1469:
1461:
581:
345:
915:
1923:
1019:
336:
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1778:
803:
1398:
3142:
1708:
1539:
1746:, just outside Prague. The day before, King Frederick had ridden down the lines and exhorted the soldiers. He then rushed to Prague to implore the Bohemian Estates to raise money for his troops and to receive the envoys of the English king. However, it was too late. When, on 8 November 1620, Frederick wanted to ride back to the troops, he was met at the gates of Prague by fleeing soldiers of his army and his chancellor, Anhalt, who informed him of the disaster: the Bohemian army had received a crushing defeat that morning in the
1602:
1320:, portrayed the decision as based mainly on Elizabeth Stuart's desire to be a queen. More recently, historians have concluded that Frederick's decision was based primarily on a sense of duty to his fellow Protestants, although Frederick wavered between his obligations to the emperor and his commitment to his religious brethren. There also seems to have been economic considerations; the Upper Palatinate was at that time Europe's center for iron production, while Bohemia was a focal point for the tin and glass trade.
729:
2076:
42:
1982:
4109:
1309:
1119:
4157:
4145:
1842:
1178:, Frederick V's governor of the Upper Palatinate, moved to intervene in Bohemia. He did not initially propose nominating Frederick as king because the young elector was still seen as politically inexperienced, and was a Calvinist, while there were virtually no Calvinists in Bohemia. At any rate, Frederick was not initially eager to defy the Emperor, who had praised Frederick's loyalty. Frederick did not publicly break with the Emperor, but in a letter to his father-in-law,
4169:
1220:
1257:) and on 31 July 1619 at Prague, these states formed the Bohemian Confederacy, dedicated to opposing the Habsburgs; under the terms of this agreement, Protestantism became virtually the state religion of the Bohemian lands. In August 1619, the general parliament of all the Bohemian lands declared that Ferdinand had forfeited the Bohemian throne. This formally severed all ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs and made war inevitable.
4121:
4133:
1566:. This treaty provided that Maximilian would be commander of the forces against Frederick, promised that Maximilian would retain all of the occupied Bohemian lands for himself, and that he would be granted Frederick's electoral title as well. The Emperor was also able to obtain the support of Elector John George I of Saxony; John George's court preacher,
1739:, Maximilian's forces first met with the 15,000 ragtag, poorly paid and poorly equipped troops that Frederick had managed to raise. Frederick visited his army on 28 September 1620, but, lacking a military background, left the conduct of the war to his generals. Frederick focused his attention on organizing supplies and preparing fortifications.
1134:, as heir to the throne of Bohemia. Ferdinand was an intensely loyal Catholic, and many Protestant noblemen believed that Ferdinand intended to withdraw the protections of Rudolf II's Letter of Majesty. These suspicions were further aroused when Imperial officials ordered Protestants to stop erecting Protestant churches on the "
1268:
The preferred candidate of
Bohemians as their new king was the Elector of Saxony, but he let it be known he would not accept the throne. This left Frederick as the most senior Protestant prince available, since no one else was willing to risk conflict with the emperor. In August 1619, the chances of
1110:
as Rudolf's heir, and
Matthias became king of Bohemia in 1611 and emperor in 1612. Yet in the latter year there was discussion within the Protestant Union about fielding a Protestant candidate to supplant Matthias as king of Bohemia, and Frederick's name was discussed in this regard. Strategists in
767:
intervened in the dispute, with the result being that
Frederick V was able to begin his personal rule in the Palatinate even though he was still underage. The dispute ended in 1614, when Frederick attained his eighteenth birthday. However, much bad blood among the houses was caused by this dispute.
1304:
adhered to the tradition of supporting the
Habsburg Imperial candidate. The electoral college also condemned the Bohemian Confederation's attempt to remove Ferdinand from the throne of Bohemia and declared that the 1617 vote of the Estates of Bohemia, making Ferdinand King of Bohemia, was binding.
842:
Frederick travelled to London to collect his bride, landing on
English soil on 16 October 1612. Frederick and Elizabeth, who had previously corresponded in French, now met each other for the first time, and got on well together. They were formally engaged in January 1613 and married on 14 February
1142:
who were not subject to the
Bohemian Estates. The Protestants claimed the status of these lands fell under the term "royal land", and thus were subject to Bohemia's authority by the Letter of Majesty – a very disputed legal interpretation which the Habsburg government rejected. On 23 May 1618, an
2059:
Frederick left most of the day-to-day business of his government-in-exile to his counselors, although he did take some interest in his finances. Frederick was very stingy in funding his administration, and yet, in order to maintain the dignity of a royal court, he spent vast sums on building and
1796:
On 21 January 1621, Ferdinand issued a decree against
Frederick and Anhalt, accusing them of breach of peace, supporting rebels, and treason. Ferdinand decreed that Frederick's lands and titles within the Holy Roman Empire were now forfeited. On 6 February 1621, representatives of the Protestant
1597:
and there was not, therefore, a conflict between an imperial prince and the emperor. Frederick argued that it would therefore be illegal for
Ferdinand to use imperial power against him. This meeting, which included John George of Saxony and Maximilian of Bavaria, rejected Frederick's argument,
2047:
There were attempts at reconciling
Frederick with the emperor in 1624–25 and in 1627, but these came to naught. Frederick was willing to compromise with the emperor, but he wanted the restoration of his lands and electoral title, and the emperor was not inclined to restore these to Frederick.
1476:
Frederick assumed a weak crown and a state torn with internal divisions. The state's finances had been disrupted for years, and, at any rate, Bohemian kings had only very limited ability to raise funds, being primarily dependent on the goodwill of the nobility and the tax allocations of the
1879:
in early 1622, and on 21 April 1622, Frederick joined
Mansfeld there. Frederick attempted to convince other Protestant princes to reconstitute the Protestant Union, but met with limited success. Frederick's cause was boosted by a 27 April 1622 victory over Tilly's forces at the
825:, but these plans were rejected by his advisors. Frederick's advisors in the Palatinate were worried that if Elizabeth were married to a Catholic prince, this would upset the confessional balance of Europe, and they were thus resolved that she should marry Frederick V.
1613:
On 1 April 1620, the Imperial party issued an ultimatum calling on Frederick to leave Bohemia by 1 June. If Frederick did not comply by this date, Ferdinand threatened to enforce his right as Holy Roman Emperor and rightful King of Bohemia to overthrow the
2072:'. When completed in 1631, this palace had a large central residence, a courtyard, a two-storey main building with two wings projecting to the south, and was surrounded by large gardens. Frederick spent much of his time there in hunting and long walks.
1773:
Maximilian took Prague shortly after Frederick's departure. From Silesia, Frederick wanted to plan revenge for the Battle of White Mountain, but the Silesian Estates refused to support this project, and he was forced to leave Silesia in early 1621.
782:
Frederick IV's marriage policy had been designed to solidify the Palatinate's position within the Reformed camp in Europe. Two of Frederick V's sisters were married to leading Protestant princes: his sister Luise Juliane to his one-time guardian
894:
before leaving for Germany on 5 May 1613. The couple entered Heidelberg on 12 June 1613, amidst widespread celebration. Elizabeth was popular with Frederick's subjects, and this popularity grew when, on 1 January 1614, she gave birth to a son,
1640:
to fight the impending Imperial threat. To raise money for the Bohemian forces, Frederick used his private funds, pawned his jewels and, in May 1620, drove the Palatinate into insolvency when he decided to move two tons of gold to Bohemia.
2181:
of the King of Sweden. The lands of the Palatinate were simply too important strategically for Gustavus Adolphus to hand them over to Frederick. Gustavus Adolphus also insisted that Frederick would have to establish equal rights for
2165:, with Gustavus Adolphus paying Frederick full royal honours. However, Gustavus Adolphus did not offer Frederick support for restoring him in the Palatinate because England and the Netherlands had not signed off on such a proposal.
3126:
A declaration of the cavses, for the which, wee Frederick, by the grace of God King Bohemia, Covnt Palatine of the Rhine, Elector of the Sacred Empire, & c. haue accepted of the crowne of Bohemia, and of the covntryes thereunto
999:, and Calvinist principalities (although Calvinism was not recognised in the Peace of Augsburg). The conflicts between princes of these three faiths developed into a deep struggle over the Empire's constitution. Furthermore, the
1555:. Frederick's propagandists attempted to respond to the phrase by arguing that Frederick was in fact a "Winter Lion" who defended the crown of Bohemia against troublemakers and liars, and that he would also be a "Summer Lion."
1496:, so court offices were staffed primarily with foreigners, while the administration of the localities was left to the local nobles. This made an alliance of the royal family with the corporate bodies of the realm difficult.
1577:
in December 1619. This conference was a fiasco, as few princes bothered to send representatives. John George of Saxony declined to send a representative. Those who did attend half-heartedly promised to secure Frederick's
1550:
The nickname "The Winter King" appeared shortly after the beginning of Frederick's reign and our first printed reference using the term came in a 1619 Imperial pamphlet that presented the phrase in the context of a royal
720:, Tilenus called for the unity of Protestant princes, and taught that it was their Christian duty to intervene if their brethren were being harassed. These views are likely to have shaped Frederick's future policies.
1809:
ended on 9 April 1621. On 14 April, Frederick joined his wife at The Hague. The Dutch Republic and Frederick signed a contract in which he accepted the support of the Netherlands for the reconquest of his dominions.
1241:, had previously been crowned King of Bohemia, the Estates of Bohemia now refused to recognise him as their king. Fearing an invasion by Imperial forces, the Estates sought an alliance with the other members of the
2176:
on 17 May 1632. He pressed his case with Gustavus Adolphus, who told Frederick that he would accept Frederick's restoration without Dutch/British support only if Frederick would agree to hold the Palatinate as a
1679:
In early August 1620, 25,000 troops, under the command of Spinola, marched into Bohemia. In the third week of August, they shifted their focus and marched into the nearly unarmed Electoral Palatinate, occupying
1159:. The rebels charged them with violating the Letter of Majesty, found them guilty, and threw them and their scribe Philip Fabricius out of the windows of the Bohemian Chancellery. This event – known as the
1801:
to protest, but they soon agreed to support the settlement in the Palatinate, and the Palatinate remained occupied by Spanish troops. At this point, the Protestant Union had essentially ceased to exist.
947:, during which he was struck by fever and nearly died. Subsequently contemporaries described him as changed, melancholy and possibly depressed. As such, Frederick transferred much responsibility to his
1079:. A large number of Bohemian nobles were Protestant and feared that a Catholic emperor would attempt to impose Catholicism on Bohemia. Thus, a substantial opposition movement developed to the rule of
606:
408:
360:
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since his return to Heidelberg, was sent to London to court the princess in spring 1612. After intense negotiations, a marriage contract was signed on 26 May 1612, over the objection of her mother,
1193:
of Frederick's name as a possible candidate as king of Bohemia came in November 1618. It is not known if Frederick's agents played a role in talking up his possible candidacy. Palatine diplomat
1350:
Between 24 September and 28, Frederick reached his decision "not to resist the will of the Almighty" and thus decided to accept the Bohemian crown. The Dutch Republic, the Republic of Venice,
1742:
After a series of skirmishes, on 5 November 1620, Frederick drew his forces back towards Prague and Imperial troops followed them. On 7 November, Bohemian forces determined to make a stand at
1030:. Unlike many principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, the Electoral Palatinate was not a solid dominion, but instead consisted of two unconnected provinces surrounded by foreign lands. The
1535:
was to be desecrated. Scultetus' iconoclasm was deeply unpopular, and Frederick attempted to distance himself from it, claiming that his orders were not being carried out by his followers.
2118:, Frederick formally petitioned to be forgiven for having accepted the crown of Bohemia and admitted his wrongdoing. But nothing came of this. In March 1631, Frederick despatched diplomat
1825:, where they remained for ten years. The elective monarchy was now abolished; the role of the Estates greatly curtailed; and the Letter of Majesty was torn by Ferdinand himself. Only
760:, as his son's guardian. Frederick V welcomed John to Heidelberg, whereas Wolfgang William was denied entry. This led to a heated dispute among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
987:
Politically, Frederick positioned himself as a leader of the Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire, and as a defender of the liberty of the German nobles against the Catholic
777:
1968:
now held out. After the conquest of Heidelberg, the Protestant churches were closed, the university was closed, and at the request of Maximilian, the great library, the famous
875:
1856:, Frederick's former guardian who had served as regent of the Electoral Palatinate when Frederick left for Prague, resigned. Frederick was also at this time placed under the
2193:
About this time, England finally determined to send an expeditionary force to Germany. Unfortunately for Frederick, it was too late. Gustavus Adolphus was killed at the
1903:
Frederick was increasingly under Mansfeld's influence at this time, and was growing disillusioned with the Protestant cause. With Frederick's knowledge, Mansfeld raided
1472:
The reverse of this medallion: 5 hands holding the Bohemian royal crown over the Palatinate Lion lying with a scepter in his right paw, and his left paw lying on the orb
1289:
On 26 August 1619, the states of the Bohemian Confederacy elected Frederick as the new King of Bohemia, Frederick receiving news of his election on 29 August in Amberg.
1091:
from 1593 to 1606. Dissatisfied with the outcome, Rudolf sought to launch a new war against the Ottomans. To gain Bohemian support, Rudolf agreed to guarantee Bohemia's
1656:
signed the Treaty of Ulm (1620), thereby withdrawing their support for Frederick and declaring neutrality in the conflict between Frederick and the Catholic League.
1452:
Although a large part of the country was already devastated by war, and many refugees were encamped in the town, the coronation was celebrated with lavish parties.
1046:. The Lower Palatinate's economy was dominated by agriculture, while the Upper Palatinate was a mining region with one of the most successful economies in Europe.
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was summoned from Darmstadt to Mainz, but nothing could be done for Frederick. Frederick died on the morning of 29 November 1632, of a "pestilential fever".
1937:
Frederick dismissed Mansfeld after he became convinced he would be unable to reconquer his hereditary lands. Frederick then spent the summer with his uncle,
788:
896:
233:
1915:
as hostages. This was clearly a violation of Imperial law, and cost Frederick whatever remaining sympathy he still had in Europe. During his retreat into
1489:. Further limiting Frederick's ability to manoeuvre was the need to distribute royal bounty to supporters in order to ensure their loyalty to his regime.
4234:
1316:
Frederick's decision to accept the Bohemian crown has been the subject of much historical speculation. Later Catholic propaganda, in a view accepted by
4204:
1829:
remained tolerated in Bohemia, and in the coming years, the rest of the population would be actively re-Catholicized. Bohemia would remain part of the
740:
On 19 September 1610, Frederick's father, Frederick IV, died from "extravagant living"; his son being 14 years old at the time. Under the terms of the
533:
in 1622. An Imperial edict formally deprived him of the Palatinate in 1623. He lived the rest of his life in exile with his wife and family, mostly at
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4239:
1949:
1938:
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1789:
Contemporary pamphleteers – both Catholic and Protestant – were merciless in their portrayal of Frederick's flight from Prague. After Frederick's
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17:
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Frederick held out some hope that his lands might be retaken militarily, but these hopes were crushed on 27 August 1626, when the forces of
1524:
1684:. The Electoral Palatinate was defended by only 2,000 English volunteers and the country was easily taken. Imperial troops set up camp in
1636:
This was the context when the parliament of the Bohemian Confederacy met on 25 March 1620. Frederick called for massive tax increases and
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2828:
2018:
1468:
1460:
753:
475:
271:
4289:
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entertainment, quickly blowing through donations from the English and Dutch governments. For example, in 1629, Frederick commissioned
4219:
2627:
1853:
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from 1619 to 1620. He was forced to abdicate both roles, and the brevity of his reign in Bohemia earned him the derisive sobriquet "
4274:
4214:
2946:
Mary Anne Everett Green and S. C. Lomas, Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia, 2nd edn (Methuen & Company, 1909).
1997:
On 23 February 1623, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor awarded Frederick's electoral title to Maximilian of Bavaria, who now became
1492:
In Prague, Frederick soon came to be alienated from a portion of the nobility and the clergy. Neither Frederick nor his wife spoke
1130:
Meanwhile, the sectarian conflicts in Bohemia continued. In 1617, Matthias prevailed on the Bohemian Estates to elect the Habsburg
1071:; since 1555, these kings had also been emperors. In the early seventeenth century, however, Bohemia faced a political crisis. The
3042:
2779:
1067:, and despite being a kingdom, was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. Since 1526, the kings of Bohemia had all been members of the
335:
4189:
1321:
1301:
1175:
1123:
952:
792:
1389:. Finally on 31 October 1619, Frederick entered Prague, along with 568 people and 100 cars, and was greeted enthusiastically.
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in his territories. Frederick refused Gustavus Adolphus' conditions and they parted. Frederick travelled to Swedish-occupied
2111:, did not. Frederick himself sustained serious physical injuries in the accident, and would not fully recover for 15 months.
1908:
1645:
818:
499:
3031:
Für eine zeitgenössische Darstellung des Einzugs und die Krönung siehe Krönung Friedrichs von der Pfalz zum böhmischen König
2197:
on 16 November, and in October, Frederick developed an infection that got worse in the following weeks. The famed physician
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4244:
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1813:
In Bohemia, the crushing of the Bohemian Revolt had terrible consequences. Twenty-seven Bohemian nobles were killed in the
1186:
and the Spanish party at the Habsburg court. This was a questionable evasion of the role played by Frederick's own agents.
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2852:
2842:
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in December 1631, Frederick believed the time was ripe for him to reestablish himself in the Palatinate, and he left for
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279:
253:
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267:
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108:
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Anhalt could recommend only one option to Frederick: immediate flight. As such, on 9 November, Frederick fled to the
1336:
1205:
similarly rejected the idea, fearing it might lead to religious war and the Elector of Saxony was staunchly opposed.
1115:, to break his alliance with the Habsburgs and come fully to the Protestant cause. This assumption proved unfounded.
545:
436:
314:
263:
259:
237:
486:. Frederick was asked to assume the crown of Bohemia. He accepted the offer and was crowned on 4 November 1619, as
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A little later, John George of Saxony signed a treaty with Ferdinand in which Ferdinand guaranteed the practice of
1559:
1343:– sent letters saying they would not be able to offer Frederick assistance if he accepted the Bohemian offer. Only
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1131:
1112:
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125:
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Concerning Anhalt's political aims and his secret diplomacy against the House of Habsburg see: Walter KrĂĽssmann,
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was sung – per the Catholic tradition – rather than spoken as was normally done by the Calvinists. Frederick was
1160:
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Frederick undertook a large building campaign, designed to glorify his regime. In addition to the renovations to
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refused to support his son-in-law militarily. The Netherlands sent only a small force and promised only 50,000
1434:
1201:
with the possibility of Frederick becoming king, but James reacted negatively to this idea. The princes of the
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With its central location in Germany, the Palatinate was vulnerable to incursions of imperial troops from the
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1216:, which saw Pilsen fall to rebel forces on 21 November 1618, leaving the entire kingdom in Protestant hands.
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1978:
in appreciation of the 620,000 guilders he had provided for financing the campaigns of the Catholic League.
1144:
906:. These renovations were completed in 1615 and the "Elizabeth Entrance" to Heidelberg Castle was dedicated.
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Epithalamion, or Mariage Song on the Lady Elizabeth, and Count Palatine being married on St. Valentines Day
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47:
1625:
in Bohemia and recognized the secular areas in the Netherlands. Ferdinand also agreed to give John George
1558:
Meanwhile, Ferdinand II rallied his forces against Frederick. On 21 October 1619, he signed a treaty with
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on 14 September. From Bohemia, Frederick was powerless to stop the occupation of his ancestral homeland.
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in 1617 and who would later claim that Frederick had usurped his rightful claim to the throne of Bohemia.
796:
654:
294:
241:
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Frederick's chancellor, Christian of Anhalt, urged Frederick to call a meeting of Protestant princes at
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1369:, where he was met by representatives from the Bohemian Estates. Together, they then travelled through
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administrator of the diocese, JiĹ™Ăk Dicastus, and a Protestant elder, Jan Cyril Ĺ palek z TĹ™ebĂÄŤe. The
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One of Frederick's first acts upon taking the reins of government was attendance at a meeting of the
498:, a military alliance founded by his father, and hoped for the support of Frederick's father-in-law,
249:
3020:
Der Winterkönig. Friedrich von der Pfalz. Bayern und Europa im Zeitalter des Dreißigjährigen Krieges
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Bohemia 1620, retrospective coronation medal of King Frederic Elector Palatine of the Rhine. Obverse
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of the Palatinate until Frederick reached the age of majority. However, his nearest male relative,
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to support the Bohemian rebels. In August 1618, forces under Mansfeld entered Bohemia and led the
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2960:(1580–1626); Grafensohn, Söldnerführer, Kriegsunternehmer gegen Habsburg im Dreißigjährigen Krieg
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and he wore the Order's chain during the wedding ceremony. Elaborate celebrations, organised by
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and a number of diplomats and dignitaries attended his baptism at Amberg on 6 October 1596. The
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and Frederick's allies in the Protestant Union failed to support him militarily by signing the
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who voted against Ferdinand; even the Protestant prince-electors John George I of Saxony and
1262:
1860:, which permitted the forfeiture of his territories and effectively rendered him an outlaw.
1589:, Frederick despatched a legal defense of his actions. He argued that he had not broken the
756:, was a Catholic, so, shortly before his death, Frederick IV had named another Wittelsbach,
688:
before being brought to Heidelberg in 1598. In 1604, at his mother's urging, he was sent to
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2130:, about restoring Frederick's lands, but Frederick died before these could bear any fruit.
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was found in Prague, pamphleteers routinely portrayed him with his stockings falling down.
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with Frederick's body. It is believed that Ludwig Philipp transferred Frederick's body to
1331:
and called on Frederick not to intervene in Bohemian affairs. Other possible allies – the
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in 1609. Still, the Bohemian nobles remained suspicious of Rudolf and in contact with the
8:
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1481:. The Protestant nobles felt that higher taxes were necessary to pay for war against the
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of Bohemia became worried that the Habsburgs were planning to transform Bohemia into an
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The Winter King: Frederick V of the Palatinate and the Coming of the Thirty Years' War
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against the Imperial army and marched into southern Germany. When the Swedes captured
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1007:, was set to expire in 1621, and was likely to lead to renewed fighting between the
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2053:
1868:
1766:, along with his wife and child, some advisers, and not much more baggage than the
1653:
1601:
1324:, told Frederick that a union of the two areas could be commercially advantageous.
1202:
1100:
1039:
1031:
964:
944:
936:
923:
870:
709:
685:
569:
495:
376:
56:
2212:, served as regent. Frederick's internal organs were buried at St. Catherine's in
4173:
4149:
3625:
3227:
2748:
2225:
2075:
1975:
1942:
1478:
1361:
On 29 September 1619, Frederick left Heidelberg for Prague. He travelled through
1344:
1270:
1227:
1213:
1164:
973:
932:
836:
728:
689:
610:
511:
412:
384:
364:
91:
41:
1981:
1848:(1580–1626), soldier who held on to Frederick's Palatine inheritance until 1622.
1817:
on 21 June 1621. Afterwards, the heads of twelve nobles, along with the hand of
1519:
crusade against images: beginning on 21 December 1619, images were removed from
4125:
3928:
3280:
2221:
2100:
2001:. Maximilian was also awarded the conquered territory of Upper Palatinate as a
1822:
1532:
1493:
1332:
1308:
1297:
1088:
1012:
1008:
880:
745:
705:
681:
565:
530:
471:
456:
392:
2087:
Frederick suffered a personal tragedy on 17 January 1629. He was traveling to
1118:
4183:
3944:
3908:
3831:
3097:
2127:
2041:
1728:
1716:
1697:
1274:
1148:
1139:
860:
700:. During his time at Sedan, Frederick was a frequent visitor to the court of
693:
491:
2107:. Frederick survived the accident, but his eldest son, the fifteen-year-old
1841:
1265:
predicted this decision would lead to twenty, forty, or sixty years of war.
795:. Frederick IV had hoped that his daughter Katharina would marry the future
3453:
2837:(1630–1714), heir presumptive to the thrones of England and Ireland by the
2752:
1857:
1637:
1590:
1516:
666:
349:
4144:
3348:
2220:. On 9 June 1635, with Spanish troops approaching, Ludwig Philipp fled to
1884:, but this boost was short lived. Frederick's forces under the command of
909:
3432:
2217:
2069:
1965:
1826:
1685:
1622:
1528:
969:
928:
886:
On their return trip to Heidelberg, Frederick and Elizabeth travelled to
622:
601:
424:
4168:
3358:
1219:
2155:
1957:
1926:
1652:
a month for Frederick. Worst of all for Frederick, on 3 July 1620, the
1552:
1543:
1418:
1366:
1111:
the Palatinate believed that if Frederick became king, this would lead
1035:
948:
848:
677:
502:. However, James opposed his son-in-law's takeover of Bohemia from the
3245:
2168:
Frederick subsequently took part in Gustavus Adolphus' march into the
2044:, Frederick urged his father-in-law not to go through with the match.
1763:
1445:
with little objection. At the end of the coronation, the Estates paid
1277:. This was also precisely the period when Ferdinand was travelling to
813:
In keeping with his father's policy, Frederick V sought a marriage to
3308:
2213:
2183:
2162:
2151:
2088:
2006:
1952:
completed the Spanish conquest of the Electoral Palatinate. After an
1904:
1798:
1701:
1579:
1574:
1508:
1504:
1442:
1426:
1278:
902:
As part of the marriage negotiations, Frederick had agreed to expand
887:
662:
534:
463:
in 1610, and at the age of 17 was married to the Protestant princess
452:
448:
324:
3313:
1208:
Behind the scenes, Frederick authorised sending a force under Count
649:. Frederick was related to almost all of the ruling families of the
3328:
2957:
2228:
in September 1637, but Frederick's final resting place is unknown.
2208:, was only 15 years old. Therefore, his uncle, Frederick's brother
1961:
1736:
1689:
1586:
996:
981:
673:
of Bavaria, which was deeply devoted to the Roman Catholic Church.
1386:
1378:
1237:
died on 20 March 1619. Although his successor, the future Emperor
596:(1574–1610), Frederick was the hereditary ruler of the Palatinate.
3343:
3323:
2104:
1759:
1626:
1615:
1503:, who was determined to use his new post to advance the cause of
1430:
1362:
1351:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1183:
626:
428:
289:
1964:
similarly fell on 5 November 1622. Only the British garrison in
518:
on 8 November 1620 – a year and four days after his coronation.
3353:
2173:
2080:
2065:
1916:
1836:
1782:
1673:
1606:
1570:, encouraged the Emperor to smash Frederick and the Bohemians.
1512:
1499:
Further alienation was caused by Frederick V's court preacher,
1485:, but the country already felt overburdened in the wake of the
1438:
1355:
1190:
1043:
977:
855:. Shortly before the ceremony, Frederick was inducted into the
778:
Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate
749:
3134:
Portraits of Frederick V, King of Bohemia and Elector Palatine
2029:
In late 1622 and early 1623, Frederick organised a Palatinate
556:, one of the most colourful figures of his time. His daughter
3338:
3333:
2913:. The Houston Circle for the Study of Early Modern Philosophy
2187:
1693:
1681:
1382:
927:
commissioned by Frederick, and designed by English architect
538:
525:
Frederick's Palatine lands, forcing him to flee to his uncle
177:
1659:
1598:
finding that Bohemia was an indivisible part of the Empire.
995:, the Empire had been delicately balanced between Catholic,
684:
at this time, so Frederick spent his first two years in the
2178:
2002:
1724:
1370:
876:
The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn
723:
1974:(3500 manuscripts), was presented as a gift of thanks to
1585:
In March 1620, during a meeting of the Imperial party at
1531:
was destroyed. There was even a rumour that the grave of
962:
mentioned above, he commissioned a courtyard garden, the
863:, followed the ceremony; these included a performance of
1269:
Frederick becoming King of Bohemia became greater when
910:
Electoral reign before the Thirty Years' War, 1614–1618
821:. James had initially considered marrying Elizabeth to
744:, Frederick's closest male relative would serve as his
2996:
s. hierzu s. unter Literaturangabe: Berning ... S. 134
4097:
2798:(1620–1652) who also served in the English Civil War.
2161:
In February 1632, Frederick met Gustavus Adolphus at
1989:(1578–1637) awarding Frederick's lands and titles to
1735:
crossed the Bohemian border on 26 September 1620. At
600:
Frederick was born on 26 August 1596 was born at the
3913:
During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title
2759:
on 14 February 1613 and had the following children:
2033:
at The Hague. This Palatinate council was headed by
1515:
and images in church, but Scultetus now launched an
1582:territories during Frederick's absence in Bohemia.
1546:, was the first to dub Frederick "The Winter King".
1182:, he placed the blame for the Bohemian vote on the
234:
Henry Frederick, Electoral Prince of the Palatinate
2974:), especially pp. 81–86, 98–100, 134–139, 170–176.
1327:On 12 September 1619, the Protestant Union met at
2079:The winter palace constructed for Frederick V at
2005:. Other territories of the Electoral Palatinate (
548:was restored to the electorate in 1648 under the
494:chose Frederick because he was the leader of the
4181:
1629:, thus cementing John George's dominance of the
27:Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (1596–1632)
1433:was modelled on that used at the coronation of
771:
4230:17th-century Prince-electors of the Palatinate
4225:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians
3974:
3043:"The Queen of Hearts and the Rosicrucian Dawn"
1919:, Mansfeld burned a city and thirty villages.
1781:1620 pamphlet mocking Frederick's flight from
1143:assembly of Protestant noblemen, led by Count
3960:
3261:
2936:. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p. 53.
2901:
2899:
2879:"Frederick V (elector Palatine of the Rhine)"
1939:Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon
1696:on 5 September 1620 and proceeded to capture
1666:Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases
866:The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn
698:Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon
482:, beginning a conflict that would become the
371:; 26 August 1596 – 29 November 1632) was the
2872:
2870:
2868:
1837:Fall of Frederick's ancestral lands, 1621–22
1644:Bad news continued to arrive for Frederick.
1525:Prague Altarpiece of Lucas Cranach the Elder
2019:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
1948:Shortly thereafter, troops under Tilly and
1875:to dislodge him. Mansfeld crossed into the
1593:because Bohemia was located outside of the
1296:Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick was the only
1049:
754:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
665:; this was in marked contrast to the other
3967:
3953:
3268:
3254:
3140:
2896:
2240:Ancestors of Frederick V of the Palatinate
2099:when his boat capsized while crossing the
1886:Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
1542:This 1619 Imperial pamphlet, containing a
1106:The Bohemian Estates elected the Habsburg
40:
4205:17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
2865:
2628:Louis III de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier
1871:and had successfully resisted efforts by
1660:Battle of White Mountain, 8 November 1620
1358:recognised Frederick as King of Bohemia.
406:Frederick was born at the hunting lodge (
4295:German expatriates in the Dutch Republic
4240:German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
3853:
3768:
3734:
3700:
3663:
3618:
3584:
2592:Princess Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau
2566:Countess Juliana of Stolberg-Wernigerode
2323:Margravine Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
2210:Ludwig Philipp of Simmern-Kaiserslautern
2074:
1980:
1921:
1840:
1776:
1706:
1600:
1537:
1467:
1459:
1396:
1307:
1218:
1117:
1017:
913:
801:
727:
724:Controversy over guardianship, 1610–1614
579:
343:
315:Princess Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau
260:Prince Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern
216:
3275:
3078:
3040:
1821:, were nailed to the Old Town Tower of
1668:, began raising Imperial troops in the
1054:
254:Louise Hollandine, Abbess of Maubuisson
14:
4235:German people of the Thirty Years' War
4182:
2962:; Berlin 2010 (Duncker & Humblot,
2931:
2734:
2607:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2411:Landgravine Elisabeth of Hesse-Cassell
2364:
2254:
2250:
2064:to build him a large summer palace in
1854:John II, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
1664:With the signing of the Treaty of Ulm
1322:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
1284:
1176:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
1124:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
953:Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
793:George William, Elector of Brandenburg
785:John II, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
758:John II, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
478:rebelled against their Catholic king,
3948:
3249:
3096:
2855:(1632–1641), died young, of epilepsy.
2745:James VI of Scotland and I of England
2683:
2673:
2669:
2657:
2651:
2641:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2579:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2537:
2530:
2520:
2504:
2494:
2490:
2466:
2456:
2440:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2382:
2372:
2368:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2320:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2172:, and was present for the march into
2124:Ernst Egon VIII, Count of FĂĽrstenberg
1909:Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
1892:on 6 May 1622; and then forces under
1867:continued to occupy a portion of the
1646:James VI of Scotland and I of England
1437:, with only a few parts altered. The
1151:, and seized two Imperial governors,
819:James VI of Scotland and I of England
704:. His tutor was Calvinist theologian
661:, were noted for their attachment to
500:James VI of Scotland and I of England
242:Elisabeth, Princess-Abbess of Herford
3104:, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
2190:, intending to return to the Hague.
1523:, and on 27–28 December, the famous
1273:launched an anti-Habsburg revolt in
1167:, and with it, the beginning of the
976:. Frederick was depicted therein as
799:, although this never came to pass.
680:, was suffering from an outbreak of
66:19 September 1610 – 23 February 1623
2843:Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover
2807:Louis (1623–1624), died in infancy.
2216:and his embalmed body was taken to
2146:on the Protestant side. He won the
2024:
892:Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
575:
24:
3041:Nichols, Kimberly (19 July 2013).
2876:
1894:Christian the Younger of Brunswick
829:, who had served as Frederick V's
383:from 1610 to 1623, and reigned as
25:
4326:
4290:Pretenders to the Bohemian throne
3138:National Portrait Gallery, London
3118:
2905:
2507:William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen
2109:Frederick Henry of the Palatinate
1933:(1559–1632) on 19 September 1622.
1511:churches had retained the use of
1337:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
708:, a professor of theology at the
246:Prince Rupert, Duke of Cumberland
238:Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine
4220:17th-century monarchs of Bohemia
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
3568:
3007:Geschichte des 30jährigen Kriegs
2654:Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier
2040:During the negotiations for the
1999:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
1991:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
1987:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
1931:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
1873:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
1347:offered words of encouragement.
1224:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
1113:John George I, Elector of Saxony
931:(1573–1652) and French engineer
843:1613 at the royal chapel at the
669:of Wittelsbachs, headed by Duke
445:Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier
334:
103:26 August 1619 – 8 November 1620
4275:People from Neumarkt (district)
4215:17th-century monarchs in Europe
3060:
3034:
3025:
3018:Zitiert nach Peter Bilhöfer in
2265:Frederick III, Elector Palatine
1161:Second Defenestration of Prague
968:, designed by English gardener
676:The capital of the Palatinate,
647:Charlotte de Bourbon-Monpensier
470:In 1618 the largely Protestant
437:Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau
199:
3152:Frederick V of the Palatinate
3012:
2999:
2990:
2977:
2949:
2940:
2925:
2847:King George I of Great Britain
2349:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
2133:
1605:Frederick V on horseback with
1163:– marked the beginning of the
847:. The event was celebrated in
594:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
13:
1:
4190:Frederick V of the Palatinate
3368:
3102:The Rosicrucian Enlightenment
3072:
2469:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
2052:were crushed by Tilly at the
1896:were soundly defeated at the
1401:Coronation of Frederick V in
1392:
1302:John Sigismund of Brandenburg
1292:Two days later, Ferdinand II
1226:(1578–1637), who was elected
1157:Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice
514:ended with his defeat at the
455:, he succeeded his father as
18:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
3935:from the Wittelsbach dynasty
3079:Pursell, Brennan C. (2003),
2385:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
2148:Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
2126:, president of the Imperial
1950:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
1797:Union met with Ferdinand at
1235:Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
989:Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
772:Marriage to Elizabeth Stuart
765:Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
734:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt
568:, and is the founder of the
276:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
48:Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt
7:
4285:People from Sedan, Ardennes
4245:House of Palatinate-Simmern
2443:Duchess Christine of Saxony
2231:
2140:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1960:fell on 19 September 1622;
1819:Joachim Andreas von Schlick
1733:Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria
1560:Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria
1243:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
827:Hans Meinhard von Schönberg
797:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
10:
4331:
4210:17th-century German people
3976:Electors of the Palatinate
2601:
2484:
2358:
2291:Louis VI, Elector Palatine
2252:
2204:Frederick's son and heir,
1929:is taken by the forces of
1815:Old Town Square executions
775:
657:, the elder branch of the
554:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
3982:
3900:
3844:
3759:
3725:
3693:
3654:
3609:
3577:
3566:
3528:
3367:
3296:
3287:
3234:
3225:
3217:
3207:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3157:House of Palatine Simmern
3150:
3066:Quoted by Wedgwood, p. 94
2932:Parker, Geoffrey (1997).
2671:
2663:
2635:
2613:
2609:
2573:
2551:
2543:
2514:
2492:
2488:
2450:
2428:
2420:
2392:
2370:
2366:
2330:
2308:
2300:
2272:
2256:
2122:to hold discussions with
2116:Diet of Regensburg (1630)
1753:
1421:was conducted not by the
1132:Ferdinand, Duke of Styria
1028:Habsburg hereditary lands
935:(1576–1626), painting by
732:Portrait of Frederick by
544:His eldest surviving son
330:
320:
310:
300:
288:
209:
184:
167:
143:
139:
131:
121:
107:
99:
90:
80:
70:
62:
55:
39:
34:
4270:Nobility from Heidelberg
3681:Ladislaus the Posthumous
2983:Zitiert nach Golo Mann:
2859:
2097:Dutch West India Company
2015:Peilstein im MĂĽhlviertel
1748:Battle of White Mountain
1713:Battle of White Mountain
1568:Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg
1455:
1417:on 4 November 1619. The
1411:Crown of Saint Wenceslas
1365:, Amberg, Neumarkt, and
1329:Rothenburg ob der Tauber
1095:, issuing his so-called
1050:King of Bohemia, 1619–20
1022:Frederick in Roman garb.
639:Louise Juliana of Nassau
516:Battle of White Mountain
280:Prince Gustavus Adolphus
264:Princess Henriette Marie
3529:1198–1306 (Kings)
2964:Historische Forschungen
2883:Encyclopædia Britannica
2195:Battle of LĂĽtzen (1632)
2103:, a body of water near
2062:Bartholomeus van Bassen
2050:Christian IV of Denmark
2011:Weiden in der Oberpfalz
1174:In these circumstances
1122:Frederick's chancellor
1083:. Rudolf had waged the
718:French Wars of Religion
523:Imperial forces invaded
268:Prince Philip Frederick
3371:870–1198 (Dukes)
3130:(archived 28 May 2010)
2093:Spanish treasure fleet
2084:
2083:between 1629 and 1631.
1994:
1934:
1849:
1786:
1720:
1692:. Spinola crossed the
1610:
1547:
1483:German Catholic League
1473:
1465:
1406:
1313:
1231:
1153:Vilem Slavata of Chlum
1127:
1023:
940:
810:
737:
614:
597:
521:After the battle, the
416:
368:
352:
4260:Knights of the Garter
3319:Přemysl the Ploughman
2934:The Thirty Years' War
2766:(1614–1629)—(drowned)
2120:Sir Robert Anstruther
2078:
1984:
1925:
1888:were defeated at the
1844:
1780:
1768:Bohemian Crown Jewels
1710:
1604:
1541:
1471:
1463:
1409:Frederick donned the
1400:
1311:
1263:Archbishop of Cologne
1222:
1189:The first mention in
1145:Jindřich Matyáš Thurn
1121:
1021:
917:
805:
731:
592:. As son and heir of
583:
560:was eventually named
529:, Stadtholder of the
510:. His brief reign as
447:. An intellectual, a
431:). He was the son of
347:
4250:House of Wittelsbach
3592:Henry the Carinthian
3520:Vladislaus III Henry
3165:House of Wittelsbach
3162:Cadet branch of the
3005:Friedrich Schiller:
2772:(1617–1680), became
2686:Jacqueline de Longwy
1971:Bibliotheca Palatina
1700:on 10 September and
1423:Archbishop of Prague
1281:for his coronation.
1259:Ferdinand of Bavaria
1140:ecclesiastical lords
1073:Estates of the realm
1055:Background and plans
972:and French engineer
823:Louis XIII of France
659:House of Wittelsbach
635:Electoral Palatinate
586:Electoral Palatinate
4310:Shipwreck survivors
3924:Wittelsbach dynasty
3418:Boleslaus the Brave
3083:, London: Ashgate,
2735:Family and children
2031:government-in-exile
1807:Twelve Years' Truce
1670:Spanish Netherlands
1521:St. Vitus Cathedral
1415:St. Vitus Cathedral
1403:St. Vitus Cathedral
1285:Frederick in Prague
1195:Christoph von Dohna
1001:Twelve Years' Truce
857:Order of the Garter
851:poetic masterpiece
845:Palace of Whitehall
789:Elizabeth Charlotte
742:Golden Bull of 1356
643:William I of Orange
633:, was the ruler of
562:heiress presumptive
550:Peace of Westphalia
180:, Holy Roman Empire
4315:Protestant mystics
4280:People from Rhenen
4077:Charles III Philip
3464:Svatopluk the Lion
2958:Ernst von Mansfeld
2877:Parker, Geoffery.
2743:, the daughter of
2535:, Prince of Orange
2533:William the Silent
2142:intervened in the
2085:
2017:) were awarded to
1995:
1935:
1882:Battle of Wiesloch
1877:Rhenish Palatinate
1865:Ernst von Mansfeld
1850:
1846:Ernst von Mansfeld
1787:
1721:
1719:(1592–1667), 1620.
1631:Upper Saxon Circle
1611:
1609:in the background.
1548:
1474:
1466:
1407:
1405:, 4 November 1619.
1341:Republic of Venice
1318:Friedrich Schiller
1314:
1232:
1210:Ernst von Mansfeld
1199:James I of England
1180:James I of England
1128:
1061:Kingdom of Bohemia
1024:
1003:, a hiatus in the
941:
811:
809:(1596–1662), 1613.
738:
702:Henry IV of France
641:, the daughter of
617:) in Deinschwang,
598:
552:. Another son was
461:Rhenish Palatinate
441:William the Silent
439:, the daughter of
419:) in Deinschwang,
353:
272:Princess Charlotte
116:St Vitus Cathedral
4138:Holy Roman Empire
4095:
4094:
4087:Maximilian Joseph
3942:
3941:
3896:
3895:
3846:Habsburg-Lorraine
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3720:
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3688:
3650:
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3243:
3235:Succeeded by
3208:Succeeded by
3047:Newtopia Magazine
2972:978-3-428-13321-5
2845:. Her son became
2839:Act of Settlement
2802:Louise Hollandine
2790:English Civil War
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2144:Thirty Years' War
2035:Ludwig Camerarius
1954:eleven-week siege
1900:on 20 June 1622.
1890:Battle of Wimpfen
1831:Habsburg monarchy
1711:Depiction of the
1595:Holy Roman Empire
1501:Abraham Scultetus
1169:Thirty Years' War
1138:", lands held by
1097:Letter of Majesty
1093:religious liberty
1081:Emperor Rudolf II
1077:absolute monarchy
1069:House of Habsburg
1065:elective monarchy
1005:Eighty Years' War
993:Peace of Augsburg
960:Heidelberg Castle
919:Heidelberg Castle
904:Heidelberg Castle
787:, and his sister
714:Eighty Years' War
655:Palatine Simmerns
651:Holy Roman Empire
637:; his mother was
590:Holy Roman Empire
484:Thirty Years' War
381:Holy Roman Empire
342:
341:
162:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
4322:
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4147:
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4110:
4103:
4082:Charles Theodore
3969:
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3955:
3946:
3945:
3920:Elector Palatine
3851:
3850:
3766:
3765:
3732:
3731:
3698:
3697:
3677:
3661:
3660:
3616:
3615:
3582:
3581:
3572:
3515:Henry Bretislaus
3393:Saint Wenceslaus
3370:
3294:
3293:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3218:Preceded by
3201:Elector Palatine
3191:Preceded by
3181:
3180:29 November 1632
3174:
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3144:
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2906:Brown, Gregory.
2903:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2841:, 1701. Married
2823:Philip Frederick
2774:Elector Palatine
2741:Elizabeth Stuart
2246:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2170:Duchy of Bavaria
2095:captured by the
2054:Battle of Lutter
2025:Exile, 1622–1632
1898:Battle of Höchst
1869:Upper Palatinate
1852:In summer 1621,
1723:After capturing
1654:Protestant Union
1562:, leader of the
1507:in Bohemia. The
1203:Protestant Union
1101:Protestant Union
1040:Upper Palatinate
1032:Lower Palatinate
965:Hortus Palatinus
945:Protestant Union
937:Jacques Fouquier
924:Hortus Palatinus
871:Francis Beaumont
815:Elizabeth Stuart
807:Elizabeth Stuart
710:Academy of Sedan
686:Upper Palatinate
609:
584:Map showing the
576:Youth, 1596–1610
496:Protestant Union
465:Elizabeth Stuart
411:
373:Elector Palatine
363:
338:
295:Palatine Simmern
220:
203:
201:
191:Elizabeth Stuart
174:
171:29 November 1632
153:
151:
113:4 November 1619
95:(as Frederick I)
57:Elector Palatine
44:
32:
31:
21:
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4255:Imperial vicars
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4057:Charles I Louis
3978:
3973:
3943:
3938:
3892:
3854:1780–1918
3836:
3769:1526–1780
3751:
3735:1471–1526
3717:
3701:1457–1471
3685:
3675:
3664:1437–1457
3646:
3619:1310–1437
3601:
3585:1306–1310
3573:
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3524:
3363:
3283:
3274:
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3228:King of Bohemia
3223:
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3211:Charles I Louis
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2875:
2866:
2862:
2817:Henriette Marie
2788:(1619–1682) of
2764:Frederick Henry
2749:Anne of Denmark
2737:
2732:
2234:
2136:
2027:
1976:Pope Gregory XV
1839:
1756:
1662:
1564:Catholic League
1458:
1395:
1345:Gabriel Bethlen
1287:
1271:Gabriel Bethlen
1228:King of Bohemia
1214:Siege of Pilsen
1165:Bohemian Revolt
1057:
1052:
974:Salomon de Caus
933:Salomon de Caus
912:
897:Frederick Henry
780:
774:
726:
692:to live in the
629:). His father,
605:
578:
572:line of kings.
558:Princess Sophia
512:king of Bohemia
407:
389:the Winter King
385:King of Bohemia
359:
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51:
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4305:Exiled royalty
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4265:Child monarchs
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4128:
4116:
4114:Czech Republic
4093:
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4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Philip William
4064:
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4054:
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3929:Prince-elector
3926:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3905:Duke of Poland
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3882:Francis Joseph
3879:
3874:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3826:Charles Albert
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
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3788:
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3667:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:John the Blind
3622:
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3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
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3594:
3588:
3586:
3579:
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3559:
3558:
3556:Wenceslaus III
3553:
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3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
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3507:
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3186:Regnal titles
3183:
3182:
3173:26 August 1596
3161:
3154:
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3145:
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3120:
3119:External links
3117:
3116:
3115:
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3098:Yates, Frances
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3068:
3059:
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2908:"Friedrich V."
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2222:Kaiserslautern
2138:In 1630, King
2135:
2132:
2101:Haarlemmermeer
2026:
2023:
1985:1623 edict by
1838:
1835:
1823:Charles Bridge
1755:
1752:
1744:White Mountain
1661:
1658:
1591:imperial peace
1533:St. Wenceslaus
1527:depicting the
1457:
1454:
1449:to Frederick.
1394:
1391:
1333:Dutch Republic
1286:
1283:
1089:Ottoman Empire
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1013:Spanish Empire
1009:Dutch Republic
911:
908:
881:George Chapman
817:, daughter of
776:Main article:
773:
770:
725:
722:
706:Daniel Tilenus
682:bubonic plague
577:
574:
566:British throne
537:, and died in
531:Dutch Republic
527:Prince Maurice
472:Czech nobility
457:Prince-Elector
340:
339:
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318:
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250:Prince Maurice
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175:(aged 36)
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4037:Frederick III
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3909:Piast dynasty
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3832:Maria Theresa
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3807:
3806:Ferdinand III
3804:
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3742:Vladislaus II
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3637:Wenceslaus IV
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3551:Wenceslaus II
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3505:Wenceslaus II
3503:
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3479:Vladislaus II
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3454:Bretislaus II
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3443:Vratislaus II
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3408:Boleslaus III
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2770:Charles Louis
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2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
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2229:
2227:
2223:
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2211:
2207:
2206:Charles Louis
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2128:Privy Council
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2042:Spanish match
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:and captured
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
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1808:
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1794:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:Upper Austria
1726:
1718:
1717:Peter Snayers
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:Bad Kreuznach
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
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1518:
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1497:
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1462:
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1448:
1444:
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1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
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1416:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:Royal Hungary
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:Prague Castle
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
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1062:
1047:
1045:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
920:
916:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
867:
862:
861:Francis Bacon
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
804:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
769:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
730:
721:
719:
715:
712:. During the
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:of his uncle
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:(present-day
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
602:hunting lodge
595:
591:
587:
582:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Charles Louis
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:Treaty of Ulm
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
423:(present-day
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
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386:
382:
378:
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370:
366:
362:
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351:
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333:
329:
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232:
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228:
222:
219:
218:
212:
208:
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187:
183:
179:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:Deinschwang,
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4072:John William
4051:
4047:Frederick IV
4027:Frederick II
3796:Ferdinand II
3727:Jagiellonian
3694:Non-dynastic
3578:Non-dynastic
3541:Wenceslaus I
3490:Sobeslaus II
3469:Vladislaus I
3438:Spytihněv II
3433:Bretislaus I
3403:Boleslaus II
3388:Vratislaus I
3238:Ferdinand II
3226:
3221:Ferdinand II
3199:
3194:Frederick IV
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3125:
3101:
3080:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2910:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:
2753:Chapel Royal
2738:
2468:
2203:
2192:
2167:
2160:
2137:
2113:
2091:to view the
2086:
2058:
2046:
2039:
2028:
1996:
1993:(1573–1651).
1969:
1947:
1936:
1911:and his son
1902:
1862:
1858:Imperial ban
1851:
1833:until 1918.
1812:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1772:
1757:
1741:
1722:
1678:
1663:
1643:
1638:conscription
1635:
1620:
1612:
1584:
1572:
1557:
1549:
1517:iconoclastic
1498:
1491:
1475:
1451:
1408:
1360:
1349:
1326:
1315:
1291:
1288:
1267:
1239:Ferdinand II
1233:
1207:
1188:
1173:
1135:
1129:
1126:(1568–1630).
1105:
1087:against the
1058:
1038:, while the
1025:
991:. Since the
986:
963:
957:
942:
922:
901:
885:
874:
864:
852:
849:John Donne's
841:
830:
812:
781:
762:
739:
675:
667:cadet branch
631:Frederick IV
599:
543:
520:
487:
480:Ferdinand II
469:
433:Frederick IV
405:
400:
396:
388:
369:Friedrich V.
355:
354:
350:coat of arms
348:Frederick's
305:Frederick IV
257:Prince Louis
226:
215:
173:(1632-11-29)
135:Ferdinand II
126:Ferdinand II
85:Maximilian I
75:Frederick IV
46:Portrait by
29:
4200:1632 deaths
4195:1596 births
4162:Netherlands
4052:Frederick V
4012:Frederick I
3877:Ferdinand V
3791:Matthias II
3776:Ferdinand I
3676:Interregnum
3474:Sobeslaus I
3398:Boleslaus I
3383:Spytihněv I
2985:Wallenstein
2911:Leibnitiana
2831:(1628–1631)
2825:(1627–1650)
2819:(1626–1651)
2813:(1625–1663)
2804:(1622–1709)
2782:(1618–1680)
2739:He married
2218:Frankenthal
2199:Peter Spina
2134:Death, 1632
2070:Koningshuis
1966:Frankenthal
1827:Lutheranism
1762:capital of
1686:Frankenthal
1672:and in the
1623:Lutheranism
1529:Virgin Mary
1425:but by the
1294:was elected
1197:approached
1042:centred on
1034:centred on
970:Inigo Jones
929:Inigo Jones
623:Lauterhofen
615:Jagdschloss
488:Frederick I
425:Lauterhofen
417:Jagdschloss
401:Winterkönig
356:Frederick V
122:Predecessor
71:Predecessor
35:Frederick V
4184:Categories
4062:Charles II
4032:Otto Henry
3997:Rupert III
3871:Francis II
3866:Leopold II
3821:Charles II
3786:Rudolph II
3781:Maximilian
3713:Matthias I
3631:Charles IV
3611:Luxembourg
3546:Ottokar II
3459:Bořivoj II
3232:1619–1620
3205:1610–1623
3073:References
3022:, S. 24 24
2156:Heidelberg
1958:Heidelberg
1927:Heidelberg
1553:chronogram
1544:chronogram
1435:Charles IV
1419:coronation
1393:Coronation
1367:Waldsassen
1339:, and the
1147:, stormed
1036:Heidelberg
949:chancellor
837:Queen Anne
832:Hofmeister
678:Heidelberg
671:Maximilian
619:Palatinate
570:Hanoverian
421:Palatinate
399:; German:
397:Zimnà král
158:Palatinate
150:1596-08-26
109:Coronation
4002:Louis III
3992:Rupert II
3922:from the
3907:from the
3887:Charles I
3861:Joseph II
3811:Leopold I
3801:Frederick
3642:Sigismund
3597:Rudolph I
3536:Ottokar I
3510:Ottokar I
3495:Frederick
3485:Frederick
3378:Bořivoj I
3349:Křesomysl
3297:Legendary
3289:Přemyslid
3052:17 August
2987:, S. 146M
2917:16 August
2888:16 August
2829:Charlotte
2780:Elisabeth
2757:Whitehall
2214:Oppenheim
2184:Lutherans
2163:Frankfurt
2152:Oppenheim
2089:Amsterdam
2007:Parkstein
1905:Darmstadt
1863:However,
1799:Heilbronn
1702:Oppenheim
1580:Rhineland
1575:Nuremberg
1509:Utraquist
1505:Calvinism
1427:Utraquist
1312:Frederick
1279:Frankfurt
890:to visit
888:The Hague
763:In 1613,
663:Calvinism
607:‹See Tfd›
541:in 1632.
535:The Hague
504:Habsburgs
453:Calvinist
409:‹See Tfd›
361:‹See Tfd›
331:Signature
325:Calvinist
132:Successor
81:Successor
50:, c. 1630
4174:Politics
4150:Monarchy
4042:Louis VI
4007:Louis IV
3987:Rupert I
3916:Antiking
3816:Joseph I
3761:Habsburg
3656:Habsburg
3449:Conrad I
3413:Vladivoj
3359:HostivĂt
3329:Nezamysl
3277:Monarchs
3127:annexed.
3100:(1972),
3009:, Teil 1
2853:Gustavus
2849:in 1714.
2232:Ancestry
1962:Mannheim
1760:Silesian
1737:Rokycany
1690:Mannheim
1676:region.
1587:Mulhouse
1487:Long War
1443:anointed
1108:Matthias
1085:Long War
1011:and the
997:Lutheran
982:Hercules
921:and the
746:guardian
716:and the
451:, and a
321:Religion
4126:Germany
4100:Portals
4022:Louis V
3933:Bavaria
3428:Oldřich
3423:JaromĂr
3344:Vnislav
3324:Valasca
3281:Bohemia
3136:at the
2796:Maurice
2776:in 1648
2751:in the
2747:and of
2114:At the
2105:Haarlem
2068:, the '
1764:Breslau
1650:florins
1627:Lusatia
1616:usurper
1431:liturgy
1375:Sokolov
1363:Ansbach
1352:Denmark
1298:elector
1255:Moravia
1251:Lusatia
1247:Silesia
1184:Jesuits
1063:was an
980:and as
748:and as
736:, 1613.
627:Germany
588:in the
564:to the
492:estates
490:. The
476:Bohemia
459:of the
435:and of
429:Germany
379:in the
375:of the
217:more...
204:
196:
4017:Philip
3708:George
3671:Albert
3354:Neklan
3314:Libuše
3176:
3108:
3087:
2970:
2966:, 94;
2835:Sophia
2811:Edward
2786:Rupert
2174:Munich
2081:Rhenen
2066:Rhenen
2013:, and
1917:Alsace
1913:Johann
1791:Garter
1783:Prague
1754:Escape
1674:Alsace
1607:Prague
1513:relics
1447:homage
1439:litany
1385:, and
1356:Sweden
1354:, and
1191:Prague
1136:Stifts
1044:Amberg
978:Apollo
750:regent
611:German
449:mystic
413:German
365:German
311:Mother
301:Father
185:Spouse
3889:(III)
3828:(II)
3747:Louis
3339:Vojen
3334:Mnata
3304:Czech
3178:Died:
3171:Born:
2860:Notes
2792:fame.
2226:Sedan
2188:Mainz
1943:Sedan
1941:, in
1694:Rhine
1682:Mainz
1494:Czech
1479:diets
1456:Reign
1387:SlanĂ˝
1383:Louny
1379:Žatec
694:court
690:Sedan
539:Mainz
393:Czech
377:Rhine
290:House
211:Issue
198:(
194:
178:Mainz
100:Reign
63:Reign
3309:Krok
3106:ISBN
3085:ISBN
3054:2019
2968:ISBN
2919:2014
2890:2014
2684:15.
2626:14.
2564:13.
2505:12.
2441:11.
2383:10.
2179:fief
2003:fief
1805:The
1725:Linz
1688:and
1371:Cheb
1155:and
1059:The
873:and
645:and
443:and
168:Died
144:Born
3931:of
3873:(I)
3633:(I)
3481:(I)
3445:(I)
3279:of
2652:7.
2590:3.
2531:6.
2467:1.
2409:5.
2347:2.
2321:9.
2289:4.
2263:8.
1715:by
1413:in
879:by
869:by
791:to
474:of
403:).
391:" (
227:See
4186::
3369:c.
3045:.
2898:^
2881:.
2867:^
2755:,
2158:.
2056:.
2037:.
2021:.
2009:,
1956:,
1945:.
1770:.
1750:.
1731:,
1727:,
1633:.
1618:.
1381:,
1377:,
1373:,
1335:,
1261:,
1253:,
1249:,
1171:.
1103:.
1015:.
984:.
955:.
951:,
899:.
883:.
839:.
625:,
613::
467:.
427:,
415::
395::
367::
200:m.
160:,
4102::
3968:e
3961:t
3954:v
3269:e
3262:t
3255:v
3056:.
2921:.
2892:.
1785:.
1245:(
939:.
604:(
358:(
152:)
148:(
20:)
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