Freedom Summer - Knowledge

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and 'bad guys'. They saw that those two ideas were linked together. They experienced such lawlessness that they became critical toward American society and federal agencies, like the FBI. Most of the volunteers became politicized in Mississippi. They left intent on carrying on the fight in the North. After that summer, many Christians faced a religious crisis. Personal transformation of volunteers led to social changes. It increased student activity in the civil rights movement. These students also played a role later in the resurgence of leftist activism in the United States.

1444:, which provided for federal oversight and enforcement to facilitate registration and voting in areas of historically low turnout. Mississippi's legislature passed several laws to dilute the power of black votes. Only with Supreme Court rulings and more than a decade of cooling did black voting become a reality in Mississippi. The seeds planted during Freedom Summer bore fruit in the 1980s and 1990s, when Mississippi elected more black officials than any other state. Since redistricting in 2003, Mississippi has had four congressional districts. 773:" designed to demonstrate the will of Black Mississippians to vote, if not impeded by terror and intimidation. The Mississippi voting registration procedure at the time required Blacks to fill out a 21-question registration form and to answer, to the satisfaction of the white registrators, a question on the interpretation of any one of 285 sections of the state constitution. The registrars ruled subjectively on the applicant's qualifications, and decided against most blacks, not allowing them to register. 1299:

from the restraints of racism and consequently free to truly love one another. As such, for many of them, interracial sex became the ultimate expression of SNCC ideology, which emphasized the notions of freedom and equality. At the beginning of the summer the Freedom Houses were places to accommodate the overflow of volunteers, but in the eyes of volunteers by the end of summer they had become structural and symbolical expressions of the link between personal and political change. One volunteer said:

6605: 6653: 6629: 6617: 6641: 32: 4857: 1510: 1216:," an educational program proposed by SNCC member, Charlie Cobb – as an alternative to Mississippi's totally segregated and underfunded schools for blacks. Over the course of the summer, more than 3,500 students attended Freedom Schools, which taught subjects that the public schools avoided, such as black history and constitutional rights. 1473:, was indicted for murder. He was convicted of three counts of manslaughter. The Killen verdict was announced on June 21, 2005, the forty-first anniversary of the crime. Killen's lawyers appealed the verdict, but his sentence of 3 times 20 years in prison was upheld on January 12, 2007, in a hearing by the Supreme Court of Mississippi. 1117:, where Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner had been arrested after they had investigated the burning of a local black church that was a center for political organizing. For the next seven weeks, FBI agents and sailors from a nearby naval airbase searched for the bodies, wading into swamps and hacking through underbrush. FBI director 1498:, seeing them as "reverse white victimization," which contributed to the violence during Freedom Summer. These unresolved conflicts, Campbell believes, continue to fuel racial divisions in Mississippi today. He emphasizes the need for formal efforts to address and heal from past injustices, like those of Freedom Summer. 1338:

Many of the volunteers have recounted that the summer was one of the defining periods of their lives. They had trouble readjusting to life outside Mississippi. They came with a positive image of the government, but the events of the Freedom Summer upset this simplistic distinction between 'good guys'

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Long-term volunteers staffed the COFO and SNCC offices throughout Mississippi. After the flood of summer workers in 1964, their leadership decided that projects should continue the following summer, but under the direction of local leadership. This was challenged by Northern establishment members of

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You never knew what was going to happen from one minute to the next ... I slept on the cot ... on a kind of side porch ... and ... I'd drag in some nights and there'd ... be a wild party raging on the porch. So I'd drag my cot off in search of a quiet corner ... an intense philosophical discussion

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Of course, the practice of group living was already well established among American college students, for example, and soon the houses became communal living centers. Freedom houses also played a significant role in the volunteers' sexual activities during the summer. They considered themselves free

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The volunteers were housed by local black families who refused to be intimidated by segregationist threats of violence. However, project organizers were unable to place all the volunteers in private homes. To accommodate the overflow, the remaining volunteers were placed either in the project office

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and paid informers to reveal secrets of their "klaverns". In the fall of 1964, informants told the FBI about the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner. On December 4, the FBI arrested 19 men as suspects. All were freed on a technicality, starting a three-year battle to bring them to justice. In

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administered subjectively by white registrars, making residency requirements more difficult, as well as elaborate record keeping to document required items. They maintained this exclusion of blacks from politics well into the 1960s, which extended to excluding them from juries and imposing Jim Crow

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were established throughout Mississippi. These libraries provided library services and literacy guidance for many African Americans, some who had never had access to libraries before. Freedom Libraries ranged in size from a few hundred volumes to more than 20,000. The Freedom Libraries operated on

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them. Goodman and Schwerner were shot at point-blank range. Chaney was chased, beaten mercilessly, and shot three times. After weeks of searching in which federal law enforcement participated, on August 4, 1964, their bodies were found to have been buried in an earthen dam. The men's disappearance

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Throughout the search, Mississippi newspapers and word-of-mouth perpetuated the common belief that the disappearance was "a hoax" designed to draw publicity. The search of rivers and swamps turned up the bodies of eight other blacks who appeared to have been murdered: a boy and seven men. Herbert

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However, some Black activists felt that the media had responded only because Northern white students were killed, and felt embittered. Many Blacks also felt that the white students were condescending and paternalistic to the local people and were rising to an inappropriate dominance in the Civil

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and registration efforts in Greenwood), Moses prevailed over doubts among SNCC and COFO workers, and planning for Freedom Summer began in February 1964. Speakers recruited for workers on college campuses across the country, drawing standing ovations for their dedication in braving the routine

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The atmosphere in the class is unbelievable. It is what every teacher dreams about — real, honest enthusiasm and desire to learn anything and everything. The girls come to class of their own free will. They respond to everything that is said. They are excited about learning. They drain me of

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Bruce Watson recalls the "Freedom Summer"of 1964 when over 700 college students arrived in Mississippi to register African-American voters and create Freedom Schools to assist in the education of the populace. Their work was met with resistance exemplified through the disappearance of three

1171:(MFDP) as a non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization. It intended to gain recognition of the MFDP by the national Democratic Party as the legitimate party organization in Mississippi. Delegates were elected to go to the Democratic national convention to be held that year. 2372:, May 5, 2009 lecture. Illustrator and journalist Tracy Sugarman describes his experiences covering the voting registration efforts during the 1964 "Freedom Summer." The talk is related to the publication of Sugarman's book of the same title. Retrieved August 25, 2009. 882:

Organizers focused on Mississippi because it had the lowest percentage of any state in the country of African Americans registered to vote, and they constituted more than one-third of the population. In 1962 only 6.7% of eligible black voters were registered.

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Freedom Schools were held in churches, on back porches, and under the trees of Mississippi. Students ranged from small children to elderly adults, with the average age around 15. Most of the volunteer teachers were college students. Under the direction of

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had paid little attention to the persecution of Black voters in the Deep South and the dangers endured by Black civil rights workers. The events that summer had captured national attention, as had the mass protests and demonstrations in previous years.

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More than 1,000 out-of-state volunteers participated in Freedom Summer alongside thousands of black Mississippians. Volunteers were the brightest of their generation, who came from the best universities from the biggest states, mostly from cities in the

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In 1963, volunteers set up polling places in Black churches and business establishments across Mississippi. After registering on a simple registration form, voters would select candidates to run in the following year's election. Candidates included Rev.

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requesting an investigation. The parents of the missing children were able to put so much pressure on Washington that meetings with President Johnson and Attorney General Robert Kennedy were arranged. Finally, after some 36 hours, Attorney General

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highlights Freedom Summer as an example where structured efforts to reconcile conflicting historical views—held by white and Black Mississippians—could have lessened the event's lasting effects. Although Campbell doesn't directly call for a

1228:, the goal was to teach voter literacy, and political organization skills, as well as academic skills, and to help with confidence. The curriculum was directly linked to the formation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. As 917:

During the ten weeks of Freedom Summer, a number of other organizations provided support for the COFO Summer Project. More than 100 volunteer doctors, nurses, psychologists, medical students and other medical professionals from the

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Volunteers believed that it was important to free themselves from their race and class backgrounds, so the Freedom Houses would become places where cultural exchange would happen, so the Freedom Houses were free from segregation.

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Rights Movement. Leading up to the November 1964 election, repression persisted in Mississippi, with nuisance arrests, beatings, and church burnings continuing. The discontent with the white students and the increasing need for

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Freedom Summer was built on the years of earlier work by thousands of African Americans, connected through their churches, who lived in Mississippi. In 1963, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized a mock

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Freedom Summer did not succeed in getting many voters registered, but it had a significant effect on the course of the Civil Rights Movement. It helped break down the decades of isolation and repression that had supported the

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By 1964, students and others had begun the process of integrating public accommodations, registering adults to vote, and above all strengthening a network of local leadership. Building on the efforts of 1963 (including the

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Many of Mississippi's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and any attempt to change the residents' society. Locals routinely harassed volunteers. The volunteers' presence in local black communities drew

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feared losing Southern support in the coming campaign. He did not allow the MFDP to replace the regulars, but the continuing issue of political oppression in Mississippi was covered widely by the national press.

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going on in one corner ... people making peanut butter sandwiches-always peanut butter ... in another ... some soap opera ... romantic entanglement being played out in another ... It was real three-ring circus

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for the events of 1964, he suggests that the violent outcomes stemmed from two opposing interpretations of history. Specifically, he argues that many white Mississippians believed distorted narratives about

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used arrests, arson, beatings, evictions, firing, murder, spying, and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent blacks from registering to vote or achieve social equality.

1232:, who ran for Lieutenant Governor on the MFDP ticket, stated, "Our assumption was that the parents of the Freedom School children, when we met them at night, that the Freedom Democratic Party would be the 1402:, which sprang up spontaneously in October 1964 in response to the university's attempt to shut down informational tabling and fundraising by student activists on behalf of the Civil Rights Movement. 2273:

Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out

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the night of their release from jail was reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, shocking the nation. It drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi's "closed society."

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and current status, political processes, civil rights, and the freedom movement. The content varied from place to place and day to day according to the questions and interests of the students.

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engaged in voting rights protests at courthouses, recruited voter applicants and accompanied them to register, taught in Freedom Schools, and performed office and other support functions.

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most African Americans and many poor whites in the period from 1890 to 1910 by passing state constitutions, amendments and other laws that imposed burdens on voter registration: charging

5980: 6150: 793:. Local civil rights workers and volunteers, along with students from northern and western universities, organized and implemented the mock election, in which tens of thousands voted. 5521: 6382: 1425:. Seven were ultimately convicted of federal crimes related to the murders. All were sentenced to 3–10 years, but none served more than six years. This marked the first time since 588: 859:. About half of them were Jewish. Though SNCC's committee agreed to recruit only one hundred white students for the project in December 1963, Jewish civil rights leaders such as 5276: 5281: 5261: 5251: 5012: 956:

clergy and divinity students to Mississippi to support the work of the Summer Project. In addition to offering traditional religious support to volunteers and activists, the

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complex" and informing others that their job that summer would not be to "save the Mississippi Negro" but to work with local leadership to develop the grassroots movement.

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small budgets and were usually run by volunteers. Some libraries were housed in newly constructed facilities while others were located in abandoned buildings.

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went on and recruited a much larger number of white volunteers, to bring more attention. Two one-week orientation sessions for the volunteers were held at

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violence perpetrated by police, sheriffs, and others in Mississippi. SNCC recruiters interviewed dozens of potential volunteers, weeding out those with a "

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Most of these methods survived US Supreme Court challenges and, if overruled, states had quickly developed new ways to exclude blacks, such as use of

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Mississippi began to make some racial progress but white supremacy was resilient, especially in rural areas. In 1965 Congress passed the federal

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In addition to voter registration and the MFDP, the Summer Project also established a network of 30 to 40 voluntary summer schools – called "

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volunteers, indiscriminate beatings, and the burnings of churches. Bruce Watson discussed his book at Lemuira Books in Jackson, Mississippi.

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The volunteer Freedom School teachers were as profoundly affected by their experience as were the students. Pam Parker, a teacher in the

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Project to Rebuild Antioch Missionary Baptist Church, Tippah County, Mississippi, burned after a speech held there by Fannie Lou Hamer

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member. The three were held in jail until after nightfall, then released. They drove away into an ambush on the road by Klansmen, who

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led to a trial by the state in 2005. As a result of investigative reporting by Jerry Mitchell (an award-winning reporter for the

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The Freedom Schools operated on a basis of close interaction and mutual trust between teachers and students. The core

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This article is about the 1964 voter registration campaign in the U.S. state of Mississippi. For other uses, see

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everything that I have to offer so that I go home at night completely exhausted but very happy in spirit ...

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In Mississippi, controversy raged over the three murders. Mississippi state and local officials did not

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Letters from Mississippi: Reports from Civil Rights Volunteers & Poetry of the 1964 Freedom Summer

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Cook, K. J. (2008). "Freedom libraries in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer Project: A history".

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At least 3 Mississippi blacks were murdered because of their support for the Civil Rights Movement

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Steven M. Gillon "10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America" (Three Rivers Press, New York, 2006)

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Freedom Summer: The Savage Season of 1964 That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy

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Ready For a Brand New Beat: How "Dancing in the Street" Became the Anthem for a Changing America

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that white men had been convicted of civil rights violations against blacks in Mississippi.

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Original photographs, documents oral history, letters from the Mississippi freedom movement

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Freedom Summer: The Savage Season That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America a Democracy

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continued to block black voter registration, the Summer Project switched to building the

1126: 903: 750:). Most of the impetus, leadership, and financing for the Summer Project came from SNCC. 412: 347: 1726: 1386:. He later taught organizing strategies. In 2008 he played a crucial role in organizing 6565: 6441: 6241: 6205: 5854: 5791: 5692: 5472: 4916: 4777: 4545: 4529: 4522: 4501: 4493: 4487: 4450: 4284: 4194: 4174: 4099: 4079: 4069: 4049: 3964: 3849: 3794: 3739: 3644: 3424: 3339: 2998: 2982: 2962: 2728: 2693: 2620: 1937:

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global

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Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: An Anthology of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement

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To Write in the Light of Freedom: Newspapers of the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Schools

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authorized the FBI to get involved in the search. FBI agents began swarming around

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Volunteers were attacked almost as soon as the campaign started. On June 21, 1964,

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from the Mapping American Social Movements project at the University of Washington

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thrown at host homes, and constant harassment. State and local governments, the

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Mississippi Eyes: The Story and Photography of the Southern Documentary Project

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In 1962, only 5.3% of African Americans in Mississippi were registered to vote

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for participating in civil rights protests. After he returned home, he was

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With participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by

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went to Mississippi on July 10 to open the first FBI branch office there.

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backed out of hosting the sessions due to alumni pressure against it.

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Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

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Mt. Zion Church state history marker near Philadelphia, Mississippi

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had been high at the turn of the century and continued for years.

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Attack On Terror: The FBI Against the Ku Klux Klan In Mississippi

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anyone. The FBI continued to investigate. Agents infiltrated the

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1964 voter registration campaign in the U.S. state of Mississippi

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Letter written by Charles J. Benner to John Lewis, June 16, 1964

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Oarsby, a 14-year-old youth, was found wearing a CORE T-shirt.

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4 civil rights workers were killed (one in a head-on collision)

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1,062 people were arrested (out-of-state volunteers and locals)

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The Commission on Religion and Race (CORR), an endeavor of the

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Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi

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The Civil Rights Revolution: Events and Leaders, 1955-1968

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States

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Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

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The Speeches of Fannie Lou Hamer: To Tell it Like it is'

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prevented from voting since the turn of the 20th century

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Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

4394:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 2033:"Congressional Honor Sought for Freedom Summer Martyrs" 1152: 5953: 4640:

African American founding fathers of the United States

2993:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

2858:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

2099:(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). 2080:

In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s

1145:. The other five men were never identified. When they 6581: 2465: 2277:

Mississippi Freedom Summer (Amistad Digital Resource)

2178:(University of Virginia Press, 1965, reissued 1990). 1382:, where he worked for many years on the staff of the 1174:

Before the convention was held, Democratic President

5628:

Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain

2257:(Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2015) 1674:"The SNCC Project: A Year by Year History 1960-1970" 1505: 6129:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

4688:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

1358:Among many notable veterans of Freedom Summer were 1331:against segregationists helped create demand for a 1129:was among 600 students expelled in April 1964 from 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1996: 1814: 1036:30 Black homes or businesses were bombed or burned 2401:Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive (USM) 6665: 6090:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 3224:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 2221:Finding the Trapdoor: Essays, Portraits, Travels 723:, Freedom Houses, and community centers such as 278:Lawyer's Constitutional Defense Committee (LCDC) 5913:Music and women's suffrage in the United States 5534:Women's suffrage organizations and publications 3214:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 3147:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 3038:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 5421:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) 4693:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 2155:Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 1793:"Mississippi: Subversion of the Right to Vote" 663:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 6704:History of voting rights in the United States 6404:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 5939: 4887: 4601:List of lynching victims in the United States 2939:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 2451: 2335:Mississippi Burning (LBJ tapes and documents) 1843:"Lynching of Chaney, Schwerner & Goodman" 1774:. Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. 2003 986:window honoring the three slain activists in 939:Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law 657:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education 477: 282:Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law 1591:, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University 1414:October 1967, the men, including the Klan's 855:, etc.), usually were rich, 90 percent were 6501:Democratic backsliding in the United States 6139:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 3068:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 5946: 5932: 5564:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial 4894: 4880: 3117:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 2458: 2444: 2192:(Montgomery, AL: Black Belt Press, 1999). 484: 470: 146: 6714:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 6709:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 5897:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar 4673:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 2378:- The Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s 2364:. Webcast and event flier essay from the 2323:Freedom Summer National Conference - 2009 1859: 1748:"Race and Voting in the Segregated South" 1660:Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism 1600: 1557:(Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 114. 1457:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 1023:Over the course of the ten-week project: 974:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 796: 629:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 255:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 219:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 6699:History of African-American civil rights 5468:1920 United States presidential election 4708:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 2748:University of Georgia desegregation riot 2234: 2049: 2030: 2003:. University of Illinois Press. p. 1446:Mississippi's 2nd congressional district 1431: 1009:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission 977: 899:segregation laws for public facilities. 304:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission 6689:African-American history of Mississippi 6146:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 6102:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 5708:Women's Rights National Historical Park 4622:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 4359:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 4354:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 1994: 1721: 1719: 703:. Blacks in the state had been largely 6666: 6383:United States Virgin Islands residents 5385:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 4536:African-American women in the movement 2988:White House Conference on Civil Rights 2819:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 1812: 1627: 5927: 5426:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873) 5241:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 4875: 2977:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 2439: 2424:The 1964 MS Freedom School Curriculum 2206:, Talking Fingers Publications, 2014 1911:Mississippi Freedom School Curriculum 1030:80 Freedom Summer workers were beaten 715:that had been enacted throughout the 465: 5976:House Electors Qualifications Clause 5779:"The March of the Women" (1910 song) 5507:List of suffragists and suffragettes 5370:Women's Coronation Procession (1911) 4745:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 3209:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 3157:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 3103:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 2580:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 2505:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 2391:- University of Southern Mississippi 2271:SNCC Digital Gateway: Freedom Summer 2253:William Sturkey and Jon Hale, eds., 2152: 2140:, Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2011. 2031:Mitchell, Jerry (February 4, 2014). 1934: 1899:"Freedom Summer and Freedom Schools" 1716: 1703: 1271: 1169:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 1159:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 1153:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 719:. The project also set up dozens of 609:Burglund High School student walkout 513:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 213:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 3152:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 3088:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 2758:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 2050:Campbell, James T. (October 2009). 1487:truth and reconciliation commission 1353:1964 Democratic National Convention 1318:system. Before Freedom Summer, the 699:voters as possible in the state of 13: 6373:Northern Mariana Islands residents 5955:Voting rights in the United States 5749:National Voting Rights Museum (US) 5713:Women's Suffrage National Monument 5529:Historiography of the Suffragettes 5483:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) 4596:African-American churches attacked 3162:Montgomery Improvement Association 3137:Georgia Council on Human Relations 3122:Council of Federated Organizations 3093:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 2851:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 2809:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 2615:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 2519:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 2124: 2082:(Harvard University Press, 1981). 1964:americanradioworks.publicradio.org 1694:(Oxford Univ. Press, 1988), p. 66. 1607:. New York: Penguin. p. 135. 1455:Renewed investigation of the 1964 1398:, where he became a leader of the 1396:University of California, Berkeley 1201: 920:Medical Committee for Human Rights 875:), from June 14 to June 27, after 732:Council of Federated Organizations 191:Council of Federated Organizations 14: 6725: 6134:Federal Voting Assistance Program 5641:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 4668:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 4541:Jews in the civil rights movement 2362:"We had Sneakers, They Had Guns," 2310:Freedom Summer Digital Collection 2264: 2235:Martinez, Elizabeth, ed. (2014). 1923:Mississippi Freedom Summer — 1964 1678:Mapping American Social Movements 1634:. New York: Penguin. p. 18. 1524:African-American–Jewish relations 1284: 1262:school, wrote of the experience: 1033:37 churches were bombed or burned 730:The project was organized by the 695:in June 1964 to register as many 310:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 6651: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6591: 6541:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 6458:Women's poll tax repeal movement 5792:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song) 5590:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 5436:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913) 5406:Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 4862:Civil rights movement portal 4855: 4703:Freedom Riders National Monument 4445:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 2957:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 2916:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 2803:Second Emancipation Proclamation 2376:Mississippi & Freedom Summer 2341:Freedom Summer, Mississippi 1964 1704:Wang, Hansi Lo (June 14, 2014). 1508: 1372:Chicago Women's Liberation Union 1042:4 people were critically wounded 886:Southern states had effectively 30: 6085:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 6003:Privileges or Immunities Clause 5605:Kate Sheppard National Memorial 5365:Battle of Downing Street (1910) 5008:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act 4730:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 4718:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 3194:National Council of Negro Women 3132:Deacons for Defense and Justice 2349:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 2343:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 2069: 2062:(4): 963–977 – via JSTOR. 2043: 2024: 1988: 1985:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1976: 1952: 1943: 1928: 1925:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 1916: 1904: 1892: 1868: 1853: 1835: 1806: 1785: 1764: 1740: 1345:Americans for Democratic Action 1141:on May 2, 1964 with his friend 757: 693:American civil rights activists 223:Catalyst to the passage of the 41:needs additional citations for 21:Freedom Summer (disambiguation) 6363:District of Columbia residents 6293:Multiple non-transferable vote 6216:Voter registration in the U.S. 6161:Election Assistance Commission 5981:Congressional Elections Clause 5416:Ohio Women's Convention (1850) 5401:Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 2610:Mansfield school desegregation 2432:, Civil Rights Digital Library 2331:Miami University of Ohio, 2014 2113:(New York, NY: Viking, 2010). 2056:The American Historical Review 1697: 1684: 1666: 1648: 1621: 1594: 1575: 1560: 1547: 1394:. Mario Savio returned to the 1347:, who also disapproved of the 1343:the coalition, beginning with 691:), was a campaign launched by 683:(sometimes referred to as the 614:Murder of Roman Ducksworth Jr. 589:Prayer Pilgrimage Freedom Ride 1: 6546:National Voting Rights Museum 6156:Help America Vote Act of 2002 4740:National Voting Rights Museum 4683:Civil Rights Movement Archive 4482:Lynching in the United States 4369:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 2824:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 2797:University of Chicago sit-ins 2564:Davis v. Prince Edward County 2355:a documentary distributed by 1847:Civil Rights Movement Archive 1800:Civil Rights Movement Archive 1541: 619:Assassination of Medgar Evers 155:advert for the Freedom Summer 6409:Timeline of women's suffrage 5522:in majority-Muslim countries 5512:Timeline of women's suffrage 5451:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919) 5380:Open Christmas Letter (1914) 5329:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 4901: 4735:National Civil Rights Museum 4591:March on Washington Movement 4576:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 3045:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 1901:, ~Education & Democracy 1378:. Marshall Ganz returned to 1308: 1139:Franklin County, Mississippi 1057:activist from Mississippi), 946:National Council of Churches 927:NAACP Legal Defense Fund Inc 7: 6463:History of direct democracy 6453:Selma to Montgomery marches 6196:Initiatives and referendums 5892:New Zealand ten-dollar note 5559:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 5473:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957) 5411:Rochester Convention (1848) 5196:Constitutional amendments: 4982:Women's liberation movement 4379:"This Little Light of Mine" 3127:Dallas County Voters League 3073:Atlanta Negro Voters League 2836:Letter from Birmingham Jail 2543:Brown v. Board of Education 2412:Mississippi Digital Library 1960:"Oh Freedom Over Me: Story" 1821:. Oxford University Press. 1501: 1096:When the men went missing, 1055:Congress of Racial Equality 967: 925:Volunteer lawyers from the 249:Congress of Racial Equality 10: 6730: 6283:First-past-the-post voting 6053:U.S. Department of Justice 5431:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914) 4713:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 4581:Holt Street Baptist Church 4551:16th Street Baptist Church 3535:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 3179:Nashville Student Movement 3109:An Appeal for Human Rights 2395:SNCC History and Geography 2325:- Miami University of Ohio 2319:- Miami University of Ohio 1913:~Education & Democracy 1205: 1156: 1104:workers began phoning the 1065:(a CORE organizer) - both 1061:(a summer volunteer), and 971: 761: 689:Mississippi Summer Project 681:Mississippi Freedom Summer 651:Murder of Wharlest Jackson 646:Shooting of Benjamin Brown 18: 6679:1964 in the United States 6471: 6419:Woman Suffrage Procession 6391: 6310: 6275: 6229: 6178: 6171: 6107:Voting Rights Act of 1965 6043: 5961: 5899:(2020 U.S. commemorative) 5762: 5736: 5718:International Women's Day 5495: 5393: 5337: 5236: 5229: 4990: 4909: 4851: 4753: 4655: 4469: 4402: 4344: 4323: 4210:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 4180:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 3252: 3244:Women's Political Council 3239:Wednesdays in Mississippi 3234:United Auto Workers (UAW) 3219:Southern Regional Council 3189:Northern Student Movement 3098:Committee for Freedom Now 3058: 3005:Memphis sanitation strike 2971:Voting Rights Act of 1965 2893: 2714:Savannah Protest Movement 2676: 2534: 2495:Journey of Reconciliation 2487: 2474: 2426:~ Education and Democracy 1115:Philadelphia, Mississippi 865:Western College for Women 599:Mississippi Freedom Rides 505: 327: 322: 237: 232: 225:Voting Rights Act of 1965 199: 180: 168: 160: 145: 137: 132: 6358:American Samoa residents 6097:Civil Rights Act of 1960 6080:Civil Rights Act of 1957 5802:Women's suffrage in film 5773:The Women's Marseillaise 5661:Suffragette Handkerchief 5539:Women's rights activists 5319:Hong Kong 1 July marches 3078:Atlanta Student Movement 3027:Civil Rights Act of 1968 2952:1964–1965 Scripto strike 2933:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2831:1963 Birmingham campaign 2724:Civil Rights Act of 1960 2648:Civil Rights Act of 1957 2418:Carpenters for Christmas 2370:American Folklife Center 2347:Photos of Freedom Summer 2337:- University of Virginia 2188:Susie Erenrich, editor, 1601:Kurlansky, Mark (2013). 1529:Carpenters for Christmas 1180:Civil Rights Act of 1964 267:NAACP Legal Defense Fund 6063:Enforcement Act of 1870 5998:Equal Protection Clause 5903:2020 US ten-dollar bill 5887:Susan B. Anthony dollar 5824:Not for Ourselves Alone 5446:Suffrage Special (1916) 5375:Great Pilgrimage (1913) 5324:2014 Hong Kong protests 4922:Right to run for office 4630:Voter Education Project 4384:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 4045:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 3480:Josephine Dobbs Clement 2906:Chester school protests 2901:Twenty-fourth Amendment 2863:Detroit Walk to Freedom 2605:Tallahassee bus boycott 2526:Baton Rouge bus boycott 1860:Whitehead, Don (1970). 1572:, McFarland, 2004, p 72 1390:'s field staff for the 1167:, COFO established the 1013:White Citizens' Council 791:Clarksdale, Mississippi 634:Murder of Vernon Dahmer 559:Murder of George W. Lee 294:Governor of Mississippi 6068:Second Enforcement Act 5570:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 5219:1965 Voting Rights Act 4843:Movement photographers 4085:Bernice Johnson Reagon 3805:Martin Luther King Sr. 3800:Martin Luther King Jr. 3370:William Holmes Borders 3142:Highlander Folk School 3032:Poor People's Campaign 2885:St. Augustine movement 2735:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 2658:Katz Drug Store sit-in 2629:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 2591:Montgomery bus boycott 1995:Dittmer, John (1994). 1864:. Funk & Wagnalls. 1628:Watson, Bruce (2010). 1462:Jackson Clarion-Ledger 1437: 1306: 1269: 1178:gained passage of the 995: 931:National Lawyers Guild 797:February 1964 planning 685:Freedom Summer Project 640:United States v. Price 273:National Lawyers Guild 6694:Civil rights movement 6521:Elections in the U.S. 6378:Puerto Rico residents 6117:covered jurisdictions 5551:Belmont–Paul Monument 5478:Freedom Summer (1964) 5355:Women's Sunday (1908) 4678:Civil Rights Memorial 4566:Bethel Baptist Church 4215:Charles Kenzie Steele 3660:Audrey Faye Hendricks 3565:Myrlie Evers-Williams 3545:Patricia Stephens Due 3515:Abraham Lincoln Davis 3450:Colia Lafayette Clark 3204:Operation Breadbasket 3199:National Urban League 2946:Katzenbach v. McClung 2814:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 2467:Civil rights movement 2408:- American RadioWorks 1813:McAdam, Doug (1988). 1535:Summer in Mississippi 1496:Civil Rights Movement 1452:, is black majority. 1435: 1301: 1264: 981: 624:Murder of Louis Allen 604:Murder of Herbert Lee 569:Murder of Emmett Till 564:Murder of Lamar Smith 494:Civil Rights Movement 299:United States Senator 140:Civil Rights Movement 5816:Shoulder to Shoulder 5785:The Mother of Us All 5728:Women's Equality Day 5723:Susan B. Anthony Day 5577:Suffragette Memorial 5182:District of Columbia 4952:Non-resident citizen 4723:other King memorials 4698:Freedom Rides Museum 4635:1960s counterculture 4586:Edmund Pettus Bridge 4265:Walter Francis White 4170:Alexander D. Shimkin 2684:New Year's Day March 2653:Ministers' Manifesto 2500:Executive Order 9981 2382:1964: Freedom Summer 2283:"Book Discussion on 2153:Lyon, Danny (1992). 1880:SNCC Digital Gateway 1582:"Freedom Vote Flyer" 1400:Free Speech Movement 1276:Approximately fifty 594:McComb Freedom Rides 508:State of Mississippi 407:State of Mississippi 50:improve this article 6674:1964 in Mississippi 5683:Hunger Strike Medal 5360:Black Friday (1910) 4461:Mary McLeod Bethune 4422:Sermon on the Mount 4389:"We Shall Overcome" 3970:William Lewis Moore 3750:Frank Minis Johnson 3725:Richie Jean Jackson 3680:Donald L. Hollowell 3485:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 3290:Gwendolyn Armstrong 3285:William G. Anderson 3265:Victoria Gray Adams 3229:The Freedom Singers 3083:Black Panther Party 2868:March on Washington 2781:Garner v. Louisiana 2742:Boynton v. Virginia 2366:Library of Congress 2357:California Newsreel 2329:Freedom Summer 50th 1476:In a 2009 article, 1384:United Farm Workers 1335:direction in SNCC. 1320:national news media 1185:When the forces of 1135:abducted and killed 1127:Charles Eddie Moore 1090:abducted and killed 1073:- were arrested by 904:grandfather clauses 707:due to barriers to 413:Paul B. Johnson Jr. 348:Victoria Gray Adams 6566:Voter registration 6442:Give Us the Ballot 6338:Transgender people 6242:Grandfather clause 6206:Provisional ballot 5826:(1999 documentary) 5693:Suffrage jewellery 4917:Universal suffrage 4778:Michael Eric Dyson 4663:In popular culture 4546:Fifth Circuit Four 4530:Loving v. Virginia 4523:Hernandez v. Texas 4502:Buchanan v. Warley 4494:Separate but equal 4488:Plessy v. Ferguson 4451:Frederick Douglass 4285:Robert F. Williams 4195:Kelly Miller Smith 4175:Fred Shuttlesworth 4100:Frederick D. Reese 4080:George Raymond Jr. 4070:A. Philip Randolph 4050:Fay Bellamy Powell 3965:Queen Mother Moore 3850:Z. Alexander Looby 3795:Coretta Scott King 3740:Barbara Rose Johns 3720:Jimmie Lee Jackson 3645:William E. Harbour 3425:Stokely Carmichael 3340:Randolph Blackwell 3010:King assassination 2999:Loving v. Virginia 2983:March Against Fear 2963:How Long, Not Long 2841:Children's Crusade 2792:Cambridge movement 2729:Ax Handle Saturday 2694:Greensboro sit-ins 2621:Give Us the Ballot 2406:Oh Freedom Over Me 2387:2008-04-30 at the 2353:Freedom On My Mind 2315:2016-04-01 at the 1983:Veterans Roll Call 1587:2014-03-03 at the 1553:Clayborne Carson, 1438: 1427:Reconstruction era 1143:Henry Hezekiah Dee 1137:by KKK members in 1001:drive-by shootings 996: 992:Cornell University 709:voter registration 584:Starkville sit-ins 528:March Against Fear 365:George Raymond Jr. 164:June – August 1964 6598:Freedom of speech 6579: 6578: 6526:Electoral College 6348:African Americans 6306: 6305: 6298:One man, one vote 6267:Voter suppression 5921: 5920: 5832:Iron Jawed Angels 5754:Umbrella Movement 5698:Suffragette penny 5612:Millicent Fawcett 5583:Portrait Monument 5491: 5490: 5345:WSPU march (1906) 5162:African Americans 5080:Spain (Civil War, 4972:Compulsory voting 4869: 4868: 4646:Eyes on the Prize 4561:A.G. Gaston Motel 4556:Kelly Ingram Park 4516:Sweatt v. Painter 4200:Mary Louise Smith 4160:Cleveland Sellers 4145:Michael Schwerner 4110:Gloria Richardson 3890:Thurgood Marshall 3810:Bernard Lafayette 3540:John Wesley Dobbs 3054: 3053: 2773:Birmingham attack 2753:Rock Hill sit-ins 2704:Sibley Commission 2699:Nashville sit-ins 2571:Gebhart v. Belton 2557:Briggs v. Elliott 2550:Bolling v. Sharpe 2511:Sweatt v. Painter 2229:978-0-8156-0594-2 2184:978-0-8139-1299-8 2131:Hamer, Fannie Lou 2119:978-0-670-02170-3 1876:"Freedom Schools" 1828:978-0-19-504367-9 1482:James T. Campbell 1471:klavern recruiter 1450:Mississippi Delta 1442:Voting Rights Act 1278:Freedom libraries 1272:Freedom Libraries 1243:focused on basic 1195:Lyndon B. Johnson 1176:Lyndon B. Johnson 1111:Robert F. Kennedy 1063:Michael Schwerner 1005:Molotov cocktails 861:Allard Lowenstein 671: 670: 460: 459: 318: 317: 126: 125: 118: 100: 6721: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6644: 6643: 6632: 6631: 6620: 6619: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6587: 6536:Electoral system 6531:Electoral reform 6506:Disfranchisement 6494:Native Americans 6484:Campaign finance 6429:U.S. suffragists 6424:Silent Sentinels 6353:Native Americans 6176: 6175: 6073:Ku Klux Klan Act 6058:Enforcement Acts 5948: 5941: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5744:Age of candidacy 5677:Holloway Jingles 5651:Pankhurst Centre 5622:(2008 sculpture) 5545:Leser v. Garnett 5350:Mud March (1907) 5234: 5233: 5167:Native Americans 4977:Disfranchisement 4896: 4889: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4823:Charles M. Payne 4808:Steven F. Lawson 4798:David Halberstam 4768:Clayborne Carson 4509:Hocutt v. Wilson 4456:W. E. B. Du Bois 4305:Sammy Younge Jr. 4290:Q. V. Williamson 4255:Wyatt Tee Walker 4120:Bernice Robinson 4065:Lincoln Ragsdale 4055:Rodney N. Powell 3950:Douglas E. Moore 3825:Sanford R. Leigh 3760:J. Charles Jones 3635:Fannie Lou Hamer 3550:Joseph Ellwanger 3510:Jonathan Daniels 3500:Claudette Colvin 3490:Annie Lee Cooper 3475:Kathleen Cleaver 3470:Eldridge Cleaver 3445:Shirley Chisholm 3335:Gloria Blackwell 2926:workers' murders 2873:"I Have a Dream" 2768:Anniston bombing 2719:Greenville Eight 2634:Little Rock Nine 2597:Browder v. Gayle 2485: 2484: 2460: 2453: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2250: 2239:. Zephyr Press. 2168: 2076:Clayborne Carson 2064: 2063: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2002: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1820: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1727:"Freedom Summer" 1723: 1714: 1713: 1701: 1695: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1598: 1592: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1467:Edgar Ray Killen 873:Miami University 783:Tougaloo College 697:African-American 679:, also known as 553:Other localities 541:Meredith v. Fair 500: 486: 479: 472: 463: 462: 338:Fannie Lou Hamer 239: 238: 150: 130: 129: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 65:"Freedom Summer" 58: 34: 26: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6582: 6580: 6575: 6467: 6387: 6302: 6271: 6237:Electoral fraud 6225: 6221:Voting in space 6211:Recall election 6186:Absentee ballot 6167: 6045: 6039: 5963: 5957: 5952: 5922: 5917: 5882:(upcoming film) 5808:Votes for Women 5764: 5758: 5732: 5671:Holloway brooch 5666:Holloway banner 5497: 5487: 5456:Night of Terror 5389: 5333: 5225: 4986: 4905: 4900: 4870: 4865: 4854: 4847: 4828:Thomas E. Ricks 4818:Diane McWhorter 4803:Vincent Harding 4788:Adam Fairclough 4755: 4749: 4651: 4606:Freedom Schools 4465: 4398: 4346: 4340: 4331:Omaha, Nebraska 4319: 4235:Hartman Turnbow 4225:Dorothy Tillman 4185:Glenn E. Smiley 4165:Charles Sherrod 4125:Jo Ann Robinson 4000:Charles Neblett 3990:Elijah Muhammad 3955:Harriette Moore 3915:Floyd McKissick 3900:Franklin McCain 3835:Stanley Levison 3700:T. R. M. Howard 3650:Vincent Harding 3580:Walter Fauntroy 3465:Xernona Clayton 3415:John H. Calhoun 3400:Aurelia Browder 3390:Stanley Branche 3385:Raylawni Branch 3365:Joseph E. Boone 3350:Ezell Blair Jr. 3345:Unita Blackwell 3320:Harry Belafonte 3260:Ralph Abernathy 3248: 3184:Nation of Islam 3060: 3050: 2889: 2846:Birmingham riot 2787:Albany Movement 2709:Atlanta sit-ins 2689:Sit-in movement 2672: 2668:Biloxi wade-ins 2640:Cooper v. Aaron 2530: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2389:Wayback Machine 2317:Wayback Machine 2296: 2294: 2281: 2267: 2247: 2217:Adam Hochschild 2165: 2127: 2125:Further reading 2072: 2067: 2048: 2044: 2029: 2025: 2019:cofo, collapse. 2015: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1858: 1854: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1811: 1807: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1772:"Voting Rights" 1770: 1769: 1765: 1756: 1754: 1752:www.crf-usa.org 1746: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1589:Wayback Machine 1580: 1576: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1416:Imperial Wizard 1376:Midwest Academy 1311: 1292:Freedom Houses. 1287: 1274: 1222:Spelman College 1214:Freedom Schools 1210: 1208:Freedom Schools 1204: 1202:Freedom Schools 1187:white supremacy 1165:segregationists 1161: 1155: 1119:J. Edgar Hoover 976: 970: 948:(NCC), brought 908:white primaries 888:disenfranchised 799: 766: 760: 721:Freedom Schools 674: 673: 672: 667: 574:Biloxi wade-ins 501: 492: 490: 456: 455: 403: 387:Unita Blackwell 332:Local residents 314: 287: 245:Local residents 207:Freedom Schools 176: 156: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6727: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6661: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6448:Freedom Summer 6445: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6414:Suffrage Hikes 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368:Guam residents 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6288:Gerrymandering 6285: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6035:26th Amendment 6032: 6030:24th Amendment 6027: 6025:23rd Amendment 6022: 6020:19th Amendment 6017: 6015:17th Amendment 6012: 6010:15th Amendment 6007: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5993:14th Amendment 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5967: 5965: 5962:Constitutional 5959: 5958: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5876: 5875:(2022 musical) 5868: 5867:(2018 musical) 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5797:Suffrage plays 5794: 5789: 5781: 5776: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5620:Great Petition 5616: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5566: 5561: 5557:Rise up, Women 5553: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5461:Prison Special 5458: 5448: 5443: 5441:Suffrage Torch 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5113:Cayman Islands 5103:United Kingdom 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4838:Akinyele Umoja 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4427:Mahatma Gandhi 4424: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4336:South Carolina 4333: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4275:Hosea Williams 4272: 4267: 4262: 4260:Hollis Watkins 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4190:A. Maceo Smith 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4140:Bernie Sanders 4137: 4132: 4130:Angela Russell 4127: 4122: 4117: 4115:David Richmond 4112: 4107: 4105:Walter Reuther 4102: 4097: 4092: 4090:Cordell Reagon 4087: 4082: 4077: 4075:George Raymond 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4035:Charles Person 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4005:Huey P. Newton 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3960:Harry T. Moore 3957: 3952: 3947: 3945:Cecil B. Moore 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3925:James Meredith 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755:Clarence Jones 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695:Zilphia Horton 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3665:Lola Hendricks 3662: 3657: 3655:Dorothy Height 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3625:Lawrence Guyot 3622: 3617: 3615:Jack Greenberg 3612: 3607: 3602: 3600:Andrew Goodman 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3525:Joseph DeLaine 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3495:Dorothy Cotton 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3440:J. L. Chestnut 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3375:Amelia Boynton 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3295:Arnold Aronson 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2921:Freedom Summer 2918: 2913: 2911:Bloody Tuesday 2908: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2482: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2430:Freedom Summer 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2379: 2373: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2307: 2293:. 15 June 2010 2285:Freedom Summer 2279: 2274: 2266: 2265:External links 2263: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2232: 2214: 2212:978-1933945187 2200: 2186: 2176:Freedom Summer 2172:Sally Belfrage 2169: 2163: 2150: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2109:Bruce Watson, 2107: 2097:Freedom Summer 2090: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2042: 2023: 2013: 1987: 1975: 1951: 1942: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1867: 1852: 1834: 1827: 1817:Freedom Summer 1805: 1784: 1763: 1739: 1715: 1696: 1692:Freedom Summer 1683: 1665: 1647: 1640: 1620: 1613: 1593: 1574: 1559: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1516:History portal 1503: 1500: 1492:Reconstruction 1374:and later the 1310: 1307: 1286: 1285:Freedom Houses 1283: 1273: 1270: 1226:Staughton Lynd 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1157:Main article: 1154: 1151: 1131:Alcorn A&M 1082:deputy sheriff 1079:Neshoba County 1059:Andrew Goodman 1047: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 969: 966: 929:("Ink Fund"), 896:literacy tests 798: 795: 762:Main article: 759: 756: 717:American South 677:Freedom Summer 669: 668: 666: 665: 660: 653: 648: 643: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 579:Biloxi sit-ins 576: 571: 566: 561: 550: 549: 544: 534:City of Oxford 531: 530: 525: 523:Freedom Summer 520: 515: 506: 503: 502: 489: 488: 481: 474: 466: 458: 457: 454: 453: 442: 441: 430: 429: 426:James Eastland 417: 416: 404: 402: 401: 390: 389: 384: 382:Hollis Watkins 379: 368: 367: 356: 355: 353:Lawrence Guyot 350: 345: 340: 329: 328: 325: 324: 320: 319: 316: 315: 313: 312: 307: 301: 296: 290: 288: 286: 285: 279: 276: 270: 264: 258: 252: 246: 242: 235: 234: 230: 229: 228: 227: 221: 216: 209: 201: 197: 196: 195: 194: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 151: 143: 142: 135: 134: 133:Freedom Summer 128: 127: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6726: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6684:1964 protests 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6659: 6658:United States 6649: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Secret ballot 6554: 6552: 6551:Redistricting 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Ballot access 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276:Vote dilution 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6262:Voter ID laws 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6247:Literacy test 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:Postal voting 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988:1st Amendment 5986: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842:(2013 sitcom) 5841: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5818:(1974 series) 5817: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5152:United States 5150: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:Liechtenstein 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Demeny voting 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4833:Timothy Tyson 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763:Taylor Branch 4761: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:Freedom songs 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Jim Crow laws 4475: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:"Oh, Freedom" 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300:Whitney Young 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4280:Kale Williams 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4240:Albert Turner 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230:A. 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Jemison 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3715:Jesse Jackson 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605:Robert Graetz 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3595:Golden Frinks 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3555:Charles Evers 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3505:Vernon Dahmer 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3460:Septima Clark 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3380:Bruce Boynton 3378: 3376: 3373: 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T. Walden 4245:C. T. Vivian 4205:Maxine Smith 4040:Homer Plessy 4020:James Orange 3975:Irene Morgan 3930:William Ming 3910:Ralph McGill 3845:Viola Liuzzo 3830:Jim Letherer 3815:James Lawson 3745:Vernon Johns 3735:Esau Jenkins 3690:Myles Horton 3640:Fred Hampton 3630:Prathia Hall 3620:Dick Gregory 3590:Marie Foster 3585:James Forman 3575:James Farmer 3560:Medgar Evers 3520:Angela Davis 3455:Ramsey Clark 3435:James Chaney 3430:Johnnie Carr 3410:Ralph Bunche 3405:H. Rap Brown 3395:Ruby Bridges 3355:Joanne Bland 3330:Claude Black 3310:Marion Barry 3280:Muhammad Ali 3107: 3043: 3036: 2997: 2975: 2944: 2937: 2920: 2779: 2740: 2733: 2663:Kissing Case 2638: 2595: 2578: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2517: 2509: 2302: 2295:. Retrieved 2284: 2254: 2236: 2220: 2203: 2189: 2175: 2154: 2139: 2135: 2110: 2096: 2079: 2070:Bibliography 2059: 2055: 2045: 2036: 2026: 2018: 1998: 1990: 1978: 1967:. Retrieved 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1883:. 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