Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia

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his first appearance before a judge in July 1988. The judge reportedly asked him to convert from Shi'a Islam to Sunni Wahhabi Islam, and allegedly promised him a lighter sentence if he complied. After he refused to do so, he was taken to al-Mabahith al-'Amma (General Intelligence) Prison in Dammam where he was held until April 1990. He was then transferred to al-Mabahith al-'Amma Prison in Riyadh, where he remained until the date of his execution. Sadiq Malallah is believed to have been involved in efforts to secure improved rights for Saudi Arabia's Shi'a Muslim minority.

1738:, is illegal. Muslims or non-Muslims wearing religious symbols of any kind in public risk confrontation with the Mutawwa'in. In 2001, the Ministry of Islamic Affairs ran approximately 50 "Call and Guidance" centers employing approximately 500 persons work to convert foreigners to Islam. Some non-Muslim foreigners convert to Islam during their stay in the country. The press often carries articles about such conversions, including testimonials. The press as well as government officials publicized the conversion of the Italian Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, 1780:

less weight than testimony by Sunnis. Sentencing under the legal system is not uniform. Laws and regulations state that defendants should be treated equally; however, under Shari’a as interpreted and applied in the country, crimes against Muslims may result in harsher penalties than those against non-Muslims. Information regarding government practices was generally incomplete because judicial proceedings usually were not publicized or were closed to the public, despite provisions in the criminal procedure law requiring court proceedings to be open.

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private worship, such as the number of persons permitted to attend and the types of locations that are acceptable. Such lack of clarity, as well as instances of arbitrary enforcement by the authorities, obliges most non-Muslims to worship in such a manner as to avoid discovery. Those detained for non-Muslim worship almost always are deported by authorities after sometimes lengthy periods of arrest during investigation. In some cases, they also are sentenced to receive lashes prior to deportation.

1853: 1043: 1871:, (an important holiday for the 10–25% of the population that is Shīʿa Muslim), are tolerated only when celebrated locally and on a small scale. Shias also face systematic discrimination in employment, education, the justice system according to Human Rights Watch. Non-Muslim festivals like Christmas, Easter, Halloween, and New Year were not tolerated until recently. No churches, temples or other non-Muslim houses of worship are permitted in the country. Proselytizing by non-Muslims and 2045: 1392: 1825:, but in 2016 the kingdom announced its switch to the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. Daily life is influenced by Islamic observance. Some businesses decide to close three or four times per day for 30 to 45 minutes during business hours while employees and customers are sent off to pray. The weekend is Friday-Saturday, not Saturday-Sunday because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims. For many years only two religious holidays were publicly recognized – 6507: 5808: 5874: 5818: 1720:, an extremist Buddhist organization based in Sri Lanka, reported that Premanath Pereralage Thungasiri, a Sri Lankan Buddhist employed in Saudi Arabia, had been arrested for worshiping the Buddha in his employer's home, and that plans were being made to behead him. The Sri Lankan Embassy has rejected these reports. In the past, Sri Lankan officials have also rejected reports regarding labor conditions issued by New York-based 6536: 2271:(CPVPV) and security forces of the Ministry of Interior (MOI) conducted some raids on private non-Muslim religious gatherings and sometimes confiscated the personal religious materials of non-Muslims. The 2022 IRF report noted that there were no reports of visitors having their personal, non-Islamic religious materials confiscated; however the media did report the confiscation of sorcery-related items. 2267:

longer in place. The 2007 U.S The U.S State Department International Religious Freedom (IRF) report detailed several cases in which bibles were confiscated in Saudi Arabia, but said that there were fewer reports in 2007 of government officials confiscating religious materials than in previous years and no reports that customs officials had confiscated religious materials from travelers. In the past the

1860:"Fierce religious resistance" had to be overcome to permit such innovations as paper money (in 1951), female education (1964), and television (1965) and the abolition of slavery (1962). Public support for the traditional political/religious structure of the kingdom is so strong that one researcher interviewing Saudis found virtually no support for reforms to secularize the state. 2166:, adhered to by less than 40% of the population. The Saudi government communized Islam, through its monopoly of both religious thoughts and practice. Wahhabi Islam is imposed and enforced on all Saudis regardless of their religious orientations. The Wahhabi sect does not tolerate other religious or ideological beliefs, Muslim or not. Religious symbols by Muslims, 1465:. Non-Muslims must practice their religion in private and are vulnerable to discrimination and arrest. While no law requires all citizens to be Muslim, non-Muslim foreigners attempting to acquire Saudi Arabian nationality must convert to Islam. Children born to Muslim fathers are by law deemed Muslim. 1986:

after being convicted of apostasy and blasphemy. Sadiq Malallah, a Shi'a Muslim from Saudi Arabia, was arrested in April 1988 and charged with throwing stones at a police patrol. He was reportedly held in solitary confinement for long periods during his first months in detention and tortured prior to

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Under the provisions of Shari’a law as practiced in the country, judges may discount the testimony of people who are not practicing Muslims or who do not adhere to the official interpretation of Islam. Legal sources report that testimony by Shi’a is often ignored in courts of law or is deemed to have

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Shi’a have declined government offers to build state-supported mosques because they fear the government would prohibit the incorporation and display of Shi’a motifs in any such mosques. The government seldom permits private construction of Shi’a mosques. During 2013, virtually all existing mosques in

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Practices contrary to this interpretation, such as celebration of Muhammad's birthday and visits to the tombs of renowned Muslims, are discouraged. The spreading of Muslim teachings not in conformity with the officially accepted interpretation of Islam is prohibited. Writers and other individuals who

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In 2007, there were news reports that according to Saudi policy for tourists it was not permissible to bring non-Muslim religious symbols and books into the kingdom as they were subject to confiscation, and that the U.S. State Department disputed this, saying that the regulation restrictions were no

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introduced a bill in Congress urging American divestiture from Saudi Arabia, and giving as its rationale (among other things) "Saudi Arabia is a country that practices religious apartheid and continuously subjugates its citizenry, both Muslim and non-Muslim, to a specific interpretation of Islam."

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Members of the Shi’a minority are discriminated against in government employment, especially with respect to positions that relate to national security, such as in the military or in the Ministry of the Interior. The government restricts employment of Shi’a in the oil and petrochemical industries.

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The government has stated publicly, including before the U.N. Committee on Human Rights in Geneva, that its policy is to protect the right of non-Muslims to worship privately. However, non-Muslim organizations have claimed that there are no explicit guidelines for distinguishing between public and

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Almost half of Saudi state television's airtime is devoted to religious issues, as is about half the material taught in state schools" (source: By the estimate of an elementary schoolteacher in Riyadh, Islamic studies make up 30 percent of the actual curriculum. But another 20 percent creeps into

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was devoted to religious issues. Ninety per cent of books published in the kingdom were on religious subjects, and most of the doctorates awarded by its universities were in Islamic studies. In the state school system, about half of the material taught is religious. In contrast, assigned readings

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Sunni Islamic religious education is mandatory in public schools at all levels. Private schools must also teach the same curriculum, except for private international schools which must teach Islamic studies. In 2022 the government reduced the number of hours required for religious education, in

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The country's total land area is about 2,150,000 sq kilometers and in 2022 the population was about 34 million, of whom approximately 19 million were citizens. Comprehensive statistics for the religious denominations of foreigners are not available, but estimated figures show approximately 31.5

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Religious freedom is not provided for under the law. The government does not provide legal recognition or protection for freedom of religion, and it is severely restricted in practice. As a matter of policy, the government guarantees and protects the right to private worship for all, including

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to be the country's Constitution. Freedom of religion is not illegal, but spreading the religion is illegal. Islam is the official religion. Under the law, children born to Muslim fathers are also Muslim, regardless of the country or the religious tradition in which they have been raised. The

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fled Saudi Arabia after having renounced Islam and being abused by her family. On her way to Australia, she was held by Thai authorities in Bangkok while her father tried to take her back, but Rahaf managed to use social media to attract significant attention to her case. After diplomatic

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in southwestern Saudi Arabia, made a remark that a court deemed blasphemous and was sentenced to death for apostasy. As of 2010, he was still in prison, had alleged physical abuse and mistreatment during his years of incarceration, and had reportedly made numerous suicide attempts.

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and the Saudi national day. Contrary practices, such as celebrating Maulid Al-Nabi (birthday of Muhammad) and visits to the tombs of renowned Muslims, are forbidden, although enforcement was more relaxed in some communities than in others, and Shi'a were permitted to observe

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were forbidden from entering the country. Prejudice against Jews is fairly high in the kingdom. While the webpage has been modified, no one who admits to be Jewish, on the visa paperwork or has an Israeli government stamp on their passport is allowed in the kingdom.

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by anthropologist Mai Yamani, quoting p. 116 |quote=Saudis of all stripes interviewed expressed a desire for the kingdom to remain a Muslim society ruled by an overtly Muslim state. Secularists are simply not to be found. though the certainties of

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textbooks on history, science, Arabic, and so forth. In contrast, by one unofficial count the entire syllabus for 12 years of Saudi schooling contains a total of just 38 pages covering the history, literature, and cultures of the non-Muslim world.)

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and punishable by death. For this reason, Saudi Arabia is known as 'the hell for apostates', with many ex-Muslims seeking to leave or flee the country before their non-belief is discovered, and living pseudonymous second lives on the Internet.

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is a government entity, and its chairman has ministerial status. The Committee sends out armed and unarmed people into the public to ensure that Saudi citizens and expatriates living in the kingdom follow the Islamic mores, at least in public.

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publicly criticize this interpretation, including both those who advocate a stricter interpretation and those who favor a more moderate interpretation than the government's, have reportedly been imprisoned and faced other reprisals.

3083:, 2 August 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2008. Turkey has a weekend on Saturday and Sunday. Prior to 29 June 2013, the weekend was Thursday-Friday, but was shifted to better serve the Saudi economy and its international commitments. See 4157: 1745:

The government requires noncitizen residents to carry a Saudi residence permit (Iqama) for identification in place of their passports. Among other information, these contain a religious designation for "Muslim" or "non-Muslim."

4181:"based on the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol, I'm rahaf mohmed, formally seeking a refugee status to any country that would protect me from getting harmed or killed due to leaving my religion and torture from my family" 2059:

based on the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol, I'm rahaf mohmed, formally seeking a refugee status to any country that would protect me from getting harmed or killed due to leaving my religion and torture from my family.

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Saudi law prohibits alcoholic beverages and pork products in the country as they are considered to be against Islam. Those violating the law are handed harsh punishments. Drug trafficking is always punished by death.

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as saying "It is not normal that there are no Shi'ite army officers, ministers, governors, mayors and ambassadors in this kingdom. This form of religious apartheid is as intolerable as was apartheid based on race."

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on an ongoing basis. Although there have been many foreign workers and Saudi citizens belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect in Saudi Arabia, Ahmadis are officially banned from entering the country and from performing the

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and other believers are all banned. The Saudi embassy in Washington is a living example of religious apartheid. In its 50 years, there has not been a single non-Sunni Muslim diplomat in the embassy. The branch of

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Saudi Arabia is a glaring example of religious apartheid. The religious institutions from government clerics to judges, to religious curricula, and all religious instructions in media are restricted to the

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In the past Customs officials have regularly opened postal material and cargo to search for non-Muslim materials, such as Bibles and religious videotapes; such materials have been subject to confiscation.

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The government also discriminates against Shi’a in higher education through unofficial restrictions on the number of Shi’a admitted to universities. This discrimination has been noted for many years.

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In 2022, there were no religious-worker visas, but non-Muslim clergy were able to enter the country to work in their communities. They were also able to bring in religious items, including books.

4111: 2144: 1753:. The authorities permit the celebration of the Shi’a holiday of Ashura in the eastern province city of Qatif. No other Ashura celebrations are permitted in the country, and many Shi’a travel to 5937: 4081: 2370: 2135:, on charges of "forcible conversion". The girl's father had laid charges against the two men after he failed to convince the young woman to return home from Lebanon and abandon her new faith. 4019: 5941: 4143: 4050: 4213: 2957:

the start of each lunar month determined not ahead of time by astronomical calculation, but only after the crescent moon is sighted by the proper religious authorities. (source:

2032:, was arrested on charges of atheism and blasphemy after allegedly using social media to state that he renounced Islam and Mohammad, he was sentenced to death in February 2015. 1607:

government prohibits the public practice of other religions but generally allows private practice of non-Muslim religions. The primary source of law in Saudi Arabia is based on

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In a recent move to promote a modern image, Saudi Arabia banned the religious group known as 'Tablighi Jamaat'. The announcement was made on social media by the country's

1488:(CPVPV) or "religious police" was enforcing the prohibition on the public practice of non-Muslim religions, though its powers were significantly curtailed in April 2016. 1811: 5056: 3950: 4356: 3085: 1849:

over 12 years of primary and secondary schooling devoted to covering the history, literature, and cultures of the non-Muslim world come to a total of about 40 pages.

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On 3 September 1992 Sadiq 'Abdul-Karim Malallah was publicly beheaded in al-Qatif in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province after being convicted of apostasy and blasphemy.

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wrote in 2002, "in Saudi Arabia apartheid is practiced against non-Muslims, with signs indicating that Muslims must go to certain areas and non-Muslims to others."

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In 2023, the country was scored zero out of 4 for religious freedom. In the same year, it was ranked as the 13th worst place in the world to be a Christian.

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were unable to obtain licenses and faced the threat of closure at any time and in other parts of the country were not allowed to build Shia-specific mosques.

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Nine out of ten titles published in the kingdom are on religious subjects, and most of the doctorates its universities awards are in Islamic studies.

1670:(prayer leaders) and others who work in the mosques. A governmental committee defines the qualifications of imams. The CPVPV, "religious police", or 6111: 5183: 3496: 2933: 2682: 203: 2153:

on June 4, 2002, in a briefing entitled "Human Rights in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Women", Ali Al-Ahmed, Director of the Saudi Institute, stated:

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as "calling for atheist thought in any form, or calling into question the fundamentals of the Islamic religion on which this country is based."

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in the country, although over 30% of all mosques in Saudi Arabia are built and endowed by private persons. The Ministry pays the salaries of

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showed on its website, on a page tiled "Religious apartheid in Saudi Arabia", a picture of a sign showing Muslim-only and non-Muslim roads.

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In 2022, the government executed 81 men, including 41 Saudi Shia, in the largest known mass execution carried out in the kingdom's history.

6572: 6350: 6225: 2757: 1709:. On highways, religious police officers may divert them or hand out a fine. In the cities themselves, road checks are randomly conducted. 793: 4203: 2779: 1875:

is illegal, and as of 2014 the distribution of "publications that have prejudice to any other religious belief other than Islam" (such as

5854: 5242: 5071: 2847: 1355: 1351: 1001: 4441: 3826: 3788: 3749: 3363: 2805: 2508: 5400: 4661: 2093: 1323: 955: 852: 4327: 4301: 3652: 6116: 4610: 4480: 3924: 1558:), where they constitute approximately three-quarters of the native population, and in the western highlands of Arabia (districts of 758: 723: 635: 626: 4616: 1469:

non-Muslims who gather in homes for religious practice; however, this right is not respected in practice and is not defined in law.

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By 2022, authorities indicated that they considered Ahmadiyya Muslims to be Muslims; however the group's legal status is unclear.

6577: 6206: 6191: 5722: 5051: 2871: 4535: 3437: 1885:) non-Muslim are awarded less than Muslims. Atheists are legally designated as terrorists. At least one religious minority, the 6136: 5863: 5737: 5642: 2244: 1962:

Saudi Arabia has criminal statutes making it illegal for a Muslim to change religion or to renounce Islam, which is defined as

1422: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1123: 581: 546: 423: 353: 299: 1845: 1402: 4833: 4282: 3575: 3338: 3093: 2488: 2455: 2395: 2341: 1158: 847: 3947: 1546:. In 2006, they formed around 15% of the native population. They live mostly in the eastern districts on the Persian Gulf ( 6043: 5983: 5747: 5447: 4828: 4773: 4348: 3874: 3622: 3542: 1373: 1153: 4243: 3302: 2620:"Saudi Arabia declares all atheists are terrorists in new law to crack down on political dissidents - Middle East - World" 6270: 5692: 5612: 4990: 4768: 2361: 1712:

Saudi Arabia prohibits public non-Muslim religious activities. Non-Muslim worshipers risk arrest, imprisonment, lashing,

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ordered that Kashgari be arrested "for crossing red lines and denigrating religious beliefs in God and His Prophet."

1415: 1316: 1224: 1077: 857: 763: 576: 516: 473: 453: 378: 323: 318: 213: 183: 81: 3994: 1716:, and sometimes torture for engaging in overt religious activity that attracts official attention. In July 2012 the 1501: 5788: 5667: 5662: 5542: 5346: 5235: 5144: 4753: 3990: 2251: 2241: 2176: 835: 732: 443: 433: 368: 3849: 2897:"USCIRF Releases 2019 Annual Report and Recommendations for World's Most Egregious Violators of Religious Freedom" 2712: 6260: 6033: 5847: 5732: 5682: 5637: 5617: 5607: 5507: 5354: 5302: 5078: 5010: 4868: 994: 798: 611: 606: 531: 458: 418: 398: 388: 338: 285: 265: 233: 178: 163: 6250: 6096: 5923: 5883: 5707: 5622: 5602: 5487: 5477: 5128: 4873: 4722: 3674: 2653: 2475:

Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present

1983: 1141: 948: 679: 644: 621: 591: 566: 561: 536: 526: 521: 511: 506: 501: 496: 478: 403: 313: 270: 218: 173: 148: 130: 66: 3277: 2425: 1651:, an 18th-century Arab religious scholar. Outside Saudi Arabia, this branch of Islam is often referred to as " 1538:

Accurate religious demographics of citizens are difficult to obtain. A majority of Saudi citizens identify as

803: 5962: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5888: 5752: 5687: 5652: 5587: 5567: 5557: 5517: 5502: 5497: 5000: 4788: 2531: 1363: 904: 674: 669: 664: 616: 601: 596: 586: 551: 541: 463: 448: 428: 348: 333: 328: 280: 275: 260: 255: 153: 3225: 1611:(Islamic law), with Shari'a courts basing their judgments largely on a code derived from the Qur'an and the 6567: 6540: 6265: 6245: 5991: 5972: 5957: 5947: 5893: 5793: 5712: 5672: 5647: 5627: 5562: 5537: 5527: 5512: 5225: 5171: 5066: 5015: 4995: 4911: 4883: 4853: 4634: 2288: 1814:(USCIRF) in its 2019 report named Saudi Arabia as one of the world's worst violators of religious freedom. 1302: 1219: 1186: 1090: 748: 714: 704: 694: 649: 571: 408: 373: 363: 343: 228: 208: 158: 6063: 4514: 3892: 6527: 6395: 6212: 5928: 5903: 5898: 5632: 5597: 5552: 5547: 5456: 5265: 5205: 5041: 4948: 4916: 4717: 4591: 3353:

Islamic Political Culture, Democracy, and Human Rights: A Comparative Study, p. 93 Daniel E. Price – 1999

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Islamic practice generally is limited to that of a school of the Sunni branch of Islam as interpreted by

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Small but potentially powerful Shiite are found throughout the Gulf States ... Saudi Arabia (15 percent)

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and claims that it is doing so in "public interest". In 2022, sorcery is still an arrestable offence.

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The Ministry of Islamic Affairs supervises and finances the construction and maintenance of almost all

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Proselytizing by non-Muslims, including the distribution of non-Muslim religious materials such as

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Saudi Arabia declares all atheists are terrorists in new law to crack down on political dissidents

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is "the biggest" holiday, a three-day period of "feasting, gift-giving and general letting go").

1750: 1512: 1443: 1335: 1297: 6161: 3058: 2741: 2103: 6481: 6400: 6101: 5364: 5270: 5061: 4732: 2504: 2480: 2006:

became the subject of a major controversy after being accused of insulting the Islamic prophet

1909: 1083: 936: 899: 884: 4606: 4274: 2831: 2809: 2131:

a young woman who subsequently converted to Christianity were arrested in the Saudi Gulf city

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Although they only represent 15% of the overall Saudi population of more than 25 million ...

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Muslims, had its adherents deported, as they are legally banned from entering the country.

1827: 1073: 909: 878: 46: 4477: 4400:"Two men arrested for "forced conversion" of a young woman: they gave her religious books" 3920: 8: 6430: 6355: 6333: 6328: 6275: 5832: 5762: 5433: 5414: 4180: 2247: 1766: 1551: 1396: 1146: 1104: 1096: 921: 56: 21: 6141: 4458: 6218: 6201: 6196: 6171: 6156: 6088: 6068: 6058: 6028: 5098: 4970: 4823: 4702: 4687: 4682: 4677: 3706: 1822: 1721: 1118: 943: 862: 111: 3441: 2875: 1749:

Members of the Shi’a minority are the subjects of officially sanctioned political and

6425: 6306: 5817: 5260: 4697: 4692: 4539: 4536:"Saudi Arabian Government Confiscates Non-Islamic Religious Items That Enter Country" 4278: 4267: 3816: 3778: 3739: 3571: 3334: 3226:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population. Countries with More Than 100,000 Shia Muslims" 2837: 2598: 2484: 2473: 2451: 2119: 1963: 1947: 1872: 1739: 1450: 51: 3242:

Saudi Arabia ... Approximate Percentage of Muslim Population that is Shia .... 10–15

2107: 2089: 6476: 6360: 6301: 6291: 4975: 4712: 2976: 2749: 1818: 830: 71: 3330:

Denied dignity: systematic discrimination and hostility toward Saudi Shia citizens

3114: 3041: 2958: 6465: 6237: 6126: 4707: 4484: 4465: 4445: 4305: 4148: 4085: 3973: 3954: 3478: 2255: 2234: 2025: 1971: 1520: 1477: 977: 894: 6517: 6435: 6410: 6405: 6318: 4943: 4235: 2072: 2029: 2003: 1717: 1458: 1368: 1341: 842: 101: 5425: 4204:"'He wants to kill her': friend confirms fears of Saudi woman held in Bangkok" 3957:, March 25, 2010, United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2199:

In 2007, Saudi religious police detained Shiite pilgrims participating in the

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In 2007, Saudi religious police detained Shiite pilgrims participating in the

6556: 6500: 6420: 6296: 6181: 6038: 5811: 4500: 4055: 3599:"Saudi Arabia bans Tablighi Jamaat, calls it 'one of the gates of terrorism'" 3203: 2260: 2099: 1868: 1701:

Non-Muslims are also strictly banned by Saudi Arabia from the Holy Cities of

1636: 1516: 1447: 1065: 1027: 753: 116: 106: 76: 4657: 4448:, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004, February 28, 2005. 4208: 3388:"Saudi Arabia gears up for Halloween with queues for pumpkins and costumes" 2167: 1999: 1975: 1915: 1559: 1543: 1539: 931: 926: 914: 889: 1879:), was reportedly punishable by death. In legal compensation court cases ( 1852: 6176: 5821: 5093: 3255: 2188: 1713: 1694:

issued a royal decree branding all atheists as terrorists, which defines

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Under Saudi law conversion by a Muslim to another religion is considered

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Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

4626: 3186: 3162: 3135: 2923:"ANNUAL REPORTOF THE U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM" 6486: 6343: 6338: 6323: 4478:

To express the policy of the United States to ensure the divestiture...

4082:"Saudi Writer Hamza Kashgari Detained in Malaysia Over Muhammad Tweets" 3364:"Christmas Is No Longer Celebrated Behind Closed Doors in Saudi Arabia" 3212:

Changed Identities: The Challenge of the New Generation in Saudi Arabia

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Non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the Islamic holy city of Mecca

1508: 1489: 1462: 61: 2704: 1990:

In 1994, Hadi Al-Mutif a teenager who was a Shi’a Ismaili Muslim from

1618:

The only national holidays observed in Saudi Arabia are the two Eids,

1615:. Additionally, traditional tribal law and custom remain significant. 6378: 6311: 6166: 4308:, Pleas for condemned Saudi 'witch', by Heba Saleh, 14 February 2008. 4024: 3812:

The State as an Actor in Religion Policy: Policy Cycle and Governance

3567:

The State as an Actor in Religion Policy: Policy Cycle and Governance

2159: 2138: 1886: 1695: 1595: 1591: 91: 3464:"Saudi Arabia's New Law Imposes Death Sentence for Bible Smugglers?" 1507:

Muslims from the various branches and schools of Islam, 2.1 million

6471: 4858: 2396:"Saudi Arabia - Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom" 2007: 1683: 1603: 1575: 1528: 1492:

applies to all people inside Saudi Arabia, regardless of religion.

4112:"Malaysia may repatriate Saudi who faces death penalty for tweets" 2974: 6445: 6415: 5374: 5108: 4188: 2223: 2192: 2171: 2124:

Forced conversion, as per the principles of Islam is not allowed

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Celebration of other (non-Wahhabi) Islamic holidays, such as the

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BBC News, "Pleas for condemned Saudi 'witch'", 14 February 2008

4020:"Mystery about controversial Saudi columnist's location deepens" 3770: 3413:"Saudi Arabia welcomes 2020 with first New Year's Eve fireworks" 1896:

who warned people against association during the Friday sermon.

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Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice

1235:

Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice

6440: 5280: 4153: 3680:. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2216: 2132: 2077: 1991: 1951: 1932: 1864: 1706: 1663: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1571: 1563: 1555: 1199: 1110: 1844:

In 2004, approximately half of the broadcast airtime of Saudi

5359: 4043: 3897: 2742:"2013 Report on International Religious Freedom:Saudi Arabia" 2269:

Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice

2212: 2208: 2204: 2163: 1979: 1928: 1924: 1881: 1876: 1804: 1800: 1754: 1735: 1702: 1579: 1547: 1524: 1194: 4349:"Saudi Arabia's 'Anti-Witchcraft Unit' breaks another spell" 2780:"Riyadh Journal; An Ambassador's Journey From Rome to Mecca" 5088: 4561:"International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Saudi Arabia" 3649:"Saudi Arabia: International Religious Freedom Report 2007" 3438:"Saudi Arabia: International Religious Freedom Report 2010" 3328: 2200: 1920: 1812:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

1796: 1789: 1667: 1631: 1567: 5862: 3623:"Saudi Arabia: 2 Years Behind Bars on Apostasy Accusation" 3543:"Saudi Arabia: 2 Years Behind Bars on Apostasy Accusation" 3412: 3017: 2705:"Saudi, Lankan Officials Dismiss HRW Report on Maid Abuse" 2532:"Saudis struggle with conflict between fun and conformity" 3472:"Saudi Arabia Imposes Death Sentence for Bible Smuggling" 3440:. U.S. State Department. 17 November 2010. Archived from 2227: 3987:"Saudi Arabian columnist under threat for Twitter posts" 4621: 4178: 3774:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

2975:

Rasooldeen, Mohammed; Hassan, Rashid (3 October 2016).

4144:"Man 'sentenced to death for atheism' in Saudi Arabia" 4074: 3007:

the time varying according to sunrise and sunset times

4622:

Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia

4236:"Rahaf al-Qunun: Saudi teen granted asylum in Canada" 4202:

Fullerton, Jamie; Davidson, Helen (21 January 2019).

3921:"Saudi Arabia – An upsurge in public executions" 3018:"Saudi businesses to remain open during prayer times" 4013: 4011: 3808: 3563: 2874:. Middle east Online. August 7, 2007. 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Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from 3059:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Saudi Arabia" 2424:. Council on Foreign relations. Archived from 2419: 2113: 1585: 5999: 5848: 5441: 4642: 2617: 2222:Until March 1, 2004, the official government 1423: 995: 6351:Residential segregation in the United States 4228: 3979: 2991:"Saudi Arabia adopts the Gregorian calendar" 2080:, where she arrived and settled soon after. 1817:Until 2016, the kingdom only used the lunar 1502:Demographics of Saudi Arabia § Religion 5057:Council of Economic and Development Affairs 4581:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08 4179:Rahaf Mohammed رهف محمد (6 January 2019). 3735:Jihad in Trinidad and Tobago, July 27, 1990 3035: 2836:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 297. 6006: 5992: 5855: 5841: 5448: 5434: 4649: 4635: 4538:. Fox News. August 9, 2007. Archived from 3847: 3333:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 1–2, 8–10. 3265: 3253: 3051: 2866: 2864: 2808:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2590: 2094:Religious discrimination against Neopagans 1430: 1416: 1002: 988: 4656: 4611:Washington Institute for Near East Policy 4459:Treatment of Israel strikes an alien note 4416:Congressional Human Rights Caucus (2002). 4376:Waines (2003) "An Introduction to Islam" 3875:"Conversion Prosecutions Rare to Muslims" 3771:Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone (2013). 3193:, Volume 51, Number 16 · 21 October 2004. 3160: 3133: 3108: 2829: 2823: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2083: 1941: 1873:conversion by Muslims to another religion 759:Female genital mutilation laws by country 4592:Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08 4515:"Saudis might take Bibles from tourists" 4487:109th CONGRESS, 1st Session, H. R. 4543. 4195: 4141: 3867: 3764: 3725: 3707:"Persecution of Ahmadis in Saudi Arabia" 3295: 3247: 2566:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2529: 2445: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2139:Saudi practices as "religious apartheid" 1851: 1788:favor of more study time for Arabic and 5864:Freedom of religion in the Middle East 4468:, Jewish World Review, 8 November 2002. 4109: 3809:Maria Grazia Martino (28 August 2014). 3615: 3430: 3271: 2861: 2727: 2594:Freedom of religion, apostasy and Islam 2591:Saeed, Abdullah; Saeed, Hassan (2004). 2439: 2274: 1761:to participate in Ashura celebrations. 1495: 1340:Minister of State for Foreign Affairs: 6555: 4258: 3967:Freedom of Apostasy : The Victims 3893:"Saudi-Arabië: de hel voor afvalligen" 3256:"Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights" 3218: 2464: 2376:from the original on 22 September 2022 2151:U.S. Congressional Human Rights Caucus 2145:Saudi Arabia and the apartheid analogy 2098:In the past, the country has used the 5987: 5836: 5429: 4630: 4607:Religious Freedom and the Middle East 4317: 4311: 4291: 4265:Miethe, Terance D.; Lu, Hong (2004). 4017: 3752:from the original on January 18, 2023 3655:from the original on December 4, 2019 3488: 2685:from the original on 25 December 2018 2630:from the original on 15 December 2016 2306: 6535: 3829:from the original on 18 January 2023 3625:. Human Rights Watch. May 15, 2014. 3494: 2977:"KSA switches to Gregorian calendar" 2903:from the original on 18 January 2023 2833:Saudi Arabia enters the 21st century 2760:from the original on 18 January 2023 2715:from the original on 18 January 2023 2572:from the original on 18 January 2023 2542:from the original on 18 January 2023 2511:from the original on 18 January 2023 2470: 2207:pilgrimage, allegedly calling them " 2036: 1803:pilgrimage, allegedly calling them " 1594:and the government has declared the 1334:Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs: 6573:Human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia 6356:Segregation academy (United States) 6271:Sex segregation in public restrooms 4497:Religious Apartheid in Saudi Arabia 4370: 3254:al-Qudaihi, Anees (24 March 2009). 2740: 2597:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 227. 1481: 1166:Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh 13: 4320:"Death 'looms for Saudi sorcerer'" 4142:McKernan, Bethan (27 April 2017). 3873:Mortimer, Jasper (27 March 2006). 3687:from the original on July 20, 2014 3161:Rodenbeck, Max (21 October 2004). 3134:Rodenbeck, Max (21 October 2004). 2939:from the original on 29 April 2019 2354:"Saudi Arabian Citizenship System" 2191:quoted a Shi'ite businessman from 14: 6589: 4839:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 4600: 4513:Michael Freund (August 9, 2007). 4503:website. Retrieved July 11, 2006. 4435:United States Department of State 4246:from the original on 16 June 2019 4160:from the original on 24 June 2018 3891:Marije van Beek (8 August 2015). 3713:from the original on 27 July 2017 3629:from the original on June 4, 2021 3545:. Human Rights Watch. 15 May 2014 3163:"Unloved in Arabia (Book Review)" 3136:"Unloved in Arabia (Book Review)" 3086:"Weekend shift: A welcome change" 2754:United States Department of State 2530:Slackman, Michael (May 9, 2007). 1655:," a term the Saudis do not use. 1643:Restrictions on religious freedom 1078:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 764:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 82:Catholic priests in public office 6534: 6506: 6505: 5872: 5816: 5807: 5806: 4731: 3991:Committee to protect journalists 3848:Ali Eteraz (17 September 2007). 3462:Samuel Smith (18 December 2014) 3272:Beehner, Lionel (16 June 2006). 3210:, Vol. 38, No. 4, Oct. 2002, of 2420:Lionel Beehner (June 16, 2006). 2177:Imam Mohamed Bin Saud University 2043: 1390: 1041: 1026: 5011:General Intelligence Presidency 4585: 4574: 4553: 4528: 4506: 4490: 4471: 4451: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4392: 4383: 4359:from the original on 2015-09-07 4330:from the original on 2020-04-20 4318:Usher, Sebastian (2010-04-01). 4216:from the original on 2019-01-09 4135: 3960: 3941: 3927:from the original on 2018-11-22 3913: 3884: 3802: 3791:from the original on 2023-01-18 3699: 3667: 3641: 3591: 3557: 3535: 3519: 3495:Owen, Richard (17 March 2008). 3456: 3405: 3380: 3356: 3347: 3320: 3196: 3180: 3069: 3010: 3001: 2983: 2968: 2951: 2915: 2889: 2850:from the original on 2023-01-18 2798: 2772: 2697: 2667: 2642: 2611: 2584: 1048:Member State of the Arab League 6578:Freedom of religion by country 5774:British Indian Ocean Territory 4353:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 3850:"Supporting Islam's apostates" 3092:. 24 June 2013. Archived from 2830:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). 2618:Adam Withnall (1 April 2014). 2554: 2523: 2497: 2413: 2400:United States State Department 2388: 2346: 2127:In July 2012, two men who had 2090:Witchcraft § Saudi Arabia 1639:publicly in some communities. 949:Christian countercult movement 858:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 67:Separation of church and state 1: 5001:Chairman of the General Staff 4563:. U.S. State Department. 2007 3564:Maria Grazia Martino (2014). 3274:"Shia Muslims in the Mideast" 2422:"Shia Muslims in the Mideast" 2299: 2071:In January 2019, 18-year-old 1542:. A minority of citizens are 1328:Minister of Foreign Affairs: 853:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 794:Traditional African religions 5457:Freedom of religion in Asia 4110:Hopkins, Curt (2012-02-10). 4088:. 2012-02-10. Archived from 4059:. 2012-02-09. Archived from 3993:. 2012-02-09. Archived from 3651:. U.S. Department of State. 3191:The New York Review of Books 3167:The New York Review of Books 3140:The New York Review of Books 2446:Campbell, Christian (2007). 2289:Human rights in Saudi Arabia 1899: 749:Apostasy in Islam by country 7: 6213:Brown v. Board of Education 5243:Water supply and sanitation 5072:History of the oil industry 4939:Mutaween (religious police) 4018:Moumi, Habib (2012-02-09). 3327:Human Rights Watch (2009). 3187:Review. "Unloved in Arabia" 2282: 2114:Forced religious conversion 1972:Sadiq 'Abdul-Karim Malallah 1894:Minister of Islamic Affairs 1590:Saudi Arabia is an Islamic 1586:Status of religious freedom 1324:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 769:Religious male circumcision 10: 6594: 6122:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 4378:Cambridge University Press 2471:Otto, Jan Michiel (2010). 2142: 2117: 2087: 1955: 1945: 1914:Ahmadis are persecuted in 1903: 1649:Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab 1499: 6495: 6369: 6284: 6236: 6167:Apartheid in South Africa 6087: 6019: 5879: 5870: 5802: 5761: 5721: 5463: 5387: 5345: 5251: 5152: 5143: 5037: 5028: 4961: 4882: 4864:National Security Council 4819: 4815: 4806: 4749: 4740: 4729: 4668: 4117:Christian Science Monitor 3923:. Amnesty International. 3732:Daurius Figueira (2002). 2342:US State Dept 2022 report 2042: 2016:social networking service 1906:Ahmadiyya in Saudi Arabia 1688:crime punishable by death 1630:at the conclusion of the 1330:Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud 1174:National Security Council 754:Blasphemy laws by country 6563:Religion in Saudi Arabia 5523:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5109:Tadawul (stock exchange) 5104:Supreme Economic Council 5052:Capital Market Authority 5006:General Staff Presidency 4859:Mabahith (secret police) 3503:. London. Archived from 3303:"Saudi Arabia – Culture" 2294:Religion in Saudi Arabia 1821:, not the international 1535:, and 242,000 atheists. 1290:Administrative divisions 1019:Politics of Saudi Arabia 189:Central African Republic 42:Religious discrimination 6391:Anti-miscegenation laws 6226:Anti-miscegenation laws 5784:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4991:Strategic Missile Force 4389:Quran Surah baqarah:256 3063:Encyclopædia Britannica 2367:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2183:is a Jewish conspiracy. 2040:Rahaf Mohammed رهف محمد 1751:economic discrimination 1692:Saudi interior ministry 1531:, approximately 67,000 1444:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1397:Saudi Arabia portal 1336:Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah 944:New religious movements 690:Palestinian territories 6482:White Australia policy 6401:Corporative federalism 2185: 2149:Testifying before the 2084:Witchcraft and sorcery 2068: 1942:Blasphemy and apostasy 1910:Persecution of Ahmadis 1857: 1807:in Mecca and Medina". 1690:. In March 2014, the 1352:Diplomatic missions of 937:Religious antisemitism 6451:Religious intolerance 4834:Consultative Assembly 3206:by Joshua Teitelbum, 2240:On 14 December 2005, 2155: 2035: 1970:On 3 September 1992, 1956:Further information: 1855: 1500:Further information: 1484:), also known as the 1159:Consultative Assembly 786:Religious persecution 6461:Second-class citizen 6456:Reservation in India 6182:United Arab Emirates 6112:Bulgaria and Romania 5968:United Arab Emirates 5698:United Arab Emirates 4517:. The Jerusalem Post 4457:Alan M. Dershowitz, 3879:Washington Post (AP) 3477:8 April 2016 at the 2711:. 15 November 2007. 2362:Ministry of Interior 2275:2023 freedom reports 2002:poet and journalist 1496:Religious demography 1154:Council of Ministers 47:Religious censorship 6568:Law of Saudi Arabia 6329:Exclusionary zoning 6276:Separatist feminism 6054:Partition of Bengal 5725:limited recognition 5099:Saudi Central Bank 4907:Freedom of religion 4683:Early Islamic State 4242:. 11 January 2019. 3709:. Persecution.org. 3485:. 28 November 2014. 3444:on 23 November 2010 3208:Middle East Studies 3090:SaudiGazette.com.sa 2997:. 15 December 2016. 2248:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen 1865:Muhammad's birthday 1215:Freedom of religion 1147:Mohammed bin Salman 1105:Deputy crown prince 1097:Mohammed bin Salman 57:Religious pluralism 22:Freedom of religion 6219:Massive resistance 6207:School segregation 6202:Separate but equal 6127:Dominican Republic 6029:Partition of India 5114:Telecommunications 4897:Capital punishment 4824:Allegiance Council 4703:Emirate of Diriyah 4688:Rashidun Caliphate 4678:Pre-Islamic Arabia 4483:2015-03-18 at the 4464:2019-05-27 at the 4444:2021-11-07 at the 4304:2008-03-14 at the 3972:2011-11-10 at the 3953:2013-10-19 at the 3603:The Economic Times 3189:By Max Rodenbeck. 3096:on 29 October 2014 2784:The New York Times 2536:The New York Times 1982:in Saudi Arabia's 1858: 1823:Gregorian calendar 1722:Human Rights Watch 1210:Capital punishment 1119:Allegiance Council 112:Confessional state 6550: 6549: 6426:Majority minority 6307:Ethnic federalism 6089:Ethnic and racial 6049:Greece and Turkey 5981: 5980: 5830: 5829: 5767:other territories 5423: 5422: 5383: 5382: 5211:Human trafficking 5139: 5138: 5024: 5023: 4957: 4956: 4844:Foreign relations 4802: 4801: 4698:Abbasid Caliphate 4693:Umayyad Caliphate 4284:978-0-521-60516-8 3777:. p. 25-26. 3577:978-3-658-06945-2 3483:handsoffcain.info 3394:. 30 October 2021 3340:978-1-56432-535-8 3202:from p. 195 of a 3075:Sulaiman, Tosin. 2786:. 4 December 2001 2490:978-90-8728-057-4 2457:978-1-4303-1914-6 2162:understanding of 2120:Forced conversion 2056: 2055: 2028:from the town of 1948:Apostasy in Islam 1740:Torquato Cardilli 1451:absolute monarchy 1440: 1439: 1374:Visa requirements 1317:Foreign relations 1012: 1011: 848:Jehovah's Witness 824:post–Cold War era 776: 775: 131:Status by country 52:Religious liberty 6585: 6538: 6537: 6509: 6508: 6477:Social apartheid 6361:Social exclusion 6334:Forced migration 6302:Ethnic cleansing 6292:Auto-segregation 6034:Northern Ireland 6008: 6001: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5876: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5820: 5810: 5809: 5779:Christmas Island 5465:Sovereign states 5450: 5443: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5403: 5396: 5236:response to ISIL 5150: 5149: 5094:Riyal (currency) 5035: 5034: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4759:Cities and towns 4747: 4746: 4735: 4713:Kingdom of Hejaz 4651: 4644: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4510: 4504: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4455: 4449: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4406:. 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Nejd 4664: 4655: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4485:Wayback Machine 4476: 4472: 4466:Wayback Machine 4456: 4452: 4446:Wayback Machine 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4316: 4312: 4306:Wayback Machine 4296: 4292: 4285: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4200: 4196: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4149:The Independent 4140: 4136: 4127: 4125: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4086:The Daily Beast 4080: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4033: 4016: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3974:Wayback Machine 3965: 3961: 3955:Wayback Machine 3946: 3942: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3889: 3885: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3530:The Independent 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3507:on May 10, 2008 3493: 3489: 3479:Wayback Machine 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3283: 3281: 3270: 3266: 3252: 3248: 3235: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3201: 3197: 3185: 3181: 3159: 3155: 3132: 3125: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3084: 3074: 3070: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2739: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2681:. 8 July 2012. 2673: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2624:The Independent 2616: 2612: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2450:. p. 265. 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2307: 2302: 2285: 2277: 2256:Shelley Berkley 2254:Representative 2235:Alan Dershowitz 2147: 2141: 2122: 2116: 2096: 2088:Main articles: 2086: 2069: 2067: 2065:6 January 2019 2062: 2026:Ahmad Al Shamri 1960: 1954: 1946:Main articles: 1944: 1912: 1904:Main articles: 1902: 1645: 1602:(tradition) of 1588: 1521:Roman Catholics 1504: 1498: 1436: 1407: 1403:Other countries 1391: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1364:Nationality law 1360: 1356:in Saudi Arabia 1348: 1319: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1292: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1255: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1189: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1113: 1099: 1080: 1068: 1051: 1040: 1021: 1008: 978:Religion portal 972: 971: 970: 836:Catholic Church 788: 778: 777: 582:North Macedonia 547:Northern Cyprus 354:Northern Cyprus 133: 123: 122: 121: 97: 96: 87:Confessionalism 31: 12: 11: 5: 6591: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6503: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6436:Nuremberg Laws 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6411:Ghetto benches 6408: 6406:Discrimination 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6319:Ethnopluralism 6316: 6315: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6204: 6199: 6189: 6187:United Kingdom 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5814: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5186: 5184:Discrimination 5181: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5016:Military ranks 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996:National Guard 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4874:Prime Minister 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4723:Modern history 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4602: 4601:External links 4599: 4596: 4595: 4584: 4573: 4552: 4527: 4505: 4489: 4470: 4450: 4427: 4425:Taheri (2003). 4418: 4409: 4391: 4382: 4369: 4340: 4310: 4290: 4283: 4257: 4227: 4194: 4187:) – via 4171: 4134: 4102: 4073: 4042: 4007: 3978: 3959: 3940: 3912: 3883: 3866: 3840: 3821: 3801: 3784:978-0691134840 3783: 3763: 3744: 3738:. p. 47. 3724: 3698: 3675:"Saudi Arabia" 3666: 3640: 3614: 3590: 3576: 3556: 3534: 3532:, 4 March 2014 3518: 3487: 3468:Christian Post 3455: 3429: 3404: 3379: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3319: 3294: 3264: 3246: 3217: 3195: 3179: 3153: 3123: 3107: 3068: 3065:. 28 May 2023. 3050: 3034: 3009: 3000: 2982: 2967: 2965:: pp. 154–155) 2950: 2914: 2888: 2860: 2842: 2822: 2797: 2771: 2726: 2696: 2666: 2641: 2610: 2603: 2583: 2562:"Saudi Arabia" 2553: 2522: 2496: 2489: 2463: 2456: 2438: 2412: 2387: 2345: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2245:Representative 2143:Main article: 2140: 2137: 2118:Main article: 2115: 2112: 2102:for crimes of 2085: 2082: 2073:Rahaf Mohammed 2063: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2052:@rahaf84427714 2049: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2030:Hafar al-Batin 2004:Hamza Kashgari 1943: 1940: 1927:pilgrimage to 1901: 1898: 1718:Bodu Bala Sena 1644: 1641: 1622:at the end of 1587: 1584: 1497: 1494: 1461:based on firm 1459:state religion 1438: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1420: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1342:Adel al-Jubeir 1338: 1332: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225:Women's rights 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1142:Prime Minister 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1006: 999: 992: 984: 981: 980: 974: 973: 969: 968: 966:Zoroastrianism 963: 958: 953: 952: 951: 941: 940: 939: 934: 929: 919: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 882: 872: 867: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 839: 838: 828: 827: 826: 811: 806: 801: 796: 790: 789: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 773: 772: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 743: 742: 738: 737: 736: 735: 727: 726: 720: 719: 718: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 639: 638: 632: 631: 630: 629: 627:United Kingdom 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 491: 490: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 303: 302: 296: 295: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 250: 249: 239: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 143: 142: 134: 129: 128: 125: 124: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 102:State religion 98: 95: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 39: 33: 32: 29: 28: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6590: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6542: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6504: 6502: 6501:Pillarisation 6498: 6497: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421:Jim Crow laws 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6297:Balkanization 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6192:United States 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6009: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:South Ossetia 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4542:on 2010-12-01 4541: 4537: 4531: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4501:Freedom House 4498: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4124:on 2012-02-11 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4092:on 2012-02-10 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4063:on 2012-02-11 4062: 4058: 4057: 4056:Emirates 24/7 4052: 4046: 4032:on 2012-02-10 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4012: 3997:on 2012-02-12 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3822:9783658069452 3818: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3745:9780595228348 3741: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3683: 3676: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3308: 3307:Country Stats 3304: 3298: 3291: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3118: 3117:Culture Shock 3111: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3044:Culture Shock 3038: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2996: 2995:The Economist 2992: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2961:Culture Shock 2954: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2878:on 2007-09-28 2877: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2849: 2845: 2843:0-275-98091-X 2839: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2812:on 2011-11-07 2811: 2807: 2801: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2656:on 2012-07-10 2655: 2651: 2645: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2604:0-7546-3083-8 2600: 2596: 2595: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2492: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2428:on 2010-04-11 2427: 2423: 2416: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2372: 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