Freedom of religion in the United States

19: 1762:, emphasize the plurality of faiths and non-faiths in the country, and what they see as broad guarantees of the federal Constitution. Their opponents emphasize what they see as the largely Christian heritage and history of the nation (often citing the references to "Nature's God" and the "Creator" of men in the Declaration of Independence and the dating of the Constitution with the phrase "in the Year of our Lord"). While broad defenses of religious freedom were historically understood as ideologically liberal, in has been opined that in the 21st century they are understood as ideologically conservative. Some more socially conservative Christian sects, such as the Christian Reconstructionist movement, oppose the concept of a "wall of separation" and prefer a closer relationship between church and state. 1555:(1628). Having fled religious persecution themselves in England, the leaders of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony restricted franchise to members of their church only, rigorously enforced their own interpretation of theological law and banished freethinkers such as Roger Williams, who was actually chased out of Salem., as well as banning Quakers and Anabaptists. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities. Catholics and Jews also had full citizenship and free exercise of their faiths. Williams, Hooker, Penn, and their friends were firmly convinced that democracy and freedom of conscience were the will of God. Williams gave the most profound theological reason: As faith is the free gift of the Holy Spirit, it cannot be forced upon a person. Therefore, strict 2060:, which involved a Christian high school football coach at a public school that prayed in the middle of the field after every game, often joined by the players and attendees. The school district feared the display would be seen as them encouraging religion, and attempted to work with the coach to move the prayers to a less-visible area, but the coach continued his prayers on field after the game, and the district opted not to renew his contract. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the coach, in that the coach's freedom of religion allowed him to pray whenever he wanted, and that the school district had taken a harsh view of this. Instead of applying the Lemon test, the majority decision relied on historical perspectives to reach their decision. 2147: 2565: 2233:. The U.S. Constitution also provides that "No religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification of any Office or public Trust under the United States." Several states have language included in their constitutions that requires state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs. These include Arkansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. Some of these beliefs (or oaths) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court. Even though they are still on the books, these provisions have been rendered unenforceable by U.S. Supreme Court decisions. 1485: 1504:, drafted by Lord Baltimore, provided: "No person or persons ... shall from henceforth be any waies troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof." The Maryland Toleration Act was repealed with the assistance of Protestant assemblymen, and a new law barring Catholics from openly practicing their religion was passed. In 1657, Lord Baltimore regained control after making a deal with the colony's Protestants, and in 1658 the Act was again passed by the colonial assembly. This time, it would last more than thirty years, until 1692, when after Maryland's 2132:. A Colorado web site designer who was Christian wanted to put a message on her business's web page that she would not help to create site with LGBT messaging but would aid customers to find a designer that would do so. However, she found state law would prevent her from having this message as it would be seen as discriminatory. She pre-emptively sued the state on its anti-discrimination laws as they would force her to create web sites against her religious beliefs. The Supreme Court heard the case in December 2022. 1924:"The cases that the Witnesses were involved in formed the bedrock of 1st Amendment protections for all citizens," said Paul Polidoro, a lawyer who argued the Watchtower Society's case before the Supreme Court in February 2002. "These cases were a good vehicle for the courts to address the protections that were to be accorded free speech, the free press and free exercise of religion. In addition, the cases marked the emergence of individual rights as an issue within the U.S. court system. 1985:(2000) it ruled that school officials may not directly impose student-led prayer during high school football games nor establish an official student election process for the purpose of indirectly establishing such prayer. The distinction between force of government and individual liberty is the cornerstone of such cases. Each case restricts acts by government designed to establish prayer while explicitly or implicitly affirming students' individual freedom to pray. 9994: 43: 3217:, which governs the possession and religious use of eagle feathers, was written with the intention to protect then dwindling eagle populations on one hand while still protecting traditional Native American spiritual and religious customs, to which the use of eagle feather is central, on the other hand. As a result, the possession of eagle feathers is restricted to ethnic Native Americans, a policy that is seen as controversial for several reasons. 2599: 2800:

to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters — and the Church does not speak for me." He promised to respect the separation of church and state and not to allow Catholic officials to dictate public policy to him. Kennedy also raised the question of whether one-quarter of Americans were relegated to second-class citizenship just because they were Catholic.

2199:, during his 2016 election campaign Trump pointed to the closure of mosques. Uddin said that "unfortunately, an increasingly common talking point among many people in the White House and in that sort of larger network is that Islam is not a religion. It is a dangerous political ideology. And therefore, Muslims don't have religious freedom rights." 2756:(1925), the United States Supreme Court declared the Oregon's Compulsory Education Act unconstitutional in a ruling that has been called "the Magna Carta of the parochial school system." However, there is still controversy over the legality of parish schools. In December 2018, Ed Mechmann, the director of public policy at the 1610:," stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion," is generally read to prohibit the Federal government from establishing a national church ("religion") or excessively involving itself in religion, particularly to the benefit of one religion over another. Following the ratification of the 1742:, often regarded as the "Father of the Bill of Rights", also often wrote of the "perfect separation", "line of separation", "strongly guarded as is the separation between religion and government in the Constitution of the United States", and "total separation of the church from the state". Madison explicitly credited 3444:

customs, of which the use of eagles are central. The Eagle Feather Law later met charges of promoting racial and religious discrimination due to the law's provision authorizing the possession of eagle feathers to members of only one ethnic group, Native Americans, and forbidding Native Americans from

2799:

in Rome. To address fears that his Roman Catholicism would impact his decision-making, John F. Kennedy famously told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960, "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Party's candidate for President who also happens

2242:

in 1993 upheld the right of Santeria adherents to practice ritual animal sacrifice with Justice Anthony Kennedy stating in the decision, "religious beliefs need not be acceptable, logical, consistent or comprehensible to others in order to merit First Amendment protection". (quoted by Justice Kennedy

2110:

decision in 2018. The Court did not take any significant steps to clarify where the line was drawn between anti-discrimination laws and freedom of religion, but instead made a more narrow decision that found the state was too aggressive and hostile to the bakery in handling the matter, thus remitting

1861:

As the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility, of Mussulmen ; and as the said States never entered into any war or act of hostility against any Mahometan

1773:

have been put forward as solutions to accommodate variety in beliefs and freedom of religion, by allowing individual school boards to choose between a secular, religious or multi-faith vocation, and allowing parents free choice among these schools. Critics of American voucher programs claim that they

1435:

Controversies surrounding the freedom of religion in the US have included building places of worship, compulsory speech, prohibited counseling, compulsory consumerism, workplace, marriage and the family, the choosing of religious leaders, circumcision of male infants, dress, education, oaths, praying

2697:

in the Book of Revelation. The resulting "nativist" movement, which achieved prominence in the 1840s, was whipped into a frenzy of anti-Catholicism that led to mob violence, the burning of Catholic property, and the killing of Catholics. This violence was fed by claims that Catholics were destroying

2217:

The affirmation or denial of specific religious beliefs had, in the past, been made into qualifications for public office; however, the United States Constitution states that the inauguration of a president may include an "affirmation" of the faithful execution of his duties rather than an "oath" to

1827:

Religious Liberty shall be interpreted to include freedom to worship according to conscience and to bring up children in the faith of their parents; freedom for the individual to change his religion; freedom to preach, educate, publish and carry on missionary activities; and freedom to organize with

1670:

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction there of, are citizens of the United States and of the State where in they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall

1665:

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the religious civil rights. Whereas the First Amendment secures the free exercise of religion, section one of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits discrimination, including on the basis of religion, by securing "the equal protection

2446:

or a day of rest. In the United States, the view that has generally prevailed is that firing for any cause in general renders a former employee ineligible for unemployment compensation, but that this is no longer the case if the 'cause' is religious in nature, especially an employee's unwillingness

2427:

After reports in August 2010 that soldiers who refused to attend a Christian band's concert at a Virginia military base were essentially punished by being banished to their barracks and told to clean them up, an Army spokesman said that an investigation was underway and "If something like that were

2165:

Many states have freedom of religion established in their constitution, though the exact legal consequences of this right vary for historical and cultural reasons. Most states interpret "freedom of religion" as including the freedom of long-established religious communities to remain intact and not

2106:

was asked to bake was against his faith. The couple complained to the state, which ultimately sued the bakery for violating the state's anti-discrimination laws. In June 2019, the Supreme Court vacated a ruling by the Oregon Appeals Court, requiring that court to rehear the case in the light of the

2105:

was a Supreme Court case that had been expected to play a significant role in distinction between anti-discrimination laws and freedom of religion. A Colorado bakery, Masterpiece Cakeshop, had refused to bake a cake for a gay couple's marriage, as the owner was a devout Christian and the message he

2900:

Following the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act, more than 1.1 million new Muslims immigrated to the United States in the late 20th century. After that, some geopolitical clashes between the United States and several Muslim nations had mainly impact on the "treatment of Muslim Americans".

2692:

Anti-Catholic animus in the United States reached a peak in the 19th century when the Protestant population became alarmed by the influx of Catholic immigrants. Some American Protestants, having an increased interest in prophecies regarding the end of time, claimed that the Catholic Church was the

2583:

described anti-Catholicism as "the most luxuriant, tenacious tradition of paranoiac agitation in American history". Anti-Catholicism which was prominent in the United Kingdom was exported to the United States. Two types of anti-Catholic rhetoric existed in colonial society. The first, derived from

2537:

In 2020, South Bay United Pentecostal Church sued Governor Gavin Newsom (D-CA) for his COVID-19 restrictions on public gatherings and indoor singing. The Supreme Court denied injunctive relief on a 5-4 breakdown, with Justice Kavanaugh writing in dissent that the order was not religiously neutral

1954:

During the World War II era, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Jehovah's Witnesses in several landmark cases that helped pave the way for the modern civil rights movement. In all, Jehovah's Witnesses brought 23 separate First Amendment actions before the U.S. Supreme Court between 1938 and

1805:

We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just

3238:

Native Americans often hold strong personal and spiritual connections to their ancestors and often believe that their remains should rest undisturbed. This has often placed Native Americans at odds with archaeologists who have often dug on Native American burial grounds and other sites considered

2641:

wrote that a "universal anti-Catholic bias was brought to Jamestown in 1607 and vigorously cultivated in all the thirteen colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia." Colonial charters and laws contained specific proscriptions against Roman Catholics. Monsignor Ellis noted that a common hatred of the

3148:

that endorses polygamy. When their appeals to the courts and lawmakers were exhausted and once church leaders were satisfied that God had accepted what they saw as their sacrifice for the principle, the prophet leader of the church announced that he had received inspiration that God had accepted

2328:

In practice committees questioning nominees for public office sometimes ask detailed questions about their religious beliefs. The political reason for this may be to expose the nominee to public ridicule for holding a religious belief contrary to the majority of the population. This practice has

2194:

focused on religious liberty as a vital subject of the presidency. For example, one division on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services was devoted to Conscience and Religious Freedom. Judges "who have ruled in favor of people seeking religious exemptions to laws" were supported by the

2020:, 454 U.S. 263 (1981), the Court ruled that a Missouri law prohibiting religious groups from using state university grounds and buildings for religious worship was unconstitutional. As a result, Congress decided in 1984 that this should apply to secondary and primary schools as well, passing the 5529:

states that this hypothesis failed, partly because Eli was John Johnson's brother, not his son. Bushman feels a more probable motivation is recorded by Symonds Ryder, a participant in the event, who felt Smith was plotting to take property from members of the community and a company of citizens

3538:

and others signed a brief submitted to the Supreme Court that "Rights to the free exercise of religious beliefs protect the development and expression of an 'inner sanctum' of personal religious faith. Free exercise rights have thus also been understood as personal, relating only to individual

3280:

Penny Edgell, Joseph Gerties and Douglas Hartmann conducted a survey of American public opinion on attitudes towards different groups. 40% of respondents characterized atheists as a group that "does not at all agree with my vision of American society", putting atheists well ahead of every other

1907:

are now landmark decisions of First Amendment law. Of the 72 cases involving the Jehovah's Witnesses that have been brought before the U.S. Supreme Court, the Court has ruled in favor of them 47 times. Even the cases that the Jehovah's Witnesses lost helped the U.S. to more clearly define the

2541:

On May 21, 2020, First Pentecostal Church in Holly Springs, Mississippi—which had defied stay at home orders—was burned to the ground with a spray painted message "Bet you stay home now you hypokrites ." The church had fought the city of Holly Springs for the city trying to stop Bible study

2723:

Anti-Catholicism was widespread in the 1920s; anti-Catholics, including the Ku Klux Klan, believed that Catholicism was incompatible with democracy and that parochial schools encouraged separatism and kept Catholics from becoming loyal Americans. The Catholics responded to such prejudices by

3308:. However, this policy has come under fire by organizations who assert that the Boy Scouts of America do benefit from taxpayer money and thus cannot be called a truly private organization, and thus must admit atheists, and others currently barred from membership. An organization called 1643:(1879), the Supreme Court upheld the criminal conviction of one of these members under a federal law banning polygamy. The Court reasoned that to do otherwise would set precedent for a full range of religious beliefs including those as extreme as human sacrifice. The Court stated that " 4755:"Sec. 4. RELIGIOUS TESTS. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, in this State; nor shall any one be excluded from holding office on account of his religious sentiments, provided he acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being." 1887:

have often invoked the First Amendment's freedom of religion clauses to protect their ability to engage in the proselytizing (or preaching) that is central to their faith. This series of litigation has helped to define civil liberties case law in the United States and Canada.

2588:, consisted of the "Anti-Christ" and the "Whore of Babylon" variety and dominated Anti-Catholic thought until the late 17th century. The second was a more secular variety which focused on the supposed intrigue of the Catholics intent on extending medieval despotism worldwide. 9247: 1946:

However, the cases brought before the Court by the Jehovah's Witnesses allowed the Court to consider a range of issues: mandatory flag salute, sedition, free speech, literature distribution and military draft law. These cases proved to be pivotal moments in the formation of

3239:

sacred, often removing artifacts and human remains – an act considered sacrilegious by many Native Americans. For years, Native American communities decried the removal of ancestral human remains and cultural and religious objects, charging that such activities are acts of

1357:: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...". George Washington stressed freedom of religion as a fundamental American principle even before the First Amendment was ratified. In 1790, in a letter to the 3289:(27%). Joe Foley, co-chairman for Campus Atheists and Secular Humanists, commented on the results, "I know atheists aren't studied that much as a sociological group, but I guess atheists are one of the last groups remaining that it's still socially acceptable to hate." A 1753:

Controversy rages in the United States between those who wish to restrict government involvement with religious institutions and remove religious references from government institutions and property, and those who wish to loosen such prohibitions. Advocates for stronger

3251:(NAGPRA), which gained passage in 1990, established a means for Native Americans to request the return or "repatriation" of human remains and other sensitive cultural, religious, and funerary items held by federal agencies and federally assisted museums and institutions. 2817:, summarizing the discussion late in November, spoke of a "narrow consensus" among the experts that Kennedy had won more than he lost as a result of his Catholicism, as Catholics flocked to Kennedy to demonstrate their group solidarity in demanding political equality. 2337:

Some state constitutions in the US require belief in God or a Supreme Being as a prerequisite for holding public office or being a witness in court. This applies to Arkansas, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, where the requirement was challenged and overturned in

1456:

as a condition for holding public office. The First Amendment prohibits the Congress from making a law "respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". This provision was later expanded to state and local governments, through the

1685:. These laws mainly affected church schools teaching in German. Some laws, such is in Montana, forbade preaching in German during church. A total ban on teaching German in both public and private schools was imposed for a time in at least fourteen states, including 3515:

medallions. In 2007, a federal judge confirmed that Asatru adherents in US prisons have the right to possess a Thor's Hammer pendant. An inmate sued the Virginia Department of Corrections after he was denied it while members of other religions were allowed their

1601:

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of

2720:, forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools. In 2002, the United States Supreme Court partially vitiated these amendments, when they ruled that vouchers were constitutional if tax dollars followed a child to a school, even if it were religious. 1951:. Jehovah's Witnesses' court victories have strengthened rights including the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service and the right to engage in public discourse. 1508:, freedom of religion was again rescinded. In addition in 1704, an Act was passed "to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province", preventing Catholics from holding political office. Full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the 2741:, a largely Protestant area. Two weeks after it opened, the Ku Klux Klan burned a cross in front of the church. The church burned down in a fire in 1936. In response, the church built a fireproof crucifixion tower, as a "cross they could not burn". 3186:

where they were forced to worship as Christians, and traditional customs were banned. Until the Freedom of Religion Act 1978, "spiritual leaders ran the risk of jail sentences of up to 30 years for simply practicing their rituals." The traditional

3235:(AIRFA) in 1978, and as amended in 1994, the religious use of peyote was not afforded legal protection. This resulted in the arrest of many Native Americans and non-Native Americans participating in traditional indigenous religion and spirituality. 18: 2080: 4580: 9241: 9087: 3285:(23%). When participants were asked whether they agreed with the statement, "I would disapprove if my child wanted to marry a member of this group," atheists again led minorities, with 48% disapproval, followed by Muslims (34%) and 1920:

Professor C. S. Braden wrote: "They have performed a signal service to democracy by their fight to preserve their civil rights, for in their struggle they have done much to secure those rights for every minority group in America."

6572: 6542: 2665:

wrote: "History, I believe, furnishes no example of a priest-ridden people maintaining a free civil government," and, "In every country and in every age, the priest has been hostile to liberty. He is always in alliance with the

3397:-dominated group of 100–150 congressmen stood outside the capital and recited the pledge, showing how much they disagreed with the decision. The Supreme Court subsequently reversed the decision, ruling that Newdow did not have 2764:

would "give local school boards virtually unlimited power over private religious schools. There is no protection against government officials who are hostile to religious schools or who just want to eliminate the competition."

6567: 1423:

towards religion, in recent years there have been attempts to replace the freedom of religion with the more limited freedom of worship. Although the freedom of religion includes some form of recognition to the individual

2366:

of the U.S. constitution states that "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States." Although it has become tradition for US presidents to end their

6497: 1473:, New York, allowed "liberty of conscience, according to the custom and practice of Holland without molestation or disturbance from any magistrate or ecclesiastical minister." However, New Amsterdam Director-General 6547: 3149:

their obedience and rescinded the commandment for plural marriage. In 1890, an official declaration was issued by the church prohibiting further plural marriages. Utah was admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896.

3384:

found the phrase unconstitutional. Although the decision was stayed pending the outcome of an appeal, there was the prospect that the pledge would cease to be legally usable without modification in schools in the

2273:

The court ruled that the free exercise of religion was meritorious and prevailing and that Merced was entitled under the Texas Religious Freedom and Restoration Act (TRFRA) to an injunction preventing the city of

9388: 6261: 3082:. Over the next 46 years, several actions of the federal government were directed at Mormons, specifically to curtail the practice of polygamy and to reduce their political and economic power. These included the 1912:

jokingly suggested "The Jehovah's Witnesses ought to have an endowment in view of the aid which they give in solving the legal problems of civil liberties." "Like it or not," observed American author and editor

2713:, based his political career entirely on anti-Catholicism, and served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1845–1851), after which he campaigned for Fillmore and other "nativist" candidates. 6537: 6502: 1481:. This contained religious arguments even mentioning freedom for "Jews, Turks, and Egyptians," but ended with a forceful declaration that any infringement of the town charter would not be tolerated. 6090: 3033:, which was one of the largest cities in Illinois at the time. The economic, political, and religious dominance of the Mormons (Smith was mayor of the city and commander of the local militia, the 2637:, were fleeing religious persecution by the Church of England, much of early American religious culture exhibited the more extreme anti-Catholic bias of these Protestant denominations. Monsignor 3531:

noted that the term "freedom of religion" was recently restored to US immigrant naturalization tests and study booklets. It had previously been changed to the more limited "freedom of worship."

3158: 2724:

repeatedly asserting their rights as American citizens and by arguing that they, not the nativists (anti-Catholics), were true patriots, since they believed in the right to freedom of religion.

6557: 3009:, inspiring a massive influx of Mormon converts. Locals, alarmed by rumors of the strange, new religion (including rumors of polygamy), attempted to drive the Mormons out. This resulted in the 8502: 6552: 2024:, which prevents public schools from discriminating against students based on "religious, political, philosophical or other content of the speech at such meetings". In Board of Education of 2677:

designed to exclude Catholics from state and local office. The public support for American independence and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution by prominent American Catholics like

6562: 3058:, who organized an evacuation from Nauvoo and from the United States itself after the federal government refused to protect the Mormons. Young and an eventual 50,000–70,000 would cross the 2028:, 496 U.S. 226, 236 (1990), the Court upheld this law when it ruled that a school board's refusal to allow a Christian Bible club to meet in a public high school classroom violated the act. 4958: 6532: 6392: 3769: 6527: 6522: 6517: 3329: 6507: 2748:

amending Oregon Law Section 5259, the Compulsory Education Act. The law unofficially became known as the Oregon School Law. The citizens' initiative was primarily aimed at eliminating

2442:

Problems sometimes arise in the workplace concerning religious observance when a private employer discharges an employee for failure to report to work on what the employee considers a

6512: 6427: 8790: 7330: 6477: 6382: 1904: 6492: 6487: 3674: 3507:

in favour of the claimants as a notable case. Among the denied objects was instructions for runic writing requested by an Asatruar. Inmates of the "Intensive Management Unit" at

3144:, the U.S. supreme court concluded that "religious duty" was not a suitable defense to an indictment for polygamy; therefore, a law against polygamy is not legally considered to 5791:

children to attend Christian boarding schools, and the subsequent social reverberations of "widespread sexual and physical abuse" suffered at the hands of school administrators.

4252: 2208: 1891:

In the United States of America and several other countries, the legal struggles of the Jehovah's Witnesses have yielded some of the most important judicial decisions regarding

1436:

for sick people, medical care, worshiping during quarantines, use of government lands sacred to Native Americans, the protection of graves, the bodily use of sacred substances,

9649: 4875: 6482: 4854: 3029:". The majority of Mormons would flee to Illinois, where they were received warmly by the village of Commerce, Illinois. The Mormons quickly expanded the town and renamed it 9654: 9502: 6377: 3652: 3343:

established that "neither a state nor the Federal Government can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another". This applies the

3128:(one man could have several wives). The notion of polygamy was not only generally disdained by most of Joseph Smith's contemporaries, it is also contrary to the traditional 1820: 3305: 2372: 1862:

nation, it is declared by the parties that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.

1419:

in 1820 and teacher-led public school prayer was abolished in 1962, but the military chaplaincy remains to the present day. Although most Supreme Court rulings have been

1396:. Several American states had their own official state churches both before and after the First Amendment was passed. Illegal religion was a major cause of the 1890–1891 2162:, the First Amendment has been made applicable to the states. Therefore, the states must guarantee the freedom of religion in the same way the federal government must. 62: 1671:

any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

2527: 336: 5008: 2037:, 533 U.S. 98 (2001), the Court ruled that religious groups must be allowed to use public schools after hours if the same access is granted to other community groups. 8768: 7014: 1564: 90: 7271: 1866:

This treaty was submitted to the Senate and was ratified unanimously on June 7, 1797, and then signed by President John Adams on June 10, 1797. In accordance with

1559:

has to be kept. Pennsylvania was the only colony that retained unlimited religious freedom until the foundation of the United States. The inseparable connection of

8507: 2091: 4902: 1393: 1361:, he expressed the government “gives to bigotry no sanction” and “to persecution no assistance." Freedom of religion is linked to the countervailing principle of 6447: 3071: 6061: 5054: 2752:, including Catholic schools. The law caused outraged Catholics to organize locally and nationally for the right to send their children to Catholic schools. In 4765: 3248: 1781:

or face imprisonment. However, in 1999, a federal appeals court ruled this unconstitutional because the A.A. program relies on submission to a "Higher Power".

1660: 1611: 1154: 224: 8260: 7728: 7575: 2247: 4890: 4538:"Religious discrimination in state constitutions : Constitutions of Massachusetts, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee & Texas" 2974:

in 1844. Joseph Smith had surrendered himself previously to the authorities, who failed to protect him. As a result of the violence they were faced with in

9014: 7925: 6605: 5366: 3261: 2403: 2368: 4424: 9617: 9542: 8860: 7718: 3607: 519: 5903: 4030:

Religious discrimination. A neglected issue. A consultation sponsored by the United States Commission on Civil Rights, Washington D.C., April 9–11, 1979

1392:

The way freedom of religion is interpreted has changed over time in the United States and continues to be controversial. The issue was a major topic of

10030: 8689: 8392: 7335: 7325: 3597: 2238: 2526:, a Pentecostal pastor in Florida, was arrested for holding church services and claiming that his church's ministry was "essential" and should not be 1931:

brought several dozen cases before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 1930s and 1940s, the Court had handled few cases contesting laws that restricted

1629:

has consistently held, however, that the right to free exercise of religion is not absolute. For example, in the 19th century, some of the members of

10040: 10025: 8678: 8472: 7340: 6033: 4682:

Mississippi State Constitution: Article 14, Section 265, "No person who denies the existence of a Supreme Being shall hold any office in this state."

2836: 1592: 1350: 3247:. Many Native Americans called on the government, museums, and private collectors for the return of remains and sensitive objects for reburial. The 9642: 9592: 9532: 2997:

Smith and his followers experienced relatively low levels of persecution in New York and Ohio, although one incident involved church members being

534: 204: 7228: 4632: 8755: 7844: 7350: 3137: 3001:. They would eventually move on to Missouri, where some of the worst atrocities against Mormons would take place. Smith declared the area around 2407: 1994:(1971), the Court created a three-part test for laws dealing with religious establishment. This determined that a law was constitutional if it: 1774:

take funds away from public schools, and that the amount of funds given by vouchers is not enough to help many middle and working-class parents.

1630: 1040: 577: 573: 214: 3267: 2489: 9562: 9547: 8462: 5439: 4565: 2097: 329: 5425: 5387: 1645:

Laws are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions, they may with practices.

9406: 8982: 8720: 8697: 7738: 6387: 6324: 6119: 3602: 3549: 1867: 1020: 7698: 3452:

Charges of religious and racial discrimination have also been found in the education system. In a recent example, the dormitory policies at

8667: 6437: 4934: 4557:

For instance in Texas officials may be "excluded from holding office" for failing to "acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being." (i.e.

4321: 2821: 1124: 4692: 4207: 4075: 8879: 8497: 8421: 7910: 7849: 3569: 3368: 1332: 5596: 4657: 2839:

is the freedom to provide church services to illegally undocumented immigrants, as most hail from predominantly Roman Catholic nations.

2498:

has condemned the houses of 14 Amish families over their use of outhouses lacking connections to septic systems approved by the county.

1477:

issued an edict prohibiting the harboring of Quakers. On December 27, 1657, the inhabitants of Flushing approved a protest known as The

8904: 8803: 8635: 8452: 8158: 7361: 6706: 6452: 6347: 5525:'s sons, Eli, meant to punish Smith by having him castrated for an intimacy with his sister, Nancy Marinda Johnson. However, historian 2829: 2348:

held that the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal Constitution override these state requirements, so they are not enforced.

1535:, respectively, established the religious freedom in their colonies in direct opposition to the theocratic government which Separatist 1286: 1183: 8250: 5723:

In 1856, the Republican party referred to polygamy in its platform as one of the "twin relics of barbarism" (in addition to slavery).

4918: 4176: 9632: 9537: 9517: 9329: 9032: 8774: 8326: 7733: 7034: 6957: 6242: 4155: 2629:, Protestant pirates robbed Catholic residents of the British colony of Maryland. Because many of the British colonists, such as the 1440:, both animal slaughter for meat and the use of living animals, and accommodations for employees, prisoners, and military personnel. 1089: 1054: 966: 957: 322: 184: 69: 6159: 5268: 2150:

A Christian flag displayed alongside the United States flag next to the pulpit in a church in California. Note the eagle and cross

9445: 9440: 9435: 8492: 7678: 7244: 6598: 3653:"U.S. Constitution - First Amendment | Resources | Constitution Annotated | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" 3617: 3559: 2773: 2141: 2033: 1981: 1842: 887: 818: 689: 470: 6137: 5835: 5239: 4054: 10035: 9664: 9552: 9161: 8810: 8656: 8037: 7723: 5772: 3348: 2422: 1979:(1992), the Court ruled prayer established by a school principal at a middle school graduation was also unconstitutional, and in 1597:

In the United States, the religious and civil liberties are guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution:

32: 4717: 3495:) protesting denial of access to ceremonial items and opportunities for group worship was brought before the Supreme Court. The 3359:, making freedom of religion in those states inapplicable to atheists. These state constitutional clauses have not been tested. 2530:. Another Pentecostal pastor, Tony Spell in Louisiana, was charged with six misdemeanor counts after holding church services in 1746:

as the theorist who "led the way" in providing the proper distinction between the civil and the ecclesiastical spheres with his

9266: 8818: 8457: 8240: 7915: 7305: 7084: 5209: 4989: 3878: 3612: 2776:. Many Protestants feared that Smith would take orders from church leaders in Rome in making decisions affecting the country. 2757: 2380: 1785: 912: 877: 754: 684: 630: 194: 179: 153: 5877: 5178: 2772:

became the first Roman Catholic to gain a major party's nomination for president, and his religion became an issue during the

1496:

Freedom of religion was first applied as a principle in the founding of the colony of Maryland, also founded by the Catholic

1437: 9607: 9459: 9324: 9253: 9047: 8965: 8884: 8416: 7708: 6963: 6656: 5788: 5752: 5580: 5555: 5311: 4398: 4280: 4016: 3434: 3232: 3179: 3168: 3164: 3051: 2859:

The Christian Scientists have specific protections relating to their beliefs on refusing medical care and the use of prayer.

2650: 2551: 2281:

Religious liberty has not prohibited states or the federal government from prohibiting or regulating certain behaviors; i.e.

2042: 1816: 1563:, freedom of religion, and the other forms of freedom became the political and legal basis of the new nation. In particular, 1505: 1497: 1378: 1178: 158: 4452: 3410: 3337:

wrote in the opinion for the Court that: "government should not prefer one religion to another, or religion to irreligion".

9785: 9188: 8572: 7935: 6922: 6333: 5140:

Breidenbach, Michael D. (2013), 'Conciliarism and American Religious Liberty' (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge)

4228: 3480: 3377: 3103: 2842: 2733: 2056: 1682: 1517: 74: 199: 9597: 9522: 9339: 8670: 8567: 8447: 8270: 7713: 7703: 7693: 6591: 5388:"Cross-Border Reflections, Parents' Right to Direct Their Children's Education Under the U.S. and Canadian Constitutions" 5250: 3742: 3313: 3037:) inspired mobs to attack the city, and Smith was arrested for ordering the destruction of an anti-Mormon newspaper, the 2761: 1765:

Problems also arise in U.S. public schools concerning the teaching and display of religious issues. In various counties,

1030: 799: 724: 554: 499: 8987: 9079: 8542: 7930: 7905: 7839: 7764: 7688: 7019: 6681: 6666: 6442: 6352: 4826: 4813: 3446: 3355:

make the protection of persons from religious discrimination conditional on their acknowledgment of the existence of a

3352: 3188: 1626: 769: 744: 639: 529: 244: 148: 110: 8851: 6219: 5058: 4846: 3781:

Brugger, Robert J. (1988). Maryland: A Middle Temperament, p 21, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

9577: 9376: 9106: 8594: 8338: 7489: 6372: 6317: 6069: 5959: 5667: 5631: 5161: 5125: 5038: 4972: 4799: 4355: 3976: 3858: 3807: 3786: 3564: 2698:

the culture of the United States. The nativist movement found expression in a national political movement called the

2266: 1838: 1409: 1188: 1094: 907: 847: 804: 784: 709: 654: 649: 544: 514: 412: 219: 57: 8245: 2559: 1967:

consistently held fast to the rule of strict separation of church and state when matters of prayer are involved. In

1415:

The long-term trend has been towards increasing secularization of the government. The remaining state churches were

9915: 9637: 9467: 9054: 8681: 8562: 8512: 8482: 8467: 8321: 7967: 7429: 7369: 7310: 6402: 5522: 3472: 3394: 3183: 1734: 1166: 1063: 774: 764: 699: 9297: 3822: 1973:(1962) the Court ruled that government-imposed nondenominational prayer in public school was unconstitutional. In 9002: 8997: 8992: 8577: 7884: 7874: 7864: 6661: 6412: 6357: 2868: 2808: 2784: 1729: 1325: 1129: 942: 937: 862: 789: 749: 729: 719: 669: 616: 596: 564: 509: 494: 105: 5412: 4606: 3433:

feathers, was officially written to protect then dwindling eagle populations while still protecting traditional

2828:

put an undue burden upon Catholics and forced them to violate their right to freedom of religion as part of the

9582: 9393: 9334: 9234: 9227: 8871: 8659: 8628: 8477: 7565: 7529: 7266: 6790: 6417: 6397: 6289: 3799: 3381: 2807:

by just one tenth of one percentage point (0.1%) – the closest popular-vote margin of the 20th century. In the

2159: 2146: 1755: 1615: 1556: 1458: 1366: 1362: 1279: 1010: 975: 952: 922: 897: 892: 867: 857: 852: 842: 837: 832: 827: 809: 734: 644: 601: 549: 504: 479: 461: 397: 285: 141: 9009: 8785: 5220: 3627: 1134: 9627: 9307: 9156: 8941: 8840: 8709: 8701: 8128: 8087: 7419: 7053: 6969: 6942: 6432: 6422: 6367: 6362: 5934: 4296: 3592: 3508: 3460:

were charged with racial and religious discrimination when they forbade a university dormitory resident from

3390: 3339: 2678: 2661:

to require office-holders to renounce foreign authorities "in all matters ecclesiastical as well as civil."

1513: 1235: 1005: 1000: 995: 947: 932: 927: 917: 882: 872: 794: 779: 759: 679: 664: 659: 611: 606: 591: 586: 484: 310: 239: 1870:

of the Constitution, on that date this treaty became incorporated as part of "the supreme Law of the Land".

1801:

The United States of America was established on foundational principles by the Declaration of Independence:

9344: 9314: 9183: 8916: 8522: 8343: 6952: 6693: 6407: 6310: 5724: 5659: 5496: 3363:

cases are typically brought in federal courts, so such state provisions are mainly of symbolic importance.

3227:, is commonly used in certain traditions of Native American religion and spirituality, most notably in the 2753: 2689:, allowed Roman Catholics to be included in the constitutional protections of civil and religious liberty. 2555: 2301:

interpret religious freedom to extend to these behaviors. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that a

1709:. California's ban lasted into the mid-1920s, and German was banned again in California churches in 1941. 1354: 1079: 1045: 1035: 1025: 980: 902: 739: 704: 694: 674: 559: 539: 489: 6037: 3132:. After 1844 the United States government passed legislation aimed specifically at the Mormon practice of 2854: 9939: 9855: 9587: 9557: 9064: 8921: 8724: 8552: 7920: 7869: 7620: 7499: 7379: 7213: 6999: 6740: 6203: 6178: 4425:"Colorado web designer's First Amendment challenge will test the scope of state anti-discrimination laws" 4055:"When Indiana Banned German in 1919 | Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Newspaper Program" 3632: 3554: 3129: 3018: 2890: 2811:, Kennedy's victory was larger, as he took 303 electoral votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win). 2342:(1979), South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, debatably. A unanimous 1961 U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1964: 1725: 1524: 1370: 1296: 1099: 1015: 990: 985: 714: 524: 209: 95: 8255: 7570: 5543:

History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints: History of Joseph Smith the Prophet Part One

3171:, there has been a historic suppression of Native American religions as well as some current charges of 9512: 8953: 8894: 8557: 7982: 7834: 7636: 6979: 6830: 6775: 6614: 3465: 3457: 2191: 2120: 1449: 1318: 417: 8265: 7997: 4636: 3389:, over which the Ninth Circuit has jurisdiction. This resulted in political furor, and both houses of 1425: 9997: 9885: 9837: 9807: 9612: 9527: 9487: 9146: 9059: 8796: 8732: 8621: 8316: 8306: 8188: 7610: 7595: 7409: 7300: 7249: 7094: 7044: 6891: 6755: 6699: 4891:

ACLU-MI Defends Amish Community's Religious Freedom Against Lenawee County's Threat to Bulldoze Homes

4371: 3401:

to bring his case, thus disposing of the case without ruling on the constitutionality of the pledge.

3293:

study conducted in the United States found that believers distrust atheists as much as they distrust

3141: 2931: 2607: 1917:, "Jehovah's Witnesses have done more to help preserve our freedoms than any other religious group." 1639: 1200: 1144: 5447: 4562: 3043:, although he acted with the consent of the city council. He was imprisoned, along with his brother 2278:

from enforcing its ordinances that burdened his religious practices relating to the use of animals.

9921: 9572: 9037: 7605: 7590: 7539: 7514: 7484: 7404: 7394: 7205: 5688: 5394: 4876:

Michigan County Threatens to Demolish Amish Homes Unless They Give Up Religious Beliefs and Upgrade

3172: 3145: 3067: 3006: 2495: 2363: 2212: 1784:

Thomas Jefferson also played a large role in the formation of freedom of religion. He created the

1552: 1453: 1405: 1291: 1149: 1139: 372: 2564: 9897: 9849: 9773: 9740: 9716: 9482: 9349: 9319: 8532: 8092: 7759: 7646: 7389: 6984: 6881: 6785: 6713: 5780: 5518: 4964: 4752: 3273: 3087: 3014: 2585: 2580: 2458: 2081:

Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

1523:

Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1636), New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (1682), founded by Baptist

1501: 1429: 280: 234: 7218: 6163: 4325: 3449:

customs involving eagle feathers—a common modern practice dating back to the early 16th century.

2218:

that effect — this provision was included in order to respect the religious prerogatives of the

9567: 9292: 9205: 9069: 9042: 8835: 8830: 8582: 8311: 7879: 7641: 7104: 7074: 6646: 5079: 4696: 3622: 3228: 3117: 3099: 3002: 2592: 2047: 1940: 1928: 1884: 1484: 1267: 1230: 1215: 305: 136: 9242:

Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary

5547: 5117: 3027:... Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state ... 2681:, the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his second cousins, Bishop 9879: 9867: 9748: 9171: 9112: 8931: 8762: 8547: 8332: 8042: 7854: 7549: 7504: 7469: 7399: 7384: 7320: 7069: 7009: 6886: 5784: 5744: 5702: 5602: 5572: 5566: 5526: 5303: 5236: 4661: 4272: 3386: 3301: 2975: 2967: 2731:

was a rallying point for the Klan and the tide of anti-Catholicism in the U.S. The Catholic

2682: 2634: 2615: 2388: 2357: 2251: 1747: 1489: 1478: 1416: 1205: 1116: 6001: 5685:"The Destruction of the "Nauvoo Expositor"—Proceedings of the Nauvoo City Council and Mayor" 5623: 4782: 4028:

For the distinction between religious civil liberties and religious civil rights, see e.g.:

3834: 9903: 9813: 9765: 9359: 9287: 9088:

Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

8712: 8397: 8348: 7449: 7444: 7434: 7180: 6932: 6927: 6676: 5647: 5478: 5101: 3344: 2998: 2825: 2792: 2658: 2595:

has called Anti-Catholicism "the deepest-held bias in the history of the American people."

2523: 2384: 2236:

With reference to the use of animals, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the cases of the

2171: 1837:

Following increasing government involvement in religious matters, Congress passed the 1993

1778: 1622: 1607: 1240: 1209: 377: 4592: 4215: 2795:, believed that, if he were elected president, Kennedy would have to take orders from the 2391:, and all other civil and military officers and federal employees, who can either make an 1988:

The Court has therefore tried to determine a way to deal with church/state questions. In

1452:

addresses the issue of religion in two places: in the First Amendment, and the Article VI

8: 9675: 9497: 9302: 8936: 8589: 8235: 7992: 7615: 7494: 7474: 7459: 7439: 7424: 7195: 6994: 6724: 6628: 6104: 5684: 3527: 3503: 2738: 2376: 1936: 1892: 1509: 1346: 1252: 387: 352: 270: 189: 6019: 5817:"The Volokh Conspiracy - Hostility to Atheism - The Last Socially Acceptable Prejudice?" 9909: 9843: 9760: 9708: 9472: 9099: 9074: 8976: 8899: 8889: 8527: 8487: 8057: 8012: 7534: 7524: 7454: 6917: 6780: 6750: 6302: 6145: 5863: 5855: 5291: 5027: 4457: 4004: 2939: 2813: 2745: 2699: 2531: 2437: 2411: 2392: 2344: 2254: 2069: 1948: 1721: 1625:" states that Congress cannot "prohibit the free exercise" of religious practices. The 1536: 1274: 1193: 442: 295: 290: 254: 229: 120: 100: 5767: 3675:"RI's Touro Synagogue, icon of religious liberty, has a lot to teach you during tours" 9873: 9732: 9507: 8960: 8909: 8780: 8178: 8138: 7962: 7670: 7544: 7519: 7479: 7464: 7414: 7345: 7315: 7172: 7131: 6238: 5926: 5859: 5748: 5663: 5627: 5576: 5551: 5347: 5317: 5307: 5157: 5121: 5106: 5034: 4968: 4721: 4351: 4276: 4012: 3972: 3854: 3803: 3782: 3453: 3422: 3214: 3198: 3159:

List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes § Civil rights

3078:, but the federal government declined. Instead, Congress carved out the much smaller 2879: 2717: 2167: 1990: 1932: 1900: 1854: 1677: 1651:, the First Amendment would protect one's belief in vampirism, but not the practice. 382: 5296: 5206: 4995: 4044:

By Frederick C. Luebke University of Illinois Press: Urbana and Chicago, 1999. p. 38

3875: 2950:

1820 and continuing as the movement grew and migrated from its inception in western

2170:

interpret "freedom of religion" as the right of each individual to freely choose to

9945: 9861: 9801: 9780: 9622: 9411: 9365: 8644: 8517: 8203: 8168: 8077: 8062: 8047: 8007: 7819: 7509: 7190: 7185: 7099: 7024: 6974: 6876: 6765: 6760: 6249:

Sacred Liberty: America's Long, Bloody, and Ongoing Struggle for Religious Freedom.

5918: 5881: 5847: 5836:"Atheists As "Other": Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society" 5269:"WILL PUBLIC SCHOOLS SUFFER UNDER VOUCHERS? NO: Choice forces educators to improve" 5186: 3539:

believers and to a limited class of associations comprising or representing them."

3512: 3309: 3286: 3106: 3075: 3063: 3039: 3030: 2951: 2924: 2804: 2749: 2703: 2694: 2662: 2638: 2507: 2302: 2258: 2021: 1896: 1717: 1572: 1474: 1470: 1420: 1386: 1161: 402: 5804: 3468:

was later changed to permit students to pray while living in the university dorms.

3276:

showed atheists to be the most distrusted minority among Americans. In the study,

9891: 9825: 9819: 9492: 9271: 9259: 8970: 8926: 8537: 8082: 8022: 7987: 7977: 7374: 7295: 7223: 7168: 7079: 7048: 7004: 6937: 6896: 6856: 6845: 6815: 6271: 5977: 5776: 5738: 5617: 5541: 5224: 5213: 5151: 4830: 4817: 4803: 4741: 4569: 4266: 3882: 3846: 3010: 2991: 2979: 2780: 2626: 2603: 2443: 1969: 1914: 1770: 1548: 1540: 1397: 1358: 1308: 1225: 6294: 5367:"Royal Oak Journal; Bitter Memories of Anti-Semitism Live On in Michigan Parish" 4935:"Church that defied stay-at-home orders burned to the ground in suspected arson" 4903:

One pastor was so outraged by church ban during Spanish flu that he went to jail

4232: 3895: 3720: 3699: 2534:

when the governor had issued an order against gatherings of ten or more people.

9933: 9695: 9602: 9477: 9354: 9198: 9124: 9119: 8133: 8027: 7029: 6861: 6850: 6795: 6770: 5851: 5816: 5514: 5371: 4954: 4537: 4503: 3476: 3398: 3373: 3244: 3110: 3079: 2987: 2914: 2710: 2686: 2396: 2298: 2290: 2271:

Jose Merced, President Templo Yoruba Omo Orisha Texas, Inc., v. City of Euless.

1975: 1580: 1500:, in 1634. Fifteen years later (1649), an enactment of religious liberty, the 1173: 432: 4477: 1349:

is a constitutionally protected right provided in the religion clauses of the

10019: 9973: 9831: 9416: 9381: 9371: 9178: 9094: 8431: 8198: 8183: 8173: 8153: 8102: 8072: 8067: 8002: 7829: 7683: 7089: 6947: 6745: 6583: 6267: 6020:"Board of Educ. of Kiryas Joel Village Sch. Dist. v. Grumet, 114 S. Ct. 2481" 5343: 5243: 5012: 4255:

The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 1: 1760-1776. Retrieved 30 March 2020.

3535: 3520: 3055: 3034: 3022: 2983: 2971: 2619: 2310: 2275: 2262: 2223: 1806:

powers from the consent of the governed; (based on Thomas Jefferson's draft.)

1766: 1743: 1739: 1568: 1528: 1382: 1084: 447: 437: 407: 249: 115: 5351: 5321: 4742:

Tennessee Constitution – Article Ix. Disqualifications – Hosted By Tncrimlaw

3197:

Continuing charges of religious discrimination have largely centered on the

1488:

Religious Freedom postage stamp, commemorating the 300th anniversary of the

9129: 8426: 8143: 8123: 8097: 8017: 7824: 7769: 7754: 7600: 7585: 7580: 7109: 7039: 6840: 6825: 6719: 6687: 5982: 5930: 5904:"Do You Believe in Atheists? Distrust Is Central to Anti-Atheist Prejudice" 5710: 5651: 3497: 3437: 3360: 3334: 3316: 3206: 3059: 2947: 2943: 2674: 2576:

attacking public schools, with the connivance of Irish Catholic politicians

2455: 2282: 2226: 2050:

was unconstitutionally withholding funds from a religious student magazine.

1909: 1759: 1532: 1374: 1262: 1257: 1245: 1220: 1788:, which has since been incorporated into the Virginia State Constitution. 1618:, this restriction is held to be applicable to state governments as well. 9951: 9927: 9700: 9401: 9210: 8193: 8148: 8052: 7972: 7859: 7259: 7254: 4633:"§ 1. Atheists disqualified from holding office or testifying as witness" 4593:

Merced, President Templo Yoruba Omo Orisha Texas, Inc., v. City of Euless

3488: 3095: 3044: 2902: 2788: 2569: 2511: 2314: 2306: 275: 2510:, was jailed and fined for holding church related gatherings during the 9984: 9966: 9683: 9267:

Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society

9166: 8353: 8118: 8032: 7900: 6912: 6871: 6651: 5254: 4504:"Quotation, Overview, and the Constitutions of Arkansas & Maryland" 4429: 4253:

Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence

4210: (United States District Court, S.D. New York July 29, 1993).; 3393:

passed resolutions condemning the decision, unanimously. On June 26, a

3297:. The study also showed that atheists have lower employment prospects. 3282: 3268:

Religion in the United States § Agnosticism, atheism, and humanism

3091: 2787:

was the widespread prejudice against his Roman Catholic religion; some

2646:

clerics and Puritan ministers despite their differences and conflicts.

2611: 2472: 2179: 2175: 1686: 1401: 392: 300: 5568:

Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement

5247: 3851:

The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower

2490:

Amish life in the modern world § Relations with the outside world

1732:

and the Colony of Rhode Island, who used the phrase in his 1644 book,

9135: 8230: 6989: 6835: 5922: 3802:, The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, New York: CRC Press. 3471:

In 2004, a case involving five Ohio prison inmates (two followers of

3441: 3426: 3277: 3209:

of Native American human remains and cultural and religious objects:

3191: 3163:

Aside from the general issues in the relations between Europeans and

3120:, from 1830 to 1890 the Mormon faith allowed its members to practice 2935: 2920: 2667: 2573: 2322: 1694: 1560: 422: 42: 5800: 4919:

Pastor of La. church charged, accused of disobeying governor's order

4718:"S.C. Constitution Article VI Officers – www.scstatehouse.net-LPITS" 4076:"Expression Leads to Repression | Wisconsin Historical Society" 3047:, at Carthage Jail, where they were attacked by a mob and murdered. 9724: 9193: 8819:

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage

8613: 8163: 6820: 5787:

Magazine on the historic government policy of forcing over 100,000

5601:. University of Northern Colorado. October 27, 1838. Archived from 5426:

The first modern campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the election of 1960

4939: 4453:"Supreme Court Seems Wary of Ban on State Aid to Religious Schools" 3586: 3492: 3461: 3330:

Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet

3240: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3083: 2963: 2959: 2769: 2728: 2654: 2643: 2309:

right does prevent the government from prohibiting adult access to

2286: 1706: 1634: 1576: 1544: 5217: 5156:. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 115. 2905:, had negative coverage of Arabs and Islam in the American media. 2245:

Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division

2008:

Did not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion.

1412:. Some have since returned, but most Hutterites remain in Canada. 6866: 3582: 3294: 2716:

After 1875 many states passed constitutional provisions, called "

2630: 2451: 2219: 2151: 2012:

Some examples of where inhibiting religion has been struck down:

1999: 1690: 1648: 1583:

that had existed in most colonies since the seventeenth century.

367: 5980:(June–July 2004). "Discrimination against atheists: the facts". 5530:

violently warned Smith that they would not accept those actions.

3194:

was illegal from the 1880s (Canada) or 1904 (USA) to the 1970s.

2329:

drawn ire from some for violating the No Religious Test Clause.

2257: (1981)) Likewise in Texas in 2009, issues that related to 2043:

Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia

1908:

limits of First Amendment rights. Former Supreme Court Justice

5834:

Penny Edgell; Gerteis, Joseph; Hartmann, Douglas (April 2006).

5113: 3574: 3224: 3220: 3202: 2469: 2465: 2448: 2318: 2209:

Religious qualifications for public office in the United States

1845:(e.g., Missouri passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act). 1647:" For example, if one were part of a religion that believed in 4042:

Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration

2054:

The Lemon Test was effectively overturned in the 2022 case of

9655:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

9503:

Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression

3484: 3430: 3356: 2462: 2294: 2230: 1828:

others, and to acquire and hold property, for these purposes.

1724:

between church and state" likely borrowing the language from

6295:

Articles related to freedom of religion in the United States

6272:"FREEDOM OF EXPRESSIVE ASSOCIATION AND GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES" 5902:

Gervais, Will M.; Shariff, Azim F.; Norenzayan, Ara (2011).

3764: 3762: 2670:, abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own." 5833: 3578: 3511:

who are adherents of Asatru in 2001 were deprived of their

2955: 2796: 1939:. Until then, the First Amendment had only been applied to 1702: 1698: 5393:. Education Canada, v41 n2 p36-37 Sum 2001. Archived from 4766:"Newdow v. U.S. Congress. Petition for Writ of Certiorari" 3823:

Roark, Elisabeth Louise, p.78, Artists of colonial America

3521:

Replacement of freedom of religion with freedom of worship

3300:

Several private organizations, the most notable being the

2702:

of the 1850s, which (unsuccessfully) ran former president

2598: 1408:

died following torture for conscientious objection to the

8769:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

7015:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

6002:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions" 5656:

The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints

4558: 4011:, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, 3915:, 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), Tübingen (Germany), col. 384 3759: 3290: 2869:

Dennis Canon § Litigation involving the Dennis Canon

1777:

U.S. judges often ordered alcoholic defendants to attend

6332: 5901: 5540:

Smith, Joseph; Smith, Joseph Jr; Roberts, B. H. (2004).

5440:"Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association" 3945:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,74-75, 99-105, 113-115 2428:

to have happened, it would be contrary to Army policy."

2108:

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

2092:

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

2046:, 515 U.S. 819 (1995), the Supreme Court found that the 1758:, such as already exists in France with the practice of 6160:"First Amendment Center | Freedom Forum Institute" 4960:

The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice

4231:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from 4177:"Is religious freedom a liberal or conservative value?" 3376:

challenged the phrase "under God" in the United States

3223:, a spineless cactus found in the desert southwest and 3074:. Young immediately petitioned for the addition of the 6626: 5646: 4478:"Religious Discrimination in U.S. State Constitutions" 4009:

The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789

3618:

Legal aspects of ritual slaughter § United States

3249:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

2803:

Kennedy went on to win the national popular vote over

1857:

was a document that included the following statement:

1661:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1612:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6262:

ACLU President Nadine Strossen on freedom of religion

5237:

High court agrees to settle Part II of voucher battle

3721:"The State Becomes the Church: Jefferson and Madison" 3281:

group, with the next highest being Muslims (26%) and

3140:(LDS Church) officially renounced it. In the case of 2785:

1960 campaign for the presidency of the United States

2423:

United States military chaplains § Controversies

1712: 6204:"Kamala Harris' Limited Vision of Religious Liberty" 6056: 6054: 4847:"Troops: Skipping Christian concert got us punished" 3262:

Discrimination against atheists in the United States

2908: 2404:

Oath of office of the President of the United States

8861:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6091:"NY Times: Justices Will Hear 2 Church-State Cases" 5467:

New York Times, November 20, 1960, Section 4, p. E5

5298:

The American Irish: a political and social portrait

3608:

Separation of church and state in the United States

2653:held anti-clerical beliefs. For example, in 1788, 2584:the heritage of the Protestant Reformation and the 2560:

Contraceptive mandate § Religious institutions

2371:with "so help me God", this is not required by the 1681:, striking down laws which banned education in the 1432:to law or policy, the freedom of worship does not. 1365:, a concept advocated by Colonial founders such as 6120:"Court upholds law on prisoners' religious rights" 5295: 5105: 5026: 4753:The Texas Constitution: Article I – Bill of Rights 4214:, United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 4175: 3598:Religious affiliations of United States Presidents 3411:Snake handling in Christianity § Legal issues 3066:and the surrounding area. After the events of the 2919:For similar cases in the 20th-21st centuries, see 2506:In 1919, Harvey Boyce Taylor, a Baptist pastor in 2239:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah 2185: 1832: 6051: 5769:Soul Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools 5539: 4893:, press release, ALCU-Michigan, December 18, 2019 4229:"Declaration of Independence : July 4, 1776" 3876:http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html 3175:against Native Americans by the U.S. government. 2837:Catholic Church and politics in the United States 1905:Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses 1593:First Amendment to the United States Constitution 10017: 6138:"Walla Walla's Suppression of Religious Freedom" 5976: 4399:"Klein v. Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries" 4264: 3956:Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America 8756:A Summary View of the Rights of British America 5960:"Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists" 5410: 4658:"Maryland Constitution – Declaration of Rights" 4212:Warner v. Orange County Department of Probation 4203:Warner v. Orange County Department of Probation 3138:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2478: 2408:United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office 2135: 1631:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1400:. Starting in 1918, nearly all of the pacifist 8463:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 6613: 2528:shut down during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic 2431: 2321:between consenting adults and early trimester 2098:Klein v. Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries 1823:formulated a "Statement on Religious Liberty" 1443: 8629: 6599: 6318: 5153:Urban Religion and the Second Great Awakening 5091:Letter to Horatio G. Spafford, March 17, 1814 3896:http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html 3603:Religious discrimination in the United States 3550:Church property disputes in the United States 2855:Christian Science § Religious exemptions 1326: 330: 9315:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence 5911:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4991:American Anti-Catholicism and its Literature 4581:Criminal Law and Procedure By Daniel E. Hall 4540:. Ontario consultants on religious tolerance 4506:. Ontario consultants on religious tolerance 4480:. Ontario consultants on religious tolerance 4364: 4057:. Blog.newspapers.library.in.gov. 2015-08-26 3989:Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums 3971:, William Morrow & Co., New York, N.Y., 3700:"Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists" 2986:, migrated westwards and eventually founded 2822:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 7576:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 5737:Wardle, Lynn D; Nolan, Laurence C. (2002). 5736: 5727:. Digital History. Retrieved 30 March 2020. 5571:(illustrated ed.). Zondervan. p. 3570:International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 3369:Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow 2229:denomination that declines the swearing of 1654: 9407:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) 8804:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 8636: 8622: 8453:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 6707:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 6606: 6592: 6325: 6311: 5701: 4391: 4117:Letter to Edward Livingston, July 10, 1822 3628:Vaccination and religion § Exemptions 2830:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2709:The founder of the Know-Nothing movement, 1720:wrote that the First Amendment erected a " 1333: 1319: 337: 323: 10031:Religion and society in the United States 9633:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar 9593:Washington and Jefferson National Forests 9518:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service 5622:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 5326:Ku Klux Klan shrine of the little flower. 5266: 5108:The Oxford History of the American People 3697: 3633:Circumcision and law § United States 2966:. The violence culminated when Smith was 2195:president. According to Uddin, author of 1810: 1571:demanded vigorously and successfully the 1090:Female genital mutilation laws by country 10041:History of religion in the United States 10026:Freedom of religion in the United States 9260:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth 6201: 6062:"Senators call Pledge decision 'stupid'" 5878:"Survey: U.S. trust lowest for atheists" 5476: 5149: 4607:"Opinion: The Dogma of Dianne Feinstein" 3993:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 3943:History of Religion in the United States 3930:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 3913:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 3818: 3816: 3560:History of religion in the United States 2760:noted that the new regulations from the 2744:In 1922, the voters of Oregon passed an 2597: 2563: 2351: 2145: 2142:State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts 2034:Good News Club v. Milford Central School 1982:Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe 1873: 1483: 1428:of each citizen with the possibility of 17: 9553:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society 6237:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 6235:Religious Freedom in an Egalitarian Age 5477:Williams, Jennifer (22 December 2015). 5437: 5413:"New York's War on Religious Education" 5337: 5302:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 5290: 5100: 4987: 4953: 4268:Christian Faith & Religious Freedom 4153: 4078:. Wisconsinhistory.org. 10 October 2012 3932:, 3. Auflage, Band III (1958), col. 449 3853:, DK Publishing, Inc., New York, N.Y., 3743:"Established Churches in Early America" 3723:. U.S. Library of Congress. 4 June 1998 3319:, is at the forefront of the movement. 2990:, and many other communities along the 2848: 2706:as its presidential candidate in 1856. 2542:meetings during the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2085: 2005:Neither advanced nor inhibited religion 10018: 8458:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 6334:Freedom of religion in North America 6266: 6176: 6117: 5970: 5615: 5598:Governor Boggs' order of extermination 5564: 5385: 4583:– Cengage Learning. July 2008. p. 266. 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4450: 4126:letter to Rev Jasper Adams spring 1832 3995:, 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 943 3772:, p. 19, Columbia Magazine, March 2010 3623:Faith healing § United States law 3613:Status of religious freedom by country 2758:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York 2538:and targeted religious congregations. 2243:from the opinion by Justice Burger in 1878: 1786:Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom 1586: 1464: 9513:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial 9350:Jefferson and the Library of Congress 9325:Founding Fathers of the United States 8885:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 8617: 8370: 8295: 8223: 7794: 7130: 6964:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 6625: 6587: 6306: 6293: 5479:"A brief history of Islam in America" 5364: 5346:: Radio League of the Little Flower. 5024: 4595:Findlaw.com. Retrieved 30 March 2020. 4173: 4144:letter to Robert Walsh, March 2, 1819 3894:Hanover Historical Texts Project < 3813: 3233:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 3169:European colonization of the Americas 2552:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 2063: 2026:Westside Community Schools v. Mergens 1817:Federal Council of Churches of Christ 1796: 1633:(LDS Church) traditionally practiced 9786:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings 8643: 8573:Daughters of the American Revolution 8371: 6923:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 5740:Fundamental Principles of Family Law 5707:Church History and Modern Revelation 5411:Morrison, Micah (January 28, 2019). 5386:Howard, Paul J. (October 29, 2008). 5176: 4422: 2111:the case to lower courts to review. 2057:Kennedy v. Bremerton School District 1848: 1518:American Declaration of Independence 1394:George Washington's Farewell Address 8733:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention 8671:Vice President of the United States 8568:Children of the American Revolution 8448:Timeline of the American Revolution 6179:"'Freedom of Worship' Isn't Enough" 5470: 5271:. The Atlanta Constitution-Journal. 4857:from the original on 23 August 2010 4517: 4491: 4465: 4372:"Order List, Monday, June 17, 2019" 4324:. State of Missouri. Archived from 4322:"Religious freedom restoration act" 4218:Docket No. 95-7055, April 19, 1999. 4099:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 24 3425:, which governs the possession and 3180:Americanization of Native Americans 3152: 3130:Christian understanding of marriage 3054:, most of the Mormons united under 2762:New York State Education Department 2358:Oath of Office § United States 1791: 13: 9113:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice 7229:European allies of King George III 7085:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 7020:Committee of Secret Correspondence 6682:No taxation without representation 6227: 5743:. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 5185:. Catholic Answers. Archived from 4379:Supreme Court of the United States 4345: 3445:including non-Native Americans in 3184:sent to Christian boarding schools 2942:beginning with reports by founder 2727:The 1928 presidential campaign of 2642:Roman Catholic Church could unite 2586:religious wars of the 16th century 2202: 1815:In 1944, a joint committee of the 1627:Supreme Court of the United States 14: 10052: 9107:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 8595:Museum of the American Revolution 6255: 5801:http://www.religioustolerance.org 5179:"The History of Anti-Catholicism" 5033:. City: University of Chicago P. 4174:Baine, Kevin (29 November 2020). 3672: 3589:as part of their religious duties 3565:Human rights in the United States 3464:while praying. The policy at The 3404: 3124:; after 1843 this was limited to 2909:Latter Day Saint movement 1820–90 2568:Famous 1876 editorial cartoon by 2267:5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals 1841:. A number of states then passed 1839:Religious Freedom Restoration Act 1469:The October 10, 1645, charter of 1095:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 413:Catholic priests in public office 9993: 9992: 9638:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 8682:United States Secretary of State 8483:Continental Currency dollar coin 8468:Women in the American Revolution 6448:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6195: 6170: 6152: 6130: 6118:Savage, Charlie (June 1, 2005). 6111: 6097: 6083: 6026: 6012: 5994: 5952: 5895: 5870: 5827: 5809: 5794: 5761: 5658:(2 ed.). Urbana, Illinois: 5546:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 4451:Liptak, Adam (8 December 2021). 3969:William Penn: Apostel of Dissent 3740: 3698:Jefferson, Thomas (1802-01-01). 3501:reports on the 2005 decision of 3481:Church of Jesus Christ–Christian 3182:, Native American children were 2862: 2843:Holy See–United States relations 2835:Another concern relating to the 2103:Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado 2074: 1853:Signed on November 4, 1796, the 1735:The Bloody Tenent of Persecution 41: 9643:250th Anniversary silver dollar 9043:Founder, University of Virginia 8578:Sons of the American Revolution 6202:Kristian, Bonnie (2016-06-10). 5730: 5725:Republican Party Platform, 1856 5717: 5695: 5677: 5640: 5589: 5533: 5507: 5489: 5461: 5438:Kennedy, John F. (2002-06-18). 5431: 5419: 5404: 5379: 5365:Levin, Doron P. (25 May 1992). 5358: 5331: 5284: 5275: 5260: 5229: 5200: 5170: 5143: 5134: 5094: 5085: 5072: 5047: 5018: 5002: 4981: 4947: 4927: 4912: 4896: 4884: 4869: 4839: 4793: 4775: 4758: 4746: 4735: 4710: 4685: 4676: 4650: 4625: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4551: 4444: 4416: 4339: 4314: 4289: 4271:. TEACH Services, Inc. p. 4258: 4246: 4221: 4195: 4167: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4089: 4068: 4047: 4035: 4022: 3998: 3981: 3961: 3948: 3935: 3918: 3901: 3888: 3872:Plymouth Colony Legal Structure 3864: 3840: 3828: 3415: 3231:. Prior to the passage of the 3146:discriminate against a religion 2880:Hutterites § In the courts 2517: 2186:Public offices and the military 2114: 1833:Freedom of religion restoration 1730:First Baptist Church in America 1666:of the laws" for every person: 10036:Freedom of religion by country 9583:Thomas Jefferson School of Law 9389:Separation of church and state 9298:American Philosophical Society 9235:Notes on the State of Virginia 9228:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson 8660:President of the United States 8478:Continental currency banknotes 7566:Staten Island Peace Conference 5521:, 119) speculated that one of 4921:by Robb Hays, March 31, 2020, 4423:Howe, Amy (December 2, 2022). 3792: 3775: 3734: 3713: 3691: 3666: 3645: 3382:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 3322: 3291:University of British Columbia 2174:from one religion to another, 1903:. In the United States, many 1756:separation of church and state 1557:separation of church and state 1454:prohibition on religious tests 1363:separation of church and state 1280:Christian countercult movement 1189:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 398:Separation of church and state 1: 9543:University of Virginia statue 9377:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 9015:Federal judicial appointments 8702:Congress of the Confederation 8296: 7272:German supporters of Congress 6970:Massachusetts Circular Letter 6126:– via The Boston Globe. 5248:First Amendment Center Online 4865:– via Associated Press. 4299:Religious Freedom Restoration 3593:Religion in the United States 3509:Washington State Penitentiary 3347:to the states as well as the 3340:Everson v. Board of Education 3243:, religious persecution, and 2873: 2679:Charles Carroll of Carrollton 2395:or take an oath ending with " 1958: 1514:Charles Carroll of Carrollton 1506:Protestant Revolution of 1689 1184:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 1125:Traditional African religions 311:Common good constitutionalism 9248:European journey memorandums 8988:State of the Union Addresses 8917:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition 6953:Committees of correspondence 6573:United States Virgin Islands 6068:. 2002-06-27. Archived from 5840:American Sociological Review 5805:Native American Spirituality 5660:University of Illinois Press 5338:Hutting, Albert M. (1998) . 5009:"The Coming Catholic Church" 4822:Oaths of justices and judges 3958:, Judson Press, Valley Forge 3941:Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), 3870:Christopher Fennell (1998), 3639: 3525:In 2016, John Miller of the 3306:do not allow atheist members 2754:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 2556:Connecticut Raised Bill 1098 2545: 2479:Situation of minority groups 2197:When Islam Is Not a Religion 2166:be destroyed. By extension, 2136:State constitutions and laws 1943:and the federal government. 1748:doctrine of the two kingdoms 1675:This amendment was cited in 1614:and through the doctrine of 1438:mass incarceration of clergy 1080:Apostasy in Islam by country 25:monument in Washington, D.C. 7: 9856:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph 9588:Thomas Jefferson University 9558:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 9065:Democratic-Republican Party 8983:West Point Military Academy 8775:Declaration of Independence 8725:Second Continental Congress 8590:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 7795: 7621:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 7606:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 7380:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 7035:Declaration of Independence 7000:Second Continental Congress 6177:Miller, John (2016-06-10). 5340:Shrine of the Little Flower 5267:Bush, Jeb (March 4, 2009). 5207:What are Blaine Amendments? 5150:Bilhartz, Terry D. (1986). 4988:Mannard, Joseph G. (1981). 3837:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3825:Retrieved February 22, 2010 3655:. Constitution.congress.gov 3555:Entheogenic use of cannabis 3542: 3255: 3019:Missouri Executive Order 44 2891:General Order No. 11 (1862) 2737:was first built in 1925 in 2734:Church of the Little Flower 2501: 2432:Religious holidays and work 2416: 1821:Foreign Missions Conference 1444:Legal and public foundation 1100:Religious male circumcision 205:Right to keep and bear arms 10: 10057: 8895:Lewis and Clark Expedition 8473:Financial costs of the war 6980:First Continental Congress 6831:Royal Proclamation of 1763 6776:Second Rockingham ministry 6615:American Revolutionary War 6220:Brief of California et al. 5852:10.1177/000312240607100203 5177:Akin, Jimmy (2001-03-01). 5025:Ellis, John Tracy (1969). 4907:Louisville Courier Journal 4693:"Article Vi, Sec. 7 and 8" 3835:"Massachusetts Bay Colony" 3770:Symbol of Enduring Freedom 3702:. U.S. Library of Congress 3466:University of South Dakota 3458:University of South Dakota 3408: 3265: 3259: 3156: 2918: 2912: 2895: 2888: 2877: 2866: 2852: 2549: 2487: 2435: 2420: 2401: 2375:. The same applies to the 2355: 2206: 2139: 2121:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis 2118: 2089: 2078: 2067: 1658: 1590: 1450:United States Constitution 215:Criminal procedural rights 9961: 9886:Frederick Madison Roberts 9808:Martha Jefferson Randolph 9794: 9728:(1997 documentary series) 9663: 9488:Thomas Jefferson Building 9456: 9425: 9280: 9219: 9145: 9060:Anti-Administration party 9023: 8870: 8850: 8797:All men are created equal 8743: 8651: 8440: 8409: 8385: 8381: 8366: 8327:Constitutional Convention 8307:Society of the Cincinnati 8302: 8291: 8216: 8111: 7955: 7948: 7893: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7790: 7747: 7669: 7655: 7629: 7596:Carlisle Peace Commission 7558: 7430:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 7359: 7284: 7237: 7204: 7167: 7160: 7156: 7126: 7095:Hutchinson letters affair 7062: 7045:Articles of Confederation 6905: 6892:Proclamation of Rebellion 6804: 6756:First Rockingham ministry 6733: 6700:All men are created equal 6639: 6635: 6621: 6548:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6466: 6340: 6300: 4265:V. Norskov Olsen (1996). 3954:Edwin S. Gaustad (1999), 3178:With the practice of the 3142:Reynolds v. United States 2938:, has been the victim of 2932:Latter Day Saint movement 2608:Heroes of the Fiery Cross 2332: 2128:is seen as a followup to 1640:Reynolds v. United States 1404:emigrated to Canada when 1085:Blasphemy laws by country 9781:Wine bottles controversy 9573:Jefferson City, Missouri 9038:Franco-American alliance 7591:Entry of France into war 7206:Kingdom of Great Britain 6568:Turks and Caicos Islands 6247:Waldman, Steven (2019). 5565:Tucker, Ruth A. (2004). 5497:"Joseph Smith—History 1" 4563:Texas Legislature Online 4135:Detached Memoranda, 1820 3849:and David Rubel (2002), 3333:, Supreme Court Justice 3201:, the use of ceremonial 3173:religious discrimination 2934:, which is often called 2496:Lenawee County, Michigan 2483: 2381:House of Representatives 2364:no religious test clause 2213:No Religious Test Clause 1713:The "wall of separation" 1655:The Fourteenth Amendment 1553:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1461:of the First Amendment. 1406:Joseph and Michael Hofer 520:Central African Republic 373:Religious discrimination 286:Political process theory 9954:(2nd great-grandfather) 9898:Jane Randolph Jefferson 9850:Ellen Randolph Coolidge 9432:Presidential elections 9335:Jefferson and education 9320:Committee of the States 8811:Consent of the governed 8690:U.S. Minister to France 8322:Ratification Day (1784) 7647:Second Anglo-Mysore War 7331:Northern after Saratoga 7311:New York and New Jersey 6985:Continental Association 6882:Conciliatory Resolution 6741:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 6714:Consent of the governed 6218:, quotation taken from 6183:The Wall Street Journal 5519:No Man Knows My History 5501:churchofjesuschrist.org 5428:, Gary Donaldson, p.107 4965:Oxford University Press 4208:827 F.Supp. 261 3800:Maryland Toleration Act 3274:University of Minnesota 3088:Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act 3072:United States territory 3017:, and the issue of the 2970:by a mob of 200 men in 2884: 2779:A key factor that hurt 1502:Maryland Toleration Act 1430:conscientious objection 1275:New religious movements 1021:Palestinian territories 281:Substantive due process 9736:(2002 animated series) 9568:Monticello Association 9293:American Enlightenment 9254:Indian removal letters 9211:White House Colonnades 9206:Virginia State Capitol 9184:University of Virginia 9070:Jeffersonian democracy 8966:Native American policy 8836:Land Ordinance of 1785 8831:Land Ordinance of 1784 8583:Sons of the Revolution 8312:Treaty of Paris (1783) 7642:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 7637:Cherokee–American wars 7250:Franco-American Treaty 7105:Philadelphia Tea Party 7075:Treaty of Paris (1763) 7054:Confederation Congress 6647:American Enlightenment 6498:British Virgin Islands 6233:Tebbe, Nelson (2017). 5703:Smith, Joseph Fielding 5242:December 29, 2003, at 5080:Alexander von Humboldt 4297:"USC 42, Chapter 21B: 4095:Feldman, Noah (2005). 3679:The Providence Journal 3372:(2004), after atheist 3229:Native American Church 3102:. In 1890, LDS Church 3003:Independence, Missouri 2946:immediately after his 2622: 2593:Arthur Schlesinger Sr. 2577: 2158:Under the doctrine of 2155: 2048:University of Virginia 1864: 1830: 1811:Religious institutions 1808: 1673: 1604: 1493: 1345:In the United States, 1268:Religious antisemitism 306:Strict constructionism 210:Right to trial by jury 200:Freedom of association 26: 9880:T. Jefferson Coolidge 9876:(great-granddaughter) 9868:John Wayles Jefferson 9613:Jefferson–Jackson Day 9548:David d'Angers statue 9345:Jefferson and slavery 9330:Historical reputation 9033:Early life and career 8765:(initial draft; 1775) 8763:Olive Branch Petition 8528:Washington's Birthday 8333:The Federalist Papers 8317:Evacuation Day (1783) 7370:Lexington and Concord 7070:French and Indian War 7010:Olive Branch Petition 6438:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6105:"CUTTER V. WILKINSON" 5785:Amnesty International 5619:Blood of the Prophets 5616:Bagley, Will (2004). 5527:Richard Lyman Bushman 5102:Morison, Samuel Eliot 4878:, December 20, 2019, 3479:), a minister of the 3387:western United States 3302:Boy Scouts of America 3260:Further information: 2616:Pillar of Fire Church 2601: 2567: 2494:As of December 2019, 2387:, the members of the 2352:Oath of public office 2317:, and from outlawing 2149: 1963:For sixty years, the 1883:Since the 1940s, the 1874:Supreme Court rulings 1859: 1825: 1803: 1668: 1599: 1490:Flushing Remonstrance 1487: 1479:Flushing Remonstrance 1117:Religious persecution 21: 9904:Lucy Jefferson Lewis 9814:Mary Jefferson Eppes 9288:Age of Enlightenment 8922:Red River Expedition 8713:Governor of Virginia 8533:Jefferson's Birthday 8523:Pulaski Memorial Day 7530:Guilford Court House 7181:Continental Congress 6958:Committees of safety 6933:Daughters of Liberty 6928:Virginia Association 6677:Rights of Englishmen 6251:New York: HarperOne. 6166:on October 30, 2010. 6148:on 24 December 2001. 5648:Arrington, Leonard J 5400:on October 29, 2008. 5218:blaineamendments.org 5029:American Catholicism 4783:"TORCASO v. WATKINS" 4604:An example of this: 4303:. United States Code 3967:Hans Fantel (1974), 3378:Pledge of Allegiance 3345:Establishment Clause 3272:A 2006 study at the 3116:With the concept of 3070:, the area became a 3068:Mexican–American War 3015:Haun's Mill massacre 2999:tarred and feathered 2903:1967 the Six Day War 2849:Christian Scientists 2826:Obama Administration 2793:Norman Vincent Peale 2673:Some states devised 2659:New York Legislature 2524:Rodney Howard-Browne 2192:Trump administration 2130:Masterpiece Cakeshop 2086:Masterpiece Cakeshop 1779:Alcoholics Anonymous 1623:Free Exercise Clause 1608:Establishment Clause 1527:, Congregationalist 378:Religious censorship 255:Comprehensible rules 225:Freedom from slavery 185:Freedom of the press 129:Government structure 91:Separation of powers 35:of the United States 9948:(great-grandfather) 9650:U.S. postage stamps 9618:Currency depictions 9598:Peaks and mountains 9528:Karl Bitter statues 9498:Jefferson Territory 9395:The American Museum 9303:American Revolution 8954:Non-Intercourse Act 8937:Embargo Act of 1807 8841:Northwest Ordinance 8824:Freedom of religion 7661:colony or location) 7616:Newburgh Conspiracy 7475:Sullivan Expedition 6995:Provincial Congress 6786:Fox–North coalition 6725:Settler colonialism 6672:Freedom of religion 6629:American Revolution 6453:Trinidad and Tobago 6348:Antigua and Barbuda 6279:Stanford Law Review 5940:on January 11, 2012 5713:. pp. 167–173. 5292:Shannon, William V. 5011:. By David Gibson. 4673:, Article 36 and 37 3987:Heinrich Bornkamm, 3528:Wall Street Journal 3504:Cutter v. Wilkinson 3353:state constitutions 3351:. However, several 3113:, ending polygamy. 2739:Royal Oak, Michigan 2572:showing bishops as 1937:freedom of religion 1929:Jehovah's Witnesses 1893:freedom of religion 1885:Jehovah's Witnesses 1879:Jehovah's Witnesses 1819:in America and the 1587:The First Amendment 1579:and Congregational 1510:American Revolution 1465:Colonial precedents 1353:. As stated in the 1347:freedom of religion 388:Religious pluralism 353:Freedom of religion 271:Living Constitution 190:Freedom of assembly 175:Freedom of religion 9910:Randolph Jefferson 9844:George W. Randolph 9838:Thomas J. Randolph 9749:Jefferson's Garden 9709:Jefferson in Paris 9473:Jefferson Memorial 9100:Compromise of 1790 9075:First Party System 8977:Marbury v. Madison 8900:Corps of Discovery 8890:Louisiana Purchase 8563:Semiquincentennial 8488:Libertas Americana 6918:Stamp Act Congress 6808:Acts of Parliament 6781:Shelburne ministry 6751:Grenville ministry 6388:Dominican Republic 6285:. UCLA: 1919–1968. 5775:2006-02-08 at the 5223:2002-10-04 at the 5212:2011-06-18 at the 5082:, December 6, 1813 4853:. 20 August 2010. 4568:2007-08-10 at the 4458:The New York Times 4348:These Also Believe 4005:Robert Middlekauff 3881:2012-04-29 at the 3475:(a modern form of 3349:federal government 3167:since the initial 3100:Edmunds–Tucker Act 3005:to be the site of 2940:religious violence 2930:Historically, the 2814:The New York Times 2700:Know-Nothing Party 2649:Some of America's 2635:Congregationalists 2623: 2578: 2532:Central, Louisiana 2438:Sherbert v. Verner 2412:Oath of enlistment 2345:Torcaso v. Watkins 2265:were taken to the 2156: 2154:on the flag poles. 2070:Wisconsin v. Yoder 2064:Wisconsin v. Yoder 1949:constitutional law 1843:corresponding acts 1797:Inalienable rights 1722:wall of separation 1537:Congregationalists 1512:, when Maryland's 1494: 443:Confessional state 291:Judicial restraint 250:Right to candidacy 137:Legislative branch 33:Constitutional law 27: 23:Liberty of Worship 10013: 10012: 10007: 10006: 9874:Sarah N. Randolph 9777:(2020 miniseries) 9744:(2008 miniseries) 9578:Jefferson College 9538:Louisville statue 9508:Jefferson Lecture 8961:First Barbary War 8910:Empire of Liberty 8852:French Revolution 8781:Committee of Five 8748:the United States 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8362: 8361: 8349:Shays's Rebellion 8287: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8212: 8211: 8179:Richard Henry Lee 7944: 7943: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7630:Related conflicts 7500:Connecticut Farms 7280: 7279: 7173:Thirteen Colonies 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 6581: 6580: 6470:other territories 6243:978 0 674 97143 1 5754:978-0-8377-3828-4 5654:(March 1, 1992). 5582:978-0-310-25937-4 5557:978-1-4179-7571-6 5444:American Rhetoric 5415:. Judicial Watch. 5313:978-0-87023-689-1 5112:. New York City: 5015:: Published 2004. 4613:. 9 November 2017 4282:978-1-57258-118-0 4235:on April 28, 2007 4017:978-0-19-516247-9 3798:Finkelman, Paul, 3768:Zimmerman, Mark, 3454:Boston University 3423:Eagle Feather Law 3327:In the 1994 case 3287:African-Americans 3215:eagle feather law 3199:eagle feather law 3062:to settle in the 3052:succession crisis 3025:, which ordered " 2845:resumed in 1984. 2809:electoral college 2750:parochial schools 2718:Blaine Amendments 2614:Published by the 2369:Presidential Oath 2340:Voswinkel v. Hunt 2018:Widmar v. Vincent 1991:Lemon v. Kurtzman 1933:freedom of speech 1855:Treaty of Tripoli 1849:Treaty of Tripoli 1728:, founder of the 1678:Meyer v. Nebraska 1343: 1342: 1179:Jehovah's Witness 1155:post–Cold War era 1107: 1106: 462:Status by country 383:Religious liberty 347: 346: 195:Right to petition 180:Freedom of speech 167:Individual rights 121:Tiers of scrutiny 96:Individual rights 10048: 9996: 9995: 9946:William Randolph 9888:(great-grandson) 9882:(great-grandson) 9802:Martha Jefferson 9717:Thomas Jefferson 9623:Jefferson nickel 9608:Other placenames 9533:Hempstead statue 9412:Virginia dynasty 9366:National Gazette 9055:Ratification Day 8791:physical history 8736: 8728: 8716: 8705: 8693: 8685: 8674: 8663: 8645:Thomas Jefferson 8638: 8631: 8624: 8615: 8614: 8553:Sesquicentennial 8513:Independence Day 8417:Founding Fathers 8383: 8382: 8368: 8367: 8293: 8292: 8221: 8220: 7953: 7952: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7792: 7791: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7490:Cape St. Vincent 7165: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7128: 7127: 7100:Boston Tea Party 7025:Halifax Resolves 6975:Suffolk Resolves 6766:Grafton ministry 6761:Chatham ministry 6657:Colonial history 6637: 6636: 6623: 6622: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6538:Saint Barthélemy 6468:Dependencies and 6341:Sovereign states 6327: 6320: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6276: 6270:(May 23, 2006). 6222: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6162:. Archived from 6156: 6150: 6149: 6144:. Archived from 6142:prisonerlife.com 6134: 6128: 6127: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6036:. Archived from 6030: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5978:Downey, Margaret 5974: 5968: 5967: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5939: 5933:. Archived from 5923:10.1037/a0025882 5917:(6): 1189–1206. 5908: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5880:. Archived from 5874: 5868: 5867: 5862:. Archived from 5831: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605:on April 5, 2005 5593: 5587: 5586: 5561: 5537: 5531: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5446:. Archived from 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5301: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5258: 5246:, May 20, 2003, 5233: 5227: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5111: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5057:. Archived from 5051: 5045: 5044: 5032: 5022: 5016: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4994:. Archived from 4985: 4979: 4978: 4957:(1 April 2003). 4951: 4945: 4944: 4931: 4925: 4916: 4910: 4909:, March 20, 2020 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4880:activistpost.com 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4843: 4837: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4720:. Archived from 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4695:. Archived from 4689: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4660:. Archived from 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4635:. Archived from 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4534: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4500: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4463: 4462: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4154:Madison (1821), 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4002: 3996: 3985: 3979: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3922: 3916: 3905: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3868: 3862: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3649: 3581:order who carry 3310:Scouting for All 3165:Native Americans 3153:Native Americans 3107:Wilford Woodruff 3076:State of Deseret 3064:Salt Lake Valley 3040:Nauvoo Expositor 2925:Short Creek raid 2824:argued that the 2704:Millard Fillmore 2695:Whore of Babylon 2663:Thomas Jefferson 2651:Founding Fathers 2639:John Tracy Ellis 2606:illustration in 2508:Murray, Kentucky 2303:right to privacy 2297:, although some 2259:animal sacrifice 2180:abandon religion 2022:Equal Access Act 1792:Other statements 1718:Thomas Jefferson 1573:disestablishment 1547:had enforced in 1475:Peter Stuyvesant 1471:Flushing, Queens 1421:accommodationist 1387:Thomas Jefferson 1379:Founding Fathers 1335: 1328: 1321: 467: 466: 403:Anti-clericalism 349: 348: 339: 332: 325: 235:Equal protection 220:Right to privacy 159:Local government 154:State government 142:Executive branch 45: 29: 28: 10056: 10055: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9974:James Madison → 9957: 9892:Peter Jefferson 9858:(granddaughter) 9852:(granddaughter) 9826:Madison Hemings 9820:Harriet Hemings 9790: 9666: 9659: 9628:Two-dollar bill 9493:Jefferson River 9458: 9452: 9421: 9360:Pet mockingbird 9340:Religious views 9276: 9272:Founders Online 9215: 9148: 9141: 9026:accomplishments 9025: 9019: 8971:Burr conspiracy 8932:Cumberland Road 8927:Pike Expedition 8866: 8846: 8747: 8745: 8739: 8731: 8719: 8708: 8696: 8688: 8677: 8666: 8655: 8647: 8642: 8612: 8599: 8538:Von Steuben Day 8436: 8405: 8377: 8358: 8298: 8275: 8217:Colonial allies 8208: 8107: 7940: 7901:King George III 7889: 7797: 7774: 7743: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7651: 7625: 7554: 7535:Lochry's Defeat 7420:Assunpink Creek 7410:Fort Washington 7355: 7289: 7287: 7276: 7267:Hortalez et Cie 7238:Colonial allies 7233: 7200: 7169:United Colonies 7152: 7114: 7080:Boston Massacre 7058: 7049:Perpetual Union 7005:United Colonies 6938:Sons of Liberty 6901: 6809: 6807: 6806:Related British 6800: 6729: 6631: 6627:Origins of the 6617: 6612: 6582: 6577: 6471: 6469: 6462: 6336: 6331: 6296: 6274: 6258: 6230: 6228:Further reading 6225: 6212: 6210: 6200: 6196: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6171: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6116: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6060: 6059: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6034:"About Atheism" 6032: 6031: 6027: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5975: 5971: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5832: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5799: 5795: 5789:Native American 5777:Wayback Machine 5766: 5762: 5755: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5718: 5709:. Vol. 4. 5700: 5696: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5563: 5558: 5538: 5534: 5512: 5508: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5453: 5451: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5363: 5359: 5336: 5332: 5314: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5265: 5261: 5234: 5230: 5225:Wayback Machine 5214:Wayback Machine 5205: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5023: 5019: 5007: 5003: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4955:Jenkins, Philip 4952: 4948: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4917: 4913: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4835:Enlistment Oath 4824: 4811: 4798: 4794: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4570:Wayback Machine 4556: 4552: 4543: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4466: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4182:Washington Post 4172: 4168: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4003: 3999: 3986: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3923: 3919: 3906: 3902: 3893: 3889: 3883:Wayback Machine 3869: 3865: 3847:Allen Weinstein 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3797: 3793: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3545: 3523: 3435:Native American 3418: 3413: 3407: 3325: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3161: 3155: 3118:plural marriage 3011:1838 Mormon War 2992:Mormon Corridor 2980:Mormon pioneers 2928: 2917: 2911: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2781:John F. Kennedy 2627:Plundering Time 2610:1928 by Bishop 2604:Branford Clarke 2562: 2550:Main articles: 2548: 2520: 2504: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2447:to work during 2440: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2360: 2354: 2335: 2269:in the case of 2215: 2207:Main articles: 2205: 2203:Religious tests 2188: 2144: 2138: 2123: 2117: 2094: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2066: 1970:Engel v. Vitale 1961: 1915:Irving Dilliard 1881: 1876: 1851: 1835: 1813: 1799: 1794: 1771:school vouchers 1715: 1683:German language 1663: 1657: 1595: 1589: 1549:Plymouth Colony 1541:Pilgrim Fathers 1492:, Issue of 1957 1467: 1446: 1398:Ghost Dance War 1367:Dr. John Clarke 1359:Touro Synagogue 1351:First Amendment 1339: 1309:Religion portal 1303: 1302: 1301: 1167:Catholic Church 1119: 1109: 1108: 913:North Macedonia 878:Northern Cyprus 685:Northern Cyprus 464: 454: 453: 452: 428: 427: 418:Confessionalism 362: 343: 149:Judicial branch 75:Judicial review 34: 12: 11: 5: 10054: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10011: 10010: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9970: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9940:Isham Randolph 9937: 9936:(grand-nephew) 9934:Dabney S. Carr 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9753: 9745: 9737: 9733:Liberty's Kids 9729: 9721: 9713: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9688: 9680: 9671: 9669: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9603:Jefferson Rock 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9478:Mount Rushmore 9475: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9391: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9369: 9362: 9357: 9355:Jefferson Pier 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9231: 9223: 9221: 9220:Other writings 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9199:Jefferson Hall 9196: 9191: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9164: 9159: 9153: 9151: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9132: 9127: 9125:Jefferson disk 9122: 9120:American Creed 9117: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9092: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8985: 8980: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8876: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8864: 8856: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8751: 8749: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8729: 8717: 8706: 8694: 8686: 8675: 8664: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8641: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:Minor holidays 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8395: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8374:Related topics 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8344:Bill of Rights 8341: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7957: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7807: 7799: 7798: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7748:Loyal colonies 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7734:South Carolina 7731: 7726: 7721: 7719:North Carolina 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7671:Rebel colonies 7664: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7611:Sint Eustatius 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7571:"First Salute" 7568: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7515:Kings Mountain 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7405:Harlem Heights 7402: 7397: 7395:Valcour Island 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7292: 7290: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7162: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7030:Lee Resolution 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:Black Patriots 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6796:Black Loyalist 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6771:North ministry 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6633: 6632: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6558:Sint Eustatius 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6503:Cayman Islands 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6330: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6288: 6287: 6268:Volokh, Eugene 6264: 6257: 6256:External links 6254: 6253: 6252: 6245: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6194: 6169: 6151: 6129: 6110: 6096: 6082: 6050: 6025: 6011: 5993: 5969: 5951: 5894: 5869: 5866:on 2009-02-27. 5846:(2): 211–234. 5826: 5808: 5793: 5760: 5753: 5729: 5716: 5694: 5676: 5668: 5639: 5632: 5588: 5581: 5556: 5532: 5515:Fawn M. Brodie 5513:The historian 5506: 5488: 5469: 5460: 5430: 5418: 5403: 5378: 5372:New York Times 5357: 5330: 5312: 5283: 5281:Dumenil (1991) 5274: 5259: 5253:2009-08-04 at 5228: 5199: 5169: 5162: 5142: 5133: 5126: 5093: 5084: 5071: 5046: 5039: 5017: 5001: 4998:on 2009-10-27. 4980: 4973: 4967:. p. 23. 4946: 4943:. 22 May 2020. 4926: 4911: 4895: 4883: 4868: 4838: 4827:10 U.S.C. 4814:28 U.S.C. 4808:Oath of Office 4792: 4774: 4757: 4745: 4734: 4709: 4684: 4675: 4649: 4624: 4611:New York Times 4597: 4585: 4573: 4550: 4516: 4490: 4464: 4443: 4415: 4390: 4363: 4356: 4338: 4313: 4288: 4281: 4257: 4245: 4220: 4194: 4166: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4097:Divided by God 4088: 4067: 4046: 4034: 4021: 3997: 3980: 3960: 3947: 3934: 3926:Hooker, Thomas 3917: 3900: 3887: 3863: 3839: 3827: 3812: 3791: 3774: 3758: 3741:Vile, John R. 3733: 3712: 3690: 3665: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3477:Norse paganism 3469: 3450: 3417: 3414: 3409:Main article: 3406: 3405:Snake handlers 3403: 3374:Michael Newdow 3324: 3321: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3245:discrimination 3236: 3218: 3154: 3151: 3080:Utah Territory 2988:Salt Lake City 2915:Anti-Mormonism 2913:Main article: 2910: 2907: 2897: 2894: 2889:Main article: 2886: 2883: 2878:Main article: 2875: 2872: 2867:Main article: 2864: 2861: 2853:Main article: 2850: 2847: 2711:Lewis C. Levin 2687:Daniel Carroll 2547: 2544: 2519: 2516: 2503: 2500: 2488:Main article: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2433: 2430: 2418: 2415: 2397:so help me God 2377:Vice President 2356:Main article: 2353: 2350: 2334: 2331: 2204: 2201: 2187: 2184: 2178:religions, or 2137: 2134: 2119:Main article: 2116: 2113: 2090:Main article: 2087: 2084: 2079:Main article: 2076: 2073: 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2052: 2051: 2038: 2029: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1976:Lee v. Weisman 1960: 1957: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1850: 1847: 1834: 1831: 1812: 1809: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1726:Roger Williams 1714: 1711: 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1591:Main article: 1588: 1585: 1581:state churches 1525:Roger Williams 1498:Lord Baltimore 1466: 1463: 1445: 1442: 1417:disestablished 1371:Roger Williams 1355:Bill of Rights 1341: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1297:Zoroastrianism 1294: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 970: 969: 963: 962: 961: 960: 958:United Kingdom 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 822: 821: 815: 814: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 634: 633: 627: 626: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 581: 580: 570: 569: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 474: 473: 465: 460: 459: 456: 455: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 433:State religion 429: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 345: 344: 342: 341: 334: 327: 319: 316: 315: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 265: 264: 260: 259: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 169: 168: 164: 163: 162: 161: 156: 151: 145: 144: 139: 131: 130: 126: 125: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 85: 84: 80: 79: 78: 77: 72: 66: 65: 60: 52: 51: 47: 46: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10053: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10000: 9999: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9942:(grandfather) 9941: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9896: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9862:Francis Eppes 9860: 9857: 9854: 9851: 9848: 9845: 9842: 9839: 9836: 9833: 9832:Eston Hemings 9830: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9815: 9812: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9563:Jefferson Lab 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9455: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9417:Ward republic 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9382:Betty Hemings 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9372:Sally Hemings 9370: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9179:Poplar Forest 9177: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9157:Barboursville 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9095:Residence Act 9093: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9080:republicanism 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8632: 8627: 8625: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518:Patriots' Day 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8493:Commemoration 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8432:Yankee Doodle 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8294: 8290: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8261:de Rochambeau 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7789: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7704:New Hampshire 7702: 7700: 7699:Massachusetts 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7351:Naval battles 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7286:Campaigns and 7283: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090:Gaspee affair 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6746:Bute ministry 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6695: 6694:Spirit of '76 6692: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667:Republicanism 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6459: 6458:United States 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6221: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6072:on 2009-07-07 6071: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6040:on 2012-01-20 6039: 6035: 6029: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5884:on 2008-07-23 5883: 5879: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5756: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5705:(1946–1949). 5704: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5671: 5669:0-252-06236-1 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652:Bitton, Davis 5649: 5643: 5635: 5633:0-8061-3639-1 5629: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5464: 5450:on 2016-08-02 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5414: 5407: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344:Royal Oak, MI 5341: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5278: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5244:archive.today 5241: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5189:on 2008-09-07 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5163:0-8386-3227-0 5159: 5155: 5154: 5146: 5137: 5129: 5127:0-451-62600-1 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5081: 5075: 5061:on 2008-03-27 5060: 5056: 5050: 5042: 5040:9780226205540 5036: 5031: 5030: 5021: 5014: 5013:HarperCollins 5010: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4976: 4974:0-19-515480-0 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4905:by Jon Hale, 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4800:5 U.S.C. 4796: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4738: 4724:on 2008-10-15 4723: 4719: 4713: 4699:on 2009-01-17 4698: 4694: 4688: 4679: 4664:on 2012-08-13 4663: 4659: 4653: 4639:on 2008-11-28 4638: 4634: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4359: 4357:0-02-514360-3 4353: 4349: 4346:Braden, C.S. 4342: 4328:on 2007-09-27 4327: 4323: 4317: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4183: 4178: 4170: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4077: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3977:0-688-00310-9 3974: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3859:0-7894-8903-1 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3808:0-415-94342-6 3805: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3787:0-8018-3399-X 3784: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3722: 3716: 3701: 3694: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3536:Kamala Harris 3532: 3530: 3529: 3514: 3513:Thor's Hammer 3510: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3312:, founded by 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056:Brigham Young 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3035:Nauvoo Legion 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:Lilburn Boggs 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984:Brigham Young 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972:Carthage Jail 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2901:For example, 2892: 2881: 2870: 2863:Episcopalians 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820:In 2011, the 2818: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2805:Richard Nixon 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:loyalty oaths 2671: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2620:Zarephath, NJ 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2429: 2424: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311:birth control 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2276:Euless, Texas 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:animal rights 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2160:incorporation 2153: 2148: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2082: 2075:Hosanna-Tabor 2071: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1965:Supreme Court 1956: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1802: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1767:school choice 1763: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744:Martin Luther 1741: 1740:James Madison 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1616:incorporation 1613: 1609: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Presbyterians 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531:, and Quaker 1530: 1529:Thomas Hooker 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1459:incorporation 1455: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383:James Madison 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194:Protestantism 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150:Christophobia 1148: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 968: 965: 964: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823: 820: 817: 816: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 636: 635: 632: 629: 628: 623: 622:United States 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 579: 578:South America 575: 572: 571: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 475: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 457: 449: 448:Atheist state 446: 444: 441: 439: 438:Secular state 436: 434: 431: 430: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 408:School prayer 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 358: 357: 354: 351: 350: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 320: 318: 317: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 262: 261: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 245:Voting rights 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170: 166: 165: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 133: 132: 128: 127: 122: 119: 117: 116:Equal footing 114: 112: 111:Republicanism 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 82: 81: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 54: 53: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 36: 31: 30: 24: 20: 16: 9991: 9985:Aaron Burr → 9981:← John Adams 9972: 9967:← John Adams 9965: 9772: 9761:2015 musical 9755: 9747: 9739: 9731: 9723: 9715: 9707: 9696:1969 musical 9690: 9687:(1953 short) 9682: 9676:The Patriots 9674: 9468:Bibliography 9394: 9364: 9258: 9233: 9226: 9149:architecture 9147:Jeffersonian 9134: 9130:Swivel chair 9111: 9086: 8975: 8946: 8942: 8823: 8754: 8746:documents of 8558:Bicentennial 8441:Other topics 8427:Liberty Tree 8399: 8339:Constitution 8331: 8236:Beaumarchais 8124:Samuel Adams 7875:William Howe 7870:Richard Howe 7770:West Florida 7755:East Florida 7729:Rhode Island 7724:Pennsylvania 7657:Involvement 7601:Gordon Riots 7586:Valley Forge 7581:Conway Cabal 7559:Other events 7321:Philadelphia 7219:British Army 7110:Powder Alarm 7040:Model Treaty 6962: 6720:Expansionism 6688:Common Sense 6686: 6671: 6563:Sint Maarten 6543:Saint Martin 6457: 6282: 6278: 6248: 6234: 6211:. Retrieved 6207: 6197: 6186:. Retrieved 6182: 6172: 6164:the original 6154: 6146:the original 6141: 6132: 6123: 6113: 6099: 6085: 6074:. Retrieved 6070:the original 6065: 6042:. Retrieved 6038:the original 6028: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5987: 5983:Free Inquiry 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5942:. Retrieved 5935:the original 5914: 5910: 5897: 5886:. Retrieved 5882:the original 5872: 5864:the original 5843: 5839: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5796: 5783:writing for 5781:Andrea Smith 5768: 5763: 5739: 5732: 5719: 5711:Deseret Book 5706: 5697: 5679: 5655: 5642: 5618: 5607:. Retrieved 5603:the original 5597: 5591: 5567: 5542: 5535: 5523:John Johnson 5509: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5472: 5463: 5452:. Retrieved 5448:the original 5443: 5433: 5421: 5406: 5395:the original 5381: 5370: 5360: 5339: 5333: 5325: 5297: 5286: 5277: 5262: 5235:Tony Mauro, 5231: 5202: 5191:. Retrieved 5187:the original 5182: 5172: 5152: 5145: 5136: 5107: 5096: 5087: 5074: 5063:. Retrieved 5059:the original 5055:"Annotation" 5049: 5028: 5020: 5004: 4996:the original 4990: 4983: 4959: 4949: 4938: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4850: 4841: 4834: 4821: 4807: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4760: 4748: 4737: 4726:. Retrieved 4722:the original 4712: 4701:. Retrieved 4697:the original 4687: 4678: 4666:. Retrieved 4662:the original 4652: 4641:. Retrieved 4637:the original 4627: 4615:. Retrieved 4610: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4553: 4542:. Retrieved 4508:. Retrieved 4482:. Retrieved 4456: 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4428: 4418: 4407:. Retrieved 4405:. 2018-10-29 4402: 4393: 4382:. Retrieved 4378: 4366: 4347: 4341: 4330:. Retrieved 4326:the original 4316: 4305:. Retrieved 4298: 4291: 4267: 4260: 4248: 4237:. Retrieved 4233:the original 4223: 4216:173 F.3d 120 4211: 4202: 4197: 4185:. Retrieved 4181: 4169: 4157:To Schaeffer 4156: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4108:Wood, 2006b. 4104: 4096: 4091: 4080:. Retrieved 4070: 4059:. Retrieved 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4008: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3968: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3924:M. Schmidt, 3920: 3912: 3908: 3907:M. Schmidt, 3903: 3890: 3871: 3866: 3850: 3842: 3830: 3794: 3777: 3750:. Retrieved 3747:www.mtsu.edu 3746: 3736: 3725:. Retrieved 3715: 3704:. Retrieved 3693: 3682:. Retrieved 3678: 3673:Russo, Amy. 3668: 3657:. Retrieved 3647: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3502: 3498:Boston Globe 3496: 3416:Case studies 3367: 3365: 3361:Civil rights 3338: 3335:David Souter 3328: 3326: 3317:Steven Cozza 3299: 3278:sociologists 3271: 3207:repatriation 3196: 3177: 3162: 3115: 3060:Great Plains 3049: 3038: 3026: 3021:by Governor 2996: 2968:assassinated 2948:First Vision 2944:Joseph Smith 2929: 2899: 2858: 2841: 2834: 2819: 2812: 2802: 2791:, including 2778: 2767: 2743: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2691: 2683:John Carroll 2672: 2648: 2624: 2590: 2579: 2540: 2536: 2521: 2518:Pentecostals 2505: 2493: 2441: 2426: 2373:Constitution 2361: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2327: 2299:libertarians 2293:and certain 2283:prostitution 2280: 2270: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2216: 2196: 2189: 2182:altogether. 2164: 2157: 2129: 2126:303 Creative 2125: 2124: 2115:303 Creative 2107: 2102: 2101:is similar. 2096: 2095: 2055: 2053: 2041: 2032: 2025: 2017: 2011: 1989: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1953: 1945: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1910:Harlan Stone 1890: 1882: 1865: 1860: 1852: 1836: 1826: 1814: 1804: 1800: 1783: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1733: 1716: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1644: 1638: 1620: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1533:William Penn 1522: 1495: 1468: 1447: 1434: 1414: 1391: 1377:, and later 1375:William Penn 1344: 1263:Anti-Judaism 1258:Antisemitism 1246:Islamophobia 1145:Christianity 1135:Baháʼí Faith 1031:Saudi Arabia 800:Turkmenistan 621: 555:South Africa 500:Burkina Faso 174: 22: 15: 9952:Henry Soane 9928:Dabney Carr 9922:Samuel Carr 9752:(2015 play) 9720:(1997 film) 9712:(1995 film) 9679:(1946 play) 9402:Tufton Farm 9189:The Rotunda 9024:Other noted 8859:Co-author, 8727:(1775–1776) 8715:(1779–1781) 8704:(1783–1784) 8692:(1785–1789) 8684:(1790–1793) 8673:(1797–1801) 8662:(1801–1809) 8204:Witherspoon 8088:von Steuben 8043:Charles Lee 7760:Nova Scotia 7679:Connecticut 7550:The Saintes 7505:Springfield 7470:Stony Point 7400:Long Island 7385:Bunker Hill 7306:Nova Scotia 6897:Prohibitory 6887:Restraining 6877:Intolerable 6857:Declaratory 6533:Puerto Rico 6443:Saint Lucia 6393:El Salvador 5990:(4): 41–43. 5116:. pp. 4804:§ 3331 4436:December 5, 4187:30 November 3909:Pilgerväter 3861:, pp. 58-63 3516:medallions. 3489:neopaganism 3323:Court cases 3314:Eagle Scout 3283:homosexuals 3109:issued the 3096:Edmunds Act 3045:Hyrum Smith 2789:Protestants 2625:During the 2581:John Higham 2570:Thomas Nast 2512:Spanish flu 2393:affirmation 2315:pornography 2307:due process 2168:democracies 1927:Before the 1602:grievances. 1551:(1620) and 1516:signed the 1287:Neopaganism 1210:Hinduphobia 1162:Catholicism 967:Middle East 770:South Korea 755:Philippines 745:North Korea 640:Afghanistan 296:Purposivism 276:Originalism 240:Citizenship 230:Due process 101:Rule of law 10020:Categories 9916:Peter Carr 9870:(grandson) 9864:(grandson) 9846:(grandson) 9840:(grandson) 9822:(daughter) 9816:(daughter) 9810:(daughter) 9774:Washington 9741:John Adams 9684:Ben and Me 9667:depictions 9457:Legacy and 9167:Monticello 9162:Farmington 8943:Chesapeake 8880:Transition 8872:Presidency 8548:Centennial 8503:television 8354:Jay Treaty 8251:de Guichen 8159:Huntington 8119:John Adams 8058:Montgomery 7963:Washington 7926:Rockingham 7911:Barrington 7880:Knyphausen 7850:Cornwallis 7709:New Jersey 7540:Chesapeake 7495:Charleston 7450:Germantown 7445:Brandywine 7435:Bennington 7224:Royal Navy 7214:Parliament 7161:Combatants 7134:Combatants 6913:Loyal Nine 6846:Quartering 6816:Navigation 6662:Liberalism 6652:John Locke 6640:Philosophy 6528:Montserrat 6523:Martinique 6518:Guadeloupe 6373:Costa Rica 6213:2020-08-18 6208:reason.com 6188:2019-01-29 6124:Boston.com 6076:2010-05-02 6044:2009-01-12 5888:2009-01-12 5821:volokh.com 5609:2008-12-01 5454:2007-09-17 5255:Archive-It 5193:2008-11-10 5078:Letter to 5065:2017-08-28 4861:6 November 4851:SFGate.com 4831:§ 502 4818:§ 453 4728:2009-01-12 4703:2009-02-04 4668:2009-01-12 4643:2009-01-12 4617:9 February 4544:2012-12-03 4510:2012-12-03 4484:2012-12-03 4430:SCOTUSblog 4409:2019-06-17 4403:SCOTUSblog 4384:2019-06-18 4332:2007-04-18 4307:2007-04-18 4239:2007-04-18 4082:2015-10-28 4061:2015-10-28 3752:2021-10-03 3727:2015-02-17 3706:2006-11-30 3684:2024-05-09 3659:2022-07-22 3447:indigenous 3395:Republican 3266:See also: 3205:, and the 3189:indigenous 3157:See also: 3092:Poland Act 2874:Hutterites 2746:initiative 2657:urged the 2612:Alma White 2591:Historian 2574:crocodiles 2514:outbreak. 2436:See also: 2421:See also: 2402:See also: 2224:Protestant 2140:See also: 1959:Lemon test 1868:Article VI 1687:California 1426:conscience 1402:Hutterites 1201:Falun Gong 908:Montenegro 848:Azerbaijan 805:Uzbekistan 785:Tajikistan 710:Kazakhstan 655:Bangladesh 650:Azerbaijan 545:Mauritania 515:Cape Verde 393:Secularism 301:Textualism 106:Federalism 83:Principles 63:Amendments 9912:(brother) 9766:2020 film 9701:1972 film 9460:memorials 9426:Elections 9263:(c. 1819) 9136:Megalonyx 8422:Diplomacy 8410:Political 8393:Prisoners 8297:Aftermath 8271:Vergennes 8246:de Grasse 8241:d'Estaing 8231:Louis XVI 8169:Jefferson 8134:Dickinson 8078:St. Clair 8063:Nicholson 8038:Lafayette 7998:Duportail 7968:Alexander 7936:Shelburne 7820:Arbuthnot 7659:(by 7525:Pensacola 7485:Gibraltar 7460:St. Lucia 7425:Princeton 7137:Campaigns 6990:Minutemen 6906:Colonials 6862:Townshend 6791:Loyalists 6734:Royalists 6513:Greenland 6428:Nicaragua 6403:Guatemala 5964:USA Today 5944:April 22, 5860:143818177 5294:(1989) . 5183:This Rock 4032:. Preface 3640:Footnotes 3534:In 2014, 3491:), and a 3442:religious 3438:spiritual 3427:religious 3192:Sun Dance 3111:Manifesto 3104:president 2982:, led by 2936:Mormonism 2921:YFZ Ranch 2768:In 1928, 2546:Catholics 2522:In 2020, 2456:Christian 2323:abortions 2227:Christian 1695:Wisconsin 1649:vampirism 1637:, yet in 1561:democracy 1381:such as 1292:Rastafari 1231:Ahmadiyya 1174:Mormonism 1064:Australia 938:Slovakia 775:Sri Lanka 765:Singapore 700:Indonesia 423:Theocracy 9998:Category 9930:(nephew) 9924:(nephew) 9918:(nephew) 9906:(sister) 9900:(mother) 9894:(father) 9756:Hamilton 9725:Liberty! 9665:Cultural 9483:Birthday 9397:magazine 9308:patriots 9194:The Lawn 8905:timeline 8786:authored 8744:Founding 8721:Delegate 8698:Delegate 8386:Military 8139:Franklin 8112:Civilian 8093:Sullivan 8083:Schuyler 8013:Hamilton 7988:Claghorn 7956:Military 7949:Colonial 7931:Sandwich 7894:Civilian 7840:Carleton 7835:Campbell 7830:Burgoyne 7813:Military 7739:Virginia 7714:New York 7694:Maryland 7684:Delaware 7545:Yorktown 7480:Savannah 7455:Monmouth 7440:Saratoga 7346:Yorktown 7336:Southern 7326:Northern 7316:Saratoga 7288:theaters 7149:Colonies 7140:Theaters 6943:Patriots 6853:up i.p.o 6841:Currency 6826:Molasses 6478:Anguilla 6413:Honduras 6383:Dominica 6358:Barbados 5931:22059841 5773:Archived 5674:Page 69. 5352:32783964 5322:19670135 5251:Archived 5240:Archived 5221:Archived 5210:Archived 5104:(1972). 4940:CBS News 4923:wafb.com 4855:Archived 4566:Archived 4019:, p. 635 4007:(2005), 3879:Archived 3587:cannabis 3585:and use 3543:See also 3493:Satanist 3462:smudging 3456:and The 3399:standing 3391:Congress 3256:Atheists 3241:genocide 3134:polygamy 3126:polygyny 3122:polygamy 3084:Utah War 3050:After a 2976:the East 2964:Illinois 2960:Missouri 2952:New York 2774:campaign 2770:Al Smith 2729:Al Smith 2655:John Jay 2644:Anglican 2631:Puritans 2502:Baptists 2444:holy day 2417:Military 2287:gambling 1941:Congress 1707:Nebraska 1635:polygamy 1577:Anglican 1565:Baptists 1545:Puritans 1206:Hinduism 1140:Buddhism 943:Slovenia 863:Bulgaria 790:Thailand 750:Pakistan 730:Mongolia 725:Maldives 720:Malaysia 670:Cambodia 617:Paraguay 597:Colombia 565:Tanzania 535:DR Congo 510:Cameroon 495:Botswana 361:Concepts 58:Articles 50:Overview 9523:Statues 9281:Related 9172:gardens 9048:history 9010:Cabinet 8947:Leopard 8777:(1776) 8723:to the 8700:to the 8508:theater 8266:Suffren 8256:Luzerne 8174:Laurens 8144:Hancock 8129:Carroll 8048:Lincoln 8028:de Kalb 8018:Hopkins 7916:Germain 7906:Amherst 7845:Clinton 7806:British 7796:Leaders 7689:Georgia 7520:Cowpens 7465:Grenada 7415:Trenton 7362:battles 7341:Western 7196:Marines 7143:Battles 6508:Curaçao 6493:Bonaire 6488:Bermuda 6418:Jamaica 6398:Grenada 6353:Bahamas 6006:Findlaw 4789:. 1961. 4787:Findlaw 4161:(Books) 3583:weapons 3487:witch ( 3429:use of 3295:rapists 2896:Muslims 2783:in his 2473:jumu'ah 2459:Sabbath 2452:Shabbat 2389:Cabinet 2291:alcohol 2220:Quakers 2172:convert 2152:finials 2002:purpose 2000:secular 1760:laїcité 1691:Indiana 1575:of the 1253:Judaism 1236:Alevism 1208: ( 1130:Atheism 1072:Topical 1055:Oceania 1011:Lebanon 976:Bahrain 953:Ukraine 923:Romania 898:Hungary 893:Germany 888:Georgia 868:Croatia 858:Belgium 853:Belarus 843:Austria 838:Armenia 833:Andorra 828:Albania 810:Vietnam 735:Myanmar 690:Georgia 645:Armenia 602:Ecuador 550:Morocco 530:Comoros 505:Burundi 480:Algeria 368:Laicism 70:History 9804:(wife) 9795:Family 9250:(1787) 9244:(1786) 9238:(1785) 9116:(1801) 9091:(1790) 8949:affair 8863:(1789) 8843:(1787) 8771:(1775) 8759:(1774) 8735:(1776) 8400:Turtle 8224:French 8194:Revere 8189:Morris 8184:McKean 8149:Hanson 8073:Rodney 8068:Putnam 8053:Mercer 8008:Greene 7978:Arnold 7885:Rodney 7865:Graves 7855:Fraser 7765:Quebec 7510:Camden 7390:Quebec 7375:Boston 7360:Major 7301:Quebec 7296:Boston 7245:France 7146:Events 7063:Events 6872:Quebec 6433:Panama 6423:Mexico 6368:Canada 6363:Belize 6241: 5929: 5858: 5751: 5666: 5630: 5579: 5554: 5350: 5320: 5310: 5160: 5124: 5114:Mentor 5037: 4971: 4829: 4816: 4802: 4354: 4279: 4206:, 4163:(scan) 4015: 3975: 3857: 3806: 3785: 3575:Nihang 3485:Wiccan 3473:Asatru 3380:, the 3225:Mexico 3221:Peyote 3203:peyote 3136:until 3098:, and 3031:Nauvoo 3013:, the 2978:, the 2962:, and 2668:despot 2558:, and 2470:Muslim 2466:Diwali 2449:Jewish 2410:, and 2385:Senate 2383:, the 2379:, the 2333:States 2319:sodomy 1998:Had a 1955:1946. 1901:speech 1543:) and 1006:Kuwait 1001:Jordan 996:Israel 948:Turkey 933:Serbia 928:Russia 918:Norway 883:France 873:Cyprus 819:Europe 795:Turkey 780:Taiwan 760:Russia 680:Cyprus 665:Brunei 660:Bhutan 612:Panama 607:Guyana 592:Canada 587:Brazil 485:Angola 471:Africa 263:Theory 9834:(son) 9828:(son) 8154:Henry 8103:Wayne 8023:Jones 8003:Gates 7993:Clark 7983:Barry 7973:Allen 7921:North 7825:Brant 6851:Stamp 6836:Sugar 6483:Aruba 6408:Haiti 6275:(PDF) 5938:(PDF) 5907:(PDF) 5856:S2CID 5624:11–12 5398:(PDF) 5391:(PDF) 4769:(PDF) 4375:(PDF) 3991:, in 3928:, in 3911:, in 3431:eagle 3357:deity 2602:Rev. 2484:Amish 2468:, or 2463:Hindu 2305:or a 2295:drugs 2250: 2231:oaths 1897:press 1621:The " 1606:The " 1410:draft 1385:and 1241:Sufis 1226:Shi'a 1221:Sunni 1216:Islam 1046:Yemen 1036:Syria 1026:Qatar 981:Egypt 903:Italy 740:Nepal 705:Japan 695:India 675:China 574:North 560:Sudan 540:Egypt 490:Benin 9691:1776 9446:1804 9441:1800 9436:1796 9003:1805 8998:1802 8993:1801 8498:film 8398:The 8199:Rush 8098:Ward 8033:Knox 7860:Gage 7260:Navy 7255:Army 7191:Navy 7186:Army 7047:and 6821:Iron 6553:Saba 6378:Cuba 6239:ISBN 5946:2012 5927:PMID 5749:ISBN 5664:ISBN 5628:ISBN 5577:ISBN 5552:ISBN 5348:OCLC 5318:OCLC 5308:ISBN 5158:ISBN 5122:ISBN 5035:ISBN 4969:ISBN 4863:2021 4619:2019 4438:2022 4352:ISBN 4277:ISBN 4189:2020 4013:ISBN 3973:ISBN 3898:> 3885:> 3874:< 3855:ISBN 3804:ISBN 3783:ISBN 3579:Sikh 3577:, a 3483:, a 3440:and 3421:The 3213:The 3007:Zion 2956:Ohio 2923:and 2885:Jews 2797:pope 2685:and 2633:and 2362:The 2261:and 2252:U.S. 2222:, a 2211:and 2190:The 1935:and 1899:and 1769:and 1705:and 1703:Iowa 1699:Ohio 1567:and 1448:The 1016:Oman 991:Iraq 986:Iran 715:Laos 631:Asia 576:and 525:Chad 8710:2nd 8679:1st 8668:2nd 8657:3rd 8164:Jay 6867:Tea 6066:CNN 5919:doi 5915:101 5848:doi 5689:BYU 5548:412 5483:vox 5304:298 5118:361 4559:God 3366:In 2954:to 2618:in 2399:." 2255:707 2248:450 2176:mix 2040:In 2031:In 2016:In 1041:UAE 10022:: 6283:58 6281:. 6277:. 6206:. 6181:. 6140:. 6122:. 6064:. 6053:^ 6004:. 5988:24 5986:. 5962:. 5925:. 5913:. 5909:. 5854:. 5844:71 5842:. 5838:. 5819:. 5803:– 5747:. 5745:80 5687:. 5662:. 5650:; 5626:. 5575:. 5573:60 5562:; 5550:. 5499:. 5481:. 5442:. 5369:. 5342:. 5324:. 5316:. 5306:. 5216:, 5181:. 5120:. 4963:. 4937:. 4849:. 4833:, 4825:^ 4820:, 4812:^ 4806:, 4785:. 4609:. 4561:) 4519:^ 4493:^ 4467:^ 4455:. 4427:. 4401:. 4377:. 4350:. 4275:. 4273:72 4180:. 3815:^ 3761:^ 3745:. 3677:. 3304:, 3094:, 3090:, 3086:, 2994:. 2958:, 2832:. 2554:, 2475:. 2461:, 2454:, 2406:, 2325:. 2313:, 2289:, 2285:, 1895:, 1750:. 1738:. 1701:, 1697:, 1693:, 1689:, 1520:. 1389:. 1373:, 1369:, 8945:– 8813:" 8809:" 8806:" 8802:" 8799:" 8795:" 8637:e 8630:t 8623:v 7171:/ 6716:" 6712:" 6709:" 6705:" 6702:" 6698:" 6607:e 6600:t 6593:v 6326:e 6319:t 6312:v 6216:. 6191:. 6107:. 6093:. 6079:. 6047:. 6022:. 6008:. 5966:. 5948:. 5921:: 5891:. 5850:: 5823:. 5779:- 5757:. 5691:. 5672:. 5636:. 5612:. 5585:. 5560:. 5517:( 5503:. 5485:. 5457:. 5375:. 5354:. 5257:. 5196:. 5166:. 5130:. 5068:. 5043:. 4977:. 4810:; 4771:. 4731:. 4706:. 4671:. 4646:. 4621:. 4547:. 4513:. 4487:. 4461:. 4440:. 4412:. 4387:. 4360:. 4335:. 4310:. 4301:" 4285:. 4242:. 4191:. 4085:. 4064:. 3810:. 3789:. 3755:. 3730:. 3709:. 3687:. 3662:. 2927:. 1539:( 1334:e 1327:t 1320:v 1212:) 338:e 331:t 324:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Freedom of religion in the United States

Index