125:
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869:"The expedition I just accomplished, however modest as it is, may have prepared the ground for a more serious one if deemed necessary, ... The expedition deeply shocked the Korean Nation by showing her claimed invulnerability was an illusion. Lastly, the destruction of one of the avenues of Seoul and the considerable losses suffered by the Korean government should render it more cautious in the future. The objective I had fixed to myself is thus fully accomplished, and the murder of our missionaries has been avenged." report of 15 November by Admiral Roze
1320:"L'expédition que je viens de faire, si modeste qu'elle soit, en aura préparé une plus sérieuse si elle est jugée nécessaire, ... Elle aura d'ailleurs profondément frappé l'esprit de la Nation Coréenne en lui prouvant que sa prétendue invulnérabilité n'était que chimérique. Enfin la destruction d'un des boulevards de Seoul et la perte considérable que nous avons fait éprouver au gouvernement coréen ne peuvent manquer de le rendre plus circonspect. Le but que je m'étais fixé est donc complètement rempli et le meurtre de nos missionnaires a été vengé"
833:
the French offensive was met with stiff resistance from the troops of
General Yi Yong-Hui, to whom Roze sent several letters asking for reparation, without success. A significant blow to the French expedition came on 26 October, when 120 French Naval Fusiliers landed briefly on the Korean mainland in an attempt to seize a small fortification at Munsusansong, or Mt. Munsu Fort (depicted in the illustration above). As the landing party came ashore, they were met by a brisk fire from its Korean defenders. General
605:
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leaders of the 500-year-old Joseon
Dynasty. With the aged dowager regent's blessing, the Heungseon Daewongun set out upon a dual campaign of both strengthening central authority and isolation from the disintegrating traditional order outside its borders. By the time the Heungseon Daewongun assumed de facto control of the government in 1864, there were twelve French Jesuit priests living and preaching in Korea, and an estimated 23,000 native Korean converts.
616:
alliance between France and Korea to repel the
Russian advances, suggesting further that this alliance could be negotiated through Bishop Berneux. The Heungseon Daewongun seemed open to this idea, but it was possibly a ruse to bring the head of the Korean Catholic Church out into the open; upon Berneux's arrival to the capital in February 1866, he was seized and executed. A round-up then began of the other French Catholic priests and Korean converts.
207:
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1468:. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé, 1874. (This epic history of the Catholic Church in Korea is important as well for some of the first depictions of Korea by westerners. It was pulled together by Dallet from letters of the missionaries themselves as well as an earlier draft written by one of the missionaries executed in 1866 that had been smuggled out of the country. Unfortunately, it has never been fully translated into English).
35:
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the French were again checked when they attempted to seize a fortified monastery on the southern coast of
Ganghwa called Jeongdeung–sa. Here again, stiff Korean resistance, coupled with the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Korean defenders, now numbering 10,000 men, forced a French retreat with dozens of casualties but no deaths.
948:
foundered on the coast of Korea during an illegal trade mission. Violence ensued between the
Koreans and the Americans. The General Sherman was sunk in the dispute, and a number of American merchantmen sailors and Koreans killed. With no verified accounts provided by the Joseon Dynasty about the fate
832:
Roze knew it was impossible for him to lead a fleet of limited force up the treacherous and shallow Han River to the Korean capital and satisfied himself with a "coup de main" on the coast from his earlier exploratory expedition. On the mainland across the narrow channel from
Ganghwa Island, however,
741:
leading to Seoul. The treacherous nature of these waters, however, also convinced Roze that any movement against the fortified Korean capital with his limited numbers and large-hulled vessels was impossible. Instead, he opted to seize and occupy
Ganghwa Island, which commanded the entrance to the Han
848:
Roze then sent a new letter, asking for the release of the two remaining French missionaries whom he had reason to believe were imprisoned. No answer was forthcoming, but it became clear from activity seen on the mainland across the narrow straits that Korean forces mobilized daily. On 9 November,
619:
Several factors contributed to the
Heungseon Daewongun's decision to suppress the Catholics. Perhaps the most obvious was the lesson provided by China, that it had apparently reaped nothing but hardship and humiliation from its dealing with the western powers – seen most recently in its disastrous
864:
All told, the French suffered three dead and approximately 35 wounded. In retreating from Korea, Roze attempted to lessen the extent of his retreat by stating that with his limited means, there was little more he could have accomplished but that his actions would have a dissuasive effect upon the
844:
would be open, so, on 7 November, a second landing party was launched by Roze. 160 Naval
Fusiliers attacked Munsusansong defended by 543 Korean "Tiger Hunters." Three French soldiers were killed and 36 injured before a retreat was called. Except for continued bombing and surveying activity around
600:
Though the
Heungseon Daewongun's authority at court was not official, stemming in fact from the traditional imperative in Confucian societies for sons to obey their fathers, he quickly seized the initiative and began to control state policy. He was arguably one of the most effective and forceful
852:
Soon after that, with winter approaching and the Korean forces growing stronger, Roze made the strategic decision to evacuate. Before doing so, orders were given to bombard the government buildings on Ganghwa Island and to carry off the varied contents of official storehouses there. It was also
732:
Though the French diplomatic and naval authorities in China were eager to launch an expedition, they were stymied by the almost total absence of any detailed information on Korea, including any navigational charts. Prior to the actual expedition, Rear Admiral Roze decided to undertake a smaller
824:
from their post in Yokohama, Japan. The total number of French troops is estimated at 800. On 16 October, a group of 170 Naval Fusiliers landed on Ganghwa island, seized the fortress which controlled the Han river, and occupied the fortified city of Ganghwa itself. On Ganghwa Island, the Naval
615:
In January 1866, Russian ships appeared on the east coast of Korea demanding trading and residency rights in what seemed an echo of the demands made on China by other western powers. Korean Christians with connections at court saw in this an opportunity to advance their cause and suggested an
745:
The nature that these demands were to take was never fully determined. In Peking, the French consul Bellonet had made outrageous (and as it turned out unofficial) demands that the Korean monarch forfeit his crown and cede sovereignty to France. Such a stance was not in keeping with the more
688:
On the French side, there were several compelling reasons behind the decision to launch a punitive expedition. These had to do with the increasing violence against Christian missionaries and converts within the Chinese interior, which after the Second Opium War in 1860 had been opened up to
689:
westerners. The massacre of westerners and Christians in Korea was seen within the context of anti-Western behavior in China by diplomatic and military authorities in the west. Many believed a firm response to such acts of violence was necessary to maintain national prestige and authority.
949:
of the General Sherman The United States offered France a combined operation to recover information on the schooner's fate, but the project was abandoned due to the relatively low interest for Korea at that time. An intervention was launched five years later, in 1871, with the
632:. 1865 had seen poor harvests in Korea as well as social unrest, which may have contributed to a heightened sensitivity to the foreign creed. The crackdown may also have been related to attempts to combat factional cliques at court, where Christianity had made some inroads.
588:
in 1864. By Korean tradition, the regency in the case of a minority would go to the ranking dowager queen. In this case, it was the conservative mother of the previous crown prince, who had died before he could ascend the throne. The new king's father,
825:
Fusiliers managed to seize several fortified positions, as well as booty such as flags, cannons, 8,000 muskets, 23 boxes of silver ingots, a few boxes of gold, and various lacquer works, jades, and manuscripts and paintings that comprised the
553:, began to enter Korea and by the late 18th century Korea had its first native Christians. However, it was only in the mid-19th century that the first western Catholic missionaries began to enter Korea. This was done illegally, either via the
918:. In 2010 it was revealed that the French government was planning to return the books on a renewable lease to Korea, despite the fact that French law generally prohibited the cession of museum property. In early 2011, South Korean president
1256:
1363:"France has agreed to return on a permanent lease basis a collection of royal documents considered national treasures by South Korea and seized by the French navy in the 19th century, Seoul said on Saturday."
542:). However, it did not entirely succeed in sealing itself off from foreign contact, and Catholic missionaries had shown interest in Korea as early as the 16th century with their arrival in China and Japan.
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lasted nearly six weeks. The result was an eventual French retreat, and a check on French influence in the region. The encounter also confirmed Korea in its isolationism for another decade, until
791:
815:
914:, royal court protocols of Korea's last ruling monarchy, the Joseon dynasty, dating from between the 14th and 19th centuries, went on to become the core of the Korea collection in the
673:
In late June 1866, one of the three surviving French missionaries, Father Félix-Claire Ridel, managed to escape via a fishing vessel, thanks to 11 Korean converts, and made his way to
809:
279:
1131:
Annals of Joseon Dynasty, Gojong, Book 3, September 21st, 1866 (고종실록) / Byeong-in Journal (병인일기) and Jungjok-Mountain Fortress Combat Fact(정족산성접전사실) by Yang Heon-su and 6 more
803:
1307:
Numbers vary according to the source, but they are nearly all unanimous in providing the number of French dead. See, for instance, Ch. Martin, "Expédition de Corée en 1866".
737:. This was done in late September and early October 1866. These preliminaries resulted in some rudimentary navigational charts of the waters around Ganghwa Island and the
712:
instructions to launch a punitive expedition against Korea, to which Roze responded: "Since Choson killed nine French priests, we shall avenge by killing 9,000 Koreans."
272:
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circumspect goals of Rear Admiral Roze, who hoped to force reparations. In any case, the demands of Bellonet were never officially endorsed by the French government of
853:
learned that the two missing missionaries feared captured in Korea had managed to escape to China around this time. This news contributed to the decision to leave.
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River, in the hopes of blockading the waterway to the capital during the important harvest season and thus forcing demands and reparations on the Korean court.
1930:
1581:
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At first, the Korean court turned a blind eye to such incursions. This attitude changed abruptly, however, with the enthronement of the eleven-year-old
873:
The European residents in China considered the expedition's results minimal and demanded a larger expedition for the following spring unsuccessfully.
677:, China in early July 1866. Fortuitously in Tianjin at the time of Ridel's arrival was the commander of the French Far Eastern Squadron, Rear Admiral
1544:
2456:
1805:
996:
881:
565:, appointed in 1856 as head of the infant Korean Catholic church, estimated in 1859 that the number of Korean faithful had reached nearly 17,000.
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on 6 May 1984. An untold number of Korean Catholics also met their end (estimations run around 10,000), many being executed at a place called
1429:
1411:
1549:
1324:
1224:
1651:
1641:
2406:
662:, Father Pierre Aumaître, Father Martin-Luc Huin – all of whom were members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, and were canonized by
1029:
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finalized an agreement for the return of all the books on a renewable lease. In June 2011, celebrations were held in the port city of
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1200:
1865:
1375:
1350:
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As a result of the Korean dragnet, all but three of the French missionaries were captured and executed: among them included Bishop
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Ganghwa and the mouth of the Han River, French forces now largely fortified themselves in and around the city of Ganghwa.
915:
2426:
1935:
1738:
1567:
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1962:
985:
593:, a wily and ambitious man in his early forties, was given the traditional title of the unreigning father of a king:
319:
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commanded by Admiral Roze was the lead ship in the French expedition to Korea. Here the vessel is photographed in
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1611:
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surveying expedition along the Korean coast, especially along the waterway leading to the Korean capital of
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against Korea. In this, he was strongly supported by the acting French consul in Peking, Henri de Bellonet.
2446:
2351:
2097:
2017:
1900:
1748:
573:
562:
554:
2376:
2411:
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1997:
1471:
Kane, Daniel C. "Bellonet and Roze: Overzealous Servants of Empire and the 1866 French Attack on Korea".
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2012:
1992:
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1967:
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threatening to occupy Korea, and he also gave the French Naval Commander in the Far East, rear admiral
681:. Hearing of the massacre and the affront to French national honor, Roze became determined to launch a
629:
344:
1388:
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2301:
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2007:
1855:
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were able to arrive in Korea in the 1840s to convert an increasingly large number of Koreans. Bishop
1526:
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on 13 January 1867. The French government ordered the military to leave due to heavy losses in the
306:
2331:
1433:
1415:
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2291:
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1972:
990:
349:
329:
1321:
1221:
693:
2401:
2142:
1590:
1001:
957:
628:
in China, which had been infused with Christian doctrines, and in 1858, he saw the conquest of
339:
1982:
1065:
2241:
1860:
1758:
1753:
1140:"Expédition de Corée en 1866, <<Le Spectateur militaire>> (Ch. Martin, 1883) P265
1099:
585:
550:
428:
608:
2231:
2154:
2122:
1850:
1688:
1621:
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The Korean government would finally agree to open the country in 1876, when a fleet of the
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in retaliation for the execution of seven French Catholic missionaries. The encounter over
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130:
8:
2356:
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2321:
2107:
2022:
1977:
1830:
709:
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145:
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767:
659:
2311:
2236:
1512:
La Croix, la baleine et le canon: La France face à la Corée au milieu du XIXe siècle.
1262:
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1071:
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625:
486:
323:
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La Croix, la baleine et le canon: La France face à la Corée au milieu du XIXe siècle
647:
2149:
1678:
1554:
1040:
821:
621:
67:
2341:
2286:
2137:
2132:
1840:
1743:
1498:
The Five Years' Crisis, 1861-1871: Korean in the Maelstrom of Western Imperialism
1328:
1228:
961:
923:
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539:
535:
482:
456:
448:
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In the course of these events, in August 1866, the U.S. civilian merchant ship,
750:. Bellonet would later be severely reprimanded for his importunate blusterings.
604:
2266:
2216:
1880:
1845:
1835:
1616:
655:
624:. No doubt also fresh in the Heungseon Daewongun's mind was the example of the
510:
478:
63:
2395:
2221:
2002:
1034:
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to commemorate their final return. The collection is now being stored in the
919:
900:
1559:
2251:
2246:
1524:
Wright, Mary C. "The Adaptability of Ch'ing Diplomacy: The Case of Korea."
856:
747:
705:
531:
527:
2256:
1723:
834:
334:
168:
1519:
La présence française en Corée de la fin du XVIIIème siècle à nos jours.
1489:(1866) : An Annotated Translation of the Narrative of G. Pradier."
1281:"Expédition de Corée: Extrait du Cahier de Jeanne Frey". In U, Cheolgu,
611:
of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, was also killed in Korea in 1866.
2057:
1258:
La présence française en Corée de la fin du XVIIIème siècle à nos jours
826:
667:
530:
from the outside world (with the exceptions being interaction with the
1067:
French Policy in Japan During the Closing Years of the Tokugawa Regime
1021:
419:
404:
401:
398:
395:
2211:
2196:
700:, Henri de Bellonet, took a number of initiatives without consulting
590:
840:
If the monastery of Munsusansong fell into French hands, the way to
2261:
885:
860:
Stela to the martyrs of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in Korea
724:
Admiral Roze (centre) and a quarter of his sailors, on the frigate
206:
198:
190:
180:
1039:
Year", where "Byeongin" refers to the year of the event using the
2226:
1400:"S. Korea celebrates return of ancient Korean books from France".
1370:
1345:
927:
876:
After this expedition, Roze, with most of his fleet, returned to
697:
1457:
Choi, Soo Bok. "The French Jesuit Mission in Korea, 1827-1866".
715:
34:
908:
The books seized by the French at Ganghwa, some 297 volumes of
781:
674:
523:
474:
371:
117:
1545:
L'Expédition en Corée du contre-amiral Roze (French Knowledge)
1220:"It is estimated than 10,000 were killed within a few months"
758:
720:
1531:
1452:
The Rule of the Taewŏn'gun 1864-1873: Restoration in Yi Korea
910:
877:
841:
734:
635:
568:
387:
728:. Circa 1865 photograph, during a visit in Nagasaki harbour.
1028:) can be roughly translated as "Western Disturbance of the
753:
546:
774:
On 11 October, Admiral Roze left Yantai with one frigate (
294:
433:
1503:
Orange, Marc. "L'Expédition de l;Amiral Roze en Corée".
1478:
Kane, Daniel C. "Heroic Defense of the Hermit Kingdom".
1485:
Kane, Daniel C. "A Forgotten Firsthand Account of the
904:
One of the Korean texts of the French National Library
1294:
Marc Orange, "Expédition de l'amiral Roze en Corée".
1366:"France to return South Korea royal books on lease"
1341:"France to return South Korea royal books on lease"
1430:"Shinmiyangyo - Korea 1871 and the Hermit Kingdon"
1412:"Shinmiyangyo - Korea 1871 and the Hermit Kingdon"
716:Preliminaries (10 September – 3 October 1866)
485:forced it to open up to trade in 1876 through the
642:was commander of the French Far Eastern Squadron.
2393:
1454:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
1070:. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 144.
580:was tortured and then beheaded on 7 March 1866.
492:In contemporary South Korea it is known as the
557:or the Yellow Sea. French missionaries of the
90:French retreat; failure of punitive expedition
1589:
1575:
1151:"Joseon Naval's Appointment & Operations"
526:dynasty, Korea maintained a policy of strict
280:
1604:
1550:The Korean campaign of Admiral Roze (French)
997:French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)
895:
882:French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)
880:, where they were able to welcome the first
837:defended Gwangsung camp from French troops.
460:
393:
377:
1101:Routledge Handbook of Modern Korean History
53:(1 month, 1 week and 4 days)
1582:
1568:
549:court in the 18th century, foreign ideas,
287:
273:
1254:
899:
855:
757:
754:Expedition (11 October–12 November 1866)
719:
670:in Seoul on the banks of the Han River.
634:
603:
567:
509:
320:United States expedition to Korea (1871)
2457:19th-century military history of France
1063:
2394:
1530:, May 1958, 363–81. Available through
345:Donghak Peasant Revolution (1894–1895)
296:Foreign interventions in Korea (1800s)
2189:
1955:
1798:
1671:
1563:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
692:In response to the event, the French
654:, Father Just de Bretenières, Father
545:Through Korean envoy missions to the
268:
2013:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
1378:from the original on 6 January 2022.
1353:from the original on 6 January 2022.
1097:
2028:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
2018:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
350:First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)
13:
2407:1866 in the French colonial empire
1444:
1285:. (Seoul: Beobmunsa, 1999), p. 216
1233:
597:, or "Prince of the Great Court".
340:Port Hamilton incident (1885–1887)
14:
2468:
1988:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
1538:
986:United States expedition to Korea
498:, or "Western disturbance of the
315:French expedition to Korea (1866)
2377:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
2068:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
2008:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
1901:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
916:Bibliothèque nationale de France
205:
197:
189:
179:
123:
110:
93:Korea reaffirms its isolationism
66:, some small engagements on the
39:French fleet in Ganghwa, Choseon
33:
2242:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
2023:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
1861:French and Indian War (1754–60)
1491:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
1422:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1357:
1333:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1214:
1205:
1020:The Korean name for the event (
951:United States Korean expedition
2432:Punitive expeditions of France
2292:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
2232:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
2123:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
1876:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
1194:
1185:
1172:
1159:Korea National Maritime Museum
1143:
1134:
1125:
1091:
1057:
1014:
829:(Oikyujanggak) on the island.
704:. Bellonet sent a note to the
578:Paris Foreign Missions Society
559:Paris Foreign Missions Society
522:Throughout the history of the
461:
394:
378:
330:Ganghwa Island incident (1875)
1:
2357:First Indochina War (1946–54)
2108:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
1466:Histoire de l'Église de Corée
1283:19 segi yeolgang gwa hanbando
1255:Thiébaud, Jean-Marie (2005).
1050:
960:was sent under the orders of
890:French intervention in Mexico
505:
453:Expédition française en Corée
51:11 October – 22 November 1866
28:Expédition française en Corée
16:1866 French military campaign
2170:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1754:King William's War (1689–97)
1500:. Seoul: Circle Books, 2001.
1389:Korea Times 29 November 2010
534:and occasional trading with
445:French Intervention to Korea
24:French Intervention to Korea
7:
2237:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
2063:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
1936:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
1851:King George's War (1744–48)
1022:
971:
434:
420:
10:
2473:
2118:French conquest of Vietnam
1831:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
1507:. 30 (Autumn 1976): 44–84.
1493:. 21:1 (June 2008): 51–86.
1480:Military History Quarterly
2427:Military history of Korea
2369:
2342:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
2279:
2182:
2138:Sino-French War (1884–85)
2133:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
2080:
2053:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
2040:
1948:
1893:
1881:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
1823:
1791:
1771:
1716:
1664:
1634:
1597:
1591:French colonial conflicts
1155:Google Arts & Culture
1104:. Routledge. p. 45.
1098:Seth, Michael J. (2016).
937:
896:Seized Korean royal books
820:), as well as almost 300
427:
413:
386:
370:
363:
302:
238:
217:
136:
103:
43:
32:
23:
2217:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
2081:Asia & Pacific Ocean
1836:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
1527:Journal of Asian Studies
1461:36 (Summer 1968): 17–29.
1261:(in French). Harmattan.
1007:
932:National Museum of Korea
555:China–North Korea border
2352:South Vietnam (1945–46)
2222:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
2150:Second Opium War (1860)
2143:North Vietnam (1886–96)
2128:North Vietnam (1873–74)
1931:East Indies (1793–1801)
1866:North America (1778–83)
1734:North America (1627–29)
1724:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
1521:Paris: Harmattan, 2005.
1510:Roux, Pierre-Emmanuel.
1309:Le Spectateur militaire
1064:Medzini, Meron (1971).
991:Ganghwa Island incident
563:Siméon-François Berneux
2417:Christianity in Joseon
2287:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
2252:Cameroon War (1955–64)
2247:Algerian War (1954–62)
2165:Leewards War (1888–97)
1963:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
1841:Dummer's War (1721–25)
1744:Carib Expulsion (1660)
1517:Thiébaud, Jean-Marie.
1459:North Dakota Quarterly
1178:Pierre-Emmanuel Roux,
1002:French people in Korea
958:Imperial Japanese Navy
905:
861:
771:
729:
643:
612:
581:
551:including Christianity
538:through the island of
519:
452:
137:Commanders and leaders
2442:Wars involving Joseon
2437:Wars involving France
2267:Bizerte crisis (1961)
2098:Philippines (1844–45)
2048:West Indies (1804–10)
2003:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
1926:East Indies (1778–83)
1856:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
1846:Natchez revolt (1729)
1806:West Africa (1758–63)
1739:West Indies (1635–59)
1612:South Carolina (1562)
1514:Paris: Le Cerf, 2012.
1482:(Summer 2000): 38–47.
1298:, 30 (Fall 1976), 56.
922:and French president
903:
859:
808:) and two corvettes (
761:
723:
638:
630:Vietnam by the French
607:
571:
513:
239:Casualties and losses
2452:November 1866 events
1759:Santo Domingo (1691)
1436:on 21 February 2007.
1418:on 21 February 2007.
1327:10 June 2007 at the
1227:10 June 2007 at the
650:, as well as Bishop
471:Second French Empire
415:Revised Romanization
131:Second French Empire
2447:October 1866 events
2212:Zaian War (1914–21)
2197:Wadai War (1906–11)
1973:Algeria (1835–1903)
1921:Vietnam (1777–1820)
1871:Caribbean (1778–83)
865:Korean government:
770:harbor around 1865.
762:The French frigate
710:Pierre-Gustave Roze
683:punitive expedition
679:Pierre-Gustave Roze
595:Heungseon Daewongun
516:Heungseon Daewongun
467:punitive expedition
185:Pierre-Gustave Roze
146:Heungseon Daewongun
2412:Invasions of Korea
2262:Ifni War (1957–58)
2257:Suez Crisis (1956)
1450:Choe, Chin Young.
945:SS General Sherman
906:
862:
772:
730:
660:Pierre-Henri Dorie
644:
620:defeat during the
613:
609:Pierre Henri Dorié
582:
520:
469:undertaken by the
335:Gapsin Coup (1884)
2422:Conflicts in 1866
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2365:
2364:
2332:Vietnam (1930–31)
2317:Cilicia (1920–21)
2307:Vietnam (1918–21)
2302:Vietnam (1917–18)
2275:
2274:
2227:Rif War (1920–26)
2207:Morocco (1911–12)
2202:Casablanca (1907)
2178:
2177:
2076:
2075:
2036:
2035:
1998:Madagascar (1883)
1968:Algeria (1830–47)
1944:
1943:
1889:
1888:
1819:
1818:
1787:
1786:
1767:
1766:
1712:
1711:
1684:Senegal (1659–77)
1660:
1659:
1630:
1629:
1617:Florida (1562–65)
1464:Dallet, Charles.
1268:978-2-7475-8640-5
1111:978-1-317-81149-7
1077:978-0-674-32230-1
966:Treaty of Ganghwa
964:, leading to the
884:in the harbor of
796:), two gunboats (
694:chargé d'affaires
664:Pope John Paul II
640:Rear Admiral Roze
626:Taiping Rebellion
487:Treaty of Ganghwa
441:
440:
429:McCune–Reischauer
358:
357:
324:Battle of Ganghwa
263:
262:
252:
247:
246:(3 at Munsu Fort)
99:
98:
2464:
2367:
2366:
2347:Indochina (1945)
2277:
2276:
2187:
2186:
2078:
2077:
2058:Mexico (1838–39)
2038:
2037:
1953:
1952:
1891:
1890:
1821:
1820:
1796:
1795:
1769:
1768:
1729:Brazil (1612–15)
1714:
1713:
1689:Djidjelli (1664)
1669:
1668:
1652:Brazil (1590–04)
1647:Brazil (1555–67)
1632:
1631:
1602:
1601:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1555:Martyrs of Korea
1475:23 (1999): 1–23.
1438:
1437:
1432:. Archived from
1426:
1420:
1419:
1414:. Archived from
1408:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1252:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1061:
1044:
1041:sexagenary cycle
1038:
1027:
1018:
622:Second Opium War
495:Byeong-in yangyo
464:
463:
437:
423:
421:Byeong-in yangyo
408:
407:
381:
380:
361:
360:
297:
289:
282:
275:
266:
265:
250:
245:
234:2 dispatch boats
209:
201:
193:
183:
129:
127:
126:
116:
114:
113:
68:Korean Peninsula
45:
44:
37:
21:
20:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2361:
2322:Syria (1925–27)
2312:Syria (1919–21)
2271:
2174:
2155:Japan (1863–64)
2088:Moluccas (1810)
2072:
2032:
1940:
1916:India (1756–63)
1911:India (1749–54)
1906:India (1746–48)
1885:
1815:
1783:
1763:
1749:Texas (1685–89)
1708:
1656:
1626:
1593:
1588:
1541:
1496:Kim, Youngkoo.
1487:P'yǒngin yangyo
1447:
1445:Further reading
1442:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1329:Wayback Machine
1319:
1315:
1311:(1883), p. 265.
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1253:
1234:
1229:Wayback Machine
1219:
1215:
1211:Kane (1999), 2.
1210:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1032:
1024:Byeongin-yangyo
1019:
1015:
1010:
979:General Sherman
974:
962:Kuroda Kiyotaka
940:
924:Nicolas Sarkozy
898:
822:Naval Fusiliers
756:
718:
652:Antoine Daveluy
508:
435:Pyŏng'in yangyo
409:
382:
359:
354:
310:incident (1866)
308:General Sherman
298:
295:
293:
258:
253:
251:(at Munsu Fort)
248:
233:
231:
229:
227:
213:
173:
124:
122:
111:
109:
84:
70:
52:
38:
27:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Vietnam (1940)
2334:
2329:
2327:Vietnam (1930)
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Vietnam (1916)
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2113:Tourane (1856)
2110:
2105:
2103:Tourane (1847)
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Tunisia (1881)
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:Morocco (1844)
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1811:Morocco (1765)
1808:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1779:Siam (1687–90)
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1704:Algiers (1688)
1701:
1699:Algiers (1683)
1696:
1694:Algiers (1682)
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Morocco (1629)
1675:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1622:Florida (1568)
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1539:External links
1537:
1536:
1535:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1505:Revue de Corée
1501:
1494:
1483:
1476:
1473:Korean Studies
1469:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1403:
1392:
1381:
1356:
1332:
1313:
1300:
1296:Revue du Corée
1287:
1274:
1267:
1232:
1213:
1204:
1193:
1184:
1171:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1110:
1090:
1076:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
983:
973:
970:
939:
936:
897:
894:
871:
870:
755:
752:
717:
714:
656:Louis Beaulieu
648:Siméon Berneux
507:
504:
479:Ganghwa Island
465:) was an 1866
439:
438:
431:
425:
424:
417:
411:
410:
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384:
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374:
368:
367:
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165:Han Seong-geun
163:
160:
157:
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142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
120:
118:Joseon dynasty
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
91:
86:
80:
79:
78:Joseon victory
76:
72:
71:
64:Ganghwa Island
62:Predominantly
61:
59:
55:
54:
49:
41:
40:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2469:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:1866 in Korea
2400:
2399:
2397:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Brazil (1531)
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:South America
1633:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:North America
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1182:, p. 231-275.
1181:
1175:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
980:
976:
975:
969:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
946:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Lee Myung-bak
917:
913:
912:
902:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
868:
867:
866:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
838:
836:
830:
828:
827:royal library
823:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
779:
778:
769:
765:
760:
751:
749:
743:
740:
736:
727:
722:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
617:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
587:
579:
575:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
512:
503:
501:
497:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
416:
412:
406:
403:
400:
397:
391:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
366:
362:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:
301:
290:
285:
283:
278:
276:
271:
270:
267:
256:
243:
242:
237:
225:
222:
221:
216:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
177:
175:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
132:
121:
119:
108:
107:
102:
92:
89:
88:
87:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
56:
50:
47:
46:
42:
36:
31:
22:
19:
2183:20th century
2160:Korea (1866)
1949:19th century
1792:18th century
1665:17th century
1598:16th century
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1434:the original
1424:
1416:the original
1406:
1395:
1384:
1369:
1359:
1344:
1335:
1316:
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748:Napoleon III
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702:Quai d'Orsay
691:
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672:
645:
618:
614:
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583:
544:
532:Qing dynasty
528:isolationism
521:
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494:
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475:Joseon Korea
444:
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364:
314:
307:
194:Cap. Olivier
156:Yi Gyeong-ha
150:Yang Heon-su
104:Belligerents
18:
2093:Java (1811)
1983:Salé (1851)
1033: [
835:Eo Jae-yeon
586:King Gojong
514:The regent
459::
365:Korean name
230:2 corvettes
210:Lt. Thouars
202:Com. Bochet
169:Eo Jae-yeon
153:Yi Yong-hui
83:Territorial
2396:Categories
1117:15 January
1051:References
817:Primauguet
799:Le Brethon
668:Jeoldu-san
506:Background
259:35 wounded
249:2 wounded
232:2 gunboats
1043:calendar.
793:Déroulède
787:Kien–Chan
777:Guerrière
764:Guerrière
739:Han River
726:Guerrière
658:, Father
591:Yi Ha-ung
500:byeong-in
254:2 missing
244:5 killed
228:1 frigate
162:Shin Heon
26:병인양요/丙寅洋擾
2041:Americas
1824:Americas
1717:Americas
1376:Archived
1351:Archived
1325:Archived
1225:Archived
1164:8 August
1083:22 April
1030:Byeongin
981:incident
972:See also
886:Yokohama
768:Nagasaki
540:Tsushima
473:against
257:3 killed
218:Strength
159:Yi Gi-jo
58:Location
2370:Pacific
1371:Reuters
1346:Reuters
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811:Laplace
780:), two
698:Beijing
576:of the
574:Berneux
572:Bishop
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1799:Africa
1672:Africa
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938:Legacy
805:Tardif
782:avisos
675:Yantai
524:Joseon
457:Korean
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372:Hangul
223:10,000
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75:Result
1532:JSTOR
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1008:Notes
911:Uigwe
878:Japan
842:Seoul
735:Seoul
536:Japan
483:Japan
388:Hanja
2280:Asia
1894:Asia
1772:Asia
1263:ISBN
1166:2023
1119:2020
1106:ISBN
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1072:ISBN
814:and
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790:and
547:Qing
462:병인양요
443:The
379:병인양요
48:Date
696:in
226:600
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