1006:
1081:
933:, who had occupied it during the war. That acquisition had further advanced Prussia as a great European power, which now posed an increasing threat to Austria's central European position, and the growth of Prussia was welcomed by the British, who saw it as a means of balancing French power and reducing French influence in Germany, which might otherwise have grown in response to Austria's weakness. Conversely, the French, determined to impede further Prussian progress, were now willing to support Austria whose force had grown less intimidating.
310:
47:
218:
38:
948:
791:
447:
630:
466:, stayed with the Spanish crown, whereas the German regions remained with the Austrian branch of the dynasty within the Holy Roman Empire. France regarded the encirclement by the Habsburg powers as a permanent threat, and intervened in several years, to prevent Austro-Spanish domination in Europe. For example, in 1609, the death of
541:. France later joined the conflict, and like in the Jülich War and the 80 Years War, fought on the side of the Protestants in spite of the fact that France's national religion was Catholicism. This was for the political reason of attempting to prevent the Habsburgs from achieving total hegemony over the German lands.
701:. The fighting generally favoured France's armies, but by 1696 his country was in the grip of an economic crisis. The Maritime Powers (England and the Dutch Republic) were also financially exhausted, and when Savoy defected from the Alliance, all parties were keen to negotiate a settlement. By the terms of the
229:
During the late Middle Ages, the
Habsburgs, whose dominions consisted principally of Austria, and later Spain, sought alliances, principally through marriage, a policy which had the added benefit of gaining territory through marital inheritance. Territorial expansion in this way allowed the Habsburgs
1029:
and several states within the Holy Roman Empire. According to Chris McNab: "The problems faced by the
Austrian Emperor were in large part due to past Habsburg successes. Primarily through marriages, they had acquired many provinces with varied ethnic and racial populations – therefore, no universal
165:. The expansion of the Habsburgs into western Europe increasingly led to border tensions with the Kingdom of France, which found itself encircled by Habsburg territory. The subsequent rivalry between the two powers became a cause for several conflicts. These include parts of the
335:. The Italian peninsula, economically advanced but politically divided between several states, became the main battleground for European supremacy. The conflicts involved the major powers of Italy and Europe, in a series of events that followed the end of the 40-year long
754:
After two centuries, the rivalry had lost its original cause. After the potent decline of Spain, the 18th
Century witnessed a major restructuring in European politics. Austria, the dominant power in Central Europe, now had to face the rising power of
653:
ruler who had won numerous military victories. Using a combination of aggression, annexation, and quasi-legal means, Louis set about extending his gains to stabilize and strengthen France's frontiers, culminating in the brief
601:
and a
European coalition of Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England and Savoy. It was fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, North America and in India. It is sometimes considered the first
83:
771:. And last, Britain's ever-growing might in Europe and America finally challenged the hegemony that France had upheld for years. Nevertheless, the two powers remained hostile for several decades.
567:
in 1659, Spain's power began its slow decline in what proved to be the last decades of a degenerating
Habsburg regime there. After their victory over the Turks in the second Turkish
622:
struggled for control of
England and Ireland, and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Indigenous allies, today called
1488:. This varying nomenclature reflects the fact that contemporaries – as well as later historians – viewed the general conflict from particular national or dynastic viewpoints.
424:(1559), which put an end to the Italian Wars, had mixed results: France renounced its claims to territories in Italy, but gained certain other territories, including the
909:, crowned Emperor in 1745, she had been forced to relinquish valuable territory in the process. Under British diplomatic pressure, Maria Theresa had given up most of
713:
to its ruler and give up any gains on the right bank of the Rhine. Louis also accepted
William III as the rightful king of England, while the Dutch acquired a
986:, which ended the war in 1763, established France's withdrawal from the American continent and consolidated Prussian gains in Europe to Austria's detriment.
682:
and
William III brought the Dutch and the English into the war against France, the French king faced a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing his ambitions.
862:
A significant reversal in French–Habsburg relations known as the
Diplomatic Revolution, occurred in 1756. In a move masterminded by Austrian diplomat
978:
Despite early successes in the war, the Franco-Austrian alliance did not prevail. The war ended in a victory for
Britain and Prussia, aided by the
534:
666:(the revocation of the Edict of Nantes) in 1685 – led to the deterioration of his military and political dominance. Louis's decision to cross the
458:
Even though the realm of Charles V was divided between the German and the Spanish branches of his dynasty in 1556, most of the territories of the
1598:
1593:
1588:
812:
597:
The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a conflict between
459:
529:. Eventually, the conflict spread from an intrastate rebellion into a full-scale war between two religious groups: the Protestant North
467:
1402:
863:
293:, united all of these possessions in 1519. France had the Habsburgs on three sides as its neighbor, with Spain to the south, the
17:
1232:
553:
1568:
1538:
1461:
1385:
1326:
1205:
renounced participation in state affairs and the Habsburg Monarchy was officially brought to an end with the passing of the
1047:
1249:
1150:
979:
1112:
1075:
838:
679:
549:
1005:
820:
1213:
Constitutional Assembly on 3 April 1919. France would play a major role in the creation of the postwar independent
952:
890:
518:
374:
262:
222:
170:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1190:
1066:, which saw the seventh and final coalition emerge victorious over the French and an end to the Coalition Wars.
471:
190:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1030:
language existed in the army." Due to difficulties such as this, the Austrian Army suffered defeats during the
972:
894:
816:
751:
in a Spain that was by now a second-rank power, and in bringing the Habsburg encirclement of France to an end.
475:
206:
1111:
of 1830, in which the Bourbon monarchy was overthrown. Hostilities between the two nations resumed during the
1618:
1198:
1096:
906:
870:
for the first time in over two hundred years. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Austrian princess
726:
675:
638:
545:
526:
479:
398:
397:) to reinforce the anti-French alliance between Austria and Spain. The son of Philip and Joanna would become
290:
198:
194:
56:
421:
1254:
359:
202:
1046:, the ability of the Habsburgs to govern the Holy Roman Empire was dramatically weakened. This led to the
1178:
968:
883:
225:, whose expansion of the Holy Roman Empire through strategic marriage heightened Franco-Habsburg tension.
1210:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1264:
1194:
1031:
607:
982:
and Britain's control of the seas, and both France and Austria were left in weakened positions. The
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in 1494 on the ground of a dynastic claim. The French were however forced to leave Naples after the
1259:
1177:
declared war on Austria-Hungary in response to Austria's declarations against Serbia and Russia. A
1026:
867:
857:
801:
538:
889:
The diplomatic change was triggered by a separation of interests between Austria and Britain. The
1214:
1166:
930:
902:
805:
1378:
On the verge of war: international relations and the Jülich-Kleve succession crises (1609-1614)
1182:
983:
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guaranteed France's new borders for twenty years, but Louis's subsequent actions – notably his
615:
564:
414:
390:
347:
278:
1433:
DAVID PARROTT, The Mantuan Succession, 1627–31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe,
1437:, Volume CXII, Issue 445, February 1997, Pages 20–65, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20
1300:
1174:
1104:
1022:
905:. Despite having successfully defended her claim to the Habsburg throne and had her husband,
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623:
394:
331:
The Italian Wars were a long series of wars fought between 1494 and 1559 in Italy during the
102:. The Habsburgs headed an expansive and evolving empire that included, at various times, the
1228:
1202:
1158:
1039:
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499:
441:
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294:
178:
146:
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8:
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The Battle of Austerlitz, in which Habsburg power was crushed by the French forces under
967:, France, and Austria, broke out. France and Austria expanded upon the First Treaty with
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60:
560:
1100:
1099:
was one of peace between France and Austria, as the two monarchies participated in the
1080:
768:
756:
592:
559:
After 1648, France became predominant in central Europe. Following the peace treaty of
537:); and the Catholic powers of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs as well as the German
522:
487:
355:
182:
135:
119:
115:
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Several months after the signing of the treaty, the Seven Years' War, which involved
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429:
402:
378:
370:
266:
127:
123:
1058:. The Confederation was dissolved following Napoleon's defeat at the hands of the
575:
in 1683, the Austrian Habsburgs focused less and less on their conflicts with the
490:
intervened to prevent the Habsburgs from gaining more influence by supporting the
298:
1224:
1154:
1108:
1051:
1035:
748:
514:
406:
270:
87:
74:
1350:
1417:
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363:
309:
158:
150:
107:
1062:, which included Austria. Fighting between the two Empires resumed during the
401:
in 1519 succeeding Maximilian and controlling an Habsburg empire inclusive of
346:
The collapse of the alliance in the 1490s left Italy open to the ambitions of
1562:
1336:
1189:'s entry into the war in 1915. Austro-Hungarian defeat resulted in it ceding
1162:
1103:
in 1818. However, this alliance was dissolved following the death of Emperor
898:
340:
336:
313:
247:
1548:
1206:
1084:
1063:
326:
235:
174:
46:
27:
Territorial and military conflicts between the House of Habsburg and France
1316:
1025:
with assistance from several coalitions of monarchical nations, including
763:
finally grew to become a recognized great power after its success against
1528:
1140:
332:
217:
131:
1502:
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in September 1688 was designed to extend his influence and pressure the
509:
began in 1618 as a result of conflict between the Protestant estates in
1530:
The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933
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under the Habsburg Emperor. In 1879, Austria-Hungary entered into the
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1219:
879:
698:
690:
37:
1401:
Gemeentearchief, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Scheltema, Pieter (1866).
790:
483:
1380:. Studies in Central European histories. Boston: Humanities Press.
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1021:
was opposed by the Habsburgs in Austria, who sought to destroy the
1010:
910:
289:, who became heir to the Spanish thrones. Joanna and Philip's son,
239:
142:
1318:
Italy : a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present
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The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation
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system in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their borders.
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706:
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231:
95:
1497:
Franz A.J. Szabo, "Prince Kaunitz and the Balance of Power."
1299:. (2011). "Tu felix Austria nube 1430–1570". Retrieved from:
918:
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The main fighting took place around France's borders in the
994:
975:, which was founded on the Westminster Convention of 1756.
1301:
http://www.habsburger.net/en/stories/tu-felix-austria-nube
743:, which caused the War of the Spanish Succession. In the
1400:
1050:, which was divided between France and the newly formed
678:
and the German princes resolved to resist, and when the
521:, who was heir to Austria. Ferdinand II was deposed as
1173:
in 1894 and 1904 respectively. On 12 August 1914, the
882:. The alliance was formalised with the signing of the
1517:. (London, Great Britain: Oxford Publishing). p. 168.
674:
into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims.
258:– "Let others wage war. You, happy Austria, marry!"
1091:, which secured the Austrian withdrawal from Italy.
649:in 1678 as the most powerful monarch in Europe, an
637:and just prior to Louis XIV's last great war, the
1560:
633:Map of European borders as they stood after the
250:. This practice was described by Hungarian king
130:until the dissolution of the monarchy following
1456:. Modern wars in perspective. London: Longman.
925:. Finally, the valuable Bohemian crown land of
544:Corresponding to the Thirty Years' War was the
1424:. (London, Britain: Osprey Publishing). p. 7.
1165:. In response, France entered into alliances
1321:. New York, NY: Facts On File. p. 342.
739:claimed the Spanish throne for his grandson
720:
851:
819:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
548:, which erupted in 1628. France backed the
316:of Spain and Portugal between 1580 and 1640
281:, in 1477. Nineteen years later, their son
256:Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria, nube!
1484:, or in North American historiography as
839:Learn how and when to remove this message
533:states (which later included Denmark and
1476:Older texts may refer to the war as the
1404:Inventaris van het Amsterdamsche Archief
1375:
1079:
1004:
995:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
973:an alliance of Great Britain and Prussia
946:
774:
628:
486:in the name of the Emperor, French king
468:John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
445:
339:agreed in 1454 with the formation of an
308:
216:
1526:
1287:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 93.
1119:victory which resulted in the gains of
971:and, along with Russia, fought against
494:. France also supported the protestant
373:was the political marriage arranged by
14:
1561:
1069:
304:
1599:18th century in the Habsburg monarchy
1594:17th century in the Habsburg monarchy
1589:16th century in the Habsburg monarchy
1314:
1179:western front against Austria-Hungary
1095:The period immediately following the
989:
157:(1438–1806). All these lands were in
63:initiated the French-Habsburg rivalry
1451:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1310:
1308:
1048:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
817:adding citations to reliable sources
784:
747:, Louis succeeded in installing the
705:(1697) France retained the whole of
563:in 1648 and, more particularly, the
435:
92:Habsburgisch-französischer Gegensatz
1533:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
980:miracle of the House of Brandenburg
936:
24:
1422:The Thirty Years' War: 1618 – 1648
1076:Second Italian War of Independence
1054:, leading to the formation of the
969:a further treaty concluded in 1757
586:
25:
1630:
1440:
1305:
145:, the Habsburg dynasty ruled the
1454:The wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714
1107:in 1825 and France's subsequent
789:
731:With the death of the childless
375:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
369:An important consequence of the
171:War of the Burgundian Succession
94:) describes the rivalry between
45:
36:
1520:
1507:
1491:
1470:
1197:signed 3 November 1918. At the
645:Louis XIV had emerged from the
606:. The conflict encompassed the
552:, and the Habsburgs backed the
320:
230:to gain territories throughout
1478:War of the Palatine Succession
1427:
1411:
1394:
1369:
1343:
1290:
1277:
1134:
1087:with the French forces at the
1042:on 2 December 1805 during the
951:Europe in the years after the
895:War of the Austrian Succession
212:
79:Rivalité franco-habsbourgeoise
13:
1:
1515:Armies of the Napoleonic Wars
1482:War of the English Succession
1435:The English Historical Review
1270:
1199:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1145:In the aftermath of the 1866
727:War of the Spanish Succession
639:War of the Spanish Succession
546:War of the Mantuan Succession
527:Frederick V of the Palatinate
399:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
57:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1499:International History Review
1407:(in Dutch). Stads-Drukkerij.
1376:Anderson, Alison D. (1999).
1153:resulted in the creation of
1127:for France, and the loss of
7:
1238:
1217:by insisting on forbidding
141:In addition to holding the
10:
1635:
1297:The World of The Hapsburgs
1138:
1073:
1056:Confederation of the Rhine
1044:War of the Third Coalition
998:
940:
884:First Treaty of Versailles
855:
778:
724:
590:
439:
422:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
417:, thus encircling France.
324:
261:Following this tradition,
1357:. Encyclopedia Britannica
1195:Armistice of Villa Giusti
953:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
721:War of Spanish Succession
709:but was forced to return
608:Williamite war in Ireland
502:against Habsburg Spain.
143:Austrian hereditary lands
1569:Austria–France relations
1255:Austria–France relations
899:Maria Theresa of Austria
893:which had concluded the
891:Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
878:, who later became King
864:Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz
858:Franco-Austrian Alliance
852:Franco-Austrian Alliance
358:formed an alliance with
1215:First Austrian Republic
1171:with the United Kingdom
1155:Austro-Hungarian Empire
71:French–Habsburg rivalry
18:French-Habsburg rivalry
1584:18th century in France
1579:17th century in France
1574:16th century in France
1527:Steiner, Zara (2005).
1452:Lynn, John A. (1999).
1315:Sarti, Roland (2004).
1229:Treaties of Versailles
1092:
1023:Revolutionary Republic
1014:
956:
901:dissatisfied with the
664:Edict of Fontainebleau
642:
565:Treaty of the Pyrenees
460:Burgundian Inheritance
455:
415:Burgundian Netherlands
391:Ferdinand II of Aragon
348:Charles VIII of France
317:
297:to the north, and the
279:Burgundian Netherlands
226:
91:
78:
55:The conflicts between
1614:18th century in Spain
1609:17th century in Spain
1604:16th century in Spain
1513:Chris McNab. (2011).
1501:1#3 (1979): 399–408.
1265:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1233:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1193:to Italy through the
1175:French Third Republic
1105:Alexander I of Russia
1083:
1008:
950:
929:had been given up to
866:, France and Austria
781:Diplomatic Revolution
775:Diplomatic Revolution
632:
500:independence struggle
449:
377:for his son, through
312:
220:
185:(1688–1697), and the
1619:Geopolitical rivalry
1260:French–German enmity
1223:– or union with the
1203:Charles I of Austria
1181:was opened upon its
1040:Battle of Austerlitz
1032:French Revolutionary
917:, as well as ceding
813:improve this section
478:was sent by Emperor
153:(1504–1700) and the
1283:1. R. J. W. Evans,
1147:Austro-Prussian War
1113:Franco-Austrian War
1097:Bourbon Restoration
1089:Battle of Solferino
1070:Franco-Austrian War
931:Frederick the Great
737:Louis XIV of France
733:Charles II of Spain
687:Spanish Netherlands
656:War of the Reunions
614:in Scotland, where
599:Louis XIV of France
452:Peace of Westphalia
395:Isabella of Castile
383:Philip the Handsome
305:Early modern period
283:Philip the Handsome
263:Archduke Maximilian
221:Holy Roman Emperor
61:Francis I of France
1486:King William's War
1250:Franco-Spanish War
1151:Compromise of 1867
1101:Quintuple Alliance
1093:
1015:
990:Late modern period
957:
769:Great Northern War
643:
624:King William's War
476:Archduke Leopold V
472:succession dispute
456:
356:Republic of Venice
350:, who invaded the
318:
227:
136:late modern period
1540:978-0-19-151881-2
1463:978-0-582-05628-2
1387:978-0-391-04092-2
1328:978-0-8160-7474-7
1245:Anglo-French Wars
1019:French Revolution
963:, Great Britain,
921:to Spain and the
897:in 1748 had left
876:Dauphin of France
849:
848:
841:
745:treaty of Utrecht
703:Treaty of Ryswick
672:Holy Roman Empire
660:Truce of Ratisbon
635:Treaty of Ryswick
554:Duke of Guastalla
507:Thirty Years' War
450:Europe after the
442:Thirty Years' War
436:Thirty Years' War
352:Kingdom of Naples
287:Joanna of Castile
252:Matthias Corvinus
181:(1618–1648), the
179:Thirty Years' War
177:(1494–1559), the
173:(1477–1482), the
169:(1066–1815), the
167:Anglo-French Wars
163:Emperor Charles V
155:Holy Roman Empire
104:Holy Roman Empire
100:House of Habsburg
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903:British alliance
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647:Franco-Dutch War
612:Jacobite risings
525:and replaced by
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462:, including the
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379:Mary of Burgundy
371:League of Venice
360:Habsburg Austria
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128:High Middle Ages
124:Diet of Augsburg
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658:(1683–84). The
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587:Nine Years' War
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523:King of Bohemia
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759:in the north.
735:in 1700, King
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695:Duchy of Savoy
680:States General
626:by Americans.
591:Main article:
588:
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577:Ottoman Empire
550:Duke of Nevers
496:Dutch Republic
440:Main article:
437:
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426:Pale of Calais
387:Joanna the Mad
325:Main article:
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159:personal union
108:Spanish Empire
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868:became allies
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341:Italic League
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337:Peace of Lodi
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328:
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314:Iberian Union
311:
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301:to the east.
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299:Franche-Comté
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248:Low Countries
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209:(1740–1748).
208:
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201:(1700–1713),
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197:(1628–1631),
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149:(1482–1794),
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147:Low Countries
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1359:. Retrieved
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1207:Habsburg Law
1144:
1094:
1085:Napoleon III
1064:Hundred Days
1038:. After the
1016:
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861:
835:
829:October 2021
826:
811:Please help
799:
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684:
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596:
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519:Ferdinand II
504:
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419:
385:who married
368:
345:
330:
327:Italian Wars
321:Italian Wars
260:
255:
236:Spanish Road
234:such as the
228:
223:Maximilian I
175:Italian Wars
140:
70:
68:
29:
1183:former ally
1167:with Russia
1141:World War I
1135:World War I
616:William III
464:Netherlands
333:Renaissance
295:Netherlands
269:, the last
213:Middle Ages
132:World War I
1563:Categories
1420:. (2010).
1355:Britannica
1271:References
604:global war
513:and their
482:to occupy
413:, and the
1337:191029034
1220:Anschluss
1161:with the
1117:Sardinian
886:in 1756.
880:Louis XVI
800:does not
699:Catalonia
691:Rhineland
676:Leopold I
498:in their
480:Rudolf II
273:ruler of
254:' quote:
122:from the
84:‹See Tfd›
69:The term
1549:86068902
1503:in JSTOR
1239:See also
1227:–in the
1211:Austrian
1129:Lombardy
1034:and the
1011:Napoleon
911:Lombardy
741:Philip V
711:Lorraine
651:absolute
620:James II
517:monarch
515:Catholic
488:Henry IV
470:, led a
428:and the
285:married
277:and the
275:Burgundy
265:married
246:and the
240:Burgundy
98:and the
1361:6 March
1209:by the
1027:Britain
961:Prussia
955:in 1748
927:Silesia
915:Bavaria
874:to the
821:removed
806:sources
767:in the
757:Prussia
581:Balkans
579:in the
561:Munster
511:Bohemia
474:. When
411:Austria
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291:Charles
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126:in the
120:Hungary
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271:Valois
232:Europe
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195:Mantua
191:Jülich
161:under
106:, the
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88:German
75:French
1121:Savoy
919:Parma
668:Rhine
569:siege
364:Spain
244:Milan
199:Spain
151:Spain
1545:OCLC
1535:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1363:2023
1333:OCLC
1323:ISBN
1231:and
1169:and
1125:Nice
1123:and
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