506:. There is much controversy about the meaning of this term and whether it refers to the Carpi. However, it certainly refers to the Dacians, and most likely means the "Dacians of the Carpathians". However, it is uncertain whether this term constitutes reliable evidence that the Dacians were still a major force at this time. Zosimus is regarded as an unreliable chronicler by a single scholar and has been criticised by one scholar as having "an unsurpassable claim to be regarded as the worst of all the extant Greek historians of the Roman Empire...it would be tedious to catalogue all the instances where this historian has falsely transcribed names, not to mention his confusion of events...". It is accepted that the Zosimus quote proves the continued existence in 381 of the Dacians as a distinct ethnic group.
207:
466:, a Roman territory south of the Danube. These reports have been challenged by some modern scholars who, based primarily on archaeological finds, argue that many rural inhabitants of the Roman province, and even part of the urban population, with few links to the Roman administration or army, remained behind. However, leaving behind the Romano-Dacian peasantry would have defeated the main purpose of the evacuation, which was to repopulate the Roman provinces south of the Danube, whose inhabitants had been decimated by plague and barbarians invasions, and to bring back into cultivation the extensive abandoned lands (
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387:'s total regular effectives), also implies a grave threat to Roman Dacia throughout its history, between 106 and 275. There is substantial archaeological evidence of major and devastating incursions into Roman Dacia: clusters of coin-hoards and evidence of the destruction and abandonment of Roman forts. Since these episodes coincide with occasions when emperors assumed the title
452:
The traditional paradigm is also open to challenge in other respects. There is no evidence that the peoples outside the province were
Romanised to any greater extent than their non-Dacian neighbours, since the archaeological remains of their putative zone of occupation show no greater Roman influence
410:
to the northeast of the
Carpathians. However, the identification of these cultures with ethnic Dacians is controversial, as mainstream scholarship considers Puchov as a Celtic culture. Other scholars have identified Lipiţa as Celtic, Germanic or Slavic. In any case, according to modern archaeological
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Sarmatians and possibly also northern
Moldavia, which was under the Costoboci, a dacian tribe. But there are no reports of Sarmatians controlling the remaining unoccupied region of Decebal's kingdom between the Transylvanian border of the Roman province and the Siret, i.e. the eastern Carpathians,
457:
culture sites elsewhere in the northern Pontic region; nor that the Free
Dacians gave up their native tongue and became Latin-speakers. In 271-5, when the Roman emperor Aurelian decided to evacuate Roman Dacia, its Roman residents are reported by ancient sources to have been deported
398:, whose reign lasted from 180 to 192, is recorded as having admitted 12,000 "neighbouring Daci", who had been driven out of their own territory by hostile tribes, for settlement in the Roman province. Some scholars believe that the presence of the free Dacians is attested by the
425:(southern river Don) in ca. AD 60, in the Sarmatian heartland of modern-day southern Russia, far to the east of Moldavia. The ethno-linguistic affiliation of the Carpi is uncertain. It has also been variously suggested that they were a Sarmatian,
258:. During Trajan's Dacian Wars in AD 102 and AD 106, enormous numbers of Dacians were killed or taken into slavery. It also appears that many indigenous Dacians were expelled from, or emigrated from, the occupied zone. Two panels of
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implies the existence of ethnic
Dacians outside the Roman province in sufficient numbers to warrant major military operations into the early 4th century. The permanent deployment of a massive Roman military garrison, normally of 2
414:
However, the identification of the
Costoboci and Carpi as ethnic Dacian is far from secure. Unlike the Dacians proper, neither group is attested in Moldavia before Ptolemy (i.e. before about. 140). The Costoboci are, according to
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in AD 275. After this, the Free
Dacians supposedly liberated the Roman province and joined the remaining Romano-Dacians to form a Latin-speaking Daco-Roman ethnic group that were the forebears of the modern Romanian people.
213:: Rural Dacian families are forced to leave their homes, taking their livestock (sheep, cattle and goats) with them, as the last garrisons of Dacian forts, including the one in the background, surrender to the Romans (
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and it is therefore in these mountain valleys and foothills that the politically independent Free
Dacians were most likely concentrated, and presumably where most of the refugees from the Roman conquest escaped to.
160:
According to many scholars, amongst the Free
Dacians were refugees from the Roman conquest, who had left the Roman-occupied zone, and some Dacian-speaking tribes resident outside that zone, notably the
265:
Furthermore, it appears that the Romans did not permanently occupy the whole of
Decebal's kingdom. The latter's borders, many scholars believe, are described in Ptolemy's
193:, repeatedly invading the Roman province in attempts to recover the refugees' ancestral land. They were unsuccessful until the Roman province was abandoned by the emperor
1110:
Garašanin, Milutin V., Benac Alojz (1973) “Actes du VIIIe congrès international des sciences préhistoriques” International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences
306:'s kingdom are likely to have been inhabited predominantly by ethnic Dacians, although according to Ptolemy, the northernmost part of the kingdom (northern Carpathians/
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and the river Siret. In Transylvania, the line of Roman border-forts seems to indicate that the eastern and northern Carpathians were outside the Roman province.
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Free Dacians are reported to have invaded and ravaged the Roman province in 214 and 218. Several emperors after Trajan, as late as AD 336, assumed the
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in the period AD 120-272, and into the Roman Empire south of the Danube after the province of Dacia was abandoned by the Romans around AD 275.
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449:(297) and Constantine I (317/8) - suggests that the Carpi may have been considered ethnically distinct from the Free Dacians by the Romans.
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There is substantial evidence that large numbers of ethnic Dacians continued to exist on the fringes of the
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History and Archaeology of the Carpi from the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD
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Nationalism and the Representation of Society in Romanian Archaeology
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records an invasion over the Danube by a barbarian coalition of
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A population of Dacians existed on the fringes of the Balkan
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Rome and the Nomads: the Pontic-Danubian region in Antiquity
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between 106 and 271, including the areas with Free Dacians,
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theory, material cultures cannot reliably prove ethnicity.
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regiments (totaling ca. 35,000 troops, or about 10% of the
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who putatively remained outside, or emigrated from, the
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1168:Zosimus 6.10.2 and the Letters of Honorius
1142:publisher Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd,
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66:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1161:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
310:) was shared by non-Dacian tribes: the
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602:Trajan's Column panels LXXVI and CLV
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1495:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia
1140:The Roman Empire and its Neighbours
1134:The Roman Empire and its Neighbours
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1541:southern Moldavia and Transylvania
1119:MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (1975):
1096:The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337
137:) meaning "neighbouring Dacians".
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1121:The Dacian stones speak
915:Cf. Bichir (1976) 146-8
541:Origin of the Romanians
445:(247), Aurelian (273),
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886:. Psychology Press.
584:Millar (1970) 279ff.
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937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:
917:
908:
899:
892:
872:
860:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
810:cf. Bichir 146
803:
791:
782:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
704:
695:
686:
677:
675:CIL VIII.20424
668:
666:Dio LXXIX.27.5
659:
646:
634:
625:
613:
604:
595:
586:
574:
565:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
531:Carpi (people)
528:
523:
518:
511:
508:
479:
476:
453:than do other
408:Lipiţa culture
400:Puchov Culture
348:Antoninus Pius
203:
200:
187:Latin language
157:
154:
135:Daci limitanei
127:Dakoi prosoroi
97:The so-called
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Trajan's Wall
2105:
2103:
2102:Transalutanus
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Porolissensis
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Scythia Minor
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Dacia Traiana
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:Wars with the
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:Murus Dacicus
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Sarmizegetusa
1783:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Daco-Thracian
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Dacian script
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1481:(c. 69–87 AD)
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:(82/61–44 BC)
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1047:Historia Nova
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:De Caesaribus
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
985:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:Roman History
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:
921:
912:
903:
895:
889:
885:
884:
876:
867:
865:
855:
853:
843:
837:CIL VIII.8412
834:
828:AE (1973) 526
825:
816:
807:
801:
795:
786:
777:
775:
765:
756:
750:Bichir (1976)
747:
738:
729:
720:
714:CIL XIII.8973
711:
709:
699:
690:
684:AE (1905) 179
681:
672:
663:
656:
650:
641:
639:
629:
620:
618:
608:
599:
590:
581:
579:
569:
560:
556:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
507:
505:
504:Carpo-Dacians
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:Ultimate fate
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
385:imperial army
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:victory title
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
250:
249:
244:
239:
232:
228:
225:(r. 98-117) (
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
89:
85:
80:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2133:Thraco-Roman
1991:Free Dacians
1990:
1907:Roman Empire
1805:Piroboridava
1751:Dacian Draco
1633:Dacian names
1565:civilization
1439:Zalmodegicus
1414:Dromichaetes
1327:Potulatenses
1272:Burs (Dacia)
1167:
1160:
1153:
1139:
1133:
1120:
1114:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1073:Batty, Roger
1067:
1060:
1046:
1035:
1026:
1015:
1004:
993:
982:
975:
964:
958:(ca. AD 230)
953:
944:
920:
911:
902:
882:
875:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
799:
794:
785:
764:
759:Dio LXXIII.3
755:
746:
737:
728:
723:CIL VI.40776
719:
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
654:
649:
628:
607:
598:
589:
568:
559:
499:
483:
481:
467:
459:
451:
438:
434:
431:Proto-Slavic
420:
413:
393:
388:
379:and over 40
371:
343:
337:
301:
296:
288:
282:
270:
266:
264:
253:
246:
226:
218:
214:
210:
191:irredentists
159:
139:
134:
126:
121:(AD 101-6).
115:Roman Empire
107:Dacii liberi
99:Free Dacians
98:
96:
62:
56:October 2011
53:
30:
2225:WikiProject
2158:Archaeology
1987:Roman Dacia
1771:Settlements
1563:Culture and
1487:(87–106 AD)
1463:(44 BC–???)
1382:Troglodytae
1337:Rhadacenses
1332:Predasenses
1009:(ca. AD 70)
951:Dio Cassius
702:CIL II.2200
693:CIL II.6345
455:Chernyakhov
406:and of the
352:Maximinus I
243:Roman Dacia
219:Right panel
150:Roman Dacia
125:named them
123:Dio Cassius
84:Roman Dacia
2187:Thracology
2128:Daco-Roman
1964:Second War
1776:Fortresses
1713:Pleistoros
1703:Gebeleizis
1434:Rubobostes
1243:Albocenses
1017:Geographia
981:Anonymous
945:Res Gestae
644:Pliny VI.7
552:References
500:Karpodakai
447:Diocletian
366:(272) and
267:Geographia
211:Left panel
179:Bessarabia
40:improve it
2177:Dacianism
1943:First War
1837:relations
1756:Kogaionon
1618:Belagines
1592:bracelets
1574:Artifacts
1485:Decebalus
1467:Comosicus
1455:Burebista
1377:Tyragetae
1342:Saldenses
1292:Costoboci
1049:(ca. 500)
1040:(ca. 100)
1020:(ca. 140)
998:(ca. 550)
987:(ca. 400)
978:(ca. 360)
973:Eutropius
969:(ca. 320)
947:(ca. 395)
819:Sear 2581
655:Caracalla
653:Hist Aug
526:Costoboci
381:auxiliary
360:Gallienus
324:Sarmatian
320:Bastarnae
271:Thibiscum
163:Costoboci
92:Costoboci
44:verifying
2243:Category
2205:Category
2182:Dacology
2151:Research
2082:Alutanus
1917:Domitian
1810:Sucidava
1800:Cumidava
1795:Buridava
1790:Argidava
1738:Zalmoxis
1728:Seirenes
1718:Sabazios
1698:Dionysus
1693:Derzelas
1688:Deceneus
1668:Religion
1610:Language
1600:Clothing
1461:Deceneus
1429:Rhemaxos
1409:Cothelas
1367:Teurisci
1347:Scaugdae
1322:Piephigi
1297:Crobidae
1282:Ciaginsi
1159:Smith's
1075:(2008):
1037:Germania
991:Jordanes
798:Smith's
510:See also
472:Pannonia
460:en masse
427:Germanic
404:Slovakia
396:Commodus
364:Aurelian
332:Roxolani
328:Muntenia
316:Taurisci
314:and the
308:Bukovina
195:Aurelian
175:Moldavia
165:and the
103:Romanian
2249:Dacians
2215:Commons
2121:Culture
2087:Moesiae
1871:Warfare
1835:Foreign
1733:Silenus
1676:Deities
1581:Coinage
1548:Dicomes
1530:Zyraxes
1473:Scorilo
1317:Peukini
1287:Clariae
1248:Anartes
1098:Author?
1091:Author?
1044:Zosimus
1033:Tacitus
1013:Ptolemy
936:Ancient
931:Sources
536:Hutsuls
516:Dacians
488:Zosimus
417:Mommsen
377:legions
362:(257),
354:(238),
350:(157),
312:Anartes
304:Decebal
171:Ukraine
111:Dacians
82:Map of
38:Please
2064:Castra
2051:Column
2044:Bridge
2038:Trajan
2008:Moesia
1935:Trajan
1860:Romans
1845:Greeks
1723:Semele
1683:Bendis
1525:Rholes
1502:Cotiso
1424:Oroles
1419:Moskon
1372:Trixae
1362:Terizi
1352:Senses
1267:Bessoi
1258:Biephi
1225:Tribes
1163:(1878)
1146:
1126:
1054:Modern
995:Getica
890:
422:Tanais
358:(250)
356:Decius
233:, Rome
223:Trajan
169:in SW
2172:Books
2074:Limes
1850:Celts
1815:Davae
1708:Kotys
1519:Dapyx
1479:Duras
1404:Coson
1392:Kings
1312:Moesi
1307:Getae
1277:Carpi
1263:Bessi
1253:Apuli
1217:Dacia
1101:CIL:
1029:(361)
800:Carpi
502:, or
496:Sciri
297:limes
289:Aluta
275:Timiş
167:Carpi
131:Latin
88:Carpi
1885:Sica
1880:Falx
1357:Suci
1302:Daci
1238:Aedi
1229:List
1144:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1059:AE:
888:ISBN
492:Huns
177:and
90:and
1773:and
657:V.4
429:or
402:in
342:of
293:Olt
217:).
42:by
2245::
1989:/
863:^
851:^
773:^
707:^
637:^
616:^
577:^
494:,
173:,
133::
105::
1265:/
1231:)
1227:(
1209:e
1202:t
1195:v
896:.
291:(
273:(
129:(
101:(
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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