 6209: 6123: 6018: 5928:History Buff's Guide to the Presidents 5924: 5897: 5521:. National Register of Historic Places 4663: 4510: 3489: 3463:John Farmer, G. Parker Lyon, editors, 3357:Waterman, Charles E. (March 7, 1918). 2949:New Hampshire historical marker no. 80 2943:New Hampshire historical marker no. 65 2710:in Hillsborough is a state park and a 2185:'s increasing enforcement of Canadian 1968:to the region now comprising southern 1615:Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1375:. Polk's most prominent cause was the 999:New Hampshire House of Representatives 208:March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837 78:March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 11567:Military personnel from New Hampshire 11110: 10832: 10642: 10226: 10207:2018 House Caucus leadership election 10202:2006 House Caucus leadership election 7875: 7202: 7189: 7007: 6702: 6694:2018 article on the 14th US President 6442:Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary 6371: 6301:. Dover, NH: G. H. Wadleigh. p. 6278:Franklin Pierce: Martyr for the Union 5880:Give Me Liberty!: An American History 5877: 5725: 5631:"Mountains of the Presidential Range" 5170: 4993: 4548:History of Presidential Inaugurations 4544: 4463: 4159: 3909: 3834: 3632: 3617: 3552: 3523: 3131:"Presidential Historians Survey 2021" 3090: 1340:for building railroads. The radical " 1107:On November 19, 1834, Pierce married 977:), who were led by sitting President 812:as the homestead was being completed. 7901: 6684:Franklin Pierce Personal Manuscripts 6528:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6395:Jefferson Davis: Unconquerable Heart 6376:Jefferson Davis, Unconquerable Heart 6181: 6162: 6077: 5976: 5964: 5835: 5767: 5731: 5704: 5659:. Pierceton, Indiana. Archived from 5248: 5224: 5212: 5155: 5140: 5110: 5098: 5074: 5050: 4981: 4964: 4918: 4882: 4858: 4846: 4822: 4798: 4774: 4747: 4723: 4573: 4486: 4457: 4445: 4397: 4385: 4356: 4344: 4320: 4308: 4284: 4257: 4221: 4206: 4194: 4132: 4121: 4103: 4064: 4004: 3891: 3804: 3626: 3602: 3596: 3493:West Point: Two Centuries and Beyond 3415: 3391: 3299: 3275: 3239: 3195:National Register of Historic Places 3046:was then elected annually; see also 2995:National Register of Historic Places 2843:worst presidents in American history 2704:National Register of Historic Places 837:, England in about 1634. His father 688:from 1833 until his election to the 11497:19th-century American Episcopalians 7191:Articles related to Franklin Pierce 7129:for President of the United States 6872:1856 Democratic National Convention 6809:1852 Democratic National Convention 6728: 6677:American Presidents: Life Portraits 6204:Nichols, Roy F. "Franklin Pierce," 5892:Roy F. Nichols, "Franklin Pierce", 2775:, renamed from Mt. Clinton in 1913. 2399:1856 Democratic National Convention 1761:Administration and political strife 1611:1852 Democratic National Convention 1585:1852 Democratic National Convention 1578: 1537:1848 Democratic National Convention 1161:Twenty-third United States Congress 710:1852 Democratic National Convention 13: 11522:American people of English descent 6668:"Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce" 6364: 6084:American National Biography Online 3191:"Nomination Form: Franklin Pierce" 3048:List of governors of New Hampshire 2904:American National Biography Online 2826:Pierce's image has been used on a 2250: 1840:examinations, a forerunner to the 14: 11648: 11562:Members of the Aztec Club of 1847 6650:Franklin Pierce: A Resource Guide 6632:Works by or about Franklin Pierce 6584: 6509:The Democratic Machine, 1850–1854 6165:The Presidency of Franklin Pierce 5786:Worst Presidents: Franklin Pierce 4511:Liptak, Adam (January 17, 2009). 3641: 3312:Wallner, Peter A. (Spring 2005). 3123: 2500:with Republican Senate candidate 2447:by South Carolina Representative 804:, where Pierce grew up, is now a 696:in 1845. Pierce took part in the 11454: 11442: 11430: 11418: 11406: 10703: 10431: 10152:High School Democrats of America 10084:Democratic Governors Association 10041:Congressional Progressive Caucus 8810:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 7855: 7846: 7845: 6987: 6986: 6624: 6380:. University of Missouri Press. 6349:interview with Peter Wallner on 6340: 6206:Dictionary of American Biography 6071: 6024: 5970: 5958: 5945: 5918: 5894:Dictionary of American Biography 5886: 5871: 5865:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.04023.x 5829: 5799: 5737: 5698: 5675: 5649: 5623: 5601: 5579: 5563: 5546: 5511: 5506:Franklin Pierce LL.D. dartmouth. 5480: 5468: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5348: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5014: 4987: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4813:, pp. 27–30, 63–66, 125–126 4804: 4792: 4780: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4606: 4594: 4567: 4555: 4551:. New York Democrat. p. 49. 4538: 3063: 3053: 2922: 2816: 2807: 2736:New Hampshire historical markers 2392: 2243:, one of six newly commissioned 1905:Corps of Topographical Engineers 1775: 1165:Second Bank of the United States 901:(later elected to Congress) and 507: 21:Franklin Pierce (disambiguation) 11597:Presidents of the United States 10019:Steering and Outreach Committee 7230:Presidents of the United States 6832:Inauguration of Franklin Pierce 6645:Miller Center of Public Affairs 6595:"Franklin Pierce (id: P000333)" 6420:Brinkley, A.; Dyer, D. (2004). 6238:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 5977:Gara, Larry (September 2005). " 5609:"Franklin Pierce Center for IP" 4504: 4492: 4480: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4415: 4391: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4200: 4188: 4166:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant 4153: 4109: 4097: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3698: 3686: 3674: 3590: 3559:. Capital City Press. pp. 3546: 3530:. Capital City Press. pp. 3517: 3483: 3470: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3359:"The Red Schoolhouse in Action" 3350: 3338: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3233: 3036: 3027: 2307:decide whether to allow slavery 1433:proposed capturing the port of 1304: 969:. They opposed the established 957:Hillsborough and State politics 782:least memorable U.S. presidents 406: 11592:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni 7162:President of the United States 6745:President of the United States 6524:Nichols, Roy Franklin (1931). 6167:. University Press of Kansas. 6148:. University Press of Kansas. 6097: 5853:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5000:. Hachette Books. p. 25. 3221: 3209: 3183: 3084: 3000: 2987: 2974: 2938:List of deaths through alcohol 1713:their enemies in 1852 as they 1218: 937:. He then spent a semester at 635:president of the United States 66:President of the United States 1: 11582:Northampton Law School alumni 7021:U.S. House of Representatives 6511:. Columbia University Press. 6213:Encyclopedia of New Hampshire 6078:Gara, Larry (February 2000). 5901:Encyclopedia of New Hampshire 5611:. University of New Hampshire 5493:. Dartmouth College. p. 3161:"Pierce, Franklin, Homestead" 3077: 3012:Jeffersonian Republican Party 2521:After efforts to prevent the 2413:assaulted with a walking cane 1728:Presidency of Franklin Pierce 1400: 1155:U.S. House of Representatives 1069:U.S. House of Representatives 889:In fall 1820, Pierce entered 694:New Hampshire's U.S. Attorney 49: 10120:College Democrats of America 6656:Franklin Pierce Bicentennial 6652:from the Library of Congress 6469:. Ticknor, Reed and Fields. 6424:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 5781:U.S. News & World Report 5589:. Franklin Pierce University 5534:"Franklin Pierce Home Burns" 5171:Rudin, Ken (July 22, 2009). 3553:Ellis, William Arba (1911). 3524:Ellis, William Arba (1911). 2672:Sites, memorials, and honors 2555:Knights of the Golden Circle 2516: 2474:George Peter Alexander Healy 1924:Foreign and military affairs 1827:Senate President pro tempore 740:expansionist who signed the 680:, the son of state governor 7: 11612:United States Army generals 8083:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 6623:(public domain audiobooks) 6466:The Life of Franklin Pierce 5983:Journal of American History 3017:Democratic-Republican Party 2951:: Franklin Pierce 1804–1869 2915: 2464:Post-presidency (1857–1869) 2361:. Thousands of pro-slavery 2195:Canada–United States border 1954:Antonio López de Santa Anna 1950:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 973:(and their successors, the 883:The Life of Franklin Pierce 827:Hillsborough, New Hampshire 802:Hillsborough, New Hampshire 373:Old North Cemetery, Concord 345:Hillsborough, New Hampshire 10: 11653: 11552:1850s in the United States 10197:2017 chairmanship election 10192:2005 chairmanship election 10147:Young Democrats of America 6903:Franklin Pierce University 6753:Senator from New Hampshire 6276:Wallner, Peter A. (2007). 6257:Wallner, Peter A. (2004). 6033:Diplomacy & Statecraft 5925:Flagel, Thomas R. (2012). 5705:Guss, John Walter (2001). 5684:"King County, Founding of" 5487:Dartmouth College (1900). 4950:, pp. 90–102, 119–122 3371:10.1177/002205741808701007 3240:Hurd, D. Hamilton (1885). 3091:Coker, Jeffrey W. (2002). 2747:Franklin Pierce University 2714:, open to the public. The 2712:National Historic Landmark 2600:1864 presidential election 2396: 2337:, and the founding of the 2325:and Massachusetts Senator 2254: 1764: 1733:Transition and train crash 1725: 1703:1852 presidential election 1680:to its lowest level since 1603:1852 presidential election 1582: 1365:1844 presidential election 1282:1840 presidential election 1265:and his plan to create an 983:1828 presidential election 943:Northampton, Massachusetts 843:American Revolutionary War 808:. He was born in a nearby 806:National Historic Landmark 759:1856 presidential election 730:1852 presidential election 18: 11482:Family of Franklin Pierce 11366: 11346: 11319: 11308: 11273: 11246: 11229: 11198: 11171: 11154: 11082: 11040: 10999: 10972: 10955: 10920: 10893: 10876: 10809:Secretary of the Interior 10807: 10788: 10769: 10750: 10731: 10714:Secretary of the Treasury 10712: 10701: 10684: 10440: 10429: 10260: 10212:Weekly Democratic Address 10164: 10140:Stonewall Young Democrats 10112: 10066: 10001: 9990: 9688: 9405: 9220: 8971: 8853: 7951: 7911: 7841: 7713: 7236: 7196: 7168: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7136: 7121: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7078: 7070: 7063: 7053: 7034: 7026: 7019: 7014: 6965: 6936: 6928:Statue of Franklin Pierce 6918:Pierce County, Washington 6888:Franklin Pierce Homestead 6880: 6822: 6775: 6736: 6339: 6334: 6313:Presidential Confidential 6295:Wadleigh, George (1913). 6182:Holt, Michael F. (2010). 6144:Etchison, Nicole (2004). 6045:10.1080/09592290903577668 5951:Robert Muccigrosso, ed., 4994:Davis, Jefferson (1881). 3044:governor of New Hampshire 2889:Historian and biographer 2798: 2786:Pierce County, Washington 2732:New Hampshire State House 2708:Franklin Pierce Homestead 2685:New Hampshire State House 2681:Statue of Franklin Pierce 2525:ended with the firing on 2166:Secretary of the Interior 2160: 2141: 2122: 2103: 2084: 2071:Secretary of the Treasury 2065: 2046: 2019: 2015: 1998: 1982: 1452:Pierce's brief term as a 935:Portsmouth, New Hampshire 847:Chelmsford, Massachusetts 798:Franklin Pierce Homestead 663:elected president in 1860 624: 581: 558: 541: 520: 515: 503: 486: 460: 449: 432: 424: 388: 378: 368: 351: 331: 326: 322: 312: 302: 291: 276: 264: 254: 243: 236: 224: 212: 201: 183: 171: 159: 148: 136: 124: 112: 82: 71: 63: 59: 37: 30: 11532:Burials in New Hampshire 9967:Northern Mariana Islands 7109:Party political offices 7038:House of Representatives 7009:Offices and distinctions 6956:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce 6617:Works by Franklin Pierce 6608:Works by Franklin Pierce 6593:United States Congress. 6372:Allen, Felicity (1999). 6310:Boertlein, John (2010). 5792:October 2, 2013, at the 3614:, pp. 31–32, 77–78. 3363:The Journal of Education 3321:Historical New Hampshire 2967: 2832:Presidential Dollar Coin 2753:, was chartered in 1962. 2537:Northern Peace Democrats 2445:caning of Charles Sumner 1975:contiguous United States 1464:, and took command of a 1044:, a military college in 841:was a lieutenant in the 831:Massachusetts Bay Colony 686:House of Representatives 604:Battle of Molino del Rey 454:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce 11572:New Hampshire Democrats 10177:Presidential candidates 6439:Hamilton, Neil (2010). 6422:The American Presidency 6401:Barlett, D. W. (1852). 6105:Boulard, Garry (2006). 6089:(subscription required) 5519:"Franklin Pierce House" 2604:Lincoln's assassination 2297:, which stretched from 1962:unauthorized expedition 1910:Army Corps of Engineers 1862:John Archibald Campbell 1500:Return to New Hampshire 1445:and second-in-command. 1413:'s, as well as that of 1290:Twenty-seventh Congress 868:Phillips Exeter Academy 817:Childhood and education 667:Southern states seceded 11527:Bowdoin College alumni 10056:Problem Solvers Caucus 10051:New Democrat Coalition 8905:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 7328:William Henry Harrison 6923:Pierce County, Georgia 6842:Young America movement 6661:June 18, 2022, at the 6407:. Derby & Miller. 6210:Capace, Nancy (2001). 5898:Capace, Nancy (2001). 5813:. 2009. Archived from 5708:Pierce County, Georgia 3652:University of Virginia 3490:Betros, Lance (2004). 3476:Brian Matthew Jordan, 2982:Twenty-fifth Amendment 2913: 2900: 2871: 2792:Pierce County, Georgia 2692: 2477: 2420: 2419:in the Senate chamber. 2353: 2293:the largely unsettled 2282: 1880: 1821: 1747:Andover, Massachusetts 1742: 1722:Presidency (1853–1857) 1705: 1666: 1598: 1509: 1483:capture of Mexico City 1457: 1406: 1327: 1320:Concord, New Hampshire 1299:New York Customs House 1286:William Henry Harrison 1228: 1175:Twenty-fourth Congress 1132:Concord, New Hampshire 1104: 1085:Northern United States 1073:tantamount to election 1064:from Norwich in 1853. 988:town meeting moderator 947:Amherst, New Hampshire 939:Northampton Law School 886: 813: 712:. He and running mate 641:who believed that the 614:Battle for Mexico City 478:Northampton Law School 362:Concord, New Hampshire 11577:New Hampshire lawyers 11537:Deaths from cirrhosis 10790:Secretary of the Navy 7558:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6893:Franklin Pierce House 6788:9th Infantry Regiment 6505:Nichols, Roy Franklin 3165:National Park Service 2908: 2895: 2866: 2751:Rindge, New Hampshire 2716:Franklin Pierce House 2679: 2611:Final years and death 2471: 2406: 2347: 2268: 2199:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty 2147:Secretary of the Navy 1914:United States Capitol 1875: 1815: 1740: 1701:Electoral map of the 1700: 1671:Secretary of the Navy 1664: 1596: 1507: 1451: 1439:9th Infantry Regiment 1398: 1381:Independent Democrats 1317: 1310:Lawyer and politician 1275:Twenty-sixth Congress 1226: 1170:internal improvements 1140:died at the age of 11 1098: 1091:Marriage and children 1036:, Pierce worked with 933:, a family friend in 876: 852:Democratic-Republican 795: 788:Early life and family 770:Pierce's inauguration 643:abolitionist movement 609:Battle of Chapultepec 542:Years of service 528:New Hampshire Militia 191:from New Hampshire's 138:United States Senator 11371:Other 1856 elections 11189:John C. Breckinridge 11087:Other 1852 elections 9957:District of Columbia 8630:1984 (San Francisco) 8525:1964 (Atlantic City) 8305:1920 (San Francisco) 7578:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6798:Battle of Churubusco 6461:Hawthorne, Nathaniel 6242:. Harper & Row. 6163:Gara, Larry (1991). 5878:Foner, Eric (2006). 4702:, pp. 40–41, 52 4545:Hurja, Emil (1933). 3831:, pp. 68, 91–92 3658:on December 17, 2010 3330:on August 17, 2015. 3006:This was called the 2930:New Hampshire portal 2583:Clement Vallandigham 2433:John C. Breckinridge 1916:and building of the 1478:Battle of Churubusco 1419:Mexican–American War 1391:Mexican–American War 1369:Speaker of the House 1267:independent treasury 1150:Congressional career 1099:Pious and reserved, 1030:Mexican–American War 1008:, and was appointed 975:National Republicans 716:easily defeated the 698:Mexican–American War 599:Battle of Churubusco 589:Mexican–American War 413:; died 10135:Stonewall Democrats 8790:2016 (Philadelphia) 8445:1948 (Philadelphia) 8385:1936 (Philadelphia) 7931:Fourth Party System 7921:Second Party System 7508:William Howard Taft 7428:Rutherford B. Hayes 6867:Topeka Constitution 6857:Kansas–Nebraska Act 6793:Battle of Contreras 6761:U.S. Representative 6568:White House Studies 6392:- Article on book: 6353:, November 28, 2004 5637:on November 5, 2013 2771:of New Hampshire's 2415:by Democratic Rep. 2371:Topeka Constitution 2287:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2271:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2257:Kansas–Nebraska Act 1935:diplomatic uniforms 1918:Washington Monument 1890:with reforming the 1850:Interior Department 1529:Missouri Compromise 1471:Battle of Contreras 1377:annexation of Texas 1350:temperance movement 1190:James Henry Hammond 1109:Jane Means Appleton 903:Nathaniel Hawthorne 879:Nathaniel Hawthorne 747:Missouri Compromise 684:. He served in the 676:Pierce was born in 669:, resulting in the 655:Pierce's presidency 647:Kansas–Nebraska Act 594:Battle of Contreras 548:1831–1847 (Militia) 271:Charles G. Atherton 11337:Andrew J. Donelson 11296:Robert F. Stockton 11281:Nathaniel P. Banks 11211:Stephen A. Douglas 11017:John J. Crittenden 10938:Stephen A. Douglas 10771:Postmaster General 10686:Secretary of State 10036:Blue Dog Coalition 8710:2000 (Los Angeles) 8565:1972 (Miami Beach) 8505:1960 (Los Angeles) 8285:1916 (Saint Louis) 8239:1904 (Saint Louis) 8226:1900 (Kansas City) 8187:1888 (Saint Louis) 8148:1876 (Saint Louis) 7941:Sixth Party System 7936:Fifth Party System 7926:Third Party System 7498:Theodore Roosevelt 7147:Political offices 7087:Served alongside: 6971:← Millard Fillmore 6913:Pierceton, Indiana 6814:Old North Cemetery 6200:online book review 6109:. iUniverse, Inc. 6080:"Pierce, Franklin" 6068:, pp. xi–xii. 5746:, pp. 377–379 5539:The New York Times 5465:, pp. 369–373 5453:, pp. 366–371 5441:, pp. 363–366 5429:, pp. 357–362 5417:, pp. 109–123 5402:, pp. 343–357 5372:, pp. 341–343 5357:, pp. 337–343 5345:, pp. 327–338 5294:, pp. 309–327 5263:, pp. 303–304 5251:, pp. 177–179 5239:, pp. 292–296 5203:, pp. 272–280 5143:, pp. 157–167 5128:, pp. 266–270 5113:, pp. 120–121 5101:, pp. 107–109 5089:, pp. 122–125 5077:, pp. 111–120 5065:, pp. 195–209 5038:, pp. 158–167 4921:, pp. 134–135 4885:, pp. 149–155 4873:, pp. 131–157 4849:, pp. 139–140 4789:, pp. 106–108 4777:, pp. 129–133 4750:, pp. 128–129 4666:, pp. 118–119 4564:, pp. 249–255 4517:The New York Times 4477:, pp. 241–249 4436:, pp. 229–230 4335:, pp. 210–213 4299:, pp. 197–202 4236:, pp. 173–180 4197:, pp. 549–565 4185:, pp. 157–161 4150:, pp. 147–154 4118:, pp. 144–147 4094:, pp. 154–157 4079:, pp. 131–135 4055:, pp. 111–122 4019:, pp. 131–132 3995:, pp. 103–110 3926:on August 16, 2010 3920:"The Pierce Manse" 3695:, pp. 241–244 2957:: The Pierce Manse 2945:: Pierce Homestead 2884:Theodore Roosevelt 2828:U.S. postage stamp 2780:Pierceton, Indiana 2778:The small town of 2769:Presidential Range 2724:A statue of Pierce 2693: 2659:Old North Cemetery 2631:Little Boar's Head 2478: 2421: 2354: 2295:Nebraska Territory 2283: 2279:Nebraska Territory 2187:territorial waters 2183:British Royal Navy 2128:Postmaster General 2052:Secretary of State 1983:The Pierce cabinet 1885:Treasury Secretary 1881: 1877:Indian Peace Medal 1854:Justice Department 1822: 1743: 1706: 1667: 1639:Fugitive Slave Act 1631:Thomas Hart Benton 1599: 1568:Stephen A. Douglas 1564:Compromise of 1850 1510: 1458: 1443:lieutenant colonel 1407: 1328: 1229: 1105: 1042:Norwich University 1020:before becoming a 995:lost New Hampshire 887: 814: 706:United States Army 671:American Civil War 651:Fugitive Slave Act 649:and enforcing the 533:United States Army 98:(March–April 1853) 11394: 11393: 11388: 11387: 11362: 11361: 11304: 11303: 11264:William L. Dayton 11225: 11224: 11104: 11103: 11078: 11077: 11036: 11035: 10990:William A. Graham 10951: 10950: 10826: 10825: 10817:Robert McClelland 10636: 10635: 10220: 10219: 10160: 10159: 10046:Justice Democrats 9670:Wasserman Schultz 8161:1880 (Cincinnati) 8070:1856 (Cincinnati) 7869: 7868: 7648:George H. W. Bush 7598:Lyndon B. Johnson 7528:Warren G. Harding 7468:Benjamin Harrison 7448:Chester A. Arthur 7438:James A. Garfield 7298:John Quincy Adams 7248:George Washington 7183: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7169:Succeeded by 7137:Succeeded by 7099:Succeeded by 7085:1837–1842 7057:Jared W. Williams 7054:Succeeded by 7001: 7000: 6612:Project Gutenberg 6557:978-1-118-60929-3 6452:978-1-4381-2751-4 6431:978-0-618-38273-6 6387:978-0-8262-1219-1 6362: 6361: 6323:978-1-57860-362-6 6316:. Clerisy Press. 6287:978-0-9790784-2-2 6268:978-0-9755216-1-8 6249:978-0-06-013403-7 6223:978-0-403-09601-5 6193:978-0-8050-8719-2 6174:978-0-7006-0494-4 6155:978-0-7006-1287-1 6129:Judah P. Benjamin 6116:978-0-595-40367-7 5938:978-1-4022-7142-7 5911:978-0-403-09601-5 5718:978-0-7385-1387-4 5686:. HistoryLink.org 5490:General Catalogue 5387:, pp. 85–100 5053:, pp. 99–100 5007:978-0-306-80418-2 4967:, pp. 88–100 4275:, pp. 184–97 4248:, pp. 181–84 4161:Grant, Ulysses S. 3971:, pp. 98–101 3629:, pp. 31–32. 3503:978-1-893114-47-0 3197:. 1976. p. 8 3108:978-0-3133-1551-0 2697:Dartmouth College 2643:impeachment trial 2545:William H. Seward 2179: 2178: 2171:Robert McClelland 1858:Judah P. Benjamin 1846:Robert McClelland 1674:William A. Graham 1625:of Pennsylvania, 1557:elected president 1462:brigadier general 1246:Great Triumvirate 1207:Herald of Freedom 1199:Herald of Freedom 1022:brigadier general 979:John Quincy Adams 726:William A. Graham 702:brigadier general 628: 627: 572:Brigadier general 342:November 23, 1804 260:Samuel C. Webster 231:Jared W. Williams 11644: 11459: 11458: 11447: 11446: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11402: 11347:Other candidates 11335:Vice President: 11329:Millard Fillmore 11317: 11316: 11274:Other candidates 11262:Vice President: 11244: 11243: 11232:Republican Party 11199:Other candidates 11187:Vice President: 11169: 11168: 11157:Democratic Party 11131: 11124: 11117: 11108: 11107: 11069:George W. Julian 11067:Vice President: 11049: 11048: 11022:Millard Fillmore 11000:Other candidates 10988:Vice President: 10970: 10969: 10943:William L. Marcy 10921:Other candidates 10909:Vice President: 10891: 10890: 10879:Democratic Party 10853: 10846: 10839: 10830: 10829: 10752:Attorney General 10733:Secretary of War 10707: 10706: 10694:William L. Marcy 10663: 10656: 10649: 10640: 10639: 10435: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10224: 10223: 10125:Democrats Abroad 10014:Policy Committee 9999: 9998: 9982:Democrats Abroad 8770:2012 (Charlotte) 8265:1912 (Baltimore) 8135:1872 (Baltimore) 8057:1852 (Baltimore) 8044:1848 (Baltimore) 8031:1844 (Baltimore) 8018:1840 (Baltimore) 8005:1835 (Baltimore) 7992:1832 (Baltimore) 7905: 7904:Democratic Party 7896: 7889: 7882: 7873: 7872: 7859: 7858: 7849: 7848: 7488:William McKinley 7478:Grover Cleveland 7458:Grover Cleveland 7418:Ulysses S. Grant 7368:Millard Fillmore 7318:Martin Van Buren 7268:Thomas Jefferson 7223: 7216: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7187: 7186: 7155:Millard Fillmore 7152:Preceded by 7114:Preceded by 7071:Preceded by 7048: 7027:Preceded by 7017: 7016: 7005: 7004: 6990: 6989: 6978:James Buchanan → 6852:Ostend Manifesto 6847:Gadsden Purchase 6768: 6756: 6748: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6700: 6699: 6636:Internet Archive 6628: 6627: 6604: 6575: 6561: 6537: 6520: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6481:on April 9, 2017 6477:. Archived from 6456: 6435: 6416: 6391: 6379: 6344: 6343: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6306: 6291: 6272: 6253: 6241: 6232:Potter, David M. 6227: 6197: 6178: 6159: 6140: 6120: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6007: 6006: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5848: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5817:on July 22, 2014 5803: 5797: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5663:on July 14, 2014 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5583: 5577: 5567: 5561: 5558:Concord Monitor. 5550: 5544: 5543: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5331: 5330:, pp. 65–66 5325: 5319: 5318:, pp. 55–56 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4968: 4962: 4951: 4945: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4897:, pp. 40–43 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4837:, pp. 26–27 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4763: 4762:, pp. 75–81 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4738:, pp. 61–63 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4714:, pp. 25–32 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4690:, pp. 32–36 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4654:, pp. 36–39 4649: 4643: 4642:, pp. 35–36 4637: 4631: 4625: 4616: 4615:, pp. 21–22 4610: 4604: 4603:, pp. 15–18 4598: 4592: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489:, pp. 43–44 4484: 4478: 4472: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4347:, pp. 36–38 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4311:, pp. 33–34 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4287:, pp. 32–33 4282: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4260:, pp. 23–29 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4210: 4209:, pp. 21–22 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4136: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3983:, pp. 93–95 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3922:. 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Archived from 3639: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3600: 3599:, locs. 273–300. 3594: 3588: 3587:, pp. 44–47 3582: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3454:, pp. 33–43 3449: 3443: 3442:, pp. 28–33 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3406:, pp. 28–32 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3290:, pp. 16–21 3285: 3279: 3278:, pp. 35–36 3273: 3267: 3266:, pp. 10–15 3261: 3252: 3251: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3171:on March 9, 2015 3167:. Archived from 3157: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3088: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022:Republican Party 3004: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2891:Peter A. Wallner 2880:William McKinley 2820: 2811: 2728:Augustus Lukeman 2647:Ulysses S. Grant 2482:William L. Marcy 2429:Cincinnati, Ohio 2339:Republican Party 2227:Matthew C. Perry 2219:Manifest Destiny 2215:Ostend Manifesto 2109:Attorney General 2090:Secretary of War 2057:William L. Marcy 1980: 1979: 1966:Gadsden Purchase 1898:Secretary of War 1879:depicting Pierce 1779: 1687:New-York Tribune 1579:Election of 1852 1573:Millard Fillmore 1494:Ulysses S. Grant 1423:Attorney General 1405: 1402: 1263:Martin Van Buren 1050:Truman B. Ransom 895:Brunswick, Maine 835:Norwich, Norfolk 755:Ostend Manifesto 751:violent conflict 742:Gadsden Purchase 551:1847–1848 (Army) 516:Military service 511: 418: 416: 412: 408: 358: 341: 339: 327:Personal details 315: 305: 296: 282: 267: 257: 248: 227: 215: 206: 196: 189: 174: 162: 153: 127: 119:Millard Fillmore 115: 87: 76: 54: 51: 42: 28: 27: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11477:Franklin Pierce 11467: 11466: 11465: 11453: 11441: 11431: 11429: 11419: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11397: 11395: 11390: 11389: 11384: 11358: 11342: 11300: 11286:Abraham Lincoln 11269: 11256:John C. Frémont 11235: 11221: 11216:Franklin Pierce 11194: 11160: 11150: 11135: 11105: 11100: 11074: 11043:Free Soil Party 11032: 10995: 10961: 10947: 10916: 10911:William R. King 10903:Franklin Pierce 10882: 10872: 10857: 10827: 10822: 10803: 10798:James C. Dobbin 10784: 10765: 10746: 10741:Jefferson Davis 10727: 10708: 10704: 10699: 10680: 10677:Franklin Pierce 10667: 10637: 10632: 10436: 10427: 10256: 10251: 10221: 10216: 10156: 10108: 10062: 9993: 9986: 9693: 9691: 9684: 9407: 9401: 9294:C. A. Culberson 9240:J. W. Stevenson 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9216: 9103:D. B. Culberson 8988: 8985: 8983: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8859:administrations 8857: 8849: 8670:1992 (New York) 8610:1980 (New York) 8590:1976 (New York) 8325:1924 (New York) 8122:1868 (New York) 7970: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7870: 7865: 7837: 7763:F. D. Roosevelt 7715: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7588:John F. Kennedy 7568:Harry S. Truman 7538:Calvin Coolidge 7398:Abraham Lincoln 7378:Franklin Pierce 7238: 7232: 7227: 7192: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7165: 7157: 7142: 7131: 7119: 7104: 7086: 7084: 7076: 7059: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7032: 7010: 7002: 6997: 6961: 6950:Benjamin Pierce 6932: 6876: 6862:Bleeding Kansas 6818: 6771: 6759: 6751: 6740: 6732: 6730:Franklin Pierce 6727: 6680:, June 14, 1999 6663:Wayback Machine 6625: 6587: 6582: 6558: 6542:Silbey, Joel H. 6493:Nevins, Allan. 6484: 6482: 6453: 6432: 6388: 6367: 6365:Further reading 6341: 6335:External videos 6330: 6324: 6288: 6269: 6250: 6224: 6194: 6184:Franklin Pierce 6175: 6156: 6117: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6010: 5995:10.2307/3659320 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5891: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5807:"C-SPAN Survey" 5805: 5804: 5800: 5794:Wayback Machine 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5568: 5564: 5551: 5547: 5532: 5531: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5499: 5497: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4971: 4963: 4954: 4946: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4591:, pp. 5–24 4587: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3661: 3659: 3642:Baker, Jean H. 3640: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3109: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3005: 3001: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2812: 2801: 2773:White Mountains 2674: 2613: 2550:Detroit Tribune 2519: 2502:Abraham Lincoln 2466: 2454:John C. Frémont 2401: 2395: 2363:Border Ruffians 2359:Bleeding Kansas 2323:Salmon P. Chase 2303:Rocky Mountains 2263: 2261:Bleeding Kansas 2255:Main articles: 2253: 2251:Bleeding Kansas 2175:1853–1857 2156:1853–1857 2152:James C. Dobbin 2137:1853–1857 2118:1853–1857 2099:1853–1857 2095:Jefferson Davis 2080:1853–1857 2061:1853–1857 2042:1853–1857 2026:William R. King 2011:1853–1857 2008:Franklin Pierce 1926: 1901:Jefferson Davis 1883:Pierce charged 1870: 1818:William R. King 1816:Vice President 1794: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1769: 1763: 1735: 1730: 1724: 1652:William R. King 1647:James C. Dobbin 1591: 1583:Main articles: 1581: 1545:Free Soil Party 1521:Mexican Cession 1502: 1415:John McNeil Jr. 1403: 1393: 1363:victory in the 1312: 1307: 1221: 1212:John C. Calhoun 1157: 1152: 1136:epidemic typhus 1093: 1058:honorary degree 1040:, president of 1038:Alden Partridge 1014:Samuel Dinsmoor 959: 951:Mary Baker Eddy 899:Jonathan Cilley 891:Bowdoin College 845:who moved from 819: 790: 714:William R. King 682:Benjamin Pierce 659:Abraham Lincoln 631:Franklin Pierce 620: 577: 554: 537: 499: 482: 468:Bowdoin College 445: 440:Benjamin Pierce 420: 404: 400: 397: 379:Political party 360: 356: 355:October 8, 1869 343: 337: 335: 313: 303: 297: 292: 283: 278: 265: 255: 249: 244: 225: 213: 207: 202: 190: 185: 172: 160: 154: 149: 140: 125: 113: 108: 99: 97: 95:William R. King 83: 77: 72: 55: 52: 33: 32:Franklin Pierce 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11650: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11464: 11463: 11451: 11439: 11427: 11415: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11332: 11323: 11321: 11314: 11311:American Party 11306: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11267: 11259: 11250: 11248: 11241: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11213: 11208: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11184: 11181:James Buchanan 11175: 11173: 11166: 11152: 11151: 11134: 11133: 11126: 11119: 11111: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11093: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11064: 11055: 11053: 11046: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11028:Daniel Webster 11025: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10985: 10982:Winfield Scott 10976: 10974: 10967: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10928:James Buchanan 10924: 10922: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10906: 10897: 10895: 10888: 10874: 10873: 10856: 10855: 10848: 10841: 10833: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10813: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10794: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10779:James Campbell 10775: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10763: 10756: 10754: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10737: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10718: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10690: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10666: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10643: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 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9864: 9862:North Carolina 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9643: 9634: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9236: 9234: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8993: 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8119: 8109:1864 (Chicago) 8106: 8080: 8067: 8054: 8041: 8028: 8015: 8002: 7989: 7975: 7973: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7695: 7685: 7675: 7668:George W. Bush 7665: 7655: 7645: 7635: 7625: 7615: 7605: 7595: 7585: 7575: 7565: 7555: 7548:Herbert Hoover 7545: 7535: 7525: 7518:Woodrow Wilson 7515: 7505: 7495: 7485: 7475: 7465: 7455: 7445: 7435: 7425: 7415: 7408:Andrew Johnson 7405: 7395: 7388:James Buchanan 7385: 7375: 7365: 7358:Zachary Taylor 7355: 7345: 7335: 7325: 7315: 7308:Andrew Jackson 7305: 7295: 7285: 7275: 7265: 7255: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7237:Presidents and 7234: 7233: 7226: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7172:James Buchanan 7170: 7167: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7140:James Buchanan 7138: 7135: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7102:Leonard Wilcox 7100: 7097: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7052: 7036:Member of the 7033: 7030:Joseph Hammons 7028: 7024: 7023: 7015: 7012: 7011: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6982: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6757: 6749: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6726: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6665: 6653: 6647: 6638: 6629: 6614: 6605: 6590: 6586: 6585:External links 6583: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6563: 6562:pp 345–96 6556: 6538: 6521: 6501: 6491: 6457: 6451: 6436: 6430: 6417: 6398: 6386: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6328: 6322: 6307: 6292: 6286: 6280:. Plaidswede. 6273: 6267: 6261:. Plaidswede. 6254: 6248: 6228: 6222: 6202: 6192: 6179: 6173: 6160: 6154: 6141: 6125:Butler, Pierce 6121: 6115: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6070: 6058: 6023: 6008: 5969: 5957: 5944: 5937: 5917: 5910: 5885: 5870: 5859:(4): 881–902. 5840: 5828: 5798: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5724: 5717: 5697: 5674: 5648: 5622: 5600: 5578: 5562: 5545: 5510: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5404: 5389: 5374: 5359: 5347: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5160: 5145: 5130: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5040: 5025: 5013: 5006: 4986: 4969: 4952: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4537: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4172: 4152: 4137: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3631: 3616: 3601: 3589: 3574: 3545: 3516: 3502: 3482: 3480:, 2003, p. 31. 3469: 3467:, 1832, p. 53. 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3349: 3337: 3304: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3253: 3232: 3230:, pp. 1–8 3220: 3208: 3182: 3149: 3122: 3107: 3101:. p. 54. 3082: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3052: 3035: 3026: 2999: 2986: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963:: Pierce Shops 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2917: 2914: 2862:Roy F. Nichols 2825: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2761: 2754: 2673: 2670: 2639:Reconstruction 2635:Andrew Johnson 2612: 2609: 2518: 2515: 2465: 2462: 2449:Preston Brooks 2417:Preston Brooks 2409:Charles Sumner 2397:Main article: 2394: 2391: 2327:Charles Sumner 2277:(in pink) and 2252: 2249: 2245:steam frigates 2177: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2133:James Campbell 2130: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2021:Vice President 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1958:William Walker 1925: 1922: 1869: 1866: 1831:David Atchison 1784: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1759: 1734: 1731: 1726:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1692:Horace Greeley 1629:of Texas, and 1623:James Buchanan 1580: 1577: 1549:Zachary Taylor 1525:Wilmot Proviso 1501: 1498: 1431:Winfield Scott 1427:Zachary Taylor 1392: 1389: 1336:compensation. 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1254:Daniel Webster 1227:Pierce in 1852 1220: 1217: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1144:train accident 1117:Jesse Appleton 1113:Congregational 1092: 1089: 1054:Alonzo Jackman 967:Andrew Jackson 958: 955: 912:Hebron Academy 818: 815: 789: 786: 722:Winfield Scott 626: 625: 622: 621: 619: 618: 617: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 585: 583: 579: 578: 576: 575: 569: 562: 560: 556: 555: 553: 552: 549: 545: 543: 539: 538: 536: 535: 530: 524: 522: 521:Branch/service 518: 517: 513: 512: 505: 501: 500: 498: 497: 494: 490: 488: 484: 483: 481: 480: 475: 464: 462: 458: 457: 451: 447: 446: 444: 443: 436: 434: 430: 429: 426: 422: 421: 402: 398: 393: 392: 390: 386: 385: 380: 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 359:(aged 64) 353: 349: 348: 333: 329: 328: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 289: 288: 277:Member of the 274: 273: 268: 262: 261: 258: 252: 251: 241: 240: 234: 233: 228: 222: 221: 219:Joseph Hammons 216: 210: 209: 199: 198: 184:Member of the 181: 180: 178:Leonard Wilcox 175: 169: 168: 163: 157: 156: 146: 145: 134: 133: 131:James Buchanan 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 107: 106: 100: 93: 90: 88: 85:Vice President 80: 79: 69: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 53: 1855–65 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11649: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11438: 11437:United States 11428: 11426: 11416: 11414: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11369: 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B. Johnson 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8750:2008 (Denver) 8748: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8730:2004 (Boston) 8728: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8252:1908 (Denver) 8250: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7956: 7950: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7897: 7892: 7890: 7885: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7862: 7854: 7852: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:G. H. W. Bush 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783:L. B. Johnson 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7712: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7638:Ronald Reagan 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7608:Richard Nixon 7606: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7348:James K. Polk 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7278:James Madison 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7212: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7195: 7188: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7156: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7095: 7094:Levi Woodbury 7091: 7090:Henry Hubbard 7083: 7082: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7006: 6994: 6993: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 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6102: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6021:, p. 192 6020: 6015: 6013: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5967:, p. 181 5966: 5961: 5955:(1988) 3:1237 5954: 5948: 5940: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5838:, p. 182 5837: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5734:, p. 180 5733: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5701: 5685: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5610: 5604: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5555: 5552:Pride, Mike. 5549: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5520: 5514: 5507: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5477:, p. 374 5476: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5275:, p. 305 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5021:Etchison 2004 5017: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4933:, p. 256 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4909:, p. 172 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4825:, p. 133 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4726:, p. 128 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4424:, p. 203 4423: 4418: 4412:, p. 206 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4371:, p. 231 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4041:Wadleigh 1913 4037: 4030: 4029:Wadleigh 1913 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3505: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3066: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2833: 2830:(1938) and a 2829: 2819: 2810: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2576:Milton Latham 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2532:habeas corpus 2528: 2524: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2440:John W. Geary 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2393:1856 election 2390: 2386: 2383: 2382:Anthony Burns 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335:Know Nothings 2330: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2230:visited Japan 2228: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191:John Crampton 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2114:Caleb Cushing 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2076:James Guthrie 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:James Gadsden 1942: 1940: 1939:Martin Koszta 1936: 1931: 1930:Young America 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888:James Guthrie 1886: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848:reformed the 1847: 1843: 1842:Pendleton Act 1839: 1838:civil service 1834: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1768: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1729: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1678:voter turnout 1675: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1634: 1633:of Missouri. 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621:of New York, 1620: 1619:William Marcy 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:"Barnburners" 1604: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1385:Anthony Colby 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:James K. Polk 1353: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1258:Panic of 1837 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1225: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:state militia 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Levi Woodbury 928: 923: 921: 920:John J. Perry 917: 916:Hebron, Maine 913: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 884: 880: 875: 871: 869: 864: 859: 857: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 739: 738:Young America 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678:New Hampshire 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657:, and, after 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 623: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 586: 584: 580: 573: 570: 567: 564: 563: 561: 557: 550: 547: 546: 544: 540: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 523: 519: 514: 510: 506: 502: 495: 492: 491: 489: 485: 479: 476: 473: 469: 466: 465: 463: 459: 455: 452: 448: 441: 438: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 396: 395:Jane Appleton 391: 387: 384: 381: 377: 374: 371: 369:Resting place 367: 363: 354: 350: 346: 334: 330: 325: 321: 317: 311: 308:Thomas Wilson 307: 301: 295: 290: 287: 281: 275: 272: 269: 263: 259: 253: 247: 242: 239: 235: 232: 229: 223: 220: 217: 211: 205: 200: 195: 188: 182: 179: 176: 170: 167: 164: 158: 152: 147: 144: 143:New Hampshire 139: 135: 132: 129: 123: 120: 117: 111: 104: 101: 96: 92: 91: 89: 86: 81: 75: 70: 67: 62: 58: 47: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 11370: 11334: 11326: 11309: 11261: 11253: 11230: 11215: 11186: 11178: 11155: 11147:1860 → 11139:← 1852 11086: 11066: 11061:John P. Hale 11058: 11041: 11012:Rufus Choate 11007:Edward Bates 10987: 10979: 10956: 10908: 10902: 10900: 10877: 10869:1856 → 10861:← 1848 10676: 10502: 10026:House Caucus 9902:South Dakota 9892:Rhode Island 9887:Pennsylvania 9867:North Dakota 8997:A. Stevenson 8855:Presidential 8489:Stevenson II 8469:Stevenson II 8095:Breckinridge 8078:Breckinridge 8060: 8025: 7969:presidential 7960:presidential 7733:T. Roosevelt 7702:2021–present 7688:Donald Trump 7678:Barack Obama 7658:Bill Clinton 7628:Jimmy Carter 7377: 7288:James Monroe 7239:presidencies 7160: 7122: 7088: 7079: 7035: 6985: 6976: 6969: 6908:Mount Pierce 6898:Pierce Manse 6881:Public image 6729: 6675: 6598: 6571: 6567: 6546: 6525: 6508: 6494: 6485:September 2, 6483:. Retrieved 6479:the original 6465: 6445:. Infobase. 6441: 6421: 6403: 6393: 6375: 6350: 6346: 6312: 6297: 6277: 6258: 6237: 6212: 6205: 6183: 6164: 6145: 6128: 6106: 6083: 6073: 6066:Wallner 2007 6061: 6036: 6032: 6026: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5960: 5952: 5947: 5927: 5920: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5879: 5873: 5856: 5852: 5831: 5819:. Retrieved 5815:the original 5801: 5779: 5775: 5763: 5756:Wallner 2007 5751: 5744:Wallner 2007 5739: 5727: 5707: 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5677: 5665:. Retrieved 5661:the original 5651: 5639:. Retrieved 5635:the original 5625: 5613:. Retrieved 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5581: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5548: 5537: 5523:. Retrieved 5513: 5505: 5498:. 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Retrieved 3169:the original 3140:. Retrieved 3134: 3125: 3116:tuberculosis 3112: 3093: 3086: 3065: 3055: 3038: 3029: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2989: 2976: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2893:notes that: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2839: 2740: 2720:Pierce Manse 2701: 2694: 2664:In his last 2663: 2651: 2614: 2596: 2580: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2541: 2531: 2520: 2506: 2494: 2479: 2472:Portrait by 2458: 2437: 2426: 2422: 2387: 2379: 2377:government. 2367:Free-Staters 2355: 2331: 2319: 2284: 2239: 2223: 2211: 2203: 2180: 2037: 1943: 1927: 1896: 1882: 1835: 1829:, initially 1823: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1755: 1744: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1685: 1668: 1656: 1643: 1635: 1600: 1561: 1518: 1511: 1492: 1488: 1475: 1459: 1408: 1354: 1346: 1338: 1329: 1324:Pierce Manse 1305:Party leader 1279: 1271: 1248:of Calhoun, 1243: 1230: 1206: 1198: 1187: 1182:abolitionism 1179: 1158: 1129: 1125:tuberculosis 1106: 1066: 1012:to Governor 1010:aide de camp 1003: 992: 960: 924: 907:John P. Hale 888: 882: 860: 820: 763: 734: 675: 630: 629: 582:Battles/wars 357:(1869-10-08) 318:Hiram Monroe 314:Succeeded by 293: 286:Hillsborough 266:Succeeded by 245: 226:Succeeded by 203: 173:Succeeded by 150: 126:Succeeded by 102: 73: 46:Mathew Brady 44:Portrait by 25: 11492:1869 deaths 11487:1804 births 11327:President: 11291:John McLean 11254:President: 11218:(incumbent) 11179:President: 11059:President: 11024:(incumbent) 10980:President: 10901:President: 10819:(1853–1857) 10800:(1853–1857) 10781:(1853–1857) 10762:(1853–1857) 10743:(1853–1857) 10724:(1853–1857) 10696:(1853–1857) 10679:(1853–1857) 10067:Fundraising 9972:Puerto Rico 9817:Mississippi 9732:Connecticut 9692:territorial 9392:(2005–2017) 9386:(1995–2005) 9380:(1989–1995) 9374:(1977–1989) 9368:(1961–1977) 9362:(1953–1961) 9356:(1951–1953) 9350:(1949–1951) 9344:(1937–1949) 9338:(1923–1937) 9332:(1920–1923) 9326:(1919–1920) 9320:(1917–1919) 9314:(1913–1917) 9308:(1911–1913) 9302:(1909–1911) 9296:(1907–1909) 9290:(1906–1907) 9284:(1903–1906) 9278:(1899–1903) 9276:J. K. Jones 9272:(1898–1899) 9266:(1890–1898) 9260:(1885–1890) 9254:(1881–1885) 9248:(1877–1881) 9242:(1873–1877) 9222:U.S. Senate 9207:(2003–2023) 9201:(1995–2003) 9195:(1989–1995) 9189:(1987–1989) 9183:(1977–1987) 9177:(1971–1977) 9171:(1962–1971) 9165:(1940–1961) 9159:(1936–1940) 9153:(1935–1936) 9147:(1933–1934) 9141:(1929–1933) 9135:(1923–1929) 9129:(1921–1923) 9123:(1909–1921) 9117:(1903–1909) 9111:(1897–1903) 9105:(1895–1897) 9099:(1891–1895) 9093:(1889–1891) 9087:(1883–1889) 9081:(1876–1881) 9075:(1875–1876) 9069:(1873–1875) 9063:(1869–1871) 9053:(1859–1861) 9047:(1857–1859) 9041:(1855–1857) 9039:G. W. Jones 9035:(1851–1855) 9029:(1849–1851) 9023:(1845–1847) 9017:(1843–1845) 9015:J. W. Jones 9011:(1835–1839) 9005:(1834–1835) 8999:(1827–1834) 8958:(2009–2017) 8952:(1993–2001) 8946:(1977–1981) 8940:(1963–1969) 8934:(1961–1963) 8928:(1945–1953) 8914:Roosevelt ( 8911:(1913–1921) 8899:(1868–1869) 8893:(1857–1861) 8887:(1853–1857) 8881:(1845–1849) 8875:(1837–1841) 8869:(1829–1837) 8234:Stevenson I 8208:Stevenson I 7979:1828 (None) 7955:conventions 7618:Gerald Ford 7065:U.S. Senate 6944:Jane Pierce 6767:(1833–1837) 6765:NH at-large 6755:(1837–1842) 6747:(1853–1857) 6643:, from the 6198:; also see 6098:Works cited 6019:Potter 1976 5690:January 31, 5158:, 1515–1558 4984:, 1097–1240 4664:Butler 1908 3662:January 16, 3218:, p. 3 2860:Biographer 2763:There is a 2618:Fort Monroe 2527:Fort Sumter 2498:his debates 2350:Free Soiler 2206:Crimean War 1627:Sam Houston 1404: 1852 1355:Democratic 1219:U.S. Senate 1101:Jane Pierce 1071:. This was 1034:War of 1812 1028:during the 971:Federalists 856:War of 1812 766:Jane Pierce 304:Preceded by 256:Preceded by 214:Preceded by 161:Preceded by 114:Preceded by 105:(1853–1857) 11471:Categories 11354:George Law 11238:Convention 11206:Lewis Cass 11163:Convention 10964:Convention 10958:Whig Party 10933:Lewis Cass 10885:Convention 9992:Affiliated 9932:Washington 9852:New Mexico 9847:New Jersey 9722:California 9109:Richardson 8973:U.S. House 8897:A. Johnson 8794:H. Clinton 8694:B. Clinton 8674:B. Clinton 8529:L. Johnson 8513:L. Johnson 8091:H. Johnson 8013:R. Johnson 7818:G. W. Bush 7773:Eisenhower 7723:Washington 7714:Presidency 7338:John Tyler 7258:John Adams 7166:1853–1857 7124:Democratic 7117:Lewis Cass 7051:1833–1837 6824:Presidency 6574:: 185–205. 5989:(2): 612. 5500:August 30, 4530:January 1, 4513:"The Oath" 3567:August 30, 3538:August 30, 3509:August 30, 3078:References 3060:in office. 3008:Republican 2855:Eric Foner 2853:Historian 2765:Mt. Pierce 2734:. Several 2588:Gettysburg 2291:Organizing 2273:organized 2225:Commodore 1765:See also: 1751:First Lady 1541:Lewis Cass 1519:The large 1425:. General 1361:dark horse 1333:Asa Fowler 1294:John Tyler 1250:Henry Clay 1188:When Rep. 1121:temperance 963:Isaac Hill 720:ticket of 718:Whig Party 493:Politician 487:Occupation 383:Democratic 338:1804-11-23 11413:Biography 10674:President 10563:Gallinger 10543:Patterson 10273:Livermore 10172:Primaries 10113:Sectional 9942:Wisconsin 9907:Tennessee 9812:Minnesota 9787:Louisiana 9690:State and 9655:McAuliffe 9483:McCormick 9406:Chairs of 9366:Mansfield 9354:McFarland 9330:Underwood 9324:Hitchcock 9288:Blackburn 9252:Pendleton 9169:McCormack 8920:1941–1945 8916:1933–1941 8903:Cleveland 8873:Van Buren 8843:primaries 8823:primaries 8803:primaries 8783:primaries 8763:primaries 8743:primaries 8723:primaries 8718:Lieberman 8703:primaries 8683:primaries 8663:primaries 8643:primaries 8623:primaries 8603:primaries 8583:primaries 8558:primaries 8538:primaries 8518:primaries 8498:primaries 8478:primaries 8458:primaries 8438:primaries 8429:Roosevelt 8418:primaries 8409:Roosevelt 8398:primaries 8389:Roosevelt 8378:primaries 8369:Roosevelt 8358:primaries 8338:primaries 8318:primaries 8313:Roosevelt 8298:primaries 8278:primaries 8204:Cleveland 8191:Cleveland 8182:Hendricks 8178:Cleveland 8156:Hendricks 8117:Pendleton 8113:McClellan 8022:Van Buren 8009:Van Buren 8000:Van Buren 7971:primaries 7716:timelines 7698:Joe Biden 7692:2017–2021 7682:2009–2017 7672:2001–2009 7662:1993–2001 7652:1989–1993 7642:1981–1989 7632:1977–1981 7622:1974–1977 7612:1969–1974 7602:1963–1969 7592:1961–1963 7582:1953–1961 7572:1945–1953 7562:1933–1945 7552:1929–1933 7542:1923–1929 7532:1921–1923 7522:1913–1921 7512:1909–1913 7502:1901–1909 7492:1897–1901 7482:1893–1897 7472:1889–1893 7462:1885–1889 7452:1881–1885 7432:1877–1881 7422:1869–1877 7412:1865–1869 7402:1861–1865 7392:1857–1861 7382:1853–1857 7372:1850–1853 7362:1849–1850 7352:1845–1849 7342:1841–1845 7322:1837–1841 7312:1829–1837 7302:1825–1829 7292:1817–1825 7282:1809–1817 7272:1801–1809 7262:1797–1801 7252:1789–1797 7074:John Page 6958:(brother) 6783:Doughface 6579:9638512). 6550:. Wiley. 6347:Booknotes 6053:154406060 6039:(1): 17. 5965:Gara 1991 5836:Gara 1991 5768:Gara 1991 5732:Gara 1991 5657:"History" 5587:"History" 5249:Gara 1991 5227:, 1610–24 5225:Holt 2010 5213:Holt 2010 5156:Holt 2010 5141:Gara 1991 5111:Gara 1991 5099:Gara 1991 5075:Gara 1991 5051:Gara 1991 4982:Holt 2010 4965:Gara 1991 4919:Gara 1991 4883:Gara 1991 4861:, 902–917 4859:Holt 2010 4847:Gara 1991 4823:Gara 1991 4799:Holt 2010 4775:Gara 1991 4748:Gara 1991 4724:Gara 1991 4574:Holt 2010 4525:0362-4331 4487:Gara 1991 4458:Holt 2010 4446:Gara 1991 4398:Holt 2010 4386:Gara 1991 4357:Holt 2010 4345:Gara 1991 4321:Gara 1991 4309:Gara 1991 4285:Gara 1991 4258:Gara 1991 4222:Holt 2010 4207:Gara 1991 4195:Holt 2010 4163:(1892) . 4133:Holt 2010 4104:Holt 2010 4065:Holt 2010 4005:Holt 2010 3892:Holt 2010 3807:, 362–375 3805:Holt 2010 3627:Gara 1991 3597:Holt 2010 3416:Holt 2010 3392:Holt 2010 3379:188507307 3300:Holt 2010 3276:Gara 1991 3099:Greenwood 2654:cirrhosis 2626:Episcopal 2592:Vicksburg 2523:Civil War 2517:Civil War 2281:(yellow). 2234:shogunate 2004:President 1435:Vera Cruz 1234:John Page 1203:doughface 1115:minister 914:in rural 877:Novelist 823:log cabin 810:log cabin 778:the worst 774:cirrhosis 568:(Militia) 504:Signature 461:Education 456:(brother) 450:Relatives 294:In office 246:In office 204:In office 166:John Page 151:In office 74:In office 64:14th 11449:Politics 11320:Nominees 11247:Nominees 11172:Nominees 11052:Nominees 10973:Nominees 10894:Nominees 10548:Wadleigh 10513:Atherton 10488:Woodbury 10408:Humphrey 10403:McIntyre 10373:Chandler 10363:Chandler 10333:Williams 10328:Atherton 10308:Woodbury 10288:Thompson 10031:Factions 10002:Congress 9927:Virginia 9877:Oklahoma 9857:New York 9832:Nebraska 9822:Missouri 9807:Michigan 9797:Maryland 9782:Kentucky 9762:Illinois 9737:Delaware 9727:Colorado 9717:Arkansas 9680:Harrison 9641:Grossman 9583:Westwood 9548:Mitchell 9543:McKinney 9528:Hannegan 9488:Cummings 9378:Mitchell 9336:Robinson 9211:Jeffries 9199:Gephardt 9157:Bankhead 9115:Williams 9085:Carlisle 8980:Speakers 8891:Buchanan 8573:Eagleton 8569:McGovern 8549:Humphrey 8533:Humphrey 8493:Kefauver 8473:Sparkman 8353:Robinson 8333:C. Bryan 8329:J. Davis 8293:Marshall 8273:Marshall 8256:W. Bryan 8247:H. Davis 8230:W. Bryan 8217:W. Bryan 8074:Buchanan 7953:National 7851:Category 7753:Coolidge 7728:McKinley 6992:Category 6952:(father) 6659:Archived 6621:LibriVox 6544:(2014). 6507:(1923). 6475:60713500 6463:(1852). 6234:(1976). 6127:(1908). 5821:June 30, 5790:Archived 5667:June 29, 5641:June 29, 5615:June 29, 5593:June 29, 5525:June 29, 3930:June 29, 3201:June 29, 3175:June 29, 3142:March 7, 2916:See also 2864:argues: 2699:(1860). 2510:defeated 2315:Southern 2299:Missouri 2240:Merrimac 1892:Treasury 1533:36°30′ N 1531:line of 1411:Benjamin 1342:locofoco 1239:sinecure 1195:gag rule 927:read law 839:Benjamin 639:Democrat 442:(father) 425:Children 197:district 194:at-large 11425:History 11399:Portals 10670:Cabinet 10553:C. Bell 10528:J. Bell 10483:Parrott 10448:Langdon 10441:Class 3 10423:Shaheen 10393:Bridges 10378:Burnham 10368:Marston 10348:Rollins 10313:Jenness 10303:Hubbard 10298:S. Bell 10268:Wingate 10261:Class 2 10182:Debates 10165:Related 9947:Wyoming 9922:Vermont 9827:Montana 9767:Indiana 9747:Georgia 9742:Florida 9712:Arizona 9702:Alabama 9694:parties 9646:Rendell 9618:Wilhelm 9588:Strauss 9578:O'Brien 9568:O'Brien 9558:Jackson 9533:McGrath 9478:McCombs 9468:Taggart 9458:Harrity 9433:Belmont 9428:Smalley 9418:Hallett 9398:(2017–) 9396:Schumer 9384:Daschle 9360:Johnson 9342:Barkley 9246:Wallace 9224:leaders 9213:(2023–) 9181:O'Neill 9163:Rayburn 9133:Garrett 9127:Kitchin 9079:Randall 9067:Niblack 9061:Randall 9057:Niblack 9051:Houston 8975:leaders 8964:(2021–) 8950:Clinton 8932:Kennedy 8867:Jackson 8738:Edwards 8658:Bentsen 8654:Dukakis 8638:Ferraro 8634:Mondale 8618:Mondale 8598:Mondale 8577:Shriver 8509:Kennedy 8453:Barkley 8413:Wallace 8195:Thurman 8169:English 8165:Hancock 8139:Greeley 8126:Seymour 8087:Douglas 7996:Jackson 7987:Calhoun 7983:Jackson 7962:tickets 7916:History 7813:Clinton 7778:Kennedy 7748:Harding 7127:nominee 6670:, from 6634:at the 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9423:McLane 9318:Martin 9306:Martin 9282:Gorman 9270:Turpie 9264:Gorman 9232:chairs 9230:Caucus 9205:Pelosi 9187:Wright 9175:Albert 9145:Rainey 9139:Garner 9091:Holman 8989:chairs 8987:Caucus 8944:Carter 8926:Truman 8909:Wilson 8885:Pierce 8834:Harris 8818:Harris 8614:Carter 8594:Carter 8553:Muskie 8449:Truman 8433:Truman 8393:Garner 8373:Garner 8289:Wilson 8269:Wilson 8243:Parker 8221:Sewall 8152:Tilden 8061:Pierce 8052:Butler 8039:Dallas 7803:Reagan 7798:Carter 7768:Truman 7758:Hoover 7743:Wilson 7047:Seat 3 6946:(wife) 6937:Family 6672:C-SPAN 6554: 6534:426247 6532: 6515: 6499:online 6473: 6449: 6428: 6411: 6384: 6357:C-SPAN 6320: 6284: 6265: 6246: 6220: 6190: 6171: 6152: 6137:664335 6135: 6113: 6051: 6001: 5935: 5908: 5811:C-SPAN 5715: 5215:, 1610 5004: 4523: 3775:C-SPAN 3500: 3377: 3136:C-SPAN 3105: 2847:C-SPAN 2799:Legacy 2622:Julian 2375:Topeka 2311:Kansas 2275:Kansas 1988:Office 1711:pierce 1553:ticket 1252:, and 1201:as a " 1048:, and 690:Senate 665:, the 574:(Army) 496:lawyer 433:Parent 409: 389:Spouse 364:, U.S. 347:, U.S. 11375:House 11091:House 10618:Gregg 10598:Wyman 10588:Upton 10583:Tobey 10578:Brown 10573:Moses 10558:Blair 10533:Clark 10523:Wells 10473:Mason 10468:Cutts 10413:Smith 10388:Keyes 9912:Texas 9792:Maine 9757:Idaho 9675:Perez 9665:Kaine 9637:Romer 9623:DeLee 9613:Brown 9598:White 9538:Boyle 9518:Flynn 9493:White 9463:Jones 9453:Brice 9348:Lucas 9300:Money 9193:Foley 9151:Byrns 9121:Clark 9097:Crisp 9021:Davis 8962:Biden 8956:Obama 8814:Biden 8798:Kaine 8778:Biden 8774:Obama 8758:Biden 8754:Obama 8734:Kerry 8349:Smith 8143:Brown 8130:Blair 7833:Biden 7828:Trump 7823:Obama 7788:Nixon 7041:from 6049:S2CID 5999:JSTOR 4801:, 872 4576:, 767 4460:, 740 4400:, 725 4359:, 724 4224:, 608 4135:, 505 4106:, 490 4067:, 447 4007:, 431 3894:, 419 3418:, 258 3394:, 230 3375:S2CID 3328:(PDF) 3317:(PDF) 3302:, 229 2968:Notes 1715:poked 1142:in a 1077:Whigs 1062:LL.D. 833:from 700:as a 417:) 405:( 401: 284:from 141:from 11141:) 10863:) 10568:Drew 10538:Fogg 10498:Page 10493:Hill 10353:Pike 10338:Hale 10323:Hale 9962:Guam 9917:Utah 9872:Ohio 9772:Iowa 9660:Dean 9628:Dodd 9608:Kirk 9498:Hull 9473:Mack 9408:the 9390:Reid 9372:Byrd 9312:Kern 9258:Beck 9073:Kerr 9033:Boyd 9027:Cobb 9009:Polk 9003:Bell 8879:Polk 8838:Walz 8714:Gore 8698:Gore 8678:Gore 8260:Kern 8099:Lane 8065:King 8048:Cass 8035:Polk 8026:None 7861:List 7793:Ford 7738:Taft 7442:1881 7332:1841 7133:1852 6776:Life 6763:for 6742:14th 6552:ISBN 6530:OCLC 6513:OCLC 6487:2002 6471:OCLC 6447:ISBN 6426:ISBN 6409:OCLC 6382:ISBN 6318:ISBN 6282:ISBN 6263:ISBN 6244:ISBN 6218:ISBN 6188:ISBN 6169:ISBN 6150:ISBN 6133:OCLC 6111:ISBN 5933:ISBN 5906:ISBN 5823:2014 5713:ISBN 5692:2017 5669:2014 5643:2014 5617:2014 5595:2014 5527:2014 5502:2014 5184:2017 5002:ISBN 4532:2022 4521:ISSN 3932:2014 3664:2019 3569:2014 3540:2014 3534:, 99 3511:2014 3498:ISBN 3203:2014 3177:2014 3144:2023 3103:ISBN 3042:The 2882:and 2756:The 2745:The 2666:will 2590:and 2411:was 2269:The 2259:and 2238:USS 2038:None 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