1926:
986:
89:
75:
62:
2152:
29:
1033:, and Louis XVIII was returned to the throne. Realizing that the remains of the existing army had no loyalty to the restored monarchy, the government of Louis XVIII undertook a wholesale disbandment of what had been Napoleon's regiments. In their place a system of Departmental Legions was created with no historic connections to empire, republic or even the pre-1792 monarchy. His government appointed many aristocratic officers to the new army, which lost much of its morale, much as it had in 1789. In 1823, a French expeditionary force, the
783:
117:
914:
banned promotion to officer status from the lower ranks of the Royal Army. This measure served to embitter long serving non-commissioned officers who could no longer aspire to reach commissioned rank, although the demands of regimental discipline and training still fell heavily upon them. Some of the now almost entirely aristocratic officer corps were still dedicated professionals but many neglected their responsibilities, preferring to spend excessive periods of leave as courtiers at
1322:
429:
731:
880:
1295:, one of grenadiers and twelve of fusiliers. The 3rd and 4th battalions had each a grenadier company and 15 fusilier companies. The 5th battalion had 14 fusilier companies. The King's Bombardiers served the mortars and other heavy siege artillery and formed one battalion containing two bombardier companies and 13 fusilier companies.
1993:
regiments of the Royal
Household were similarly variegated, although dark blue dominated. The change from the white or off-white uniforms, traditionally associated with the line infantry of the royal army, to dark blue was completed in 1793 after the overthrow of the monarchy. White uniforms were restored after the
1164:
fusiliers and one of grenadiers. The regimental staff included a colonel and a lieutenant-colonel with companies and a major without. Each company had a captain, a lieutenant and a sub-lieutenant and contained four sergeants, one fourier, eight corporals, eight lance-corporals, 40 fusiliers and two drummers.
1941:
were reported as wearing grey and red uniforms with silver embroidery shortly after 1661. The line infantry adopted clothing in various regimental colours decided on by their colonels, in an extended process starting in the early 1660s but not completed until the late 1670s. Cavalry wore buff leather
384:
Meanwhile, the bulk of infantry was still provided by urban or provincial militias, which were raised from an area or city to fight locally and that were named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually, the units became more permanent, and in the late 15th century, Swiss instructors were recruited, and
1992:
of individual infantry regiments. The Swiss and Irish mercenary regiments retained their red coats throughout this period, while other foreign units generally wore medium blue. Cavalry wore a variety of green, blue or red regimental uniforms, largely according to the whim of individual colonels. The
913:
By the 1780s, the political balance in France had shifted. The aristocracy had become despised by many lower-and-middle-class citizens who faced famine in the winter of 1788/89 and had almost no political freedom. At an earlier stage in his reign Louis had succumbed to pressure from the nobility and
623:
joined in
January 1674. But following English defeat and withdrawal, the French armies from 1674 to 1678, with Sweden as their only effective ally, managed to advance steadily in the southern (Spanish) Netherlands and along the Rhine, defeating the badly coordinated forces of the Grand Alliance with
1251:
and contained two lieutenant-generals of artillery commanding the two most important territorial divisions and during the campaign season also the artillery of the French armies in
Germany and Flanders respectively; twelve lieutenants of artillery (rank as colonels of infantry) commanding the other
1234:
There were 17 dragoon regiments in 1767. The seven oldest were known by their title; the others by the name of their commanders. Each regiment had four squadrons; each squadron had two troops. The regimental staff included a mestre de camp and a lieutenant-colonel with troops, and a major without a
1163:
The French line infantry contained 69 regiments in 1767. The regiments had terrirorial or otherwise permanent titles. The nineteenth most senior regiments had four battalions, most regiments had two battalions while the junior regiments had one battalion. Each battalion had nine companies, eight of
956:
Major reorganizations of the army took place in 1791 and 1792. New officers were elected and the structure of the army was changed. Battalions of volunteers were authorized and subsequently merged with surviving units of the former royal army, to form amalgamated demi-brigades. This force underwent
2118:
Three career paths existed for officers; one privileged for the high nobility, one standard for the middle and lower nobility and the higher bourgeoisie and one exceptional for promoted sergeants. The high nobility quickly reached high rank, the mean age of promotion to colonel being 36 years. The
1230:
contained 33 regiments, of which two were foreign, as well as 50 independent dragoon companies. Each regiment had three squadrons; each squadron had four companies . The regimental staff included a colonel and a lieutenant-colonel with companies, and a major without company. Each company had a
443:
When Louis XIV came to the French throne in 1661 he inherited a large but loosely organized force of about 70,000 men. Like the other
European armies of the period, it consisted of a mixture of mercenaries, guard units, local militias and levies conscripted only for specific campaigns and then
952:
committees), erosion of discipline, loss of their privileges as nobles and political mistrust, perhaps two thirds of the commissioned ranks emigrated after June 1791. They were largely replaced by experienced non-commissioned officers. In July 1791, twelve foreign regiments of mostly German
1210:. The regimental staff included a mestre de camp and a lieutenant-colonel, both of which had troops, and a major without a troop. Each troop had a captain, a lieutenant and a sub-lieutenant, as well as four quartermasters, one fourier, eight brigadiers, eight carabineers, 31 troopers and a
1379:
There were 23 foreign line regiments in 1767; eleven Swiss, seven German and five Irish. German regiments had permanent titles. The Swiss and Irish regiments were known by the name of their proprietary colonels. The Swiss and German regiments had two battalions, the Irish one.
624:
regularity. Eventually the heavy financial burdens of the war, along with the imminent prospect of
England's reentry into the conflict on the side of the Dutch and their allies, convinced Louis to make peace despite his advantageous military position. The resulting
455:, the French Royal Army was restructured into a highly disciplined and professional force made up of permanent regiments under central control. Weapons, promotion, drill, uniforms and organisation were improved or introduced and the army nearly doubled in size.
2138:
officer corps built on the petty nobility. However, the privileged career of the high nobility being retained caused the failure of the reforms. In consequence, many noblemen in the officer corps sided with the bourgeoisie in the struggle against the class
1298:
In 1767 the artillery formed the Royal Corps of
Artillery which ranked as the 47th among the foot regiments of the line. It contained seven regiments. Each regiment had five brigades of four companies each, to a total of 20 companies; two of
1235:
troop. Each troop had a captain, a lieutenant and a sub-lieutenant, as well as four quartermasters, one fourier, eight brigadiers, eight lancepessades (lance-corporals), 24 dragoons and a drummer. Of a troops 46 members, 16 served on foot.
1353:. King Louis XVI escaped with his family, but, after fighting broke out in the palace courtyard, the Swiss Guards were massacred by the mob. Some Guards, including the commander, were captured, jailed, and later guillotined.
1195:, a quartermaster, two brigadiers, two carabineers and 35 troopers. In addition each regiment had a company of carabineers outside the squadrons, filling the same elite role as the grenadier company of a foot regiment.
2119:
standard career path was based on seniority and was rather inert; the mean age of promotion to captain was 45 years. Promoted sergeants could normally not reach higher than to substantive lieutenants and captains by
743:, the great-grandson of Louis XIV, was the only direct heir alive when the elderly king died in 1715. His reign was much more peaceful than his great-grandfather's, although three major wars occurred. First was the
654:
and old enemy of Louis, was installed as the next king. James fled to France, which he used as his base for an invasion of
Ireland in 1690. As a result of James' ouster and, more directly, a French invasion of the
407:
being the only survivors. Regiments could be raised directly by the King and so be called after the region in which they were raised or by the nobility and so called after the noble or his appointed colonel. When
1291:. The King's Fusiliers contained 88 companies with 272 officers and 4,720 men. There were five battalions and twelve gunnery companies outside the battalions. The 1st and 2nd battalions each had two companies of
2078:
867:, French troops captured several settlements in India, but its allies were defeated by British troops in 1756. On the whole, the Seven Years' War went badly for the French, who were forced to sign an
2123:
although their social background significantly deviated from the rank and file; over two thirds came from the petty bourgeoisie or higher classes. The different career paths created a lack of social
1160:
of 16 companies with an authorized strength of 800 men. A garrison battalion had a varied number of companies, mostly from different regiments and was commanded by the senior company commander.
1093:. The term only appeared in 1671, though such a gathering of military units pre-dates this. Two large foot regiments of the military household participated in the campaigns of the army; the
948:, which was intended to be used as a counterweight to the royal army. The regular army was weakened by the flight of many aristocratic officers. Faced with the creation of soldiers' clubs (
1303:, four of bombardiers and 14 of gunners. Outside the brigades there was a company of artificers in each regiment. The regimental staff included a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel and five
852:, was the last of four wars that occurred in North America at the same time as a European conflict. However, by 1759, the British had gone onto the offensive in America and captured
635:
designed his intricate fortifications during Louis XIV's reign. Vauban, a genius at siege warfare, oversaw the building or improvement of many fortresses in
Flanders and elsewhere.
494:
When Louis XIV came of age in 1652, the Fronde ended and
Mazarin was permitted to return and appointed chief minister for a second time. The leader of the anti-Mazarin faction, the
1360:
line regiments in French service; six with 16 companies each in three field battalions and one garrison battalion, and four with twelve companies each in three field battalions.
529:. Turenne and Conde, who had been pardoned and allowed to return to France, commanded the French army. Their forces seized much of the Spanish Netherlands but, pressured by the
3047:
3732:
817:
in 1743 but the battle had little effect on the wider war and has been described as "a happy escape, rather than a great victory". A series of French victories (including
2045:
of 1732 standardized the artillery pieces. The
Valliere guns proved good in siege warfare but were less satisfactory in a war of movement. In 1765 it was replaced by the
385:
some of the 'Bandes' (Militia) were combined to form temporary 'Legions' of up to 9000 men. The men would be paid, contracted to fight and receive military training.
1942:
coats and breeches without specific uniform features until "grey cloth lined in the same colour" and dark blue for royal mounted units was ordered in November 1671.
1148:
company had a captain, a lieutenant, two sergeants, a corporal, two lance-corporals, 44 privates and a drummer. A colonel's company in garrison had an additional
334:
system that was to be imitated throughout Europe from the mid-17th century onward. It was regarded as Europe's greatest military force for much of its existence.
1167:
In 1767 the French army also had five mixed legions of light troops. Each legion had eight dragoon companies, eight fusilier companies and a grenadier company.
1017:, was declared King Louis XVIII. Under Louis XVIII, no major changes were made to the army, beyond the recreation of several regiments of the pre-revolutionary
670:
The war ended with no major territorial gains or losses for either side, and the two alliances were at war again by 1701. Despite initial French successes at
2865:
801:
allied itself with Maria Theresa, while Louis XV forged an alliance with Frederick. Louis provided military support in the form of detachments from France's
252:
921:
Many French soldiers sympathised with the masses from which they were drawn, and increasing numbers deserted in 1789. The bulk of the rank and file of the
2815:
3016:
220:
2805:
507:
212:
3969:
452:
1206:. All regiments were known by their titles; not by the name of their commanders. Each regiment had four squadrons; each squadron divided into two
1128:
regiments in 1690. The companies were not distributed equally between the regiments; the weakest, the Périgueux, had only 15 companies, while the
1060:
was installed as Louis-Philippe I in what was supposed to be a constitutional monarchy. The army transferred its allegiance to Louis-Philippe's
377:
well into the 16th century, and were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies as needed. There was also provisions made for
2875:
890:
When Britain's North American colonies rebelled in 1775, France initially offered limited support. However, after the American victory in the
1256:; a number of provincial commissaries (rank as lieutenant-colonels of infantry) commanding the fortress artillery, and during a campaign the
3678:
1368:
foreign regiment with 18 companies in two battalions. There were also six German foreign regiments, seven Italian foreign regiments, five
391:
further regularised the French Army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the Militia structure. The first of them (regiments
3125:
1114:
1937:
adopted complete uniforms in the early 1660s as a substitute for the cassocks with civilian clothing worn previously. As an example the
715:
997:
in 1793. By 1800, the First Republic, at war with much of Europe, had adopted a weak form of government that was overthrown by General
2885:
47:
961:
in 1792, when an Austro-Prussian army invaded to restore the King's full powers. By now, the army was considered to be loyal to the
1264:. Otherwise the gunnery cadre contained a number of ordinary commissaires (captains), extraordinary commissaries (lieutenants) and
628:
between France and the Grand Alliance left the Dutch Republic intact and France generously aggrandized in the Spanish Netherlands.
381:, which was a militia of bowmen and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but the units were disbanded once war ended.
3044:
2860:
679:
248:
3726:
3159:
2810:
2012:
appeared in France at the beginning of the 16th century. They were used by the army until the end of the 17th century when the
1965:, and fourteen princely regiments wore blue. The first regulations detailing specifics of uniforms is dated to 1704. Unusually,
1316:
941:
3555:Ágoston, Gabor (2010), "Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry and military transformation." In: Tallet, Frank & Trim, D.B.J. (eds.).
2870:
2845:
2785:
2229:
2061:, by making them lighter, without sacrificing range. The new guns contributed to French military victories even during the
1179:
regiments, including 105 French and seven foreign. There were also 43 independent companies of horse. 27 regiments had two
1034:
553:
were considered essential to reinforce France's vulnerable northern border and remain French to this day. The retention of
240:
1021:. However, when Napoleon returned from exile in 1815, the army, for the most part, went over to his side, and Louis fled.
836:, which officially began in 1756, when Prussia and Austria again went to war. This time, however, France and Austria were
3959:
791:
80:
2890:
3244:
2163:
1925:
1813:
475:, ordered the arrest of legislative opponents, causing the enmity of many nobles and common citizens. When the bloody
3826:
907:
3873:
3848:
3808:
3783:
3758:
3316:
3291:
3266:
3226:
2983:
2919:
2441:
2330:
1082:
926:
632:
2720:
2636:
1132:
had 210. The regimental staff included a colonel and a lieutenant colonel both of which also nominally commanded a
970:
710:, he was removed from command and Britain sought to end the war. France's fortune returned under the leadership of
534:
2830:
929:
and the permanent garrison of Paris, refused to obey their officers at a crucial point in the early stages of the
698:. In Spain (the succession to that nation's throne was the war's cause), Spanish forces allied to the French lost
399:(The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over as a cost-saving measure with the
1361:
1997:, although modified for a more modern appearance, introducing trousers rather than breeches, taller shakos, and
844:
in 1757. At the same time as the fighting in Europe, raiding parties composed of French-Canadian militiamen and
2664:
2504:
2242:
2205:
1590:
1338:
1129:
864:
760:
748:
711:
392:
155:
127:
3013:
2473:
2255:
2193:
1994:
1576:
707:
608:
147:
94:
1183:
and eight companies, and 85 regiments had three squadrons and 12 companies. The regimental staff included a
953:
mercenaries were amalgamated into the line, followed by the disbanding of the Swiss regiments a year later.
2702:
2644:
2552:
2369:
2354:
2318:
2199:
2156:
1215:
1140:
in the colonel's company), two sergeants, three corporals, five lance-corporals, 39 private soldiers and a
763:
had appointed her as his heir, and other European countries agreed to respect his wishes. However, the new
744:
151:
1369:
985:
722:
in 1712, the war had turned into a stalemate and ended in peace that somewhat favored the French in 1714.
2880:
2737:
3191:
Jean-Francois Coste : chief physician of the French expeditionary forces in the American revolution
2042:
2724:
2324:
2276:
2261:
2217:
772:
370:
163:
3625:
2312:
232:
3974:
3964:
2778:
2767:
2696:
2465:
2453:
2300:
2223:
2062:
1248:
1247:
consisted of a cadre of gunnery officers stationed at the fortresses. The organization was under the
1087:
The military household of the king of France, was the military part of the French royal household or
966:
616:
191:
167:
34:
3401:
2624:
2612:
2528:
2381:
1373:
1057:
934:
884:
837:
798:
171:
2713:
2342:
2336:
1950:
1462:
1346:
1136:, and a major without company. A field company had a captain, a lieutenant, a sub-lieutenant (or
1133:
1102:
945:
810:
706:
in 1709 provided an opening for Marlborough's political opponents and after their victory in the
503:
3568:
3534:
3441:
3671:
2651:
2600:
2564:
2249:
1988:
During the 18th century a series of revised dress regulations made for repeated changes in the
1292:
1094:
1065:
1038:
994:
868:
845:
802:
683:
647:
530:
518:
3122:
3080:
2944:
3175:
2755:
2749:
2689:
2630:
2582:
2492:
2447:
2417:
2411:
2399:
1231:
captain, a lieutenant, a cornet, a quartermaster, two brigadiers, 37 dragoons and a drummer.
1002:
962:
849:
806:
671:
374:
355:
351:
3382:
Lynn, John A. (1994). "Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–175."
3032:
3001:
902:
to sail to America and aid the revolutionaries. The expeditionary force participated in the
495:
444:
disbanded. Organization, cohesion, training and equipment were not of the highest standard.
216:
3110:
2588:
2576:
2510:
2393:
1487:
1156:
company in garrison had an additional sub-lieutenant. The tactical formation was the field
826:
703:
656:
476:
922:
8:
2792:
2685:
2671:
2656:
2594:
2570:
2540:
2534:
2459:
2435:
2429:
2387:
2348:
2306:
2211:
2181:
2135:
2131:
1961:, each regiment was given a uniform. Eighty-eight regiments wore gray uniforms with red
1794:
1049:
1013:
armies invaded France in 1814, Napoleon was forced to abdicate. Louis XVI's brother, the
899:
833:
814:
768:
695:
691:
675:
643:
639:
612:
522:
319:
208:
186:
159:
139:
2820:
2151:
1191:
with company and a major without a company. Each company had a captain, a lieutenant, a
1061:
832:
The situation after the war was almost the same as before, but it set the stage for the
2850:
2677:
2606:
2522:
2516:
2375:
2362:
2294:
2288:
2187:
2038:, a .69 caliber standard French infantry musket was made from 1717 and into the 1840s.
2035:
1958:
1898:
1856:
1695:
1551:
1188:
1030:
891:
841:
822:
787:
687:
664:
660:
620:
607:
or 'Disaster Year'. By late July, the Dutch position had stabilised, with support from
589:
404:
388:
256:
143:
3204:
412:
came to the throne, he disbanded most of the regiments in existence, leaving only the
3869:
3844:
3804:
3779:
3754:
3312:
3287:
3262:
3222:
3156:
2979:
2937:
2915:
2825:
2763:
2743:
2731:
2558:
2486:
2282:
2169:
2120:
2112:
2100:
2046:
1837:
1733:
1676:
1512:
1357:
1342:
1330:
930:
903:
756:
625:
526:
448:
307:
131:
67:
28:
2707:
2618:
2498:
2480:
2423:
2269:
2175:
1752:
1526:
1350:
933:. Some Gardes joined with the Parisian mob on 14 July 1789 and participated in the
719:
585:
472:
366:
would be issued to govern the length of service, composition and payment of units.
224:
135:
937:, the medieval fortress-prison thought of as a symbol of governmental repression.
596:
as an ally (from 1672 to 1674). The war began in May 1672 when France invaded the
3736:
3682:
3163:
3129:
3051:
3020:
2855:
2840:
2835:
2774:
2546:
2405:
2066:
2058:
2027:
in 1525. The French army abandoned the musket in 1700 with the appearance of the
2024:
1954:
1949:
and foreign infantry still wore coats in a wide range of regimental colours The
1756:
1257:
1180:
1053:
1042:
1006:
958:
829:
possible; however, this territory was returned to Austria at the end of the war.
818:
499:
484:
468:
359:
327:
311:
295:
260:
244:
236:
3488:
1945:
During the 1680s there was a movement towards more standardised dress, although
3923:
L'armée française de la fin du XVIIe siècle au ministère de Choiseul: le soldat
3891:
L'armée française de la fin du XVIIe siècle au ministère de Choiseul: le soldat
3642:
W służbie hetmana i Rzeczypospolitej. Klientela wojskowa Krzysztofa Radziwiłła.
2115:, a third of the sergeants came from the petty bourgeoisie or higher classes.
1775:
1714:
1280:
1184:
1010:
840:
and Britain and Prussia formed an alliance. French forces were defeated at the
597:
378:
228:
910:
was appointed Chief Consulting Physician of the Camps and Armies of the King.
782:
542:
3953:
2096:
2084:
2013:
2009:
1192:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1089:
860:
752:
347:
3068:
3475:
Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "The ’Military Revolution’, 1560–1660 – a myth?".
2079:
Social background of officers and other ranks in the French Army, 1750–1815
1998:
1334:
1098:
974:
323:
116:
3056:
2140:
2124:
1909:
1014:
853:
651:
3189:
358:, though the Army was not disbanded because it saw continued use by the
322:
in the 19th, with an interlude from 1792 to 1814 and another during the
2088:
1199:
915:
593:
480:
464:
409:
363:
303:
1321:
848:
attacked English settlements in North America. This war, known as the
428:
2092:
2028:
2017:
1966:
1365:
1276:
1244:
1211:
1157:
1153:
895:
699:
574:
558:
432:
315:
790:. The blue-clad French troops in the foreground are members of the
3717:
Aarhus universitet: Universitetsspeciale i historie, pp. 11, 43–44.
3095:
2108:
2104:
2054:
1982:
1974:
1953:
regiments wore blue, the regular infantry wore gray-white, and the
1946:
1272:
1145:
1056:. The army participated in little fighting, and the king's cousin,
998:
965:, not to the king. From then until 1804, the army was known as the
949:
740:
734:
619:; this was formalised in the August 1673 Treaty of the Hague which
603:
562:
511:
331:
3715:
Hærstørrelse og fortifikationsudvikling i Danmark-Norge 1500–1720.
730:
537:, with the exception of eleven towns and their surrounding areas.
3023:. British-civil-wars.co.uk (2008-06-25). Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1989:
1970:
1962:
1253:
1227:
1176:
1141:
1024:
776:
764:
554:
546:
502:, went to war against France and its new ally, Oliver Cromwell's
420:
and also gained the privilege of not being disbanded after a war
346:, which was paid with regular wages instead of being supplied by
906:
in 1781, which resulted in the colonies' independence. In 1784,
525:
as her dowry, starting another conflict with Spain known as the
2050:
1875:
1300:
1284:
1203:
1198:
In 1767 the cavalry contained 35 regiments. One of these was a
570:
566:
488:
354:. It was formed due to the need for reliable troops during the
343:
3866:
L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats du XIXe Siecle 1 1814–1850
3841:
L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats de la Guerre en Dentelle 1
2762:
2719:
977:
in 1815, was reconstituted before being officially disbanded.
3178:. People.csail.mit.edu (1999-02-12). Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1978:
1288:
1261:
1207:
581:
made future offensives much easier, as demonstrated in 1672.
550:
538:
3346:
Paris, pp. 9–12, 37, 40, 57–69, 85–86, 94, 96, 100, 120–123.
3096:
The Spanish Succession and the War of the Spanish Succession
879:
813:. The Pragmatic Allies initially defeated the French in the
362:
following the conflict. Upon the outbreak of a conflict, an
3925:, Paris: Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris.
3893:, Paris: Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris.
3176:
The French Contribution to the American War of Independence
2049:, which revolutionized the French artillery; improving its
1029:
Napoleon was defeated by a combined Allied army in 1815 at
510:, the Anglo-French army decisively defeated the Spanish in
105:
3827:
The French Army : Military : History : Wars
3245:
The French Army : Military : History : Wars
3123:
LII. Louis XV., The Ministry of Cardinal Fleury, 1723–1748
1957:
regiments in French service wore red. In 1690, during the
330:
in 1830. The French Royal Army became a model for the new
2758:(1782) – several regiments acting as marines aboard ships
2740:(1780) – several regiments acting as marines aboard ships
2684:
2103:. Privates were usually promoted directly to the rank of
578:
3697:
Ladewig-Petersen, E. (1999). "Nyt om trediveårskrigen."
3144:
A history of England in the Eighteenth century; Volume I
471:, the queen, became regent. She and her chief minister,
438:
3004:. Thenagain.info (1998-10-13). Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1329:
During the 17th and 18th centuries twelve regiments of
786:
The French and allied armies confronting each other at
2934:
3366:
Tyrell, F.H. (1898). "The Old Royal Army of France."
2866:
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
600:
and nearly overran it, an event still referred to as
533:, Louis returned much of the French conquests in the
1333:
were employed in the French Royal Army, notably the
491:
civil war broke out and Mazarin was forced to flee.
326:
in 1815. It was permanently dissolved following the
1929:
French troops at Carillon in 1758 in white uniforms
416:and a handful of others, which became known as the
71:
2936:
2001:insignia. Dark blue coatees were adopted in 1819.
1271:At the disposal of the artillery stood in 1690, a
1064:until his overthrow in 1848, when the short-lived
584:From 1672 until 1678, France was embroiled in the
350:, was established in the early 15th century under
3939:The French Army 1750-1820: Careers, talent, merit
3601:Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte.
2816:François Henri de Montmorency, Duke of Luxembourg
2663:
1037:, aided Spanish troops loyal to the Bourbon King
825:in 1745) made the French conquest of much of the
3951:
3098:. Spanishsuccession.nl. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
2472:
663:broke out in 1689 and pitted France against the
458:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3368:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
2806:Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne
2643:
395:, Piedmont, Navarre and Champagne) were called
3895:, vol. 1, pp. 390, 507-508, 511, 535, 780-781.
3166:. Britishbattles.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3113:. Britishbattles.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3083:. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1985:. Bearskins came into full use by about 1770.
1025:Second Bourbon restoration and July Revolution
3614:The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945.
3590:London: Greenwood Press, vol. 2, p. 620, 852.
883:French troops storming Redoubt #9 during the
874:
3497:
3035:. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
980:
944:, which also authorized the creation of the
898:authorized an expeditionary force under the
702:. However, the heavy casualties suffered at
686:inflicted major defeats on French troops at
517:In 1660, Louis married the Spanish princess
3709:
3707:
3397:
3395:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
2876:Victor-François de Broglie, Duke of Broglie
2784:
2091:. Almost 90% of the recruits came from the
1345:, including members of the radical-leaning
1115:List of Royal French Army regiments in 1776
3941:, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3693:
3691:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3219:French Revolutionary Infantryman 1791–1802
2155:Mounted grenadiers of Louis XV during the
1621:
27:
3920:
3907:Armies and societies in Europe, 1494-1789
3904:
3888:
3582:
3580:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3430:War and the State in Early Modern Europe.
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3207:. Thecorner.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3132:. Web-books.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
1488:French participation in Thirty Years' War
1076:
940:King Louis' powers were regulated by the
514:, part of which was a province of Spain.
498:, escaped to Spain, which soon, with the
3936:
3909:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3822:
3820:
3704:
3660:Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715.
3654:
3652:
3650:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3392:
3325:
3240:
3238:
3106:
3104:
3091:
3089:
2961:Harper Encyclopaedia of Military History
2150:
1924:
1897:All Polish forces, on both sides in the
1320:
984:
878:
781:
729:
427:
3829:. Napolun.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3688:
3588:The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650.
3544:
3510:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797.
3284:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802
3259:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802
3247:. Napolun.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3014:The Anglo-Spanish War: Flanders 1657–58
2997:
2995:
2886:François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi
2861:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
638:In 1688, the Catholic King of England,
16:Principal army of the Kingdom of France
3952:
3616:London: Oxford University Press, p. 7.
3577:
3450:
3349:
1648:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1317:List of Royal French foreign regiments
771:, ignored the agreement, known as the
3970:Military history of the Ancien Régime
3817:
3798:
3773:
3748:
3662:London: Greenwood Press, pp. 368–369.
3647:
3559:. Cambridge University Press, p. 128.
3411:
3235:
3141:
3101:
3086:
2973:
2958:
2909:
2241:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1041:when his regime was threatened by an
439:Creation of a professional royal army
275:Gray-white/white for regular infantry
3194:. Wellcome Library. ; :
3188:Lane, John E. (John Edward) (1928).
3187:
3071:. Nndb.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-14.
3026:
2992:
2846:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
2811:Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé
2799:
1310:
1252:territorial divisions including the
1035:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
863:during Louis XV's reign. During the
447:Under Louis' two Secretaries of War
423:
3863:
3838:
3442:"Population of the British Isles."
2268:
2023:was introduced in France after the
1108:
725:
318:in the mid-17th century to that of
279:Red for Swiss and Irish mercenaries
13:
3713:Petersen, Nikolaj Pilgård (2002).
3306:
3281:
3256:
3216:
2361:
2236:
1325:Massacre of the Swiss Guards, 1792
1101:. Another well known unit was the
487:nations in Europe, concluded, the
483:-governed countries against other
14:
3986:
3535:"Population of Eastern Balkans."
3525:Cambridge University Press, p. 5.
2935:R.R. Palmer; Joel Colton (1978).
2871:Camille d'Hostun, Duke of Tallard
1083:Maison militaire du roi de France
927:maison militaire du roi de France
479:, in which France had sided with
277:Blue for royal or guards infantry
3927:, vol. 1, pp. 784, 786, 789-790.
3672:"Population of Eastern Europe."
3626:"Population of Central Europe."
3432:London : Routledge, p. 156.
3402:"Population of Western Europe."
2891:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
2099:, while about 10% came from the
2087:was recruited through volunteer
1418:Wars at the end the 15th century
1052:, was forced to abdicate in the
337:
115:
87:
73:
60:
3930:
3914:
3898:
3882:
3857:
3832:
3792:
3767:
3742:
3720:
3665:
3634:
3619:
3606:
3593:
3562:
3528:
3515:
3482:
3435:
3376:
3300:
3275:
3250:
3210:
3205:Causes of the French Revolution
3198:
3181:
3169:
3150:
3135:
3116:
3074:
2130:The military reforms after the
1071:
1001:, who later proclaimed himself
856:, the French colonial capital.
718:but despite a major victory at
3512:London: Routledge, p. 26, 102.
3508:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003).
3062:
3038:
3007:
2967:
2951:
2928:
2903:
2665:War of the Austrian Succession
2442:Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas
2206:War of the Austrian Succession
2072:
1814:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1591:War of the Austrian Succession
1218:had a different organization.
925:: the largest regiment of the
865:War of the Austrian Succession
859:Fighting also occurred on the
761:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
749:War of the Austrian Succession
678:, the allied armies under the
633:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
500:Royalists of the British Isles
156:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
3640:Augustyniak, Urszula (2004).
3521:Creveld, Martin van (2004 ).
3111:The War of Austrian Accession
2939:A History of the Modern World
2896:
2831:Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme
2474:War of the Spanish Succession
2194:War of the Spanish Succession
1625:
1577:War of the Spanish Succession
969:, and from 1804 to 1814, the
918:or on their country estates.
708:1710 British general election
459:Military history of the reign
281:Blue for all units after 1814
148:War of the Spanish Succession
3033:War of Devolution, (1667–68)
2777:(1792) during transition to
2703:Battle of Ticonderoga (1758)
2645:War of the Polish Succession
2200:War of the Polish Succession
2157:War of the Polish Succession
2146:
1969:for most of the part wore a
1372:foreign regiments and three
745:War of the Polish Succession
342:The first permanent army of
152:War of the Polish Succession
7:
3557:European Warfare, 1350–1750
2881:Louis de Buade de Frontenac
2004:
1933:The guard regiments of the
1920:
1632:Population ~1650 (millions)
1383:
1341:of 1792, supporters of the
1279:regiment, two companies of
667:and other European states.
10:
3991:
3960:Military history of France
3864:Funcken, Liliane et Fred.
3839:Funcken, Liliane et Fred.
3344:L'armée française en 1690.
2779:Army of the First Republic
2725:American Revolutionary War
2218:American Revolutionary War
2083:The Royal Army during the
2076:
2034:. Different models of the
1314:
1287:and two of boatmen on the
1112:
1080:
957:its first test during the
875:Collapse of the royal army
164:American Revolutionary War
3921:Corvisier, André (1964),
3905:Corvisier, André (1979),
3889:Corvisier, André (1964),
3658:Nolan, Cathal J. (2008),
3612:Craig, Gordon A. (1964).
3603:Berlin: Springer, p. 267.
3599:Kotulla, Michael (2008).
3586:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006).
3569:"Population of Germany."
3477:Journal of modern history
3384:French Historical Studies
3342:Belhomme, Victor (1895).
3157:The Battle of Quebec 1759
2959:Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993).
2768:French Revolutionary Wars
2697:Battle of the Monongahela
2505:First Battle of Höchstädt
2224:French Revolutionary Wars
2107:and bypassed the rank of
2063:French Revolutionary Wars
2043:Vallière artillery system
1905:
1893:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1637:
1628:
1614:
1249:Grand Master of Artillery
1009:, British, Prussian, and
981:First Bourbon restoration
967:French Revolutionary Army
747:of 1733. The second, the
535:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
521:. In 1667 he claimed the
271:
266:
202:
182:
177:
168:French Revolutionary Wars
123:
111:
101:
55:
41:
26:
21:
3727:"Militærets udvikling."
2943:(5th ed.). p.
2786:French invasion of Spain
2230:French invasion of Spain
1641:Size of Army (thousands)
1440:Wars during 1540s, 1550s
935:storming of the Bastille
172:French invasion of Spain
3937:Blaufarb, Rafe (2002),
2714:Battle of Quebec (1759)
2313:Battle of Konzer Brücke
1622:Size of European armies
1374:Irish foreign regiments
1356:In 1690 there were ten
1202:regiment and four were
1175:In 1690 there were 112
1103:Musketeers of the Guard
1019:maison militaire du roi
811:Jacobite rising of 1745
775:, and annexed Habsburg
506:. Under the command of
504:Commonwealth of England
373:formed the core of the
371:Compagnies d'ordonnance
3491:Population statistics.
3373:(1): 47–65, pp. 55–63.
3261:. pp. 13 and 16.
2652:Siege of Danzig (1734)
2601:Battle of Villaviciosa
2256:Battle of Valenciennes
2159:
2143:of the high nobility.
2134:attempted to create a
2127:in the officer corps.
1930:
1326:
1095:French Guards Regiment
1077:The military household
990:
887:
795:
737:
684:Prince Eugene of Savoy
435:
300:Armée Royale Française
299:
35:coat of arms of France
3699:Historisk Tidsskrift.
3389:(4): 881–906, p. 902.
3050:24 April 2016 at the
3002:The Fronde: 1649–1652
2756:Battle of the Saintes
2750:Hudson Bay Expedition
2690:French and Indian War
2553:Battle of Castiglione
2493:Battle of Friedlingen
2418:Battle of Steenkerque
2370:Siege of Philippsburg
2355:Battle of Saint-Denis
2331:Siege of Valenciennes
2319:Siege of Philippsburg
2154:
2111:. At the time of the
2014:pike and shot tactics
1928:
1324:
1124:There were 90 French
1003:Emperor of the French
988:
882:
850:French and Indian War
807:Charles Edward Stuart
785:
733:
431:
3739:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3685:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3631:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3574:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3541:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3494:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3447:Retrieved 2016-12-28
3408:Retrieved 2016-12-28
2738:Battle of Martinique
2589:Battle of Malplaquet
2577:Battle of Wijnendale
2511:Battle of Speyerbach
2016:were abandoned. The
827:Austrian Netherlands
821:'s great triumph at
759:in 1740. Her father
657:Electoral Palatinate
463:When Louis' father,
302:) was the principal
3489:"The Netherlands."
3428:Glete, Jan (2002).
3142:Lecky, WEH (1878).
3069:Sébastien de Vauban
2793:Battle of Trocadero
2672:Battle of Dettingen
2657:Battle of Guastalla
2595:Battle of Saragossa
2571:Battle of Oudenarde
2541:Battle of Ramillies
2535:Battle of Calcinato
2436:Battle of Torroella
2430:Battle of Marsaglia
2388:Battle of Staffarda
2349:Battle of Ortenbach
2325:Siege of Maastricht
2307:Battle of Turckheim
2277:Siege of Maastricht
2262:Battle of the Dunes
2182:War of the Reunions
1995:Bourbon Restoration
1795:Brandenburg-Prussia
1389:Authorized strength
1268:(sub-lieutenants).
1216:carabineer regiment
1058:the Duke of Orléans
908:Jean-François Coste
900:Count de Rochambeau
861:Indian subcontinent
815:Battle of Dettingen
680:Duke of Marlborough
631:The famed engineer
613:Brandenburg-Prussia
523:Spanish Netherlands
209:Louis XIV of France
140:War of the Reunions
95:Bourbon Restoration
3868:. pp. 42–45.
3843:. pp. 64–65.
3778:. pp. 21–22.
3753:. pp. 15–16.
3735:2017-11-07 at the
3729:danmarkshistorien.
3681:2018-01-08 at the
3479:, vol. 48, p. 206.
3286:. pp. 20–21.
3221:. pp. 16–17.
3162:2008-12-18 at the
3128:2011-07-18 at the
3081:King William's War
3045:1672 Disaster Year
3019:2018-01-15 at the
2851:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2678:Battle of Fontenoy
2637:Siege of Barcelona
2607:Battle of Brihuega
2523:Battle of Elixheim
2517:Battle of Blenheim
2466:Siege of Barcelona
2454:Siege of Diksmuide
2376:Battle of Walcourt
2301:Battle of Mulhouse
2295:Battle of Entzheim
2289:Battle of Sinsheim
2243:Franco-Spanish War
2164:Franco-Spanish War
2160:
2036:Charleville musket
1931:
1899:Great Northern War
1696:Kingdom of England
1327:
1266:officier-pointeurs
1189:lieutenant-colonel
999:Napoleon Bonaparte
991:
892:Battle of Saratoga
888:
869:unfavorable treaty
842:Battle of Rossbach
796:
773:Pragmatic Sanction
738:
665:League of Augsburg
453:Marquis de Louvois
436:
405:French Royal Guard
356:Hundred Years' War
314:from the reign of
257:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
183:Commander-in-chief
128:Franco-Spanish War
3799:Chartrand, Rene.
3774:Chartrand, Rene.
3749:Chartrand, Rene.
2974:Chartrand, Rene.
2914:. pp. 8–10.
2910:Chartrand, Rene.
2826:Claude de Villars
2800:Notable personnel
2764:French Revolution
2744:Siege of Yorktown
2732:Siege of Savannah
2625:Siege of Bouchain
2613:Siege of Bouchain
2559:Battle of Almansa
2529:Battle of Cassano
2487:Battle of Luzzara
2382:Battle of Fleurus
2283:Battle of Seneffe
2170:War of Devolution
2113:French Revolution
2101:petty bourgeoisie
2047:Gribeauval system
1918:
1917:
1914:
1903:
1838:Tsardom of Russia
1734:Habsburg Monarchy
1677:Kingdom of France
1619:
1618:
1513:War of Devolution
1343:French Revolution
1331:Swiss mercenaries
1311:Foreign regiments
1273:fusilier regiment
1068:was established.
1015:Count of Provence
973:, and during the
942:National Assembly
923:Gardes Françaises
904:Siege of Yorktown
885:Siege of Yorktown
757:Habsburg monarchy
648:William of Orange
626:Peace of Nijmegen
527:War of Devolution
477:Thirty Years' War
449:Michel Le Tellier
424:Army of Louis XIV
308:Kingdom of France
292:French Royal Army
285:
284:
132:War of Devolution
97:(1815–1830)
84:(1791–1792)
81:Kingdom of France
68:Kingdom of France
22:French Royal Army
3982:
3975:Disbanded armies
3965:House of Bourbon
3944:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3801:Louis XIV's Army
3796:
3790:
3789:
3776:Louis XIV's Army
3771:
3765:
3764:
3751:Louis XIV's Army
3746:
3740:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3597:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3542:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3495:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3409:
3399:
3390:
3380:
3374:
3364:
3347:
3340:
3323:
3322:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2976:Louis XIV's Army
2971:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2912:Louis XIV's Army
2907:
2821:Sébastien Vauban
2721:Anglo-French War
2708:Battle of Minden
2686:Seven Years' War
2619:Battle of Denain
2499:Battle of Ekeren
2481:Battle of Chiari
2424:Battle of Landen
2343:Battle of Cassel
2337:Siege of Cambrai
2270:Franco-Dutch War
2212:Seven Years' War
2176:Franco-Dutch War
2136:professionalized
2132:Seven Years' War
2029:flintlock musket
2018:matchlock musket
1977:, rather than a
1906:
1894:
1753:Crown of Castile
1626:
1527:Franco-Dutch War
1463:Wars of Religion
1393:
1392:
1362:Royal-Roussillon
1351:Tuileries Palace
1305:chef de brigades
1109:French regiments
1062:House of Orléans
834:Seven Years' War
805:, in support of
726:Louis XV's reign
586:Franco-Dutch War
473:Cardinal Mazarin
451:and his son the
310:. It served the
160:Seven Years' War
136:Franco-Dutch War
119:
93:
91:
90:
83:
79:
77:
76:
66:
64:
63:
31:
19:
18:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3903:
3899:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3747:
3743:
3737:Wayback Machine
3725:
3721:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3689:
3683:Wayback Machine
3670:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3644:Warsaw: Semper.
3639:
3635:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3594:
3585:
3578:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3451:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3412:
3400:
3393:
3381:
3377:
3365:
3350:
3341:
3326:
3319:
3311:. p. 219.
3305:
3301:
3294:
3282:Crowdy, Terry.
3280:
3276:
3269:
3257:Crowdy, Terry.
3255:
3251:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3217:Crowdy, Terry.
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3164:Wayback Machine
3155:
3151:
3140:
3136:
3130:Wayback Machine
3121:
3117:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3052:Wayback Machine
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3021:Wayback Machine
3012:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2972:
2968:
2956:
2952:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2856:Nicolas Oudinot
2841:Nicolas Catinat
2836:Maurice de Saxe
2802:
2789:
2775:Battle of Valmy
2771:
2728:
2693:
2668:
2648:
2565:Siege of Toulon
2547:Battle of Turin
2477:
2406:Battle of Leuze
2366:
2363:Nine Years' War
2273:
2250:Battle of Arras
2246:
2239:
2237:Notable battles
2188:Nine Years' War
2149:
2081:
2075:
2067:Napoleonic Wars
2025:battle of Pavia
2007:
1959:Nine Years' War
1955:Swiss mercenary
1939:Garden Francais
1923:
1757:Crown of Aragon
1755:
1644:
1635:
1624:
1552:Nine Years' War
1391:
1386:
1349:marched on the
1319:
1313:
1262:siege batteries
1258:artillery train
1117:
1111:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1066:Second Republic
1054:July Revolution
1027:
983:
959:Battle of Valmy
877:
819:Marshal de Saxe
728:
716:Marshal Vendôme
712:Marshal Villars
661:Nine Years' War
609:Emperor Leopold
531:Triple Alliance
508:Marshal Turenne
496:Prince de Condé
469:Anne of Austria
461:
441:
426:
397:Les vieux corps
360:Kings of France
340:
328:July Revolution
312:Bourbon dynasty
288:
280:
278:
276:
261:Nicolas Oudinot
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:Nicolas Catinat
243:
239:
237:Maurice de Saxe
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
217:The Great Condé
215:
211:
204:
192:Marshal General
190:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
144:Nine Years' War
142:
138:
134:
130:
88:
86:
85:
74:
72:
70:
61:
59:
50:
46:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3946:
3945:
3929:
3913:
3911:, pp. 101-102.
3897:
3881:
3874:
3856:
3849:
3831:
3816:
3809:
3803:. p. 35.
3791:
3784:
3766:
3759:
3741:
3719:
3703:
3687:
3664:
3646:
3633:
3618:
3605:
3592:
3576:
3561:
3543:
3527:
3523:Supplying War.
3514:
3496:
3481:
3449:
3434:
3410:
3391:
3375:
3348:
3324:
3317:
3307:Keegan, John.
3299:
3292:
3274:
3267:
3249:
3234:
3227:
3209:
3197:
3180:
3168:
3149:
3134:
3115:
3100:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3037:
3025:
3006:
2991:
2984:
2966:
2950:
2927:
2920:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2631:Rhine campaign
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2583:Siege of Lille
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2448:Siege of Namur
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2412:Siege of Namur
2409:
2403:
2400:Siege of Cuneo
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2148:
2145:
2077:Main article:
2074:
2071:
2006:
2003:
1990:facing colours
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:Denmark–Norway
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:Ottoman Empire
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:Dutch Republic
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1347:National Guard
1339:10 August riot
1315:Main article:
1312:
1309:
1241:
1240:
1224:
1223:
1185:mestre de camp
1173:
1172:
1122:
1121:
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1081:Main article:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1048:In 1830, King
1026:
1023:
993:Louis XVI was
982:
979:
963:First Republic
946:National Guard
876:
873:
755:inherited the
727:
724:
460:
457:
440:
437:
425:
422:
379:francs-archers
339:
336:
286:
283:
282:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
206:
200:
199:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
57:
53:
52:
43:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3987:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3917:
3908:
3901:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3875:2-203-14324-X
3871:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3850:2-203-14315-0
3846:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3810:0-85045-850-1
3806:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3785:0-85045-850-1
3781:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3760:0-85045-850-1
3756:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3540:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3320:
3318:0-333-17236-1
3314:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3293:1-84176-660-7
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3268:1-84176-660-7
3264:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3228:1-84176-552-X
3224:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2985:0-85045-850-1
2981:
2978:. p. 8.
2977:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2923:
2921:0-85045-850-1
2917:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:Siege of Mons
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:working class
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:Ancien regime
2080:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:Maison du Roi
1927:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:. During the
1336:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:line infantry
1119:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:Maison du Roi
1084:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:Ferdinand VII
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
987:
978:
976:
972:
971:Imperial Army
968:
964:
960:
954:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
881:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Irish Brigade
800:
793:
792:French Guards
789:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:Maria Theresa
751:, began when
750:
746:
742:
736:
732:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Marie-Thérèse
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
445:
434:
430:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:feudal levies
345:
338:Early history
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:Military unit
274:
270:
265:
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258:
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176:
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137:
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100:
96:
82:
69:
58:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3943:, pp. 18-19.
3938:
3932:
3922:
3916:
3906:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3865:
3859:
3840:
3834:
3800:
3794:
3775:
3769:
3750:
3744:
3728:
3722:
3714:
3698:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3641:
3636:
3627:
3621:
3613:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3587:
3570:
3564:
3556:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3490:
3484:
3476:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3403:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3367:
3343:
3309:World Armies
3308:
3302:
3283:
3277:
3258:
3252:
3218:
3212:
3200:
3190:
3183:
3171:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3118:
3076:
3064:
3055:
3040:
3028:
3009:
2975:
2969:
2960:
2953:
2938:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2460:Siege of Ath
2141:prerogatives
2129:
2117:
2082:
2040:
2031:
2020:
2008:
1999:Fleur-de-lis
1987:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1908:
1896:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1378:
1355:
1335:Swiss Guards
1328:
1304:
1297:
1270:
1265:
1243:In 1690 the
1242:
1233:
1226:In 1690 the
1225:
1197:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1123:
1099:Swiss Guards
1088:
1086:
1072:Organisation
1047:
1028:
1018:
992:
975:Hundred Days
955:
939:
920:
912:
889:
858:
831:
797:
769:Frederick II
739:
669:
650:, the Dutch
637:
630:
601:
583:
516:
493:
462:
446:
442:
418:Petite Vieux
417:
413:
400:
396:
387:
383:
368:
341:
324:Hundred Days
291:
289:
198:; 1626–1830)
195:
3628:Tacitus.nu.
3571:Tacitus.nu.
3444:Tacitus.nu.
3057:Rijksmuseum
2639:(1713–1714)
2220:(1779–1783)
2214:(1756–1763)
2208:(1740–1748)
2202:(1733–1738)
2196:(1701–1714)
2190:(1689–1697)
2184:(1683–1684)
2178:(1672–1678)
2172:(1667–1668)
2166:(1652–1659)
2125:homogeneity
2073:Recruitment
1910:Janissaries
1593:, 1740–1748
1579:, 1701–1714
1554:, 1688–1697
1529:, 1672–1678
1515:, 1667–1668
1399:Peace Time
1307:(majors).
1283:, three of
995:guillotined
989:Louis XVIII
809:during the
672:Friedlingen
652:Stadtholder
598:Netherlands
543:Armentières
401:vieux corps
352:Charles VII
189:(1043–1626)
124:Engagements
3954:Categories
3674:Tacitus.nu
3537:Tacitus.nu
3404:Tacitus.nu
2897:References
2089:enlistment
2021:(mousquet)
1967:grenadiers
1690:340–380
1471:50–60,000
1446:70–80,000
1366:Catalonian
1293:artificers
1277:bombardier
1200:carabineer
1152:, while a
931:Revolution
916:Versailles
704:Malplaquet
644:overthrown
594:Royal Navy
481:Protestant
465:Louis XIII
410:Louis XIII
364:ordonnance
332:regimental
304:land force
253:Rochambeau
221:Luxembourg
205:commanders
178:Commanders
3701:, p. 101.
2147:Conflicts
2093:peasantry
2055:howitzers
1975:fusiliers
1973:like the
1747:110-130
1604:1749–1756
1565:1698–1700
1540:1678–1688
1501:1660–1666
1490:1635–1648
1476:1610–1615
1465:1589–1598
1407:1445–1475
1402:War Time
1245:artillery
1239:Artillery
1212:trumpeter
1181:squadrons
1158:battalion
1154:grenadier
1050:Charles X
896:Louis XVI
871:in 1763.
700:Gibraltar
696:Oudenarde
692:Ramillies
676:Hochstadt
575:Charleroi
559:Oudenarde
433:Louis XIV
320:Charles X
316:Louis XIV
249:Lafayette
187:Constable
51:1815–1830
48:1814–1815
45:1652–1792
3733:Archived
3679:Archived
3160:Archived
3126:Archived
3048:Archived
3017:Archived
2109:corporal
2105:sergeant
2095:and the
2005:Weaponry
1983:bearskin
1947:dragoons
1921:Uniforms
1615:Source:
1599:390,000
1585:380,000
1560:420,000
1535:280,000
1521:134,000
1496:200,000
1384:Strength
1260:and the
1254:arsenals
1228:dragoons
1222:Dragoons
1146:garrison
1130:Picardie
1097:and the
1043:uprising
1031:Waterloo
1007:Austrian
823:Fontenoy
788:Fontenoy
765:Prussian
741:Louis XV
735:Louis XV
688:Blenheim
640:James II
604:Rampjaar
592:and its
563:Courtrai
512:Flanders
485:Catholic
467:, died,
403:and the
393:Picardie
389:Henry II
375:Gendarme
267:Insignia
196:de facto
2059:mortars
2051:cannons
2032:(fusil)
1971:tricorn
1963:facings
1607:160,000
1568:140,000
1543:165,000
1424:40,000
1396:Period
1370:Walloon
1301:sappers
1285:galiots
1204:hussars
1177:cavalry
1142:drummer
1134:company
1011:Russian
1005:. When
950:Jacobin
846:Indians
799:Britain
777:Silesia
621:Denmark
590:England
588:, with
555:Tournai
547:Bergues
306:of the
272:Uniform
241:Berwick
233:Vendôme
229:Villars
213:Turenne
203:Notable
112:Colours
56:Country
3872:
3847:
3807:
3782:
3757:
3315:
3290:
3265:
3225:
2982:
2918:
2795:(1823)
2752:(1782)
2746:(1781)
2734:(1779)
2710:(1759)
2699:(1756)
2680:(1745)
2674:(1740)
2659:(1734)
2633:(1713)
2627:(1712)
2621:(1712)
2615:(1711)
2609:(1710)
2603:(1710)
2597:(1710)
2591:(1709)
2585:(1708)
2579:(1708)
2573:(1708)
2567:(1707)
2561:(1707)
2555:(1706)
2549:(1706)
2543:(1706)
2537:(1706)
2531:(1705)
2525:(1705)
2519:(1704)
2513:(1703)
2507:(1703)
2501:(1703)
2495:(1702)
2489:(1702)
2483:(1701)
2468:(1697)
2462:(1697)
2456:(1695)
2450:(1695)
2444:(1695)
2438:(1694)
2432:(1693)
2426:(1693)
2420:(1692)
2414:(1692)
2408:(1691)
2402:(1691)
2396:(1691)
2390:(1690)
2384:(1690)
2378:(1689)
2372:(1688)
2357:(1678)
2351:(1678)
2345:(1677)
2339:(1677)
2333:(1677)
2327:(1676)
2321:(1676)
2315:(1675)
2309:(1675)
2303:(1674)
2297:(1674)
2291:(1674)
2285:(1674)
2279:(1673)
2264:(1658)
2258:(1656)
2252:(1654)
2232:(1823)
2226:(1792)
2121:brevet
2057:, and
1951:guards
1876:Sweden
1864:30–40
1832:100*
1789:50**
1744:20–24
1504:72,000
1479:10,000
1454:13,000
1432:17,000
1410:14,000
1364:was a
1281:miners
1214:. The
1208:troops
1193:cornet
1187:and a
1150:ensign
1138:ensign
854:Quebec
838:allied
767:king,
720:Denain
694:, and
659:, the
642:, was
571:Binche
567:Veurne
489:Fronde
344:France
296:French
225:Vauban
92:
78:
65:
42:Active
2010:Pikes
1981:or a
1979:mitre
1912:only.
1889:100
1851:170
1786:50**
1783:40**
1728:120
1687:100
1670:~1710
1665:~1650
1660:~1630
1650:State
1358:Swiss
1289:Rhine
1171:Horse
617:Spain
551:Douai
539:Lille
414:Vieux
3870:ISBN
3845:ISBN
3805:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3223:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2065:and
2041:The
1886:70
1880:1.1
1870:53
1861:1.3
1827:50
1808:40
1799:0.5
1770:50
1767:100
1764:300
1741:100
1719:1.5
1709:87
1700:4.7
1655:Size
1451:1571
1429:1490
1275:, a
1144:. A
1120:Foot
714:and
682:and
674:and
646:and
615:and
602:het
577:and
549:and
369:The
290:The
106:Army
102:Type
33:The
2945:161
1907:**
1883:45
1867:35
1848:92
1845:45
1842:15
1824:53
1821:17
1818:11
1802:12
1780:18
1725:30
1722:70
1706:70
1703:. .
1684:80
1681:18
579:Ath
3956::
3819:^
3706:^
3690:^
3649:^
3579:^
3546:^
3499:^
3452:^
3413:^
3394:^
3387:18
3371:52
3351:^
3327:^
3237:^
3103:^
3088:^
3054:,
2994:^
2957:*
2069:.
2053:,
1895:*
1805:8
1761:7
1738:8
1610:–
1571:–
1546:–
1507:–
1482:–
1457:–
1435:–
1413:–
1376:.
1105:.
1045:.
894:,
779:.
690:,
611:,
573:,
569:,
565:,
561:,
557:,
545:,
541:,
298::
3878:.
3853:.
3813:.
3788:.
3763:.
3676:.
3539:.
3406:.
3321:.
3296:.
3271:.
3231:.
3146:.
2988:.
2963:.
2947:.
2924:.
2766:/
2723:/
2688:/
1901:.
1596:–
1582:–
1557:–
1532:–
1518:–
1493:–
1468:–
1443:–
1421:–
794:.
294:(
194:(
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