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460:. It had around 250,000 visitors a year in 2008, increasing to 700,000 a year (500,000 overnight) in 2017. It used to be possible to walk up to the glacier, but in March 2012 the terminal face of the glacier collapsed and it is now too dangerous to approach; signs warn against crossing the safety barriers at the lookout. As of 2023, the valley walk ends at a lookout about 3000 m from the main terminal face of the glacier. Visiting the glacier now requires a helicopter flight past the unstable terminal face. Glacier walks also require some specialised equipment, namely
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increased southerly air flow in the Tasman sea. After 2008 the glacier entered a very rapid phase of retreat, shrinking by 1.5 km between 2008 and 2017. It is now once again 3 km shorter than it was 100 years ago. Based on these patterns, Franz Josef
Glacier is predicted to retreat 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and lose 38% of its mass by 2100 in a mid-range scenario of warming, although it may retreat as much as 8 kilometres (5.0 mi).
312:
324:. However, in the Southern Alps warmer temperatures cause increased precipitation on the western face of the Main Divide, and Franz Josef glacier being short and steep is more sensitive to increased snow in the névé than other glaciers. If the increased precipitation falls as snow, the glacier will advance; if as rain, it will retreat. Increased snowfall takes around 5–6 years to result in changes in the terminus location.
49:
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quickly to very low altitudes: the glacier descends to 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level in just 11 km (6.8 mi). This combination of factors leads to Franz Josef persisting where most temperate-zone glaciers would have already melted, and allows it to share a valley with temperate rain forest.
339:, reaching a maximum in the early 18th century. When Haast became the first European to see the glacier it was still much longer than today, and the ice surface was 300 m higher. Between its first official mapping in 1893 and a century later in 1983, Franz Josef Glacier retreated 3 km up the valley.
378:
broke out of the glacier and carried chunks of ice downriver. These were still up to 50 cm across when they reached the Tasman Sea 20 km downstream. Another flood destroyed the access road bridge in 1989, followed by a further flood in April 1991. Torrential rain destroyed the bridge across
441:
But the Franz Josef
Glacier and its background of mountains is worth waiting long to see on a clear day. It is one of the most remarkable glaciers in the world. Slipping down from a large snowfield at more than 8,000 feet, it terminates in subtropical bush, only 700 feet above sea level. Movement in
387:
Westland Tai
Poutini National Park is one of the few places in New Zealand with a full sequence of pristine landscape from mountain peaks to the sea. The retreat of Franz Josef Glacier has allowed native forest to colonise the bare rock left behind, and how long ago the glacier retreated can be read
319:
Franz Josef
Glacier exhibits a cyclic pattern of advance and retreat, driven by differences between the volume of meltwater at the foot of the glacier and volume of snowfall feeding the névé. Over the past 14,000 years glaciers worldwide have generally retreated. Most of New Zealand's large glaciers
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and has a petrol station, small but busy heliport, numerous tourist accommodation options (with up to 2,000 people staying overnight during the main season) and a number of restaurants and shops. Just south of the village, a sealed road leads from the highway into the Franz Josef
Glacier valley and
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or snowfield at the head of Franz Josef
Glacier is over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above sea level and 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) in area. This wide névé, which is over 300 metres (980 ft) deep, feeds large amounts of compacted snow into a steep and narrow valley which drops
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tours from one of the several local airlines, which usually drop their guests between the first and second icefalls, for a guided 1–2 hour walk through the broken ground atop the glacier. Although the glacial landscape changes almost daily, given the glacier's unusually fast flow, and some walks
361:
Between 1983 and 2008 while most of the world's glaciers were retreating many New
Zealand glaciers advanced; Franz Josef regained nearly half the ice it had lost over the previous century. This anomalous growth has been attributed not to increased rainfall but to a series of cool years caused by
406:
Fox and Franz Josef glaciers are the most publicly-accessible glaciers in New
Zealand, and among the most accessible in the world – until recently, there was easy walking access directly to the glacier termini. Consequently for over a century they have been a significant tourist attraction.
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An alternative option to view the glacier is via the 8-hour day hike up the 1,303 metres (4,275 ft) high Alex Knob, overlooking the Franz Josef
Glacier and valley below. The path up Alex Knob is of good tramping track standard, but strenuous due to steeply climbing about 1,100 metres
220:, literally: 'The tears of Hine Hukatere'. According to oral tradition, Hine Hukatere loved climbing in the mountains and persuaded her lover Tuawe to climb with her. Tuawe was a less experienced climber than Hine Hukatere but loved to accompany her, until an
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Source
Citation Moore, W. Robert. "New Zealand ' Down Under '." National Geographic Magazine, vol. LXIX, no. Two, Feb. 1936, pp. +. National Geographic Archive 1888–1994, tinyurl.gale.com/tinyurl/EBhWJ4. Accessed 26 Mar. 2022. Gale Document Number:
374:(outbreak floods from water-filled ice tunnels) at the glacier. The névés of Fox and Franz Josef glaciers has one of the world's highest precipitation levels: up to 15 m a year. In December 1965, after 280 mm of rain in two days, the
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There were several periods of advance in the 20th century – 1946 to 1951 (340 m), 1965 to 1967 (400 m), 1983 to 1999 (1420 m) and 2004 to 2008 (280 m) – but all were followed by periods of greater retreat.
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including passages through ice tunnels, they are still considered quite safe and only somewhat strenuous. In June 2010, an Australian tourist died of a heart attack during a guided hike of the glacier.
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of Franz Josef Glacier, deposited by the retreating glacier about 12,000–3,000 years ago. An arc of rubble 80 m high, it was too rugged to be cleared for farming, and remains covered in native forest.
358:. The church was built in 1931, with a panoramic altar window to take advantage of its location. By 1954, the glacier had disappeared from view from the church, but it reappeared briefly in 1997.
445:
Airplane flights have proved a popular method of seeing this eight-mile long river of bluish-green ice , pressing down among hills that are aflame in January with red flowering rata trees.
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933:
Purdie, Heather; Anderson, Brian; Chinn, Trevor; Owens, Ian; MacKintosh, Andrew; Lawson, Wendy (2014). "Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers, New Zealand: Historic length records".
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to a car park. Several small walks start from the Valley Road and the car park, and it is also possible to comfortably cycle from Franz Josef township to the car park.
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452:, I flew over the glacier and looked out toward the snow fields and bold Alps, and I also went with him on the initial air-mail route in New Zealand.
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created by ice left in a moraine 9000 years ago, while Peters Pool close to the glacier's face arose in the same fashion just 210 years ago.
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Today the Franz Josef glacier area is the third-most-visited tourist spot in New Zealand, and one of the main tourist attractions on the
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Anderson, Brian; Lawson, Wendy; Owens, Ian (2008). "Response of Franz Josef Glacier Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere to climate change".
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Mackintosh, Andrew N.; Anderson, Brian M.; Lorrey, Andrew M.; Renwick, James A.; Frei, Prisco; Dean, Sam M. (14 February 2017).
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The first European description of one of the West Coast glaciers (believed to be Franz Josef) was made in the log of the ship
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swept him from the peaks to his death. Hine Hukatere was broken-hearted and her many, many tears flowed down the mountain.
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present. Some bare rock was only exposed a decade ago, while other surfaces were exposed in 1951, 1830, 1750, and 1600.
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about 18,000 years ago it extended to the present-day coastline or even beyond. As it retreated the glacier left behind
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This cyclic behaviour is well illustrated by a postage stamp issued in 1946, depicting the view from
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Historic variations of the terminus position of the Franz Josef Glacier and associated events.
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of accumulated rock and chunks of ice which created coastal hills and lakes. Lake Wombat is a
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996:"Regional cooling caused recent New Zealand glacier advances in a period of global warming"
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As the walking part of any tour up to the glacier takes a long time, and ends at the first
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483:(a frozen waterfall, draping a natural step in the land underneath), many tourists book
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Terminal face of Franz Josef Glacier viewed from lookout at end of valley walk as of 2014
430:(née Graham). Services in their hotel brought about the construction of St James Church.
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913:, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-H, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 48,
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The glacier is associated with the Graham family, in particular mountaineers and guides
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Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World – IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA, and NEW ZEALAND
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20 kilometres (12 mi) to the south, and a third glacier, it descends from the
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that latch onto a sturdy boot. These are usually provided by tour companies.
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shrank significantly towards the end of the 20th century, a consequence of
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Franz Josef Glacier currently terminates 19 km (12 mi) from the
250:, the name of the glacier was officially altered to Franz Josef Glacier /
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The Waiho Loop 4 km north of the settlement of Franz Josef is the
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the Sky Father took pity on her and froze them to form the glacier.
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the Waiho River in March 2019, and it took 18 days to replace it.
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822:. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. pp. 269–283.
1271:"Managing the hazards in the town of Franz Josef, New Zealand"
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its upper reaches is remarkably rapid, 15 or more feet a day.
970:"When the world's glaciers shrunk, New Zealand's grew bigger"
1424:
Franz Josef Glacier Daily Access Updates & Live Webcam
167:) is a 12-kilometre-long (7.5 mi) temperate maritime
932:
890:
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850
187:
to less than 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level.
1331:
1243:
McMahon, Brendan; Sherman, Janna (27 September 2017).
817:
1296:"Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere Walk"
1205:"Waiho Bridge reopens after being rebuilt in 18 days"
670:"The frozen tears of New Zealand's melting glaciers"
1142:
629:2009-10-09 at the Portuguese Web Archive (from the
235:in 1859. The glacier was later named after Emperor
495:At the entrance of the valley lies the village of
202:emerges from the glacier terminal of Franz Josef.
190:The area surrounding the two glaciers is part of
2813:
1381:"Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere"
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
597:"Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere"
335:Franz Josef Glacier advanced rapidly during the
62:Franz Josef Glacier / Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
1242:
1852:
1461:
1325:
796:
1337:"Obese tramper trapped in ice crevasse dies"
1091:"The unusual case of the 'growing' glaciers"
907:, in Williams, R.S.; Ferrigno, J.G. (eds.),
511:Panoramic view from the Franz Josef Glacier
251:
215:
161:
1859:
1845:
1468:
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1180:
847:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
624:Waiho River at Franz Josef, South Westland
1245:"Three options for future of Franz Josef"
1181:Grzelewski, Derek (July–September 1993).
1037:
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842:
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591:
589:
315:The glacier from the valley floor in 2001
16:Glacier in the Southern Alps, New Zealand
1308:
1302:
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819:West Coast Walking: A naturalist's guide
773:
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631:New Zealand Ministry for the Environment
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433:Extract from the February 1936 issue of
414:1932 New Zealand Railways tourism poster
409:
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326:
310:
263:
1119:
1063:"Franz Josef Glacier's 'rapid' retreat"
843:McSaveney, Eileen (24 September 2007).
783:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
730:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
667:
619:
617:
572:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2814:
1268:
968:Mitchell, Charlie (14 February 2017).
815:
779:"Tasman, Franz Josef and Fox glaciers"
751:"Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998"
586:
306:
1840:
1449:
1313:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1238:
1236:
1176:
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1113:
1111:
1089:Ballance, Alison (23 February 2017).
1060:
902:
884:
866:Johnston, Martin (19 November 2007).
764:
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559:
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663:
661:
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248:Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998
132:Up to 300 metres (980 ft) thick
175:on the West Coast of New Zealand's
13:
2837:Landforms of the West Coast Region
2832:Westland Tai Poutini National Park
1810:Waiau Glacier Coast Marine Reserve
1477:Westland Tai Poutini National Park
1233:
1171:
1120:Yarwood, Vaughan (May–June 2014).
1108:
724:McSaveney, Eileen (1 March 2009).
370:There have been some incidents of
173:Westland Tai Poutini National Park
77:Westland Tai Poutini National Park
14:
2853:
1826:2015 Fox Glacier helicopter crash
1798:Reserves and World Heritage Sites
1402:
845:"Waiho moraine loop, Franz Josef"
701:. 29 January 2019. Archived from
668:Killick, David (30 August 2018).
658:
1269:Petley, Dave (3 November 2017).
868:"Shrinking glaciers near crisis"
268:An aerial view down the glacier.
54:
47:
31:
1441:United States Geological Survey
1373:
1361:. Department of Conservation NZ
1351:
1311:"Man falls to death on glacier"
1288:
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1223:
1197:
1165:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.04.003
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987:
961:
955:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.06.008
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878:
859:
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743:
687:
636:
633:website. Accessed 2008-05-23.)
1:
1385:Department of Conservation NZ
552:
547:Climate change in New Zealand
522:Agassiz Glacier (New Zealand)
246:Following the passage of the
1889:Browning Pass / Nōti Raureka
1183:"Glaciers – ice on the move"
1061:Mills, Laura (9 July 2012).
816:Wilson, Kerry-Jayne (2017).
435:National Geographic Magazine
259:
7:
1145:Global and Planetary Change
935:Global and Planetary Change
699:Glacier Country New Zealand
515:
284:. Near the end of the last
37:Franz Josef Glacier in 2011
10:
2858:
1999:Garden of Eden Ice Plateau
1426:at Glacier Country Tourism
1413:Department of Conservation
542:Glacial retreat since 1850
399:
395:
331:The same viewpoint in 2016
253:Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
217:Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
163:Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
156:Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
26:Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere
2842:Franz Joseph I of Austria
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1418:West Coast & Glaciers
1309:ABC News (13 June 2010).
905:"Glaciers of New Zealand"
903:Chinn, Trevor.J. (1989),
726:"Glaciers and glaciation"
567:"Glaciers in New Zealand"
365:
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237:Franz Joseph I of Austria
205:
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2184:Mount Aspiring / Tititea
892:. New York: Basic Books.
646:. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu
402:Franz Josef, New Zealand
382:
356:St James Anglican Church
239:by the German geologist
214:name for the glacier is
124:12 km (7.5 mi)
2822:Glaciers of New Zealand
1430:Glaciers of New Zealand
537:Glaciers of New Zealand
2077:Alpine Lake / Ata Puai
1620:Alpine Lake / Ata Puai
1502:Mount Elie de Beaumont
1420:at New Zealand Tourism
1339:. APN News & Media
1333:The New Zealand Herald
1187:New Zealand Geographic
1151:(1). Elsevier: 23–30.
1126:New Zealand Geographic
1122:"The cold, hard truth"
1068:The New Zealand Herald
695:"Glacier Name History"
512:
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454:
415:
388:in the stage of plant
347:
332:
316:
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160:Franz Josef Glacier /
155:
105:43.46694°S 170.19167°E
2316:Big Wainihinihi River
1335:(17 September 2010).
1000:Nature Communications
510:
474:
439:
420:Alec and Peter Graham
413:
345:
330:
314:
267:
24:Franz Josef Glacier /
2751:Waitangitāhuna River
2701:Totarakaitorea River
1736:Waitangitāhuna River
1716:Totarakaitorea River
1230:GALE|BAKTLL872081589
705:on 30 September 2020
501:State Highway 6
179:. Together with the
110:-43.46694; 170.19167
2686:Te Rahotaiepa River
2351:Cook River / Weheka
2179:Aoraki / Mount Cook
2004:Olivine Ice Plateau
1994:Franz Josef Glacier
1963:Thunder Creek Falls
1958:Roaring Billy Falls
1773:Roberts Point Track
1666:Cook River / Weheka
1604:Franz Josef Glacier
1435:3 June 2008 at the
1157:2008GPC....63...23A
1021:10.1038/ncomms14202
1012:2017NatCo...814202M
947:2014GPC...121...41P
307:Advance and retreat
196:World Heritage Site
148:Franz Josef Glacier
101: /
2756:Waitangiroto River
2566:Ōhinetamatea River
2556:North Barlow River
2486:Landsborough River
1275:The Landslide Blog
872:New Zealand Herald
513:
477:
416:
348:
333:
317:
270:
2827:Westland District
2809:
2808:
2641:Smoothwater River
2065:Lakes and lagoons
1869:Westland District
1834:
1833:
1547:Mount Teichelmann
1359:"Alex Knob Track"
1249:Otago Daily Times
829:978-1-927145-42-5
144:
143:
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2796:Williamson River
2771:Whakapohai River
2511:Manakaiaua River
2496:Macfarlane River
2471:Karangarua River
2346:Clearwater River
2132:Saltwater Lagoon
2056:Open Bay Islands
2035:Gillespies Point
1861:
1854:
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1691:Karangarua River
1661:Clearwater River
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1409:Franz Josef area
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428:Dorothy Fletcher
301:terminal moraine
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2805:
2786:Wilkinson River
2781:Whitcombe River
2766:Whakaikai River
2731:Waikūkūpa River
2676:Taramakau River
2661:Strauchon River
2621:Rolleston River
2561:Ohinemaka River
2366:Deception River
2269:
2253:
2249:Mount Whitcombe
2244:Mount Vancouver
2224:Mount Rolleston
2219:Lendenfeld Peak
2162:
2146:Mountain ranges
2141:
2060:
2044:
2013:
1984:Douglas Glacier
1979:Agassiz Glacier
1967:
1930:
1929:Canyons, gorges
1924:
1903:
1872:
1865:
1835:
1830:
1814:
1793:
1777:
1756:
1740:
1731:Waikūkūpa River
1711:Strauchon River
1639:
1608:
1594:Douglas Glacier
1589:Agassiz Glacier
1577:
1566:Mountain passes
1561:
1557:Mount Vancouver
1522:Lendenfeld Peak
1480:
1474:
1437:Wayback Machine
1405:
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1399:
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1211:. 13 April 2019
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2807:
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2798:
2793:
2791:Willberg River
2788:
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2776:Whataroa River
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2763:
2761:Wanganui River
2758:
2753:
2748:
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2723:
2721:Waiatoto River
2718:
2716:Turnbull River
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Te Naihi River
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
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2656:Stafford River
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2626:Rotokino River
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2501:Mahitahi River
2498:
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2476:Kokatahi River
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
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2446:Hokitika River
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2122:Ōkārito Lagoon
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2107:Lake Mapourika
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2102:Lake Mahinapua
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2027:
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2019:
2015:
2014:
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2011:
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2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Hokitika Gorge
1945:
1943:Gates of Haast
1940:
1934:
1932:
1931:and waterfalls
1926:
1925:
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1911:
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1805:Te Wahipounamu
1801:
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1789:Chancellor Hut
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
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1762:
1761:Walking tracks
1758:
1757:
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1752:Ōkārito Lagoon
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1403:External links
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674:Deutsche Welle
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539:
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529:
527:Tasman Glacier
524:
517:
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450:Captain Mercer
426:and historian
397:
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384:
381:
367:
364:
337:Little Ice Age
322:global warming
308:
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192:Te Wāhipounamu
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2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Waitaha River
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Waipara River
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
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2699:
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2691:Toaroha River
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2609:
2607:
2606:Paringa River
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Otehake River
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Ōmoeroa River
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Ōkārito River
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Mueller River
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Moeraki River
2529:
2527:
2526:Mikonui River
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Lambert River
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Kaniere River
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Jackson River
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Hinatua River
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2434:
2432:
2429:
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2377:
2376:Douglas River
2374:
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2369:
2367:
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2359:
2357:
2356:Copland River
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Cascade River
2334:
2332:
2331:Callery River
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Balfour River
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Arahura River
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2265:Pleasant Flat
2263:
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2260:
2256:
2250:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
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2209:Mount Hopkins
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2195:
2194:Mount Dampier
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
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2169:
2165:
2159:
2158:Southern Alps
2156:
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2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
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2112:Lake Matheson
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2009:Volta Glacier
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1884:Arthur's Pass
1882:
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1877:Alpine passes
1875:
1871:, New Zealand
1870:
1867:Landforms of
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1701:Ōkārito River
1699:
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1696:Ōmoeroa River
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Hinatua River
1684:
1682:
1679:
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1676:Douglas River
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1671:Copland River
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1656:Callery River
1654:
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1651:Balfour River
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127:
123:
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86:
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80:
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50:
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22:
19:
2706:Troyte River
2696:Tōtara River
2616:Poerua River
2586:Oneone River
2551:Ngatau River
2521:Martyr River
2506:Jacobs River
2436:Harman River
2431:Hapuka River
2421:Hacket River
2391:Edison River
2386:Duncan River
2371:Donald River
2341:Clarke River
2326:Butler River
2311:Bettne River
2301:Barlow River
2239:Mount Tasman
2229:Mount Sefton
2199:Mount Graham
2153:Butler Range
2127:Lake Paringa
2117:Lake Moeraki
2097:Lake Kaniere
2030:Awarua Point
1993:
1894:Copland Pass
1721:Troyte River
1603:
1573:Copland Pass
1542:Mount Tasman
1532:Mount Sefton
1527:The Minarets
1497:Douglas Peak
1388:. Retrieved
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1353:
1343:17 September
1341:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1304:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
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1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
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1186:
1148:
1144:
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1125:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1066:
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1006:(1): 14202.
1003:
999:
989:
977:. Retrieved
973:
963:
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889:
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861:
851:28 September
849:. Retrieved
838:
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786:. Retrieved
782:
754:. Retrieved
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703:the original
698:
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177:South Island
159:
147:
145:
18:
2801:Wills River
2741:Waita River
2726:Waiho River
2671:Taipo River
2651:Spoon River
2646:Smyth River
2631:Ruera River
2611:Perth River
2601:Ōtoko River
2596:Ōtira River
2576:Okuru River
2546:Mungo River
2536:Morse River
2516:Maori River
2461:Jerry River
2416:Haast River
2406:Gorge River
2381:Drake River
2361:Cropp River
2321:Burke River
2281:Adams River
2258:River flats
2204:Mount Haast
2174:Mount Adams
2137:Lake Wahapo
2092:Lake Ianthe
2082:Lake Ellery
1989:Fox Glacier
1953:Otira Gorge
1920:Jackson Bay
1726:Waiho River
1706:Ruera River
1635:Lake Wahapo
1599:Fox Glacier
1552:Torres Peak
1512:Mount Hicks
1507:Mount Haast
735:12 February
532:Fox Glacier
497:Franz Josef
424:Rose Graham
376:Waiho River
372:jökulhlaups
294:kettle lake
233:Mary Louisa
200:Waiho River
181:Fox Glacier
108: /
96:170°11′30″E
83:Coordinates
2816:Categories
2711:Tuke River
2666:Styx River
2636:Ship Creek
2491:Lord River
2451:Hope River
2426:Hall River
2411:Gunn River
2396:Fork River
2306:Barn River
2234:Silberhorn
2214:La Perouse
2087:Lake Gault
1899:Haast Pass
1537:Silberhorn
1517:La Perouse
1280:11 October
1254:11 October
1215:11 October
1100:11 October
979:12 October
788:16 January
709:19 October
679:11 October
578:16 January
553:References
485:helicopter
458:West Coast
400:See also:
390:succession
282:Tasman Sea
198:park. The
140:Retreating
93:43°28′01″S
2401:Fox River
2167:Mountains
2072:Abel Lake
2025:Abut Head
2018:Headlands
1915:Bruce Bay
1681:Fox River
1485:Mountains
1030:2041-1723
941:: 41–52.
260:Geography
243:in 1865.
222:avalanche
129:Thickness
1972:Glaciers
1582:Glaciers
1433:Archived
1390:19 March
1365:19 March
1048:28195582
888:(2001).
756:28 March
644:"Whenua"
627:Archived
516:See also
466:crampons
462:ice axes
290:moraines
74:Location
2049:Islands
1745:Lagoons
1439:at the
1411:at the
1317:14 June
1153:Bibcode
1074:13 July
1039:5316876
1008:Bibcode
943:Bibcode
650:14 June
481:icefall
396:Tourism
286:ice age
169:glacier
2274:Rivers
1819:Events
1644:Rivers
1046:
1036:
1028:
917:
826:
606:14 May
366:Floods
206:Naming
137:Status
121:Length
1613:Lakes
974:Stuff
448:With
383:Flora
226:Rangi
212:Māori
152:Māori
1908:Bays
1782:Huts
1392:2015
1367:2015
1345:2010
1319:2010
1282:2020
1256:2020
1217:2020
1102:2020
1076:2012
1044:PMID
1026:ISSN
981:2020
915:ISBN
853:2020
824:ISBN
790:2008
758:2016
737:2012
711:2020
681:2020
652:2019
608:2008
580:2008
464:and
422:and
274:névé
272:The
210:The
194:, a
146:The
1209:RNZ
1191:019
1161:doi
1130:127
1095:RNZ
1034:PMC
1016:doi
951:doi
939:121
601:DOC
171:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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