60:
753:
824:
1120:" as an example, from the English "comfortable"); others that are detrimental and only establish more confusion as the original meaning of the word is distorted in translation; and others still that are useless or avoidable, a category of anglicisms used by "snobs" who use words from an English provenance to demarcate themselves from society and appear "in vogue". For the last category of anglicisms, the Académie writes that those words are typically short-lived in French parlance. The
295:
526:
1934:
51:
1115:
The Académie has also noted that anglicisms have been present in the French language since the 1700s, and has criticized the view that anglicisms present an "invasion" on the French language. It distinguishes anglicisms into three categories: some that are useful to the French language and introduced
687:
devised the expression "forty-first seat" for deserving individuals who were never elected to the Académie, either because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable French authors who never became academicians
512:
Perpetual
Secretaries having previously resigned due to old age. The Perpetual Secretary acts as a chairperson and chief representative of the Académie. The two other officers, a Director and a Chancellor, are elected for three-month terms. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of
1186:
is responsible for awarding several different prizes in various fields (including literature, painting, poetry, theatre, cinema, history, and translation). Almost all of the prizes were created during the twentieth century, and only two prizes were awarded before 1780. In total, the Académie awards
478:
has forty seats, each of which is assigned a separate number. Candidates make their applications for a specific seat, not to the Académie in general: if several seats are vacant, a candidate may apply separately for each. Since a newly elected member is required to eulogize their predecessor in the
516:
New members are elected by the Académie itself; the original members were appointed. When a seat becomes vacant, a person may apply to the
Secretary if they wish to become a candidate. Alternatively, existing members may nominate other candidates. A candidate is elected by a majority of votes from
609:
was the first woman to be elected, in 1980, but there have been 25 unsuccessful female candidacies, dating from 1874. Individuals who are not citizens of France may be, and have been, elected. Moreover, although most academicians are writers, it is not necessary to be a member of the literary
2270:
521:
is twenty members. If no candidate receives an absolute majority, another election must be performed at a later date. The election is valid only if the protector of the Académie, the
President of France, grants their approval. The President's approbation is only a formality.
552:
for the member being replaced. This is followed by a speech made by one of the members. Eight days thereafter, a public reception is held, during which the new member makes a speech thanking their colleagues for their election. On one occasion, one newly installed member,
507:
is chosen by their colleagues to be the Académie's
Perpetual Secretary. The Secretary is called "Perpetual", as though the holder serves for life, but holds the ability to resign; they may thereafter be styled as "Honorary Perpetual Secretary", with three
2267:
321:, the chief minister of France, made himself protector of the group, and in anticipation of the formal creation of the academy, new members were appointed in 1634. On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted
2367:
1162:" for a minister of either gender. In 2017, 77 linguists retaliated with an opinion column to denounce the "incompetence and anachronism of the Académie". Use of either form remains highly controversial.
444:
adopted the function when Séguier died in 1672; since then, the French head of state has always served as the Académie's protector. From 1672 to 1805, the official meetings of the Académie were in the
815:
said that his induction cost him some $ 230,000 overall. The swords can be particularly expensive as they are individually designed. Some new members have had funds for them raised by committees.
1158:
and a frequent, though until then unofficial, practice in France. The Académie insisted, in accordance with French grammar rules on the traditional use of the masculine noun, on the use of "
381:. In 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in 1795 by a single body called the
1126:
has informed government officials to stop using
English gaming terms like "e-sports", it should be "jeu video de competition". Likewise "streamer" should be "joueur-animateur en direct".
1040:
in 2011. In 1778, the Académie attempted to compile a "historical dictionary" of the French language; this idea was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter
854:
The Académie has published thirteen editions of the dictionary, of which three were preliminary, eight were complete, and two were supplements for specialised words. These are:
2358:
1175:
249:
of the institute. The body has the duty of acting as an official authority on the language; it is tasked with publishing an official dictionary of the language.
1544:
118:
1957:
335:
was "to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences". The
1171:
2054:
opposed in 1958. Morand was finally elected ten years later, and he was received without the customary visit, at the time of investiture, to the Palace
1901:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1811:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1751:
1735:
1720:
1705:
1690:
1674:
1659:
1643:
1629:
1614:
1599:
1584:
1569:
1554:
1539:
1524:
1510:
1495:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1435:
1420:
1405:
1390:
1375:
1360:
1346:
1331:
1316:
2532:
851:, which is regarded as official in France. A special commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Académie compiles the work.
568:
Members remain in the Académie for life. The council may dismiss an academician for grave misconduct. The first dismissal occurred in 1638, when
1990:
1952:
1238:
intervened in June 2008 to oppose the French
Government's proposal to constitutionally offer recognition and protection to regional languages (
479:
installation ceremony, it is not uncommon that potential candidates refuse to apply for particular seats because they dislike the predecessors.
1283:
1194:, which was instituted in 1986, and is funded by the governments of France, Canada, Monaco, and Morocco. Other important prizes include the
846:
2291:
610:
profession to become a member. The Académie has included numerous politicians, lawyers, scientists, historians, philosophers, and senior
2542:
557:, was not accorded a reception, as the eulogy he made of his predecessor was considered unsatisfactory, and he refused to rewrite it.
548:
The new member is then installed at a meeting of the Académie. The new member must deliver a speech to the Académie, which includes a
2463:
1138:, has sometimes been criticized by many linguists for allegedly behaving in an overly conservative manner. For instance, in 1997,
413:
came to the throne in 1816, each class regained the title of "Académie"; accordingly, the second class of the
Institut became the
2547:
2537:
2527:
2230:
2037:
This is the anglicized version of the name, with a capital "F". In French, it is generally written with a lowercase "f".
2512:
1771:
432:
is the "protector" or patron of the Académie. Cardinal
Richelieu originally adopted this role; upon his death in 1642,
794:, both richly embroidered with green leafy motifs, together with black trousers or skirt. Further, members other than
2507:
2000:
1962:
31:
784:, worn at the Académie's formal ceremonies, was first adopted during Napoleon Bonaparte's reorganization of the
2434:
17:
631:
2256:
1529:
1191:
569:
455:
2522:
835:
The Académie is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language.
403:. The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former
1271:
1196:
498:("To Immortality"), which is inscribed on the official seal of the charter granted by Cardinal Richelieu.
2552:
2517:
1995:
1972:
635:
2201:
1967:
1210:
2389:
344:
Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to eliminating the "impurities" of a language, was the
262:. Academicians normally hold office for life, but they may resign or be dismissed for misconduct.
2172:"Message from Mister Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic, to the Senegalese People"
310:
554:
347:
2478:
2472:
2175:
2005:
1725:
689:
655:
410:
2416:
1116:
vocabulary which did not have a French equivalent at the time (the Académie cites the word "
811:
The members bear the cost of their uniforms themselves. The robes cost around $ 50,000, and
606:
437:
1756:
737:
8:
2257:
Meet the
Cultural Illuminati Guarding France’s Most Sacrosanct Asset: The French Language
2141:
2016:
1947:
1679:
441:
429:
372:
341:
has remained responsible for the regulation of French grammar, spelling, and literature.
2120:
701:
619:
562:
529:
2342:
2235:
2093:
1619:
1589:
1574:
1470:
1440:
1135:
1091:
1080:), in favour of neologisms, i.e. newly coined French words derived from existing ones (
717:
558:
384:
318:
298:
234:
220:
96:
1664:
1336:
684:
627:
577:
263:
2430:
2051:
1831:
1695:
1410:
1259:
1243:
1220:
875:
697:
659:
611:
397:, decided to restore the former academies, but only as "classes" or divisions of the
368:
352:, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the
325:
formally establishing the council; according to the letters patent registered at the
306:
267:
228:
1816:
752:
705:
671:
433:
1977:
1648:
1395:
1263:
1255:
1239:
1107:
1099:
1083:
1060:
of the French language. For example, the Académie has recommended the avoidance of
1053:
799:
721:
693:
667:
357:
314:
271:
59:
1380:
2274:
2010:
1987:– prizes awarded annually by the Académie française and the Académie des sciences
1365:
1267:
1251:
1247:
1008:
The Académie is continuing work on the ninth edition, of which the first volume (
589:
216:
203:
2279:
Corpus of
Dictionaries of the French Academy (from the 17th to the 20th Century)
1559:
642:, who was also the first African elected, in 1983. Other famous members include
2316:
1846:
1801:
1604:
1500:
1485:
1455:
1425:
1056:
terms by media increased over the years, the Académie has tried to prevent the
713:
623:
615:
353:
322:
2231:"The Guardians of the French Language Are Deadlocked, Just Like Their Country"
823:
2501:
1984:
1939:
1906:
1321:
1139:
756:
729:
709:
663:
305:
The Académie had its origins in an informal literary group deriving from the
133:
120:
741:
2359:"France's L'Académie française upset by rule to recognise regional tongues"
1876:
1740:
812:
760:
593:
585:
581:
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509:
394:
283:
279:
171:
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was expelled for theft. The most recent dismissals occurred at the end of
2471:
2055:
2047:
1861:
1710:
1155:
843:
The Académie publishes a dictionary of the French language, known as the
733:
651:
647:
275:
458:(known now as the Palais de l'Institut). The remaining academies of the
294:
1891:
1786:
828:
224:
2486:
725:
50:
1057:
326:
278:, was elected to the Académie in 1931 and, after his governorship of
259:
1146:" to refer to a female minister, following the official practice of
532:
was one of the five French heads of state who became members of the
2455:
1061:
643:
390:
240:
2171:
561:
refused to be received, as he feared being received by his enemy,
525:
313:
during the late 1620s and early 1630s. The group began meeting at
1151:
791:
639:
1147:
984:
Supplementary editions for the sciences, arts, and technology:
795:
549:
518:
445:
212:
183:
596:. In total, 20 members have been expelled from the Académie.
489:
317:'s house, seeking informality. There were then nine members.
106:
818:
677:
Many notable French writers have not become members of the
1134:
The Académie, despite working on the modernization of the
614:
clergymen. Five French heads of state have been members –
2343:"BALLAST • Que l'Académie tienne sa langue, pas la nôtre"
928:
Nouveau Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy
790:. It consists of a long black coat and black-feathered
1724:
2429:, edited by Michel Delon. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
219:. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by
30:"French Academy" redirects here. For other uses, see
2317:"French officials told to abandon gaming Anglicisms"
1929:
1678:
920:
Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy
1618:
1588:
1573:
1469:
1439:
1227:
301:, responsible for the establishment of the Académie
2357:
1830:
1755:
1694:
999:Complément du Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
1647:
1543:
1394:
1176:Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française
592:were all excluded for their association with the
488:("the Immortals") in reference to the Académie's
2499:
1770:
1663:
1528:
1364:
1335:
827:Title page of the 6th edition of the Académie's
2222:
2046:There was a controversy about the candidacy of
1958:Former prizes awarded by the Académie française
1845:
1815:
1800:
1603:
1499:
1484:
1454:
1424:
1409:
1187:more than sixty prizes, most of them annually.
252:The Académie comprises forty members, known as
1905:
1320:
375:suppressed all royal academies, including the
1875:
1739:
1558:
1142:'s government began using the feminine noun "
772:The official uniform of a member is known as
345:
260:elected by the members of the Académie itself
2418:
2205:
2148:, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1969, p. 270
1953:Conseil international de la langue française
1709:
1289:
1233:
1206:Grand prix de poésie de l'Académie française
1181:
1121:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
997:
988:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
897:
881:
861:
844:
803:
785:
779:
773:
764:
678:
600:
539:
533:
502:
493:
483:
473:
459:
449:
420:
414:
404:
398:
382:
376:
336:
330:
253:
244:
232:
156:
64:
40:
1890:
1785:
1172:Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française
360:; the Florentine academy had published its
27:Pre-eminent council for the French language
2469:
2292:"Questions de langue | Académie française"
634:– and one foreign head of state, the poet
58:
2196:
2194:
2192:
1284:List of members of the Académie française
286:, was forced to resign his seat in 1945.
2228:
990:Le Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences
822:
819:Role as authority on the French language
751:
524:
293:
2157:Einar Ingvald Haugen and Anwar S. Dil,
1991:Office québécois de la langue française
1129:
952:Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
944:Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
936:Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
899:Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
894:), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687
883:Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
863:Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
464:also meet in the Palais de l'Institut.
231:, it was restored as a division of the
14:
2500:
2189:
215:council for matters pertaining to the
2533:Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime
2466:from the Scholarly Societies project.
2392:. Académie française official website
2355:
2161:, (Stanford University Press) p. 169.
2123:. Academie Française official website
2115:
2113:
2111:
2096:. Academie Française official website
202:
2488:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
2482:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2382:
2370:from the original on 12 January 2022
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2024:
1297:
976:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
968:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
960:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
847:Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
2164:
419:. Since 1816, the existence of the
258:("the immortals"). New members are
24:
2408:
2108:
1277:
763:, wearing the "Habit vert" of the
605:, of whom eleven have been women;
544:, or green habit, of the Académie.
25:
2564:
2543:Organizations established in 1635
2470:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2449:
2427:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
2077:
979:("8th edition"), Paris, 1932–1935
2146:The French: Portrait of a People
2001:Proposals for an English Academy
1932:
1860:
1379:
1228:Opposition of regional languages
1224:(for a work on French history).
1214:(for a philosophical work), the
1190:The most important prize is the
227:. Suppressed in 1793 during the
49:
2356:Allen, Peter (16 August 2008).
2349:
2335:
2309:
2284:
2261:
2250:
2229:Nossiter, Adam (3 March 2019).
1963:French art salons and academies
599:There have been a total of 742
243:. It is the oldest of the five
32:French Academy (disambiguation)
2151:
2135:
2040:
2031:
13:
1:
2548:Organizations based in France
2538:1635 establishments in France
2065:
1192:Grand prix de la francophonie
1064:from modern English (such as
1047:
838:
538:. He is depicted wearing the
467:
356:of Florence as the model for
223:, the chief minister to King
2268:Classiques Garnier numérique
2070:
971:("7th edition"), Paris, 1879
963:("6th edition"), Paris, 1835
955:("5th edition"), Paris, 1798
947:("4th edition"), Paris, 1762
939:("3rd edition"), Paris, 1740
931:("2nd edition"), Paris, 1718
923:("1st edition"), Paris, 1694
7:
2528:6th arrondissement of Paris
2444:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1996:Paschimbanga Bangla Academy
1973:List of language regulators
1925:
1288:The current members of the
1200:(for a literary work), the
1028:was published in 2000, and
910:), pre-edition, Paris, 1687
10:
2569:
2473:"The French Academy"
1281:
1169:
778:, or green clothing. The
747:
570:Auger de Moléon de Granier
456:Collège des Quatre-Nations
289:
29:
2513:French language in France
2440:Vincent, Leon H. (1901).
2419:
2206:
1968:Language policy in France
1290:
1234:
1211:Grand prix de philosophie
1197:Grand prix de littérature
1182:
1165:
1122:
786:
765:
679:
534:
474:
460:
450:
421:
415:
405:
399:
383:
377:
346:
337:
331:
233:
204:[akademifʁɑ̃sɛːz]
178:
174:(since 28 September 2023)
165:
149:
112:
102:
92:
74:
65:
57:
48:
41:
2202:"L'habit vert et l'épée"
632:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
425:has been uninterrupted.
2159:The Ecology of Language
80:; 389 years ago
2281:, Retrieved 2011-03-17
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
998:
989:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
898:
882:
862:
858:Preliminary editions:
845:
832:
804:
780:
774:
769:
683:. In 1855, the writer
601:
555:Georges de Porto-Riche
545:
540:
503:
494:
484:
348:Accademia della Crusca
302:
254:
245:
157:
2479:Catholic Encyclopedia
2415:Viala, Alain (2001).
2296:academie-francaise.fr
2176:World Digital Library
2006:Royal Spanish Academy
1743:(Perpetual Secretary)
1726:Jean-Christophe Rufin
1282:Further information:
826:
755:
690:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
656:Alexandre Dumas, fils
636:Léopold Sédar Senghor
528:
482:Members are known as
329:on 10 July 1637, the
297:
207:), also known as the
200:French pronunciation:
2464:L'Académie française
2456:L'Académie française
2390:"Patrick GRAINVILLE"
1218:(for film), and the
1216:Grand prix du cinéma
1130:Alleged conservatism
1016:) appeared in 1992,
607:Marguerite Yourcenar
438:Chancellor of France
311:Hôtel de Rambouillet
155:40 members known as
2523:Language regulators
2364:The Daily Telegraph
2345:. 28 November 2017.
2017:Mademoiselle Cloque
1948:Academy of sciences
1680:Dominique Fernandez
1204:(for a novel), the
1202:grand prix du roman
987:Corneille, Thomas,
915:Complete editions:
430:President of France
373:National Convention
211:, is the principal
167:Perpetual Secretary
130: /
45:
2553:Cardinal Richelieu
2518:Institut de France
2508:Académie Française
2490:, neuvième édition
2442:The French Academy
2423:", vol. 1, pp. 6–9
2420:Académie Française
2273:2014-07-25 at the
2236:The New York Times
2207:Académie Française
1620:Alain Finkielkraut
1590:Sylviane Agacinski
1575:Mario Vargas Llosa
1471:Gabriel de Broglie
1441:Patrick Grainville
1291:Académie Française
1235:Académie Française
1208:(for poetry), the
1183:Académie Française
1136:French orthography
1123:Académie Française
833:
787:Institut de France
770:
766:Institut de France
759:and his colleague
718:Charles Baudelaire
680:Académie Française
559:Georges Clemenceau
546:
535:Académie Française
517:voting members. A
475:Académie Française
461:Institut de France
451:Académie Française
448:; since 1805, the
422:Académie Française
416:Académie Française
406:Académie Française
400:Institut de France
391:Napoleon Bonaparte
385:Institut de France
378:Académie Française
338:Académie Française
332:Académie Française
327:Parlement de Paris
319:Cardinal Richelieu
303:
299:Cardinal Richelieu
241:Napoleon Bonaparte
235:Institut de France
221:Cardinal Richelieu
196:Académie Française
184:academie-francaise
97:Cardinal Richelieu
66:Institut de France
42:Académie Française
39:
2142:Sanche de Gramont
2052:Charles de Gaulle
2025:Explanatory notes
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1832:Antoine Compagnon
1757:Danièle Sallenave
1696:Jean-Marie Rouart
1221:grand prix Gobert
876:Frankfurt am Main
738:Théophile Gautier
698:Joseph de Maistre
440:, succeeded him.
369:French Revolution
268:Marshal of France
229:French Revolution
192:
191:
161:("the immortals")
134:48.8573°N 2.337°E
16:(Redirected from
2560:
2494:
2483:
2475:
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2402:
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2259:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2210:official website
2209:
2208:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2149:
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612:Roman Catholic
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105:
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2394:. Retrieved
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
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2351:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2320:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
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2263:
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2240:. Retrieved
2234:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2179:. Retrieved
2166:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2098:. Retrieved
2094:"L'histoire"
2042:
2033:
2015:
1916:
1877:Marc Lambron
1741:Amin Maalouf
1634:
1560:Érik Orsenna
1515:
1351:
1287:
1231:
1219:
1215:
1209:
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1007:
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903:
891:
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842:
834:
813:Amin Maalouf
810:
775:l'habit vert
771:
761:Eric Westhof
676:
660:Émile Littré
598:
594:Vichy regime
586:Abel Hermant
582:Abel Bonnard
574:World War II
567:
547:
515:
510:World War II
500:
481:
471:
427:
395:First Consul
366:
361:
343:
309:held at the
304:
284:World War II
280:Vichy France
251:
208:
195:
193:
172:Amin Maalouf
151:Membership
103:Headquarters
36:
2493:(in French)
2459:(in French)
2127:12 December
2048:Paul Morand
1862:Michel Zink
1711:Pierre Nora
1305:Seat number
1160:le ministre
1156:Switzerland
1144:la ministre
1118:confortable
734:Jules Verne
652:Victor Hugo
648:Montesquieu
501:One of the
367:During the
362:Vocabolario
276:World War I
239:in 1803 by
137: /
113:Coordinates
2502:Categories
2435:157958246X
2366:. London.
2100:13 January
2066:References
1892:Jean Clair
1787:Pascal Ory
1170:See also:
1092:ordinateur
1048:Anglicisms
1025:Mappemonde
839:Dictionary
829:dictionary
781:habit vert
742:Émile Zola
541:habit vert
468:Membership
270:after the
225:Louis XIII
122:48°51′26″N
2071:Citations
1062:loanwords
1031:Maquereau
892:Confiture
602:immortels
504:immortels
364:in 1612.
246:académies
125:2°20′13″E
75:Formation
2374:23 April
2368:Archived
2301:22 April
2271:Archived
2181:28 April
1926:See also
1260:Corsican
1244:Alsatian
1108:courriel
1100:logiciel
1084:baladeur
1074:software
1070:computer
872:Aversion
798:carry a
688:include
644:Voltaire
266:, named
69:building
2396:9 March
2321:BBC.com
2242:4 March
2214:14 June
2050:, whom
1272:Arpitan
1264:Occitan
1256:Catalan
1240:Flemish
1152:Belgium
1066:walkman
1054:English
1037:Quotité
792:bicorne
748:Uniform
726:Molière
640:Senegal
409:. When
358:Italian
290:History
179:Website
93:Founder
83: (
2433:
2327:2 June
2056:Élysée
1917:
1651:(Dean)
1635:Vacant
1516:Vacant
1352:Vacant
1270:, and
1268:Gascon
1252:Breton
1248:Basque
1166:Prizes
1148:Canada
1104:, and
1078:e-mail
1019:Éocène
1014:Enzyme
902:(from
886:(from
878:, 1687
866:(from
831:(1835)
805:l'épée
796:clergy
740:, and
670:; and
630:, and
588:, and
550:eulogy
519:quorum
446:Louvre
436:, the
371:, the
307:salons
213:French
2425:, in
1911:2013
1896:2008
1881:2014
1866:2017
1851:2018
1836:2022
1821:2002
1806:2013
1791:2021
1776:2013
1761:2011
1746:2011
1730:2008
1715:2001
1700:1997
1685:2007
1669:2020
1654:1995
1624:2014
1609:2001
1594:2023
1579:2021
1564:1998
1549:2024
1534:2001
1505:2020
1490:2021
1475:2001
1460:2000
1445:2018
1430:2019
1415:2012
1400:2024
1385:2016
1370:2008
1341:2013
1326:2008
1294:are:
508:post-
490:motto
393:, as
2431:ISBN
2398:2018
2376:2010
2329:2019
2303:2019
2244:2019
2216:2018
2183:2013
2129:2023
2102:2010
1308:Name
1232:The
1180:The
1174:and
1154:and
1076:and
908:Neuf
472:The
428:The
194:The
1274:).
1072:,
1034:to
1022:to
1012:to
906:to
890:to
870:to
808:).
638:of
282:in
274:of
186:.fr
2504::
2476:.
2362:.
2319:.
2294:.
2277:,
2233:.
2204:.
2191:^
2174:.
2144:,
2110:^
2079:^
1902:40
1887:39
1872:38
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