French colonization of Texas

349: 1118: 22: 529: 598: 926: 675: 637:, but a bad storm prevented them from recovering more than food, cannons, powder, and a small amount of the merchandise. The ship sank on March 7. The French watched the Karankawa loot the wreckage. As French soldiers approached the Native American village to retrieve their supplies, the villagers hid. On discovering the deserted village, the soldiers not only reclaimed the looted merchandise but also took animal pelts and two canoes. The angry Karankawa attacked, killing two Frenchmen and injuring others. 759: 516:

straits unless they corrected for it. On December 18, the ships reached the Gulf of Mexico and entered waters that Spain claimed as its territory. None of the members of the expedition had ever been in the Gulf of Mexico or knew how to navigate it. Due to a combination of inaccurate maps, La Salle's previous miscalculation of the latitude of the mouth of the Mississippi River, and overcorrection for the currents, the expedition failed to find the Mississippi. Instead, they landed at

877:. Using Gery as a translator and guide, De León finally found the French fort in late April 1689. The fort and the five crude houses surrounding it were in ruins. Several months before, the Karankawa had attacked the settlement. They destroyed the structures and left the bodies of three people, including a woman who had been shot in the back. A Spanish priest who had accompanied De León conducted funeral services for the three victims. The chronicler of the Spanish expedition, 847: 937:. The children were initially brought to the viceroy of New Spain, the Conde de Galve, who treated them as servants. Two of the boys, Pierre and Jean-Baptiste, later returned to France. Of the remaining Spanish captives, three became Spanish citizens and settled in New Mexico. Although the French colony had been utterly destroyed, Spain feared that another French attempt was inevitable. For the first time, the Spanish crown authorized small outposts in eastern Texas and at 605: 3248: 1146: 191: 76: 1104: 1132: 1068:. In 1995, the shipwreck was discovered in Matagorda Bay. Researchers excavated a 792-pound (359 kg) cast-bronze cannon from the waters, as well as musket balls, bronze straight pins, and trade beads. Large sections of the wooden hull were intact, protected from the damaging effects of warm salt water by layers of muddy sediment which "essentially creat an oxygen-free time capsule". 687:, a physically draining task that was finally completed by the middle of July. The last load was accompanied by the 30 men who had remained behind to guard the ship. Although trees grew near the site, they were not suitable for building, and timber had to be transported to the building site from several miles inland. Some timbers were salvaged from the 814:, joined the Caddo. The remaining six men, led by Henri Joutel, made their way to Illinois Country. During their journey through Illinois to Canada, the men did not tell anyone that La Salle was dead. They reached France in the summer of 1688 and informed King Louis of La Salle's death and the horrible conditions in the colony. Louis did not send aid. 805:. Fewer than 20 people remained at Fort Saint Louis, primarily women, children, and those deemed unfit, as well as seven soldiers and three missionaries with whom La Salle was unhappy. Seventeen men were included on the expedition, including La Salle, his brother, and two of his nephews. While camping near present-day 843:

expeditions to try to locate his colony. Although the expeditions were unable to find La Salle, they did narrow the search to the area between the Rio Grande and the Mississippi. Four Spanish expeditions the following year failed to find La Salle, but helped Spain to better understand the geography of the Gulf Coast region.

512:. La Salle had little money with which to replenish supplies, and finally two of the merchants aboard the expedition sold some of their trade goods to the islanders, and lent their profits to La Salle. To fill the gaps left after several men deserted, La Salle recruited a few islanders to join the expedition. 917:, and the others had been killed by Native Americans. The only people known to have survived the final attack were the Talon children, who had been adopted by the Karankawa. According to the children, the settlement had been attacked around Christmas of 1688, and all the remaining settlers had been killed. 983:

to the United States. The original agreement between Spain and France had not explicitly specified the borders of Louisiana, and the descriptions in the documents were ambiguous and contradictory. The United States insisted that its purchase included all of the territory France had claimed, including

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was always drunk. Many of the sailors did not know how to sail, and they grounded the boat on Matagorda Peninsula. The survivors took a canoe to the fort, leaving the ship behind. The destruction of their last ship left the settlers stranded on the Texas coast, with no hope of gaining assistance from

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The ships carried a total of nearly 300 people, including soldiers, artisans and craftsmen, six Catholic missionaries, eight merchants, and over a dozen women and children. Shortly after their departure, France and Spain ceased hostilities, and Louis was no longer interested in sending

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from its mouth. Two men died, one of a rattlesnake bite and another from drowning while trying to fish. At night, the Karankawa would sometimes surround the camp and howl, but the soldiers could scare them away with a few gunshots. The fort has sometimes been referred to as "Fort St. Louis" but

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La Salle originally planned to sail to New France, journey overland to the south and Illinois Country, and then travel down the Mississippi River to its mouth. To spite Spain, Louis XIV insisted that La Salle sail through the Gulf of Mexico, which Spain considered its exclusive property. Although La

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Unless France established a base at the mouth of the Mississippi, Spain would have an opportunity to control the entire Gulf of Mexico and potentially pose a threat to New France's southern borders. La Salle believed that the Mississippi River was near the eastern edge of New Spain. On his return to

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on March 18, several of the men quarreled over the division of buffalo meat. That night, an expedition member killed one of La Salle's nephews and two other men in their sleep. The following day La Salle was killed while approaching the camp to investigate his nephew's disappearance. Infighting led

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I do not know what sort of people you are. We are French we are among the savages we would like much to be Among the Christians such as we are ... we are solely grieved to be among beasts like these who believe neither in God nor in anything. Gentlemen, if you are willing to take us away, you have

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The remaining settlers built a large two-story structure at the center of the settlement. The ground floor was divided into three rooms: one for La Salle, one for the priests, and one for the officers of the expedition. The upper story consisted of a single room used to store supplies. Surrounding

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had independently heard rumors of the colony as early as the Spring of 1685; he set out to eliminate the settlement but his ship was caught in rough seas and poor weather and was lost with all hands. Afterwards La Salle's mission had remained nearly secret until 1686 when former expedition member

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La Salle further assistance. Details of the voyage were kept secret so that Spain would not learn about it. La Salle's naval commander, the Sieur de Beaujeu, resented La Salle's keeping their destination until the party was well underway. The discord between the two intensified when they reached

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In late November 1684, when La Salle had fully recovered from a severe illness, the three remaining ships continued their search for the Mississippi River delta. Before they left Santo Domingo, local sailors warned that strong Gulf currents flowed east and would tug the ships toward the Florida

751:, who gave the Frenchmen a map depicting their territory, that of their neighbors, and the location of the Mississippi River. The Caddo often made friendship pacts with neighboring peoples and extended their policy of peaceful negotiation to the French. While visiting the Caddo, the French met 1076:

was constructed around the ship. The cofferdam held back the waters of the bay, allowing archaeologists to conduct the excavation as if it were on land. This was the first attempt in North America to excavate a shipwreck in dry conditions. Previous shipwreck excavations using cofferdams were

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funded a partial excavation of Bolton's site, a part of the Keeran ranch. Although several thousand items were recovered, archaeologists could not accurately distinguish between French and Spanish artifacts of the 17th century, and no report on the findings was ever issued. In the 1970s, the

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council of war thought that "Spain needed swift action 'to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.'" The Spanish had no idea where to find La Salle, and in 1686 they sent a sea expedition and two land

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in mid-March 1685. Many of the colonists chose to return to France with him, leaving approximately 180. Although Beaujeu delivered a message from La Salle requesting additional supplies, French authorities, having made peace with Spain, never responded. The remaining colonists suffered from

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who were angry over Spanish enslavement. After Spain declared war on France in October 1687, King Louis agreed to support La Salle's plan. He was to return to North America and confirm "the Indians' allegiance to the crown, leading them to the true faith, and maintaining intertribal peace".

740:. The men questioned the local Native American tribes, asking for information on the locations of the Spaniards and the Spanish mines, offering gifts, and telling stories that portrayed the Spanish as cruel and the French as benevolent. When the group returned, they were unable to find the 777:. La Salle and one of his nephews became very ill, forcing the group to halt for two months. While the men recovered, the group ran low on food and gunpowder. In August, the eight surviving members of the expedition returned to Fort Saint Louis, having never left East Texas. 276:

raid in late 1688, though four children survived after being adopted as captives. Although the colony lasted only three years, it established France's claim to possession of the region that is now Texas. The United States later claimed, unsuccessfully, this region as part of the

548:, described his first view of Texas: "The country did not seem very favorable to me. It was flat and sandy but did nevertheless produce grass. There were several salt pools. We hardly saw any wild fowl except some cranes and Canadian (sic) geese which were not expecting us." 720:

followed further off the coast. After three days of travel, they learned of hostile Native Americans in the area. Twenty of the Frenchmen attacked the Native American village, where they found Spanish artifacts. Several of the men died on this expedition from eating

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from French merchants. Louis also provided 100 soldiers and full crews for the ships, as well as funds to hire skilled workers to join the expedition. La Salle was forced to purchase trade goods himself for expected encounters with Native Americans.

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France in 1684, he proposed to the Crown the establishment of a colony at the mouth of the river. The colony could provide a base for promoting Christianity among the native peoples as well as a convenient location for attacking the Spanish province of

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In early June, La Salle summoned the rest of the colonists from the temporary campsite to the new settlement site. Seventy people began the 50-mile (80 km) overland trek on June 12. All of the supplies had to be hauled from the

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On March 24, La Salle took 52 men in five canoes to find a less exposed settlement site. They found Garcitas Creek that had fresh water and fish, with good soil along its banks. They named it Rivière aux Boeufs for the nearby

835:, was arrested for piracy. Trying to have his punishment reduced, Thomas informed his Spanish jailers of La Salle's plan to found a colony and eventually conquer Spanish silver mines. Despite his confession, Thomas was hanged. 796:

By early January 1687, fewer than 45 of the original 180 people remained in the colony, which was beset by internal strife. La Salle believed that their only hope of survival lay in trekking overland to request assistance from

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in early 1687, when he and five of his men were murdered during a mutiny. Although a handful of men reached Illinois Country, help never made it to the fort. Most of the remaining members of the colony were killed during a

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During the 58-day voyage, two people died of illness and one woman gave birth to a child. The voyage to Saint-Domingue had lasted longer than expected, and provisions ran low, especially after the loss of the

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was abandoned, the site of the French settlement was lost to history. The fort was rediscovered by historians and excavated in 1996, and the area is now an archaeological site. In 1995, researchers located the ship

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For several months after the permanent camp was built, the colonists took short trips to explore their surroundings. At the end of October 1685, La Salle decided to undertake a longer expedition and reloaded the

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had granted the Indies exclusively to the Spanish. The remains of the fort were destroyed by the Spanish, who also buried the French cannons left behind. The Spanish later built a fort on the same location.

1061:(THC) confirmed they were from Fort Saint Louis. In 2000 a THC excavation discovered the locations of three of the buildings that had housed the French colony and the three graves dug by the Spanish. 591:

grounded on a sandbar. Upon hearing that the captain had ordered the ship to sail forward after it had struck a sandbar, La Salle became convinced that the captain had deliberately grounded the ship.

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the fort were several smaller structures to provide shelter for the other members of the expedition. The eight cannons, each weighing 700 to 1,200 pounds (320 to 540 kg), had been salvaged from

240:, but inaccurate maps and navigational errors caused his ships to anchor instead 400 miles (640 km) to the west, off the coast of Texas. The colony survived until 1688. The present-day town of 900:

scouts had received these papers from the Caddo, who asked that they be delivered to the Spanish. The papers included a parchment painting of a ship, as well as a written message from

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raids, epidemics, and harsh conditions. From that base, La Salle led several expeditions to find the Mississippi River. These did not succeed, but La Salle did explore much of the

1054:. She determined that while most of the artifacts were Spanish, some definitively matched artifacts recovered from French and French-Canadian excavations of the same time period. 678:

Map of the French fort drawn by a member of the Spanish expedition that discovered the French colony in 1689. It marks the river, the colony's structures, and location of cannons.

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identified an area along Garcitas Creek, near Matagorda Bay, as the location of Fort St. Louis. Other historians, before and after Bolton, argued that the fort was located on

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Only 15 or 16 people survived the colony. Six returned to France, while nine others were captured by the Spanish, including the four children who had been spared by the

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On February 20, the colonists set foot on land for the first time in three months since leaving Saint-Domingue. They set up a temporary camp near the site of the present-day

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was the oldest French shipwreck discovered in the Western Hemisphere to that date. To enable the archaeologists to recover as many of the artifacts as possible, a

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region. When the Spanish finally discovered the remains of the French colony at the fort in 1689, they buried the cannons and burned the buildings. Years later,

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In late 1996, Keeran ranch workers exploring with metal detectors located eight cast-iron cannons buried near Garcitas Creek. After excavating the cannons, the

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De León later rescued L'Archeveque and his companion Jacques Grollet. On interrogation, the men maintained that over 100 of the French settlers had died of

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from 1997 until 1999. Although they found a promising location, the ship was buried under more than 25 feet (7.6 m) of sand and could not be reached.

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During one of his absences in 1686, the colony's last ship was wrecked, leaving the colonists unable to obtain resources from the French colonies of the

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funded multiple expeditions to locate and eliminate the settlement. The unsuccessful expeditions helped Spain to better understand the geography of the

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traders, who reported on the activities of the Spanish in New Mexico. These traders later informed Spanish officials of the Frenchmen they had seen.

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France did not abandon its claims to Texas until November 3, 1762, when it ceded all of its territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain in the

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had explored and claimed this area for Spain 140 years before, on April 9, 1682, La Salle claimed the Mississippi River valley for French king

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is listed as Rio Bravo, and the map shows a lack of knowledge of the geography of Texas, and Gulf Coast, with the lower Mississippi and its mouth

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The following month they traveled east, hoping to locate the Mississippi and return to Canada. During their travels, the group encountered the

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Keith, Donald H.; Carlin, Worth; de Bry, John (1997), "A bronze cannon from La Belle, 1686: its construction, conservation, and display",

3551: 2144: 3541: 3452: 219: 762: 391: 390:. The French feared that their colonies were vulnerable to a potential attack from its neighboring colonies. In 1681, French nobleman 233: 3516: 583:

approached and carried off some of the settlers. La Salle led a small group of soldiers to rescue them, leaving no one to direct the

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crew of 27 sailors, leaving behind 34 men, women, and children. Most of the men traveled with La Salle in canoes, while the

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From January until March 1686, La Salle and most of his men searched overland for the Mississippi River, traveling towards the

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and gaining control of its lucrative silver mines. He argued that a small number of Frenchmen could successfully invade

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from New France, at first believing he would find a path to the Pacific Ocean. Instead, La Salle found a route to the

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Spain learned of La Salle's mission in 1686. Concerned that the French colony could threaten Spain's control over the

3457: 2987: 2785: 1885: 957: 850: 3396: 3296: 3169: 3024: 2870: 2748: 2693: 2556: 653:, and people died daily. Those who were fit helped build crude dwellings and a temporary fort on Matagorda Island. 171: 151: 3511: 3291: 691:. By the end of July, over half of the settlers had died, most from a combination of scant rations and overwork. 640:

Beaujeu, having fulfilled his mission in escorting the colonists across the ocean, returned to France aboard the

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to the deaths of two other expedition members within a short time. Two of the surviving members, including

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This 1681 map shows cartographer Claude Bernou's perception of North America before La Salle traversed the

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In 1688, the Spanish sent three more expeditions, two by sea and one by land. The land expedition, led by

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By the late 17th century, much of North America had been claimed by European countries. Spain had claimed

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The Spanish government felt the French colony would be a threat to their mines and shipping routes, and

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is near the fort's site. The colony faced numerous difficulties during its brief existence, including

3406: 3159: 3124: 3119: 2830: 2678: 1256: 883: 496:, and quarreled over where to anchor. Beaujeu sailed to another part of the island, allowing Spanish 205: 55: 853:

created this map of Matagorda Bay (known to the Spanish as San Bernardo Bay) based on sketches from

559:"to negotiate the narrow and shallow pass" to bring the supplies closer to the campsite. To lighten 3536: 3386: 3362: 3327: 969: 633:

For several days the men attempted to salvage the tools and provisions that had been loaded on the

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that name was not used during the life of the settlement and appears to be a later invention.

3332: 3064: 2683: 2581: 2576: 1226: 1042: 1034: 3054: 2977: 2945: 2673: 2511: 2444: 2026: 1123: 811: 338: 985: 8: 3506: 3381: 3179: 3149: 3144: 2930: 2845: 2800: 2653: 2310:"History rising from the bay's murky depths: La Salle ship one of many Matagorda victims" 2230:"Hot on their tracks: Remains of Settlers at site of La Salle Fort thrill archaeologists" 2207: 965: 437: 1667: 992:

to the United States in return for the United States' relinquishing its claim on Texas.

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The Royal Standard of France was commonly used as the State flag of France prior to the

3421: 3139: 2950: 2738: 2728: 2698: 2633: 2551: 2469: 2268: 1370: 980: 528: 329:, the first to be used in North America to excavate the ship as if in dry conditions. 278: 3426: 3401: 3281: 3134: 3059: 2370: 2314: 2287: 2234: 2176: 2102: 1881: 1380: 1335: 1305: 1260: 1230: 1190: 942: 650: 533: 395: 379: 353: 322: 237: 141: 866: 854: 674: 667: 3347: 3317: 3286: 3252: 2972: 2501: 2264: 1327:

From a Watery Grave: The Discovery and Excavation of La Salle's Shipwreck, La Belle

802: 504:, which had been fully loaded with supplies, provisions, and tools for the colony. 387: 289: 260: 64: 925: 3164: 3109: 2960: 2955: 2663: 2566: 2364: 1875: 1325: 1295: 1250: 1220: 1180: 1020: 888:, wrote that the devastation was God's punishment for opposing the pope, as Pope 806: 456: 371: 362: 313: 34: 21: 3342: 3089: 3039: 2703: 2668: 2658: 2439: 1216: 1137: 1004: 873:, who had deserted the French colony and was living in Southern Texas with the 784:

finally arrived at Fort Saint Louis. According to them, the new captain of the

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s load, its eight cannons and a small portion of its cargo were removed. After

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herds. The fort was constructed on a bluff overlooking the creek, 1.5

545: 268: 195: 3079: 2546: 2107: 801:, and some time that month he led a final expedition to try to reach the 241: 2880: 1008: 896:

In early 1689, Spanish authorities received a plea, written in French.

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One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark

999:(the current boundary between Texas and Louisiana), and following the 3034: 3019: 1976: 1073: 938: 934: 870: 839: 646: 580: 419: 407: 326: 297: 273: 256: 1025: 386:

comprised much of what is now eastern Canada as well as the central

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artifacts were reexamined by Kathleen Gilmore, an archaeologist at

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with many of the remaining supplies. He took 50 men, plus the

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where they had left her and were forced to walk back to the fort.

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Salle had requested only one ship, on July 24, 1684, he left

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For decades, the THC had also been searching for the wreckage of

989: 722: 378:. The northern and central Atlantic coast was becoming England's 75: 909:

only to send a message. ... We will deliver ourselves up to you.

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in early 1685, 400 miles (640 km) west of the Mississippi.

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The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682–1762

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While La Salle was gone, six of those who had remained on the

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successfully negotiated the pass, La Salle sent her pilot to

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by allying themselves with some of the more than 15,000

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and the unsettled southeastern region of North America, the

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Roell, Craig H.; Weddle, Robert S. (September 19, 2010).

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completed in Europe, but never on a ship as large as the

1225:, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven Connecticut: 857:

1689 expedition. Fort Saint Louis is marked as "F", and

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and were positioned around the colony for protection.

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French colony near present-day Inez, Texas (1685–1689)

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all of Texas. The dispute was not resolved until the

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This map of the Presidio La Bahia was drawn in 1836.

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is identified as "Navío Quebrado", or "broken ship".

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Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga

3562:1685 establishments in the French colonial empire 2257:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 2254: 236:intended to found the colony at the mouth of the 3493: 2366:The French in Texas: History, Migration, Culture 2145:"Information About Archeology: Fort Saint Louis" 2098:"Cannons' discovery ends debate on LaSalle fort" 2027:"Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahia Presidio" 773:Four of the men deserted when they reached the 617:Approximate location of Fort Saint Louis, near 475:, La Salle desired more cargo space and leased 410:, naming the territory Louisiana in his honor. 325:remaining virtually intact. They constructed a 2008: 2006: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1880:. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 85–88. 995:The official boundary of Texas was set at the 376:much of the southwestern part of the continent 232:The French colonization of Texas started when 3230: 2412: 2398: 2347: 2335: 2147:. Texas Archeological Society. Archived from 2130: 2091: 2089: 2087: 1907: 1693: 1636: 1573: 1544: 1431: 1353: 1323: 1289: 1287: 267:. La Salle's last expedition ended along the 213: 2427: 2274: 2126: 2124: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1540: 1538: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1457: 1455: 765:, was killed in Texas while trying to reach 2062: 2060: 2024: 2003: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1918: 1916: 1833: 1831: 1818: 1816: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1525: 1523: 1442: 1440: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1324:Bruseth, James E.; Turner, Toni S. (2005), 1182:The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821 551:Against Beaujeu's advice, La Salle ordered 3453:Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas 3237: 3223: 2405: 2391: 2084: 1364: 1362: 1284: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 220: 206: 26:La Salle's Expedition to Louisiana in 1684 2369:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2341: 2329: 2121: 1790: 1728: 1687: 1625: 1579: 1567: 1535: 1479: 1452: 1425: 1300:, History of the American West, Lincoln: 2248: 2072: 2057: 2012: 1970: 1940: 1913: 1901: 1843: 1828: 1813: 1784: 1772: 1749: 1711: 1699: 1642: 1608: 1550: 1520: 1508: 1496: 1467: 1437: 1404: 1347: 1317: 1293: 1242: 1024: 924: 845: 757: 673: 527: 347: 263:to the north, along the Mississippi and 20: 2362: 1807: 1743: 1590: 1490: 1461: 1398: 1359: 1278: 1248: 1202: 972:. In 1803, three years after Spain had 763:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 467:. Although Louis XIV had provided both 332: 3494: 3463:Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas 2307: 2280: 2095: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1822: 1760: 1722: 1705: 1665: 1653: 1619: 1602: 1561: 1529: 1514: 1502: 1473: 1446: 1368: 1178: 3218: 3012: 2778: 2621: 2494: 2386: 2227: 2170:Kever, Jeannie (September 17, 2000), 2169: 2078: 2066: 2051: 1997: 1985: 1951: 1934: 1922: 1419: 1222:The Spanish Frontier in North America 1215: 1086:National Underwater and Marine Agency 941:. In 1722, the Spanish built a fort, 736:, possibly as far west as modern-day 3557:17th-century establishments in Texas 3547:Populated places established in 1685 2836:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94) 2199:Fort St. Louis Excavation Highlights 2033:. Texas State Historical Association 544:. The chronicler of the expedition, 430: 281:because of the early French colony. 2851:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900) 2841:Second Madagascar expedition (1895) 2283:"History surfaces in Matagorda Bay" 2228:Kever, Jeannie (December 3, 2000), 2096:Turner, Allan (February 16, 1997), 817: 571:to assist with the navigation, but 523: 343: 46:is grounded in the distance, right. 13: 3552:1680s establishments in New France 2356: 2269:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01326.x 2172:"The first French Colony in Texas" 2142: 1673:Texas State Historical Association 1160:France–Republic of Texas relations 831:Denis Thomas, who had deserted in 14: 3573: 3542:French forts in the United States 3458:Congress of the Republic of Texas 2811:French conquest of Senegal (1854) 949:on the site of Fort Saint Louis. 575:captain refused the help. As the 374:as well as modern-day Mexico and 3517:Former colonies in North America 3246: 3200:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988) 2891:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) 2831:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) 2724:Burma–France relations (1729–56) 1666:Weddle, Robert (June 15, 2010). 1144: 1130: 1116: 1102: 1029:Modern day blueprint of La Belle 603: 596: 394:launched an expedition down the 189: 74: 3065:Tunisian independence (1952–56) 2846:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903) 2684:French and Indian War (1754–60) 2363:Lagarde, François, ed. (2003), 2318:, p. State section, page 1 2308:Turner, Allan (July 30, 1995), 2301: 2281:Turner, Allan (July 14, 1995), 2221: 2190: 2163: 2136: 2045: 2018: 1991: 1928: 1855: 1778: 1659: 1596: 702: 587:When he returned, he found the 321:, with several sections of the 306:at the same location. When the 3522:Pre-statehood history of Texas 3115:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36) 3055:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31) 2946:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) 2699:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 1392: 1377:Texas A&M University Press 1332:Texas A&M University Press 1272: 1187:University of New Mexico Press 1172: 988:of 1819, in which Spain ceded 1: 3180:First Indochina War (1946–54) 2931:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47) 1668:"La Salle's Texas Settlement" 1179:Bannon, John Francis (1997), 1166: 1052:Southern Methodist University 1047:University of Texas at Austin 1014: 1011:'s current northern border). 1007:rivers to the 42nd parallel ( 447:, the 300-ton storeship 3502:French colonization of Texas 3437:Timelines of cities in Texas 2993:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 2577:King William's War (1689–97) 1302:University of Nebraska Press 1255:(revised ed.), Austin: 1249:Chipman, Donald E. (2010) , 851:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora 7: 3468:Texas Historical Commission 3060:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48) 2886:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50) 2759:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) 2674:King George's War (1744–48) 2348:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 2336:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 2204:Texas Historical Commission 2131:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 2110:, p. City and State, 2 1908:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 1694:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 1637:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 1574:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 1545:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 1432:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 1354:Bruseth & Turner (2005) 1294:Calloway, Colin G. (2003), 1095: 1059:Texas Historical Commission 789:the French colonies in the 542:Matagorda Island Lighthouse 392:Robert Cavelier de La Salle 252:and parts of East Texas. 234:Robert Cavelier de La Salle 10: 3578: 2941:French conquest of Vietnam 2654:Queen Anne's War (1702–13) 1369:Weddle, Robert S. (1991), 1045:. Five decades later, the 1018: 336: 102:Early Spanish explorations 3476: 3445: 3371: 3310: 3259: 3192: 3165:Franco-Thai War (1940–41) 3102: 3005: 2961:Sino-French War (1884–85) 2956:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) 2903: 2876:Río de la Plata (1838–40) 2863: 2771: 2716: 2704:Santo Domingo (1795–1809) 2646: 2614: 2594: 2539: 2487: 2457: 2420: 2414:French colonial conflicts 1257:University of Texas Press 968:. It ceded New France to 920: 3040:Volta-Bani War (1915–16) 2904:Asia & Pacific Ocean 2659:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52) 2031:Handbook of Texas Online 1252:Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 286:Viceroyalty of New Spain 3175:South Vietnam (1945–46) 3045:Kaocen revolt (1916–17) 2973:Second Opium War (1860) 2966:North Vietnam (1886–96) 2951:North Vietnam (1873–74) 2754:East Indies (1793–1801) 2689:North America (1778–83) 2557:North America (1627–29) 2547:Beaver Wars (1609–1701) 1877:Pirates of the Americas 954:Treaty of Fontainebleau 656: 3512:Former French colonies 3110:Boxer Rebellion (1901) 3075:Cameroon War (1955–64) 3070:Algerian War (1954–62) 2988:Leewards War (1888–97) 2786:Indian Ocean (1809–11) 2664:Dummer's War (1721–25) 2567:Carib Expulsion (1660) 1874:Marley, David (2010). 1030: 930: 911: 879:Juan Bautista de Chapa 862: 770: 679: 537: 440:with four: the 36-gun 367: 47: 42:is in the middle, and 3090:Bizerte crisis (1961) 2921:Philippines (1844–45) 2871:West Indies (1804–10) 2826:Ivory Coast (1883–98) 2749:East Indies (1778–83) 2679:Nova Scotia (1749–55) 2669:Natchez revolt (1729) 2629:West Africa (1758–63) 2562:West Indies (1635–59) 2435:South Carolina (1562) 1227:Yale University Press 1035:Herbert Eugene Bolton 1028: 1019:Further information: 928: 906: 849: 761: 677: 531: 351: 28:, painted in 1844 by 24: 2582:Santo Domingo (1691) 2151:on December 24, 2007 1124:North America portal 904:. The message read: 614:class=notpageimage| 579:set sail, a band of 339:La Salle expeditions 333:La Salle expeditions 300:authorities built a 3532:1680s in New France 3035:Zaian War (1914–21) 3020:Wadai War (1906–11) 2796:Algeria (1835–1903) 2744:Vietnam (1777–1820) 2694:Caribbean (1778–83) 1375:, College Station: 1330:, College Station: 1033:In 1908, historian 822:Spanish pirate and 492:, on the island of 438:La Rochelle, France 93:Pre-Columbian Texas 3085:Ifni War (1957–58) 3080:Suez Crisis (1956) 2210:on August 30, 2007 1937:, pp. 151–152 1031: 981:sold the territory 974:returned Louisiana 931: 863: 771: 680: 538: 368: 279:Louisiana Purchase 48: 3489: 3488: 3446:Government agency 3282:Republic of Texas 3212: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3188: 3187: 3155:Vietnam (1930–31) 3140:Cilicia (1920–21) 3130:Vietnam (1918–21) 3125:Vietnam (1917–18) 3098: 3097: 3050:Rif War (1920–26) 3030:Morocco (1911–12) 3025:Casablanca (1907) 3001: 3000: 2899: 2898: 2859: 2858: 2821:Madagascar (1883) 2791:Algeria (1830–47) 2767: 2766: 2712: 2711: 2642: 2641: 2610: 2609: 2590: 2589: 2535: 2534: 2507:Senegal (1659–77) 2483: 2482: 2453: 2452: 2440:Florida (1562–65) 2376:978-0-292-70528-9 2315:Houston Chronicle 2288:Houston Chronicle 2235:Houston Chronicle 2177:Houston Chronicle 2103:Houston Chronicle 1386:978-0-89096-480-4 1341:978-1-58544-431-1 1311:978-0-8032-1530-6 1266:978-0-292-77659-3 1236:978-0-300-05198-8 1196:978-0-8263-0309-7 986:Adams-Onís Treaty 943:Presidio La Bahia 902:Jean L'Archevêque 812:Jean L'Archeveque 651:venereal diseases 534:French Revolution 431:Second expedition 396:Mississippi River 380:Thirteen Colonies 354:Mississippi River 238:Mississippi River 230: 229: 180: 179: 142:Republic of Texas 3569: 3287:Texas annexation 3253:History of Texas 3251: 3250: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3190: 3189: 3170:Indochina (1945) 3100: 3099: 3010: 3009: 2901: 2900: 2881:Mexico (1838–39) 2861: 2860: 2776: 2775: 2714: 2713: 2644: 2643: 2619: 2618: 2592: 2591: 2552:Brazil (1612–15) 2537: 2536: 2512:Djidjelli (1664) 2492: 2491: 2475:Brazil (1590–04) 2470:Brazil (1555–67) 2455: 2454: 2425: 2424: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2206:, archived from 2194: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2143:Mosely, Laurie. 2140: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2093: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1974: 1968: 1955: 1949: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1826: 1820: 1811: 1805: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1747: 1741: 1726: 1720: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1640: 1634: 1623: 1617: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1450: 1444: 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2531: 2479: 2449: 2416: 2411: 2377: 2359: 2357:Further reading 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2279: 2275: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2180: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2094: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2023: 2019: 2013:Calloway (2003) 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1977: 1971:Calloway (2003) 1969: 1958: 1950: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1829: 1821: 1814: 1806: 1791: 1785:Calloway (2003) 1783: 1779: 1773:Calloway (2003) 1771: 1767: 1759: 1750: 1742: 1729: 1721: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1643: 1635: 1626: 1618: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1551: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1453: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1367: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1304:, p. 250, 1292: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1229:, p. 148, 1217:Weber, David J. 1214: 1203: 1197: 1185:, Albuquerque: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1023: 1021:La Belle (ship) 1017: 923: 881: 820: 705: 659: 631: 630: 629: 616: 610: 609: 608: 526: 500:to capture the 433: 363:terra incognita 346: 341: 335: 265:Illinois rivers 246:Native American 226: 190: 188: 176:1865–1899 166:1861–1865 156:1845–1860 146:1836–1845 136:1821–1836 126:1690–1821 116:1684–1689 106:1519–1543 66: 59: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3575: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3527:1680s in Texas 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3481:Years in Texas 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3397:Corpus Christi 3394: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3338:Jewish history 3335: 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2000:, p. 168 1999: 1994: 1988:, p. 153 1987: 1982: 1980: 1973:, p. 255 1972: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1954:, p. 152 1953: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1931: 1925:, p. 151 1924: 1919: 1917: 1909: 1904: 1893:September 12, 1889: 1887:9781598842012 1883: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1863: 1862:Bannon (1997) 1858: 1851: 1850:Weddle (1991) 1846: 1839: 1838:Weddle (1991) 1834: 1832: 1824: 1823:Weddle (1991) 1819: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1787:, p. 253 1786: 1781: 1775:, p. 252 1774: 1769: 1762: 1761:Weddle (1991) 1757: 1755: 1753: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1724: 1723:Weddle (1991) 1719: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1706:Weddle (1991) 1702: 1695: 1690: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1662: 1655: 1654:Weddle (1991) 1650: 1648: 1646: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1621: 1620:Weddle (1991) 1616: 1614: 1612: 1604: 1603:Weddle (1991) 1599: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1562:Weddle (1991) 1558: 1556: 1554: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1531: 1530:Weddle (1991) 1526: 1524: 1516: 1515:Weddle (1991) 1511: 1504: 1503:Weddle (1991) 1499: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1474:Weddle (1991) 1470: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1448: 1447:Weddle (1991) 1443: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1422:, p. 149 1421: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1363: 1355: 1350: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1288: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1245: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1142: 1139: 1128: 1125: 1114: 1111: 1110:France portal 1100: 1093: 1091: 1088:searched for 1087: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1022: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 962:Great Britain 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 927: 918: 916: 910: 905: 903: 899: 894: 891: 885: 880: 876: 875:Coahuiltecans 872: 869:, discovered 868: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 841: 836: 834: 833:Santo Domingo 829: 825: 815: 813: 808: 804: 800: 794: 792: 791:Caribbean Sea 787: 783: 778: 776: 768: 764: 760: 756: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 719: 715: 711: 700: 698: 692: 690: 686: 676: 672: 669: 665: 654: 652: 648: 643: 638: 636: 628: 624: 620: 619:Matagorda Bay 615: 599: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 547: 543: 535: 530: 521: 519: 518:Matagorda Bay 513: 511: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 485: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463: 459: 458: 454: 450: 446: 443: 439: 428: 425: 421: 417: 416:Nueva Vizcaya 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 365: 364: 359: 355: 350: 340: 330: 328: 324: 320: 319:Matagorda Bay 316: 315: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 275: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 223: 218: 216: 211: 209: 204: 203: 201: 200: 197: 187: 186: 183: 175: 173: 170: 169: 165: 163: 162:Civil War Era 160: 159: 155: 153: 150: 149: 145: 143: 140: 139: 135: 133: 132:Mexican Texas 130: 129: 125: 123: 122:Spanish Texas 120: 119: 115: 113: 110: 109: 105: 103: 100: 99: 96: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 82: 81: 77: 73: 72: 69: 63: 62: 57: 52: 51: 45: 41: 37: 36: 31: 27: 23: 19: 3267:French Texas 3266: 3006:20th century 2983:Korea (1866) 2772:19th century 2615:18th century 2571: 2488:17th century 2421:16th century 2365: 2350:, p. 45 2343: 2338:, p. 48 2331: 2320:, retrieved 2313: 2303: 2292:, retrieved 2286: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2239:, retrieved 2233: 2223: 2212:, retrieved 2208:the original 2198: 2192: 2181:, retrieved 2175: 2165: 2153:. Retrieved 2149:the original 2138: 2133:, p. 32 2112:, retrieved 2101: 2079:Weber (1992) 2074: 2067:Weber (1992) 2052:Weber (1992) 2047: 2035:. Retrieved 2030: 2020: 1998:Weber (1992) 1993: 1986:Weber (1992) 1952:Weber (1992) 1935:Weber (1992) 1930: 1923:Weber (1992) 1903: 1891:. Retrieved 1876: 1869: 1864:, p. 97 1857: 1852:, p. 38 1845: 1840:, p. 35 1825:, p. 31 1810:, p. 84 1780: 1768: 1763:, p. 34 1746:, p. 83 1725:, p. 30 1708:, p. 29 1701: 1696:, p. 28 1689: 1677:. Retrieved 1671: 1661: 1656:, p. 28 1639:, p. 27 1622:, p. 27 1605:, p. 25 1598: 1593:, p. 77 1576:, p. 26 1569: 1564:, p. 24 1547:, p. 23 1532:, p. 23 1517:, p. 20 1510: 1505:, p. 19 1498: 1493:, p. 76 1476:, p. 17 1469: 1464:, p. 75 1449:, p. 16 1434:, p. 20 1427: 1420:Weber (1992) 1401:, p. 74 1394: 1371: 1356:, p. 19 1349: 1326: 1319: 1296: 1281:, p. 73 1274: 1251: 1244: 1221: 1181: 1174: 1152:Texas portal 1089: 1083: 1078: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1039:Lavaca River 1032: 997:Sabine River 994: 956:, following 951: 932: 912: 907: 895: 890:Alexander VI 864: 858: 837: 824:guarda costa 823: 821: 795: 785: 781: 779: 775:Neches River 772: 746: 741: 731: 726: 723:prickly pear 717: 713: 709: 706: 703:Difficulties 696: 693: 688: 684: 681: 660: 641: 639: 634: 632: 588: 584: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 550: 546:Henri Joutel 539: 514: 510:St. François 509: 506: 502:St. François 501: 486: 481:St. François 480: 476: 472: 468: 465:St. François 464: 455: 448: 444: 434: 412: 369: 361: 312: 307: 301: 283: 269:Brazos River 254: 231: 112:French Texas 111: 43: 39: 33: 25: 18: 3432:San Antonio 3392:Brownsville 3333:Indian Wars 2916:Java (1811) 2806:Salé (1851) 2322:November 7, 2294:November 7, 2241:November 7, 2214:November 4, 2183:November 7, 2155:November 6, 2114:November 7, 2108:Houston, TX 1679:November 9, 1162:, 1839–1845 976:to France, 882: [ 840:Carlos II's 573:L'Aimable's 402:. Although 65:History of 3507:New France 3496:Categories 3412:Fort Worth 3348:Revolution 3318:Annexation 1167:References 1015:Excavation 1009:California 958:its defeat 828:Juan Corso 826:privateer 799:New France 767:New France 734:Rio Grande 623:Gulf Coast 561:L'Aimable' 498:privateers 494:Hispaniola 460:, and the 442:man of war 384:New France 358:Rio Grande 294:Gulf Coast 250:Rio Grande 3417:Galveston 3260:By period 1090:L'Aimable 1074:cofferdam 939:Pensacola 935:Karankawa 871:Jean Gery 697:L'Aimable 647:dysentery 581:Karankawa 569:L'Aimable 477:L'Aimable 449:L'Aimable 420:New Spain 408:Louis XIV 327:cofferdam 274:Karankawa 257:Caribbean 152:Statehood 44:L'Aimable 3382:Amarillo 3343:Oil boom 3311:By topic 2864:Americas 2647:Americas 2540:Americas 2037:April 7, 1219:(1992), 1096:See also 1070:La Belle 1066:La Belle 1005:Arkansas 978:Napoleon 915:smallpox 859:La Belle 807:Navasota 585:Aimable. 565:La Belle 555:and the 553:La Belle 473:La Belle 457:La Belle 314:La Belle 308:presidio 303:presidio 83:Timeline 56:a series 54:Part of 35:La Belle 3422:Houston 3407:El Paso 3353:Slavery 3328:Forests 3193:Pacific 990:Florida 970:Britain 964:in the 714:Belle's 689:Aimable 668:leagues 664:buffalo 635:Aimable 621:on the 589:Aimable 577:Aimable 557:Aimable 469:Le Joly 445:Le Joly 372:Florida 298:Spanish 40:Le Joly 3427:Laredo 3402:Dallas 3387:Austin 3013:Africa 2779:Africa 2622:Africa 2495:Africa 2373: 1884: 1383: 1338: 1308: 1263: 1233: 1193: 945:, and 921:Legacy 898:Jumano 753:Jumano 453:barque 451:, the 382:, and 356:. The 58:on the 1079:Belle 886:] 786:Belle 782:Belle 749:Caddo 742:Belle 727:Belle 718:Belle 710:Belle 685:Belle 627:Texas 462:ketch 67:Texas 3374:city 3363:Vice 3103:Asia 2717:Asia 2595:Asia 2371:ISBN 2324:2007 2296:2007 2243:2007 2216:2007 2185:2007 2157:2007 2116:2007 2039:2011 1895:2017 1882:ISBN 1681:2017 1381:ISBN 1336:ISBN 1306:ISBN 1261:ISBN 1231:ISBN 1191:ISBN 1084:The 1003:and 657:Fort 649:and 642:Joly 479:and 471:and 323:hull 242:Inez 3372:By 2265:doi 1041:in 1001:Red 960:by 625:of 317:in 3498:: 2312:, 2285:, 2261:26 2259:, 2232:, 2202:, 2174:, 2123:^ 2106:, 2100:, 2086:^ 2059:^ 2029:. 2005:^ 1978:^ 1959:^ 1942:^ 1915:^ 1830:^ 1815:^ 1792:^ 1751:^ 1730:^ 1713:^ 1670:. 1644:^ 1627:^ 1610:^ 1581:^ 1552:^ 1537:^ 1522:^ 1481:^ 1454:^ 1439:^ 1406:^ 1361:^ 1286:^ 1204:^ 1081:. 884:es 793:. 729:. 32:. 3238:e 3231:t 3224:v 2406:e 2399:t 2392:v 2267:: 2159:. 2041:. 1897:. 1683:. 769:. 536:. 366:. 221:e 214:t 207:v

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French colonization of Texas

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