French Resistance - Knowledge

6664: 2611:(formerly a derogatory term in French, nowadays the standard name for Jewish people) who were the "foreign" and "unassimilated" Jews who were widely seen as criminals from abroad living in slums in the inner cities of France. All through the 1930s, the number of illegal Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe was vastly exaggerated. The French public was persuaded that the majority of Jews living in France were illegal immigrants causing social problems. When the first anti-Semitic laws were introduced in 1940: "There was no sign of public opposition to what was happening, or even widespread unease at the direction in which events were heading ... Many people, perhaps even most people, were indifferent. In the autumn of 1940 they had other things to think about; later they could find little room for fellow-feeling or concern for the public good in their own struggle to survive. What happened to the Jews was a secondary matter; it was beyond their immediate affairs, it belonged to that realm of the 'political' which they could no longer control or even bring themselves to follow with much interest". 8141: 5753: 3547:, with so many men called up for service with the Wehrmacht and the Nazi régime reluctant to have German women work in factories (Hitler believed working damaged a woman's womb), the German state brought foreign workers to Germany to replace the men serving in the Wehrmacht. At the Dora works near the Buchenwald concentration camp, about 10,000 slave workers, mostly French and Russian, built V2 rockets in a vast subterranean factory; they lived in quarters meant to house only 2,500, were allowed to sleep only four and half hours every night, and were regularly brutalised by the guards. The chief pleasure of the slaves was urinating on the machinery when the guards were not looking. The underground press gave much coverage to the conditions at the Dora works, pointing out those Frenchmen who went to work in Germany were not paid the generous wages promised by the 5514: 315: 297: 6833: 5525: 157: 5823: 59: 8543: 6845: 3005:

many innocent people in reprisal for killing only one German that it was not worth it, while others contended that to cease assassinations would prove that the Germans could brutally push the French around in their own country. General de Gaulle went on the BBC's French language service on 23 October to ask that PCF to call in their assassins, saying that killing one German would not change the outcome of the war and that too many innocent people were being shot by Germans in reprisals. As the PCF did not recognize de Gaulle's authority, the Communist assassins continued their work under the slogan "an eye for an eye", and so the Germans continued to execute between 50 and 100 French hostages for every one of their number assassinated.

3356:, had begun the occupation discouraged and isolated, cut off and forced to become "absent from the places they lived in. Now, as the threat of absence become brutally literal, their choices were more sharply defined, more urgent even than for other people in France." As an example of the "differing fates" open to French Jews from 1942 onward, Ousby used the three-part dedication to the memoir Jacques Adler wrote in 1985: the first part dedicated to his father, who was killed at Auschwitz in 1942; the second to the French family who sheltered his mother and sister, who survived the Occupation; and the third to the members of the Jewish resistance group Adler joined later in 1942. 8001: 2115: 5488:, who become the leader of the Resistance in Bordeaux after André Grandclément, the previous leader had been exposed as a Gestapo informer, was taking part in the celebrations of the liberation of Bordeaux when General de Gaulle motioned to him to come aside for a chat. De Gaulle told Landes, who was wearing the uniform of a British Army officer that he was not welcome in France and had two hours to leave the city and two days to leave France. The Francophile Landes who had been born in Britain, but grew up in France was profoundly hurt by this request, and sadly left the nation he loved so much. De Gaulle had wanted a resistance to give proof of 8180:("legal purge") began following a June 1944 decree that established a three-tier system of judicial courts: a High Court of Justice which dealt with Vichy ministers and officials; Courts of Justice for other serious cases of alleged collaboration; and regular Civic Courts for lesser cases of alleged collaboration. Over 700 collaborators were executed following proper legal trials. This initial phase of the purge trials ended with a series of amnesty laws passed between 1951 and 1953 which reduced the number of imprisoned collaborators from 40,000 to 62, and was followed by a period of official "repression" that lasted between 1954 and 1971. 7299: 2576: 3198:, when asked about why she had taken up arms against the Reich, replied: "Quite simply, colonel, because the men had dropped them." In 1942, the Royal Air Force (RAF) attempted to bomb the Schneider-Creusot works at Lyon, which was one of France's largest arms factories. The RAF missed the factory and instead killed around 1,000 French civilians. Two Frenchmen serving in the SOE, Raymond Basset (codename Mary) and André Jarrot (codename Goujean), were parachuted in and were able to repeatedly sabotage the local power grid to sharply lower production at the Schneider-Creusot works. Frenay, who had emerged as a leading 2826:("horizontal collaboration"), the euphemistic term for sexual relationships between German men and Frenchwomen. The devaluation of the franc and the German policy of requisitioning food created years of hardship for the French, so taking a German lover was a rational choice for many Frenchwomen. "Horizontal collaboration" was widespread, with 85,000 illegitimate children fathered by Germans born by October 1943. While this number isn't particularly high for the circumstances, many young Frenchmen disliked the fact that some Frenchwomen seemed to find German men more attractive than them and wanted to strike back. 8102:...what cut the ice with us was the fact that when we came to France the Resistance was so effective that it took half a dozen real live German divisions to contend with it, divisions which might otherwise have been on our backs in the Bocage. And it made the most cynical sit up and take notice when we learned from German field officers that the Germans in central France were truly terrified, had to live under arms, could not move freely, had lost all control in sizable sectors even before we came ... It was a military fact that the French were worth at least a score of divisions to us, maybe more. 8017: 8559: 285: 273: 261: 249: 219: 4295: 138: 397: 385: 373: 361: 349: 337: 180: 7901: 5583: 7764: 2740:

of being a witness to an incident that was in itself only very trivial, brought home to many of the French the precise nature of the "New Order in Europe". All over Paris, posters warning that all who challenged the might of the Reich would be shot like Bonsergent were torn down or vandalized, despite the warnings from General von Stülpnagel that damaging the posters was an act of sabotage that would be punished by the death penalty; so many posters were torn down and/or vandalized that Stülpnagal had to post policemen to guard them. Writer

8162:, notably including members and leaders of the pro-Nazi milices. In one case, as many as 77 milices members were summarily executed at once. An inquest into the issue of summary executions launched by Jules Moch, the Minister of the Interior, came to the conclusion that there were 9,673 summary executions. A second inquest in 1952 separated out 8,867 executions of suspected collaborators and 1,955 summary executions for which the motive of killing was not known, giving a total of 10,822 executions. Head-shaving as a form of humiliation and 5834: 14411: 13229: 2192: 21222: 16436: 6958:, a fact-gathering network specializing in military intelligence and police activities. Its importance increased throughout the second half of 1943 and into the spring of 1944. It eventually became the largest BCRA network in the Vichy zone, employing about 2,500 sources, contacts, couriers and analysts. Gallia's work did not stop after the 1944 landings in Normandy and Provence; it provided information to the Allies that allowed for the bombing of the retreating German armies' military targets. 206: 2685:

the Germans themselves, surprised at how ready the French were to betray each other". In occupied France, one had to carry at all times a huge cache of documents such as an ID card, a ration card, tobacco voucher (regardless if one was a smoker or not), travel permits, work permits, and so on. For these reasons, forgery became a key skill for the resistance as the Germans regularly required the French to produce their papers, and anyone whose papers seemed suspicious would be arrested.

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occupation from 1940 to 1944 had been a "nation in arms" with the Resistance representing almost the entirety of the French people had been waging a guerrilla struggle from the beginning of the occupation right to its end. His concern was then to rebuild France not only on the material and international level, but also morally, pushing him to put forward the actions of the Resistance to re-establish national unity and pride, which the war had damaged. On 17 September 1944, in

8506: 3020:. After identifying the three largest resistance groups in the south of France that he wanted to see co-operate, Moulin went to Britain to seek support. Moulin made a secret trip, visiting Lisbon on 12 September 1941, from whence he traveled to London to meet General de Gaulle on 25 October 1941. De Gaulle named Moulin his representative in France, and ordered him to return and unify all Resistance groups and have them recognize the authority of de Gaulle's Free 1923: 732: 696: 3332:

antisemitism, and organized efforts to hide Jews. The official story was that the Jews were being "resettled in the East", being moved to a "Jewish homeland" somewhere in Eastern Europe. As the year continued, the fact that no one knew precisely where this Jewish homeland was, together with the fact that those sent to be "resettled" were never heard from again, led more and more people to suspect that rumors of the Jews being exterminated were true.

7026:(Companies of Foreign Workers) or CTE, began to pursue them for slave labor. The CTE was initially seen as a welcome break from the monotony of the camps by many. Lluís Montagut, a member of the C.T.E, described how "we (the Spanish Republican internees) held so much desire to not to see the camps that we accepted (the positions offered by the C.T.E) without the slightest objection...we went out of the way to lose the shameful tag of undesirables". 2692:, which together with German policies of food requisition both to support their own army and the German home front, "France was slowly being bled dry by the outflow not just of meat and drink, fuel and leather, but of wax, frying pans, playing cards, axe handles, perfume and a host of other goods as well. Parisians, at least, had got the point as early as December 1940. When Hitler shipped back the Duc de Reichstadt's remains for a solemn burial in 8124: 6791: 5989: 2216:. For example, the Soviet resistance in August 1941 led to thousands of hostages taken from the population. A typical policy statement read, "After each further incident, a number, reflecting the seriousness of the crime, shall be shot." During the occupation, an estimated 30,000 French civilian hostages were shot to intimidate others who were involved in acts of resistance. German troops occasionally engaged in massacres such as the 8236:(The Party of Those Shot), in recognition of the thousands of communists executed for their Resistance activities. The number of communists killed was in reality considerably less than the Party's figure of 75,000. It is now estimated that close to 30,000 Frenchmen of all political movements combined were shot, of whom only a few thousand were communists. Others were deported, though, many of which died in concentration camps. 6590: 8751: 2275: 4946:

clothes, and many still the wooden clogs, of peasants. Some lucky ones had scraps of uniforms and British battledress, but predominantly their clothes consisted of drab colored shirts, blue overall trousers and German field boots, whose owners no doubt had ceased to require them for obvious reasons. They wore neither brassards nor regular uniform of any kind. The only distinguishable difference between the men of the

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broadcast, Peugeot agreed to co-operate. Peugeot gave Rée the plans for the factory and suggested the best places to sabotage his factory without injuring anyone by selectively placing plastic explosives. The Peugeot works were largely knocked out in a bombing organised by Rée on 5 November 1943 and output never recovered. The Michelin family were approached with the same offer and declined. The RAF bombed the

6403: 7670: 7486: 4937:(SAS) regiment. The SAS commandos had jeeps armored with machine guns that they used to travel across French countryside and ambush German convoys. One SAS group, operating in Brittany, had an artillery gun flown in, which they used to destroy German tanks, much to the surprise of the Germans who were not expecting this much firepower to be used in ambushes. A SAS officer, Ian Wellsted, described the 5073:. One Wehrmacht division transferred from the Eastern Front to the Western Front took a week to move from the Soviet Union to the borders of France and another three weeks to move from the French border to the Battle of Caen as Resistance attacks slowed down its movement. An estimate by SHAEF stated the Germans were moving at only 25% of their normal daily speed due to the constant attacks of the 16687: 4280:-Committee for Military Action), which in turn took its orders from the CNR. The Communists agreed to unity largely in the belief that they would obtain more supplies from Britain, and in practice the FTP continued to work independently. The SOE provided training for the Resistance; however, as the SOE agent Roger Miller noted after visiting a resistance workshop making bombs in late 1943: 3521:, was a mixture of fascists, gangsters, and adventurers with a "sprinkling of the respectable bourgeoisie and even the disaffected aristocracy" committed to fight to the death against the "Jews, Communists, Freemasons and Gaullists"; the oath of those who joined required to them to commit to work for the destruction in France of the "Jewish leprosy", the Gaullists and the Communists. The 4773:

1944, Eisenhower changed his plans and instead wanted a nationwide guerilla war launched in all of the regions of France with the start of Overlord. The SOE had informed the Resistance leaders to listen to the BBC's "personal messages" French language broadcasts on the 1st, 2nd, 15th and 16th of every month for the messages telling them when Overlord was due to start. If the phrase "

3611:"terrorists", "bandits" and "criminals". One of every two French people called to serve in the STO failed to do so. Sauckel had been ordered by Hitler in February 1943 to produce half a million workers from France for German industry by March, and it was he who had pressured Laval to create the STO with the law of 16 February 1943. Sauckel had joined the NSDAP in 1923, making him an 7843: 2139: 4925:. In June 1944, the Resistance destroyed French railroads at 486 points and by 7 June 1944, the day after D-Day, the Wehrmacht complained that due to sabotage that the main railroad lines between Avranches and St. Lô, between Cherbourg and St. Lô and between Caen and St. Lô were now out of action. As the Wehrmacht was forced to use the roads instead of railroads, 3299:

noted about the watching bystanders: "Their expressions were empty, apparently indifferent." When taken with the other Jews to the Place Voltaire, one woman was heard to shout "Well done! Well done!" while the man standing to her warned her "After them, it'll be us. Poor people!". Rado survived Auschwitz, but her four children were killed in the gas chambers.

6445:. As a result of the fate promised them by Vichy and the Germans, Jews were over-represented at all levels of the French Resistance. Studies show that although Jews in France constituted only one percent of the French population, they comprised ≈15–20 percent of the Resistance. Among these were many Jewish émigrés, such as Hungarian artists and writers. 2696:, people said they would have preferred coal rather than ashes." People could not legally buy items without a ration book with the population being divided into categories A, B, C, E, J, T and V; among the products rationed included meat, milk, butter, cheese, bread, sugar, eggs, oil, coffee, fish, wine, soap, tobacco, salt, potatoes and clothing. The 13034: 5919:(FTP), a radical armed movement, ensured that French communists regained their reputation as an effective anti-fascist force. The FTP was open to non-communists but operated under communist control, with its members predominantly engaged in acts of sabotage and guerrilla warfare. By 1944, the FTP had an estimated strength of 100,000 men. 5379:(codename Colonel Rol), the FTP chief in Paris wanted to start a revolt, being deterred only by the fact that the Resistance in Paris had about 15,000 men, but only 600 guns, mostly rifles and machine guns. On 19 August 1944, the Paris police, until then still loyal to Vichy, went over to the Resistance as a group of policemen hosted the 2599:" trustees who engaged in blatant corruption. Jews were banned from cinemas, music halls, fairs, museums, libraries, public parks, cafes, theatres, concerts, restaurants, swimming pools and markets. Jews could not move without informing the police first, own radios or bicycles, were denied phone service, could not use phone booths marked 4118:, resistance activities started to become more coordinated. In June 1943, a sabotage campaign began against the French rail system. Between June 1943 – May 1944, the Resistance damaged 1,822 trains, destroyed 200 passenger cars, damaged about 1,500 passenger cars, destroyed about 2,500 freight cars and damaged about 8,000 freight cars. 2745:

Bonsergent's execution had been turned into shrines, being in Bruller's words "surrounded by flowers, like on so many tombs. Little flowers of every kind, mounted on pins, had been struck on the posters during the night—real flowers and artificial ones, paper pansies, celluloid roses, small French and British flags". The writer

2092:(FFI) with around 100,000 fighters in June 1944. By October 1944, the FFI had grown to 400,000 members. Although the amalgamation of the FFI was sometimes fraught with political difficulties, it was ultimately successful and allowed France to rebuild the fourth-largest army in the European theatre (1.2 million men) by 3224:

long. To maintain secrecy, radio operators encrypted their messages using polyalphabetic ciphers. Finally, radio operators had a security key to begin their messages with; if captured and forced to radio Britain under duress, the radio operator would not use the key, which tipped London off that they had been captured.

6951:(Unified Movements of the Resistance, MUR) was a French Resistance organisation resulting from the regrouping of three major Resistance movements ("Combat", "Franc-Tireur" and "Libération-Sud") in January 1943. Later that year, the BCRA and the United Movements of Resistance merged their intelligence networks. 7311:

operatives. Most French men and women put their faith in the Vichy government and its figurehead, Marshal Pétain, who continued to be widely regarded as the "savior" of France, opinions which persisted until their unpopular policies, and their collaboration with the foreign occupiers, became broadly apparent.

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from the side of his neck ... We had anticipated an infantry assault-possibly backed up with light armour, but snipers, a threat we had not met before, were difficult to counter. Within minutes of the first casualty, another seven of our men lay dying within the farm complex: all had been shot from long range.

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food shortages and malnutrition, particularly among children, the elderly, and members of the working class engaged in physical labour. Labour shortages also plagued the French economy because hundreds of thousands of French workers were requisitioned and transferred to Germany for compulsory labour under the

6678:, the cultural changes that followed the First World War allowed differences in the treatment of men and women in France to narrow gradually, with some women assuming political responsibilities as early as the 1930s. The defeat of France in 1940 and the appointment of the Vichy régime's conservative leader, 8487:. Though classified as a work of fiction, the book is based on the real-life memories of Suzanne David Hall. Training to become an opera singer, Suzanne was traveling for rehearsals, costume fittings, and lessons when she was recruited by an organizer of the French Resistance and became a secret courier. 7809:

Train-derailment strategies varied considerably in their effectiveness. The Germans managed to repair the tracks quickly in agricultural areas with level ground, since the salvage of some matériel was a relatively easy proposition in such terrain. But unbolting a connector plate on an outside rail in

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Towards the end of the occupation the PCF reached the height of its influence, controlling large areas of France through the Resistance units under its command. Some in the PCF wanted to launch a revolution as the Germans withdrew from the country, but the leadership, acting on Stalin's instructions,

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observed that the Resistance had been composed of social outcasts or those on the fringes of society, saying "one could be a resister only if one was maladjusted". Although many, including d'Astier himself, did fit this description, most members of the Resistance came from traditional backgrounds and

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whose true loyalty was to her German lover, Gestapo officer Harry Stengritt. Hardy was arrested on 7 June 1943 when he walked into a trap laid by Bastien. After his arrest, Hardy was turned by the Gestapo as Bastien tearfully told him that she and her parents would all be sent to a concentration camp

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which had been a little-known word borrowed from the Corsican dialect of Italian at the beginning of 1943, became known all over France. It was only in 1943 that guerilla warfare emerged in France as opposed to the more sporadic attacks against the Germans that had continued since the summer of 1941,

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and wore a uniform of khaki shirts, black berets, black ties, blue trousers and blue jackets. Their symbol was the white gamma, the zodiacal sign of the Ram, symbolising renewal and power. The Germans did not want any of the French to be armed, even collaborators, and initially refused to provide the

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as France's leader. For a time in 1942–1943, there were two rival leaders of the Free French movement in exile: General Giraud, backed by the United States, and General de Gaulle, backed by Great Britain. For these reasons, the ORA had bad relations with the Gaullist resistance while being favored by

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Since you are taking care of the Jews, and if your campaign is not just a vain word, then have a look at the kind of life led by the girl M.A, formerly a dancer, now living at 41 Boulevard de Strasbourg, not wearing a star. This creature, for whom being Jewish is not enough, debauches the husbands of

6237:. These efforts continued until La Cagoule could be infiltrated and dismantled in 1937. Thousands not only welcomed the Vichy régime, but collaborated with it to one degree or another. But the powerful appeal of French nationalism drove others to engage in resistance against occupying German forces. 5792:

staged an uprising in the city, De Gaulle, upon receiving intelligence that the French Resistance had openly risen up against the German occupiers, and unwilling to allow his countrymen to be slaughtered against the entrenched and better-armed Germans, as had happened to the Polish Resistance in the

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In the aftermath of the Liberation, the SOE agents were all ordered out of France as the Anglophobic de Gaulle wished to maintain a version of history where the SOE never existed and the Resistance was entirely a French affair. De Gaulle also promoted a version of history where France for the entire

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for short, as all these people had conveniently only discovered their French patriotism in September 1944. In the middle of 1944, Chaban-Delmas had reported to de Gaulle that the FFI numbered 15,000 in Paris, but the time of the liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944, between 50,000 and 60,000 people

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On 21 August 1944, Koenig was given command of all the BCRA agents, the SOE's F section and RF section agents and the Jedburgh teams, which reflected the political need to put all of the resistance under French control. By the end of August 1944, the SOE had a total of 53 radio stations operating in

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Aged twenty-nine, married three months ago. Made to saw wood in the hot sun wearing a pullover and jacket. Made to drink warm salted water. Ears cut off. Covered with blows from fists and bayonets. Stoned. Made to dig his gave. Made to lie in it. Finished off with a blow in the stomach from a spade.

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In those places the only thing one could try to keep was a certain dignity. There was nothing else. And one could have a little dignity and try to prove that one had a little spirit and, I suppose, that kept one going. When everything else was too difficult, too bad, then one was inspired by so many

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and instead were turned into slaves, all of which the underground papers used as reasons for why the French should not go to work in Germany. Under the law of 16 February 1943, all able-bodied Frenchmen aged 20–22 who were not miners, farmers or university students had to report to the STO to do two

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at all times by 7 June 1942. Ousby described the purpose of the yellow star "not just to identify but also to humiliate, and it worked". On 14 June 1942, a 12-year-old Jewish boy committed suicide in Paris as his classmates were shunning the boy with the yellow star. As a form of quiet protest, many

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On the night of 2 January 1942, Moulin parachuted into France from a British plane with orders from de Gaulle to unify the Resistance and to have all of the resistance accept his authority. On 27 March 1942, the first French Jews were rounded up by the French authorities, sent to the camp at Drancy,

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was the first female SOE agent arriving in August 1941). The SOE preferred to recruit French citizens living in Britain or who had fled to the United Kingdom, as they were able to blend in more effectively; British SOE agents were people who had lived in France for a long time and could speak French

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On 5 December 1940, Bonsergent was convicted by a German military court of insulting the Wehrmacht. He insisted on taking full responsibility, saying he wanted to show the French what sort of people the Germans were, and he was shot on 23 December 1940. The execution of Bonsergent, a man guilty only

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stated that when he saw German soldiers in Paris in the summer of 1940, he knew he had to do something because of the look of contempt he saw on the faces of the Germans when viewing the French. In the beginning, resistance was limited to severing phone lines, vandalizing posters and slashing tyres

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Ousby wrote that by the end of summer of 1940 " the alien presence, increasingly hated and feared in private, could seem so permanent that, in the public places where daily life went on, it was taken for granted". At the same time, buildings were renamed, books banned, art was stolen and transferred

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General Eisenhower also estimated the value of the Resistance to have been equal to ten to fifteen divisions at the time of the landings. (One infantry division comprised about ten thousand soldiers.) Eisenhower's statements are all the more credible since he based them on his GHQ's formal analyses

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were still in German hands when the war ended on 8 May 1945. Ousby observed: "There was no national day for Liberation. Each town and village still celebrates a different day, the gaps between them marking advances that often looked bogged down, pockets of German defense that often turned out to be

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and police stations, an open challenge to German power, and a sign that the French civil service was shifting its loyalty. Emboldened, Tanguy and his men started to attack German forces on the Boulevard Saint-Michel and Boulevard Saint-Germain, leading to a mass insurrection as Parisians started to

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on the Vercors plateau. However, the weapons the American dropped were all light weapons and Chavant sent a radio message to Algiers on the night of 21 July 1944 asking for heavy weapons to be air-dropped, called the leaders in Algiers criminals and cowards for not arranging more support, and ended

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The majority of the younger men had never been in battle, and seeing their friends' brains and guts oozing on to the grass and mud made them sick in the head and stomach. Just as terrifying to the young Frenchmen was the sight of those who were wounded and who yet had to die without help. I was not

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and their Anglo-American allies would cut down a tree to block a road in the wooded section of the French countryside, sometimes an anti-tank mine would be planted under the tree trunk and the Germans would be ambushed with machine gun and sniper fire when they attempted to remove the tree blocking

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anti-tank rocket launcher. In general, American weaponry was preferred to British weaponry, but the British-built Bren gun emerged as one of the favorite weapons of the resistance. Reflecting the importance of weapons, organizing supply drops was the main concern for the Resistance in the spring of

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Sindermans was arrested in Paris on 24 February 1944 after she was found to be carrying forged papers. As she recalled: "Immediately, they handcuffed me and took me to be interrogated. Getting no reply, they slapped in the face with such force that I fell from the chair. Then they whipped me with a

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captured faced the prospect of torture and/or execution as the Germans maintained that the Hague and Geneva conventions did not apply to the Resistance. By designating the Resistance as part of the French armed forces was intended to provide the Resistance with legal protection and allow the French

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led by Henri Romans-Petit arrived to celebrate the 25th anniversary of France's victory over Germany in 1918, wearing improvised uniforms. There were no Germans in Oyonnax that day and the gendarmes made no effort to oppose the Resistance, who marched through the streets to lay a wreath shaped like

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to fight live badly, in precarious fashion, with food hard to find. They will be absolutely cut off from their families for the duration; the enemy does not apply the rules of war to them; they cannot be assured any pay; every effort will be made to help their families, but it is impossible to give

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As the occupation went on, service with the STO was widened, with farmers and university students losing their exempt status until 1944, when all fit men aged 18–60 and women aged 18–45 were being called up for service with the STO. Men over 45 and women serving in the STO were guaranteed not to go

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of Bordeaux had 50 French hostages shot in that city in retaliation for Reimers's assassination. The executions in Nantes and Bordeaux started a debate about the morality of assassination that lasted until the end of the occupation; some French argued that since the Germans were willing to shoot so

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for V as in victory), followed by cryptic messages, which were codes for the "personal messages" to the resistance. By June 1941, the SOE had two radio stations operating in France. The SOE provided weapons, bombs, false papers, money and radios to the resistance, and the SOE agents were trained in

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of the Reichsmark versus the franc had been established as one mark to twenty francs. Due to the overvaluation of German currency, the occupiers were able to make seemingly fair and honest requisitions and purchases while operating a system of organized plunder. Prices soared, leading to widespread

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Many of the networks recruited and controlled by the British and Americans were not perceived by the French as particularly interested in establishing a united or integrated Resistance operation, and the guerrilla groups controlled by the communists were only slightly more attracted by the idea of

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Many Spanish escapees joined French Resistance groups; others formed their own autonomous groups which became known as the Spanish maquis. In April 1942, Spanish communists formed an organisation called the XIV Corps, an armed guerrilla movement of about 3,400 combatants by June 1944. Although the

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Mothers of France, our native land, yours is the most difficult task but also the most gratifying. You are, even before the state, the true educators. You alone know how to inspire in all the inclination for work, the sense of discipline, the modesty, the respect, that give men character and make

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The French Resistance involved men and women representing a broad range of ages, social classes, occupations, religions and political affiliations. In 1942, one resistance leader claimed that the movement received support from four groups: the "lower middle" and "middle middle" classes, university

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whom they now recognize. It is understandable that they should now want to beat them up". At the time, many feared that France was on the verge of civil war as it was felt that the FTP might attempt to seize power, but owing to the shortage of arms and loyalty to Moscow which recognized General de

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by sleeping with the Germans were singled out and had their heads publicly shaven as a mark of their disgrace, which meant that a good percentage of the young women in France were shaven bald in 1944. The attacks on the young women who had German lovers had the "atmosphere of a savage carnival" as

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against the Americans. As the Resistance had severed the telephone lines, the orders for Lüttich were transmitted via the radio in a code that had been broken by the Government Code and Cypher School, leading to Ultra intelligence that gave the Americans advanced notice and time to prepare for the

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Now every weapon that the enemy possessed was brought to bear on our front line in a cacophony of shots and explosions which could not drown an even more sinister noise: the occasional crack of a single bullet. A man within feet of me slumped to the ground with blood spurting two feet into the air

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like those attempted on the Glières plateau or at Mont Mouchet, instead ordering: "Keep guerilla activity below its maximum level... Do not mass together... Form small separate groups". A statement issued by de Gaulle declared the FFI was part of the French Army and resistance leaders were now all

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was a very strong character who went under the name of Commissar Georges. He actually held indoctrination classes as well as his military operations and exercised a degree of almost forced recruitment among the young people of the area, threatening their families. But once he got them on board, he

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guerillas. A Jedburgh team was a three men crew consisting of a commander, his deputy and a radio operator. One of the "Jeds" was always French with the other two being either British or American whose job was to maintain radio contact with Britain, to provide professional military training to the

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were caught up in ever-escalating cycle of violence with Ousby commenting: "1944 had simply become the time for settling scores, any scores, for revenging grudges, any grudges. Agreed on this common imperative, the sides in the conflict blur and become almost indistinguishable from each other. The

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Ousby argued that, given the widespread belief that the Jews in France were mostly illegal immigrants from Eastern Europe who ought to be sent back to where they came from, it was remarkable that so many ordinary people were prepared to attempt to save them. Perhaps the most remarkable example was

3244:

She came humbly up and stood hesitating on the edge of the pavement. Jews were not allowed to stand in queues. What they were supposed to do I never discovered. But the moment the people in the queue saw her they signaled to her to join us. Secretly and rapidly, as in the game of hunt-the-slipper,

2684:

were inspired by motivations such as envy, spite, greed, anti-Semitism, and sheer opportunism, as many ordinary French people wanted to ingratiate themselves with what they believed to be the winning side. Ousby noted "Yet perhaps the most striking testimony to the extent of denunciation came from

2368:

prank and not the sober record of history. This shock is merely a distant echo of what the French underwent in 1940: seeing a familiar landscape transformed by the addition of the unfamiliar, living among everyday sights suddenly made bizarre, no longer feeling at home in places they had known all

7829:

Generally, the sabotage of equipment leaving armaments factories and derailment in areas where equipment could not readily be salvaged was a more discreet form of resistance, and probably at least as effective as bombing. Sabotage by resistants freed up vulnerable and expensive aircraft for other

6974:

built an important network in France to help the resistance, Jews and allied pilots to cross the Pyrenees and flee to Britain. 800 Jews and 142 pilots were saved. Near the end of the war, because of a denunciation, nearly all members of the network were caught and deported to concentration camps,

5350:, mostly wounded who had been unable to escape together with the medical team that had stayed behind to take care of them. In the aftermath of the Battle of the Vercors, the local people were victims of massive reprisals which included numerous cases of looting, rape and extrajudicial executions. 5239:

in the region, by way of reprisals, a Mongolian detachment, still under the SS, went to a farm where two French members of the Resistance had been hidden. Being unable to take them prisoner, these soldiers then took the proprietors of that farm (the husband and wife), and after subjecting them to

5109:

As the snipers continued to cut down his men while he could hear the sound of panzers coming up in the distance, Hue ordered his men to retreat into the woods under the cover of darkness while using his radio to call in a RAF airstrike that disorganized the Germans enough to make escape possible.

4772:

Until the end of May 1944, SHAEF had a "Block Planning" policy for the Resistance under which the Resistance would lie low until Operation Overlord was launched and then afterwards, the Resistance was to launch a full blown guerilla war in all of the French provinces one by one. At the end of May

3331:

took in Jewish children and passed them off as Christian. Many Protestant families, with memories of their own persecution, had already begun to hide Jews, and after the summer of 1942, the Catholic Church, which until then had been broadly supportive of Vichy's antisemitic laws, began to condemn

3298:

was a Franco-German operation; the overwhelming majority of those who arrested the Jews were French policemen. Some 100 Jews warned by friends in the police killed themselves, while 24 Jews were killed resisting arrest. One Jewish Frenchwoman, Madame Rado, who was arrested with her four children,

3206:

to teach French workers at factories producing weapons for the Wehrmacht how best to drastically shorten the lifespan of the Wehrmacht's weapons, usually by making deviations of a few millimetres, which increased strain on the weapons; such acts of quiet sabotage were almost impossible to detect,

2187:

held in Germany. Beyond these hardships and dislocations, the occupation became increasingly unbearable. Regulations, censorship, propaganda and nightly curfews all played a role in establishing an atmosphere of fear and repression. French women consorting with German soldiers angered many French

8076:

Throughout France, the Free French had been of inestimable value in the campaign. They were particularly active in Brittany, but on every portion of the front we secured help from them in a multitude of ways. Without their great assistance, the liberation of France and the defeat of the enemy in

6648:

in October 1942. Another known resistance fighter was Beglar Samkharadze, a captured Soviet soldier who was transferred to France where he escaped and joined the Resistance. Upon return to his homeland, he was imprisoned by Soviet authorities on charges of high treason, but two commanders of the

6489:

organised escape routes across the Pyrenées to Spain and smuggled about 300 Jews out of the country during 1943–1944. They distributed millions of dollars from the American Joint Distribution Committee to relief organisations and fighting units within France. In 1944, the EIF and the Jewish Army

4945:

It was hard to tell what they had been before German labour laws threw them all together in the depths of the wild woods. Some had been shopkeepers, artisans, young sons of wealthy parents. Others were scrum of the gutter and many were soldiers. Now, however, all were much the same. All wore the

4880:

campaign, the Resistance was so effective in blowing up telephone lines and cables that the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS largely abandoned the French phone system as too unreliable and used the radio instead, thereby allowing Bletchley Park to listen in. On 9 June 1944 Eisenhower reached an agreement

3996:

remembering how innocent they were, seeing their escape into the countryside as a grand romantic adventure, by which, as Ousby observed, "they were nervously confronting new dangers they barely understood; they were proudly learning new techniques of survival and battle. These essential features

3940:

Darkness falls in the forest. On one path, some distance from the our camp, two boys stand guard over the safety of their comrades. One has a pistol, the other a service rifle, with a few spare cartridges in a box. Their watch lasts for two hours. How amazing those hours on duty in the forest at

3414:

was to have a loved one arrested or a female relative or lover sent to the Wehrmacht field brothels. The vast majority of those tortured talked. At least 40,000 French died in such prisons. The only way to avoid torture was to be "turned", with the Germans having a particular interest in turning

3223:

that could trace an unauthorized radio broadcast to within 16 kilometres (10 miles) of its location. Afterwards, the Germans would send a van with a radio detection equipment to find the radio operator, so radio operators in the Resistance were advised not to broadcast from the same location for

2633:

Life in the Resistance was highly dangerous and it was imperative for good "resistants" to live quietly and never attract attention to themselves. Punctuality was key to meetings in public as the Germans would arrest anyone who was seen hanging around in public as if waiting for someone. A major

4315:(Brotherhood of Notre Dame) which provided photographs and maps of German forces in Normandy, most notably details of the Atlantic Wall. In January 1944, following extensive lobbying by the SOE, Churchill was persuaded to increase by 35 the number of planes available to drop in supplies for the 2935:

carried out 60 bombing attacks and 65 strafing attacks in France, which killed a number of French people, while the FTP, during the same period, set off 41 bombs, derailed 8 trains and carried out 107 acts of sabotage, which killed no French people. In the summer of 1941, a brochure appeared in

8111:, but credible estimates start from 8,000 dead in action, 25,000 shot and several tens of thousands deported. For perspective, the best estimate is that 86,000 were deported from France without racial motive, overwhelmingly comprising resistance fighters and more than the number of Gypsies and 4486:

As part of the preparations for Operation Overlord, Resistance attacks on the rail system increased with the Resistance in the first three months of 1944 damaging 808 locomotives compared to 387 damaged by air attack. Starting with the clearer weather in the spring, between April–June 1944 the

4271:

in singing the French national anthem as they marched, an incident given much play on the BBC's French language service about how one town had been "liberated" for a day. The next month, the SS arrested 130 Oyonnax residents and sent them to the concentration camps, shot the town's doctor, and

3897:

Bring two shirts, two pairs of underpants, two pairs of woollen socks; a light sweater, a scarf, a heavy sweater, a woollen blanket, an extra pair of shoes, shoelaces, needles, thread, buttons, safety pins, soap, a canteen, a knife and fork, a torch, a compass, a weapon if possible, and also a

3112:

on their first assassinations to provide encouragement and advice. If the would-be assassin was unable to take a life, Renouvin would assassinate the informer himself, then berate the would-be assassin for being a "sissy" who was not tough enough for the hard, dangerous work of the Resistance.

2963:

had three people shot in retaliation, none of whom were connected to his killing. General Stülpnagel announced on 22 August 1941 that for every German killed, he would execute at least ten innocent French people, and that all Frenchmen in German custody were now hostages. On 30 September 1941,

5416:

forces fought on for several more days as Choltiz simply did not inform his forces of his plans to surrender. On the afternoon of August 25, 1944 de Gaulle returned to Paris, a city he not set foot in since June 1940, to be greeted by vast cheering crowds as he walked down the Champs-Élysées.

3381:

demanded three hostages be shot for every dead German and two for each of the wounded. The Germans did not have that many hostages in custody and settled for executing 88 people on 11 August 1942. The majority of those shot were communists or relatives of communists, along with the father and

2084:

on 15 August. The Resistance also planned, coordinated, and executed sabotage acts on electrical power grids, transport facilities, and telecommunications networks. The Resistance's work was politically and morally important to France during and after the German occupation. The actions of the

6695:

and did not encourage the participation of women in war and politics, following, in the words of historian Henri Noguères, "a notion of inequality between the sexes as old as our civilisation and as firmly implanted in the Resistance as it was elsewhere in France". Consequently, women in the

3236:

Jewish veterans started to wear their medals alongside the yellow star, which led the Germans to ban the practice as "inappropriate", as it increased sympathy for men who fought and suffered for France. At times, ordinary people would show sympathy for Jews; as a Scot married to a Frenchman,

7322:

Early acts of violent resistance were often motivated more by instinct and fighting spirit than by any formal ideology, but later several distinct political alignments and visions of post-liberation France developed among the Resistance organisations. These differences sometimes resulted in

5496:

often seemed to consider themselves as the new legitimate authorities of the towns and cities they had liberated. Therefore, in the wake of the liberation of the national territory, he openly considered them as troublemakers hindering the return to normalcy and rule of law which he pursued.

4189:

to see if he was willing to sabotage his own factory. To prove that he was working for London, Rée informed Peugeot that the BBC's French language "personal messages" service would broadcast a message containing lines from a poem that Rée had quoted that night; after hearing the poem in the

2833:

and the letter V appeared widely in chalk on the pavement, walls, and German military vehicles all over France. V remained one of the main symbols of resistance for the rest of the Occupation, although Ousby has noted that the French had their own "revolutionary, republican, and nationalist

7310:

From 1940 to 1942, the first years of the German occupation of France, there was no systematically organised Resistance capable of coordinated fighting throughout France. Active opposition to the German and Vichy authorities was sporadic and carried out only by a tiny and fragmented set of

2730:, who seems only to have been a witness to the quarrel, being arrested in unclear circumstances. On 11 November 1940, to mark the 22nd anniversary of the French victory of 1918, university students demonstrated in Paris, and were brutally put down by the Paris police. In December 1940, the 2472:

by asking people such questions as whether they believed that Britain would not be defeated and if they thought a German victory was worth stopping, and based on the answers he would ask: "Men are already gathering in the shadows. Will you join them?". Frenay, one of the leading resistance

7533:

By 1942, however, about 300,000 copies of underground publications reached around two million readers. Resistance workers used friendly print-shop facilities at night. Staff risked the Germans noticing that a resistance newspaper used the same type face as officially sanctioned documents.

7029:

The CTE permitted prisoners to leave the internment camps if they agreed to work in German factories, but as many as 60,000 Republicans recruited for the labor service managed to escape and join the French Resistance. Thousands of suspected anti-fascist Republicans were deported to German

2744:

remembered being "transfixed" by reading about Bonsergent's fate and how "people stopped, read, wordlessly exchanged glances. Some of them bared their heads as if in the presence of the dead". On Christmas Day 1940, Parisians woke to find that in the previous night, the posters announcing

7314:

The earliest Resistance organisations had no contact with the western Allies and received no material aid from London or anywhere else. Consequently, most focused on generating nationalist propaganda through the distribution of underground newspapers. Many of the major movements, such as

2995:

on 21 October. In retaliation the Wehrmacht shot 50 unconnected French people in Nantes, and announced that if the assassin did not turn himself in by midnight of 23 October, another 50 would be shot. The assassin did not turn himself in, and so another 50 hostages were shot, among them

7162:

Many Hungarian émigrés, some of them Jewish, were artists and writers working in Paris at the time of the occupation. They had gone to Paris in the 1920s and 1930s to escape repression in their homeland. Many joined the Resistance, where they were particularly active in the regions of

2363:

or of Gothic-lettered German signposts outside the great landmarks of Paris, they can still feel a slight shock of disbelief. The scenes look not just unreal, but almost deliberately surreal, as if the unexpected conjunction of German and French, French and German, was the result of a

5801:(2e DB) and order them to single-handedly attack Paris, bypassing the SHAEF chain of command, if he delayed approval unduly. Eisenhower relented, and Leclerc's forces headed toward Paris. After hard fighting that cost the 2nd Division 35 tanks, 6 self-propelled guns and 111 vehicles, 4339:

were loathed by the resistance as Frenchmen serving the occupation and unlike the Wehrmacht and the SS, were not armed with heavy weapons nor were especially well trained, making them an enemy who could be engaged on more or less equal terms, becoming the preferred opponent of the

4144:

if he did not work for the Gestapo. Hardy was unaware that Bastien really loathed him and was only sleeping with him under Stengritt's orders. On 9 June 1943, General Delestraint was arrested by the Gestapo following a tip-off provided by the double agent Hardy and was sent to the

8588:

The well-known personalities of France—intellectuals, artists, and entertainers—faced a serious dilemma in choosing to emigrate or to remain in France during the country's occupation. Among those who actively fought in the Resistance, a number died for it—for instance the writer

7888: 4862:

General de Gaulle himself was only informed by Churchill on June 4, 1944, that the Allies planned to land in France on 6 June. Until then the Free French leaders had no idea when and where Operation Overlord was due to take place. On 5 June 1944, orders were given to activate

2154:, the lives of the French continued unchanged at first. The German occupation authorities and the Vichy régime became increasingly brutal and intimidating. Most civilians remained neutral, but both the occupation of French territory and German policy inspired the formation of 2940:, which contained detailed notes on how to fire guns, manufacture bombs, sabotage factories, carry out assassinations, and perform other skills useful to the resistance. The brochure was disguised as informational material for fascistic Frenchmen who had volunteered for the 6454:(EEIF), equivalent to Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts in other countries, had, during the early years of the occupation, shown support for the traditional values of the Vichy régime, until it was banned in 1943, after which its older members soon formed armed resistance units. 7789:

assembled a small laboratory in her apartment to provide explosives to communist Resistance fighters. The lab also produced cyanide capsules to allow the fighters to evade torture if arrested. Indeed, she herself was arrested in February 1942, tortured, and deported to

4201:

Despite the blow inflicted by arresting Moulin, by 1 October 1943 the AS had grown to 241,350 members, though most were still unarmed. For the most part, the AS refrained from armed operations as it was no match for the Wehrmacht. Instead the AS forced on preparing for

4487:

Resistance damaged 292 locomotives compared to 1,437 damaged in air strikes. These statistics do not completely tell the story as Resistance sabotage attacks on the rail system in the first half of 1944 were so pervasive that the Germans had to import workers from the

3067:

to infiltrate the resistance network. Numerous resistance groups were destroyed by such double agents, and the SOE often charged that the poor security arrangements of the French resistance groups left them open to being destroyed by one double agent. For example, the

5433:

were wearing FFI armbands. The liberation of France began with D-Day on 6 June 1944, but different areas of France were liberated at different times. Strasbourg was not liberated until November 1944, and some coastal towns on the English Channel and the Atlantic like

6576:

in Paris and was engaged in armed struggle until the Libération. In 2012, 95-year-old Arsene Tchakarian, the last survivor of the Manouchian resistance group who fought against occupying Nazi German forces during the Second World War, was decorated as Officer of the

4245:

In October 1943, following a meeting between General Giraud and General de Gaulle in Algiers, orders went out for the AS and ORA to cooperate in operations against the Germans. One of the most famous Resistance actions took place on 11 November 1943 in the town of

3405:

was routine. Methods of torture included beatings, shackling, being suspended from the ceiling, being burned with a blowtorch, allowing dogs to attack the prisoner, being lashed with ox-hide whips, being hit with a hammer, or having heads placed in a vice, and the

2914:

appeal that followed the German attack to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, communists had a more prominent role in the resistance only after June 1941. As the Communists were used to operating in secret, were tightly disciplined, and had a number of veterans of the

2623:

as the lack of guns and ammunition made armed resistance almost impossible. Although officially adhering to the Comintern instructions not to criticise Germany because of the Soviet non-aggression pact with Hitler, in October 1940 the French Communists founded the

5808:

De Gaulle not only kept the patriotic resistance alive; he also did everything possible to re-establish the French claim to independence and sovereignty. As a leader, the American and British governments preferred the less popular, but less abrasively vindictive,

5412:'s 2nd Armored Division to liberate Paris, stating he did not want the Communists to liberate the city. On 24 August, French soldiers entered Paris, which led to some hours of intense fighting before Choltitz surrendered on 25 August, though pockets of German and 4871:

was most important to Operation Overlord, since destroying telephone lines and cutting underground cables prevented phone calls and orders transmitted by telex from getting through and forced the Germans to use their radios to communicate. As the codebreakers of

4558:, a dual citizen of France and the United Kingdom serving in the SOE who parachuted into Brittany to lead the Hillbilly resistance circuit recalled his principal duty in the spring of 1944 was organizing supply drops and attempting to avoid the Wehrmacht and the 4958:

wore armbands featuring the tricolor with either a Cross of Lorraine or the initials FFI stamped on them, so they could maintain that they had insignia and thus a sort of uniform, making them entitled to legal protection under the Geneva and Hague conventions."

4511:

writing that many in the Resistance appeared more interested in post-war politics than in fighting the Germans. Despite the mistrust, SHAEF planned to use the Resistance to tie down German forces. In April 1944, there were 331 drops of weapons by the SOE to the

3772:

voluntarily followed our instructions, in return for which they expected food, arms and ammunition ... It seemed to me that these groups, which were now in hiding all over the French mountain country, might well be transformed into an awesome combat weapon. The

4156:

to discuss the crisis and try to find the traitor who betrayed Delestraint. At the meeting, Moulin and the rest were arrested by the Gestapo. Moulin was brutally tortured, but never talked. Moulin was beaten into a coma and died near or in the train station of

2614:

From the beginning, the Resistance attracted people from all walks of life and with diverse political views. A major problem for the Resistance was that, with the exception of a number of Army officers who chose to go underground together with veterans of the

2749:

stated that it was not just Bonsergent that people mourned, but also the end of the illusion "as for the first time these correct people who occupied our country were officially telling us they had executed a Frenchman guilty of not bowing his head to them".

4428:

numbered about 460 and had only light weapons, but received much media attention with the Free French issuing a press release in London saying "In Europe there are three countries resisting: Greece, Yugoslavia and the Haute-Savoie". The Vichy state sent the

7388:, to identify and contact a number of potential Resistance "centres of influence" occurred to him; but only during the summer of 1941 was he able to make the most critical contacts, including contact with Henri Frenay, leader of the movement not yet called 5231:. All over France, the Germans lashed out against the Resistance in an spree of killings, of which the massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane is merely the most infamous. Speaking of an atrocity committed outside of Nice in July 1944, one man testified at Nurnberg: 5470:

in the Gard region explained the violence to a reporter in September 1944: "I'll simply say that the majority of the FFI have been outlaws. They are lads from the mining areas...they have been hunted; they have been imprisoned; they have been tortured by

5240:

numerous atrocities (knifing, rape, et cetera) they shot them down with submachine guns. Then they took the son of these victims who was only three years of age, and, after having frightfully tortured him, they crucified him on the gate of the farmhouse.

6907:

for his deeds. Known mainly by the pseudonym Colonel Rémy, he returned to France in August 1940 not long after the surrender of France, where the following November he organised one of the most active and important Resistance networks of the BCRA, the

6351:("Those of the Liberation"), Maurice Ripoche, initially defended Vichy but soon placed the liberation of France above all other goals and in 1941 opened his movement to leftists. In contrast, many extreme right-wing members of the Resistance, such as 5396:

had been killed and not wanting the Communists to have the credit for liberating Paris, the Gaullist Parodi sanctioned the uprising. Faced with an urban uprising that he was unprepared for, Choltitz arranged a truce with Parodi via the Swedish consul

4785:" (wound my heart with a monotonous languor"), which was broadcast on 5 June 1944, then the invasion would occur the next day. In the spring of 1944, a number of uniformed American, French and British soldiers known as the "Jedburgh" teams as part of 3293:

began with 9,000 French policemen rounding up the Jews of Paris, leading to some 12,762 Jewish men, women and children being arrested and brought to the Val d'Hiv sports stadium, from where they were sent to the Drancy camp and finally Auschwitz. The

5670:

quoted a resistance leader describing de Gaulle as "the only possible leader for the France that fights". Most Gaullists could not join him in Britain and remained in the territories ruled by Vichy. The Allies helped build networks of propagandists,

2563:

announced in a press statement that no mercy would be granted to those engaging in sabotage and all saboteurs would be shot. Despite his warning, more continued to engage in sabotage. Louis Lallier, a farmer, was shot for sabotage on 11 September in

14848: 5813:

to de Gaulle, but for the French population de Gaulle was almost universally recognised as the true leader in their victory. These events forced Roosevelt to recognise, finally and fully, the provisional government installed in France by de Gaulle.

3748:

together defined the new realities: the one a little-known word for the back country of Corsica, which became a synonym for militant resistance; the other a familiar word meaning simply "militia", which became a synonym for militant repression. The

2852:!" (Citizens to arms!). The underground press created what Ousby called "the rhetoric of resistance to counter the rhetoric of the Reich and Vichy" to inspire people, using sayings from the great figures of French history. The underground newspaper 7875:

was assigned responsibility for training Resistance fighters across the city, and his new commandos of fifteen men perpetrated a number of attacks that could not have been carried out before. The commandos were drawn from the foreign branch of the

7857:, attacking German forces in French cities. In July 1942, the Allies' failure to open a second front resulted in a wave of communist guerrilla attacks aimed at maximizing the number of Germans deployed in the West to give the USSR military relief. 7805:

also parachuted tons of explosives to its agents in France for essential sabotage missions. The railways were a favorite target of saboteurs, who soon understood that removing bolts from the tracks was far more efficient than planting explosives.

6297:

Sometimes contact with others in the Resistance led some operatives to adopt new political philosophies. Many gradually moved away from their antisemitic prejudices and their hatred of "démocrassouille", 'dirty democracy' (which many equated with

3941:

night are! Noises come from everywhere and the pale light of the moon gives everything a queer aspect. The boy looks at a small tree and think he sees it move. A lorry passes on a distant road; could it be the Germans? ... Are they going to stop?

3179:

As millions of Frenchmen serving in the French Army had been taken prisoner by the Germans in 1940, there was a shortage of men in France during the Occupation, which explains why Frenchwomen played so a prominent role in the Resistance, with the

7319:, were primarily engaged in publishing and distributing their newspapers. Even after they became more intensively activist, propaganda and the cultivation of positive morale remained, until the very end of the war, their most important concerns. 3633:

were wiped out, Frenchmen would obediently report to the STO and go to work in Germany. When Laval was presented with Sauckel's latest demand for French labor for German industry, he remarked: "Have you been sent by de Gaulle?". Laval argued the

2535:(railroad workers) engaged in impromptu resistance by helping French soldiers wishing to continue the struggle together with British, Belgian and Polish soldiers stranded in France escape from the occupied zone into the unoccupied zone or Spain. 5338:(Eastern Legions), Red Army POWs, mostly Russians and Ukrainians, who had joined the SS after being taken prisoner in 1942 or 1943. By this point the Germans had taken such heavy losses on the Eastern Front that they needed the manpower of the 13037:

27 June 2012 – "Нельзя забывать, что в той же самой Франции движение Сопротивления начинается из среды русской иммиграции, а не из среды этнических французов.– Борис Вильде, выходец из Эстонии, например, придумал сам термин «Сопротивление»."

6521:), a French-Jewish humanitarian organisation commonly called OSE, saved the lives of between 7,000 and 9,000 Jewish children by forging papers, smuggling them into neutral countries and sheltering them in orphanages, schools, and convents. 7755:). According to the historian Jean-François Muracciole, "Throughout the war, how to communicate remained the principal difficulty of intelligence networks. Not only were the operators few and inept, but their information was dangerous." 7521:

The first action of many Resistance movements was the publication and distribution of clandestine press material. This was not the case with all movements, since some refused civil action and preferred armed resistance by groups such as

6267:

of the Vichy secret services founded the Gilbert network. Some members of Action Française engaged in the Resistance with similar nationalistic motives. Some prominent examples are Daniel Cordier, who became Jean Moulin's secretary, and

4310:

By the beginning of 1944, the BCRA was providing the Allies with two intelligence assessments per day based on information provided by the Resistance. One of the BCRA's most effective networks was headed by Colonel Rémy who headed the

4562:. Hue had been born in Wales to a French father and a Welsh mother, and like many other Anglo-French dual citizens had volunteered for the SOE. The Communist FTP often complained that they were being starved of arms by the BCRA with 8166:

was a common feature of the purges, and between 10,000 and 30,000 women accused of having collaborated with the Germans or having had relationships with German soldiers or officers were subjected to the practice, becoming known as

2346:

Henri Frenay wrote about seeing the tricolour flag disappear from Paris with the swastika flag flying in its place and German soldiers standing guard in front of buildings that once housed the institutions of the republic gave him

3723:

paramilitary police were considered reliable, but the force was too small to hunt down thousands of men. As the Germans preferred to subcontract the work of ruling France to the French while retaining ultimate control, it was the

3673:

should put up a statue of him with the inscription "To our number one recruitment agent". The French called Sauckel "the slave trader". Furthermore, as Laval warned, the scale of the problem was beyond Vichy's means to solve. The

7134:(which was annexed into Germany), many of whom had refused to serve in, or who had deserted from, the German Wehrmacht, left their tiny country to fight in the French maquis, where they were particularly active in the regions of 7018:. Although over half of these had been repatriated to Spain (or elsewhere) by the time Pétain proclaimed the Vichy régime in 1940, the 120,000 to 150,000 who remained became political prisoners, and the foreign equivalent to the 3108:. Frenay and Renouvin wanted to "blind" and "deafen" the French police by assassinating informers who were the "eyes" and "ears" of the police. Renouvin, who was a known "tough guy" and experienced killer, personally accompanied 3314:

of Toulouse, in a pastoral letter of 23 August 1942, declared: "You cannot do whatever you wish against these men, against these women, against these fathers and mothers. They are part of mankind. They are our brothers." Pastor

3038:

in London, its relations with the SOE were often strained, as de Gaulle made no secret of his dislike of British support for the resistance groups, which he saw as British meddling in France's domestic affairs. Tensions between

6565:

by Nazis and killed in 1945. Many of Louise's manuscripts and diaries were confiscated and destroyed by Nazis. Resisters Alexander Kazarian and Bardukh Petrosian were awarded by the highest military orders of France by General

2550:

on 28 August 1940 for jeering a German military parade down the streets of Bordeaux. The first Frenchman shot for resistance was 19 year-old Pierre Roche, on 7 September 1940 after he was caught cutting the phone lines between

7996:

later wrote in his memoirs praising the role the Resistance played in the liberation of Brittany, "The French Resistance Movement, which here numbered 30,000 men, played a notable part, and the peninsula was quickly overrun."

4395:

to attack the Wehrmacht from the rear. The Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) had rejected this plan under the grounds that the disparity between the firepower and training of the Wehrmacht vs. the

2514:

continued to collect intelligence on Germany, maintained links with British and Polish intelligence and kept the secret that before World War II Polish intelligence had devised a method via a mechanical computer known as the

2409:. Barthelt recalled: "I recognized him only by his hat... I saw his face all right, but there was no skin on it, and he could not see me. Both his poor eyes had been closed into two purple and yellow bruises". The right-wing 7396:. He also established contact with de Menthon and Emmanuel d'Astier. In the report he wrote for de Gaulle, he spoke of these three movements and entertained the possibility of bringing them together under the acronym "LLL". 2668:" ("I'll go and tell the Germans about it") was a very popular one in occupied France as hundreds of thousands of ordinary French people denounced one another to the Germans. The problem of informers, whom the French called 2619:, nobody had any military experience. About 60,000 Spanish Republican exiles fought in the Resistance. A further difficulty was the shortage of weapons, which explained why early resistance groups founded in 1940 focused on 6393:

on 21 February 1944. The poster emphasised the composition of the group's membership, many of whom were Jews and communists, to discredit the Resistance as not "French" enough in its fundamental allegiance and motivations.

3054:

British SOE agents parachuted into France to help organize the resistance often complained about what they considered the carelessness of the French groups when it came to security. A favorite tactic of the Gestapo and the

6720:

and married to a man who shared her political views, was never permitted to express her opinions in the underground newspaper, and her husband took two years to arrive at political conclusions she had held for many years.

6696:

Resistance were less numerous than men and averaged only 11% of the members in the formal networks and movements. Not all of the women involved in the Resistance limited themselves to subordinate roles. Intellectuals like

8225:.Although the occupation is often still a sensitive subject in the early 21st century, contrary to some interpretations the French as a whole have acknowledged their past and no longer deny their conduct during the war. 8106:

It is estimated that FFI killed some 2,000 Germans, a low estimate based on the figures from June 1944 only. Estimates of the casualties among the Resistance are made harder by the dispersion of movements at least until

6764:. English-language use of the phrase "the Resistance" in reference to French anti-Axis activity dates back to at least 1944. Boris Kovalyov has stated that the Resistance movement in France and its name originated among 5559:

estimated the number of active resisters at "about 2% of the adult French population (or about 400,000)", and went on to observe that "there were, no doubt, wider complicities, but even if one adds those willing to read

4206:(D Day) when the Allies landed in France, after which the AS would begin action. In the meantime, the AS focused on training its members and conducting intelligence-gathering operations for the Allies. In October 1943, 7926:, is difficult. The two forms of resistance, active and passive, and the north–south occupational divide, allow for many interpretations, but what can broadly be agreed on is a synopsis of the events which took place. 5366:

to destroy Paris rather than allow the city be liberated, stating "Paris must be destroyed from top to bottom, before the Wehrmacht leaves, do not leave a church or cultural monument standing". The FFI in Paris led by

4464:

In February 1944, all of the Resistance governments agreed to accept the authority of the Free French government based in Algiers (until 1962 Algeria was considered to be part of France) and the Resistance was renamed

2964:

Stülpnagel issued the "Code of Hostages", ordering all district chiefs to draw up lists of hostages to be executed in the event of further "incidents", with an emphasis on French Jews and people known for Communist or

8542: 6682:, undermined feminism, and France began a restructuring of society based on the "femme au foyer" or "women at home" imperative. On at least one occasion, Pétain spoke out to French mothers about their patriotic duty: 3122:

decree was signed by Hitler, allowing the German forces to "disappear" anyone engaged in resistance in Europe into the "night and fog". During the war, about 200,000 French citizens were deported to Germany under the

21651: 5179:

had grown up in the same town and knew each other well (men on both sides had once been friends) while at the same time food was in short supply, making their hostages a drain on their food supplies; leading to the

4520:

machine gun, which though inaccurate except at short ranges and prone to breakdown was cheap, light, easy to assemble and disassemble and required no special skills to use. Other weapons dropped by the SOE were the

2646:(informers) to crush all resistance in France, but he reported in the fall of 1940 that the Abwehr had already exceeded that target. It was difficult for Germans to pass themselves off as French, so the Abwehr, the 8036:, was one of the most famous and glorious moments of the French Resistance. Although it is again difficult to gauge their effectiveness precisely, popular anti-German demonstrations, such as general strikes by the 6983:

Armenians living in France took up arms and fought the resistance against the Axis forces. The most significant Armenian resistant were 23 strong men led by Missak Manouchian, who were hanged on February 21, 1944.

3245:

she was passed up till she stood at the head of the queue. I am glad to say that not one voice was raised in protest, the policeman standing near turned his head away, and that she got her cabbage before any of us.

7810:

a mountainous area (given the higher speed of trains going downhill) could result in the derailment of an entire train with considerable amounts of front-ready matériel strewn far down the mountainside. Among the

6441:'s chief of staff, "Germany was not at the origin of the anti-Jewish legislation of Vichy. That legislation was spontaneous and autonomous." The laws led to confiscations of property, arrests, and deportations to 3921:

should be mobile. When a census or enlistment brings new elements he has no means of knowing into his group, he should get out. When one of the members deserts, he should get out immediately. The man could be a

3214:

aircraft were known in France, which landed on secret airfields at night. More commonly, contact with Britain was maintained via radio. The Germans had powerful radio detection stations based in Paris, Brittany,

7784:

was a form of resistance adopted by groups who wanted to go beyond just distributing clandestine press publications. Many laboratories were set up to manufacture explosives. In August 1941, the Parisian chemist

7261:

The majority of the Polish soldiers, and some Polish civilians, who stayed in France after the German victory in 1940, as well as one Polish pilot shot down over France (one of many Polish pilots flying for the

3713:, which ended with the destruction of the entire German 6th Army in February 1943, many had started to doubt the inevitability of an Axis victory, and most French gendarmes were not willing to hunt the down the 7868:, caused fierce reprisals and executions of hundreds of French hostages. As a result, the clandestine press was very discreet about the events and the communists soon decided to discontinue the assassinations. 4029:(the Vichy youth movement) being especially favored means of obtaining money and supplies. Albert Spencer, a Canadian airman shot down over France while on a mission to drop leaflets over France who joined the 2796:

without an accent. Bégué suggested that the BBC's Radio Londres send personal messages to the Resistance. At 9:15 pm every night, the BBC's French language service broadcast the first four notes of Beethoven's

8206:, which had divided French society between the conservative "war generation" and the younger, more liberal students and workers, led many to question the Resistance ideals promulgated by the official history. 6886:, took on the responsibility for creating such a network. Its principal goal was to inform London of German military operations on the Atlantic coast and in the English Channel. The spy network was called the 5597:

The doctrine of Gaullism was born during the Second World War as a French movement of patriotic resistance to the German invasion of 1940. Men of all political stripes who wanted to continue the fight against

4284:

If the instructors from the training schools in England could have seen those Frenchmen making up charges, the cellar would have looked to them like Dante's Inferno. Every conceivable school "don't" was being

2766:, asked that the French stay indoors on New Year's Day between 3 and 4:00 pm as a show of passive resistance. The Germans handed out potatoes at that hour in an attempt to bring people away from their radios. 14867: 12700: 7742:

became more frequent, some information was also channeled through these couriers. By 1944, the BCRA was receiving 1,000 telegrams by radio every day and 2,000 plans every week. Many radio operators, called

7323:

conflicts, but the differences among Resistance factions were usually papered over by their shared opposition to Vichy and the Germans; and over time, the various elements of the Resistance began to unite.

8616:. After serving as the prime minister and strong man of the authoritarian Shah regime in Iran, he was forced back into Paris in the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution. He was assassinated on order of the 7726:

The various Resistance movements in France had to understand the value of intelligence networks in order to be recognized or receive subsidies from the BCRA or the British. The intelligence service of the

8432:

caused scandal and polemic for his lack of moral judgment regarding the behavior of a collaborator. Malle later portrayed the resistance of Catholic priests who protected Jewish children in his 1987 film

4161:

on 8 July 1943 as a result of brain damage. Moulin was not the only Resistance leader arrested in June 1943. That same month, General Aubert Frère, the leader of the ORA, was arrested and later executed.

2881:: "In war as in peace, those who never give up have the last word". The two most popular figures invoked by the resistance were Clemenceau and Maréchal Foch, who insisted even during the darkest hours of 2725:

On 10 November 1940, a jostle on the Rue de Havre in Paris broke out between some Parisians and German soldiers, which ended with a man raising his fist to a German sergeant, and which led to a man named

21655: 5737:, the Allies' "breakout" from its Normandy beachhead, where it served as a link between American and Canadian armies and made rapid progress against German forces. The 2nd Armored all but destroyed the 4950:

and the men of the country from they had sprung was the pistol cocked aggressively from the trouser tops, the rifle on the shoulder, the Sten on the back or the string of grenades depending on the belt.

8480:

based on the life of the Resistance heroine of the same name, which was criticized for its Gaullist portrayal of the Resistance and its overemphasizing the relationship between Aubrac and her husband.

5564:, only some two million persons, or around 10% of the adult population", had been willing to risk any involvement at all. The post-war government of France officially recognised 220,000 men and women. 2401:

Joseph Barthelet told the British SOE agent George Miller that he made up mind to join the resistance when he saw German military police march a group of Frenchmen, one of whom was a friend, into the

7331:

in September 1943, a clear demonstration of the strength of communist insurgency, was accomplished by the FTP, an effective force not yet integrated into the Secret Army and not involved with General

7826:

in 1944, the sabotage of rail transport became much more frequent and effectively prevented some German troop deployments to the front and hindered the subsequent retreat of German occupying forces.

4181:, which manufactured tank turrets and engine parts for the Wehrmacht. The RAF instead hit the neighborhood next to the factory, killing hundreds of French civilians. To avoid a repeat, the SOE agent 3809:

region consisted of German communists who had fought in the Spanish Civil War and fled to France in 1939. Unlike the urban resistance groups that emerged in 1940–42, who took political names such as

681: 5641:. The Free French forces also rallied the various French overseas colonies to fight back against the Vichy régime. His approval of this link between the Resistance and the colonials legitimised it. 5805:, the military governor of Paris, surrendered the city in a ceremony at the Hotel Meurice. Jubilant crowds greeted the French forces, and de Gaulle led a renowned victory parade through the city. 5644:

De Gaulle's influence grew, despite few in France knowing what he looked like or anything about him. The first open defiance of Nazi rule in Paris was in November 1940, when 3,000 students at the

7530:. Most clandestine newspapers were not consistent in their editorial stance and often consisted of only a single sheet, because the sale of all raw materials—paper, ink, stencils—was prohibited. 3147:, which continued to provide intelligence to the Free French leaders in exile in Britain. Under the leadership of Touny, the OCM became one of the Allies' best sources of intelligence in France. 4376:

who killed Basch was an anti-Semitic fanatic named Joseph Lécussan who always kept a Star of David made of human skin taken from a Jew he killed earlier in his pocket, making him typical of the

3953:

whose main traits were their innocence and naivety; many seemed not to understand just precisely who they were taking on or what they were getting themselves into by fleeing to the countryside.

8291:

told the story of a quiet insurance agent secretly involved in the bombing of a factory. Collaborators were unflatteringly portrayed as a rare unpopular minority, as played by Pierre Brewer in

7393: 5450:

were serving with the French forces advancing into Germany. For many resistance leaders who gave themselves the title of captain or colonel, it was quite a comedown to be reduced to a private.

4610:. Sometimes it was impossible to tell which was really which, and sometimes it hardly mattered". As it was starting to become more and more clear that the Allies were going to win the war, the 8453:

for its story of a theatrical production staged while its Jewish director is concealed by his wife in the theater's basement. The 1980s began to portray the resistance of working women, as in

3607:, the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment and the man in charge of bringing slaves to German factories, demanded the flight of young men to the countryside be stopped and called the 5342:

to compensate. While the same Alpine division that had taken the Glières plateau in March stormed up the Vercors plateau supported by a tank unit based in Lyon, the SS landed via glider. The

5877:

between Germany and the USSR. Conflicts erupted within the party, as many of its members opposed collaboration with the Germans while others toed the party line of neutrality as directed by

4372:

during the Dreyfus affair, marking him out as an enemy of the "New Order in Europe" by his very existence, though the elderly pacifist Basch was not actually involved in the resistance. The

2237:

to combat the Resistance. This group worked alongside German forces that, by the end of 1942, were stationed throughout France. The group collaborated closely with the Nazis, similar to the

8735:. The song describes the trials of a Resistance member from their perspective. Many artists have released versions of the song, in many languages, with the most well-known release being by 3266:

proper Frenchwomen, and you may well have an idea what she is living off. Defend women against Jewishness—that will be your best publicity, and you will return a French husband to his wife.

2109: 1979: 6632:. During the battle he is said to have written: "We, foreigners, have only one way to prove to France our gratitude: to be killed ..." General de Gaulle personally awarded Amilakhvari the 4666:

on the radio as the "French Katyn", who used the killings as an example of the sort of "Bolshevik terrorism" that he maintained was typical of the resistance. In the south of France, the

8691:), is a drama set in German-occupied Paris in 1940 depicting the lives of students and teachers within the Resistance, loosely based on the activities of the Groupe du musée de l'Homme. 8086:

alone involved the commitment of over 10,000 German troops within the theater, with several more thousand held in reserve, as the Allied invasion was advancing from Normandy and French

8082:

and published them only after the war, when propaganda was no longer a motive. Historians still debate how effective the French Resistance was militarily, but the neutralization of the

7235:

who had taken refuge in France, signed the "Pact of Lyon" which marked the beginning of their participation in the Resistance. Italians were particularly numerous in the Hitler-annexed

6814:

was an organisation created for a specific military purpose, usually intelligence-gathering, sabotage or aiding Allied air crews who had been shot down behind enemy lines. A Resistance

6604:

Georgians living in France and the French colonies and people of Georgian ethnicity played an active and symbolic role in the French resistance. One of the most renowned figures of the

6541:

had supported Missak and his wife Meliné when they were in hiding). Arpen Tavitian, another executed member of the Manouchian group, industrialist Napoléon Bullukian (1905–1984), poets

4698:

had created its system of taxation with people being taxed on the basis of their willingness to collaborate with the authorities or support the resistance. When the British philosopher

4391:

seize large parts of central and southern France, which would provide a landing area for Allied force to be known as "Force C" and supplies to be brought in, allowing "Force C" and the

7098:. During the first years of the occupation, they had been employed in the CTE, but following the German invasion of the southern zone in 1942 the threat increased, and many joined the 2722:

were only interested in making money, and would just as easily betray those who wanted to be smuggled in or out of France if the Germans or Vichy were willing to make a better offer.

2290: 6636:

and posthumously named him and his men the honour of France. He was also known by the French populace as "Bazorka". The lieutenant colonel was one of the 66 French recipients of the

3463: 7818:

which focused on reporting the movement of German troops to the Allied forces and sabotaging the railways' rolling stock as well as their infrastructure. Following the invasions of

6663: 4725:

on April 1, 1944, by the 12th Waffen SS Division "Hitlerjugend" ("Hitler Youth"). This massacre was committed in reprisal for resistance attacks on the railroads, the first of many

3657:

turned to the established resistance groups to ask for arms and training. Sauckel decided that if Frenchmen would not report to the STO, he would have the Todt organisation use the

17217: 9970: 11575: 6257: 4777:" ("the hour of battle will come"), which was broadcast on 1 June 1944, that was the signal that the Allies would land within the next 15 days. If a line from a poem by Verlaine " 3972:

who was commonly a community leader; somebody who before the war had been a junior political or military leader under the Third Republic; or somebody who had been targeted by the

4765:

and wounding about another 125 with the rest escaping. The Germans burned down several small villages in the Mont Mouchet region and executed 70 peasants suspected of aiding the

17690: 8467:(1996) told the story of a young man's traveling to Paris and manufacturing a Resistance past for himself, suggesting that many heroes of the Resistance were impostors. In 1997 3210:

To maintain contact with Britain, Resistance leaders crossed the English Channel at night on a boat, made their way via Spain and Portugal, or took a "spy taxi", as the British

3000:, a former Socialist deputy and one-legged veteran of the First World War, who was serving a three-year prison sentence for helping Jews to escape into Spain. The same day, the 7591:, respecting and supporting De Gaulle but circumspect in references to "that ridiculous old fool Pétain". It ran to five issues before the arrest of the editors in March 1940. 5666:). Vichy police called arrested subversives "Gaullists"; although Pétain never mentioned his rival's name in public, everyone knew what "dissidents" meant in speeches. In 1942 17136: 4999:

division, the SS took cover and responded far more cautiously than they would have if they had known that they were only under fire from Sten guns. In a typical ambush of the

4483:

rubber hose, full in the face. The interrogation began at 10 o'clock in the morning and ended at 11 o'clock that night. I must tell you I had been pregnant for three months".

3441:, as the Americans did not want de Gaulle as France's postwar leader. By the end of 1942, there were 278 sabotage actions in France vs. 168 Anglo-American bombings in France. 1507: 1493: 8558: 7384:. In this context, he had forged a strong network of relationships in anti-fascist circles. Some time after November 1940, the idea of teaming up with his former colleague, 6936: 4881:

recognizing the FFI was part of the Allied order of battle and that Koenig was to operate under his command. On 10 June 1944, Koenig ordered the Resistance not to engage in

2854: 17253: 7327:

joining of a Resistance "umbrella" organisation. Nonetheless, a contact between de Gaulle's envoys and the communists was established at the end of 1942. The liberation of

6955: 5885:. It was only when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 that French communists actively began to organize a resistance effort. They benefited from their experience in 5718:

region surrounding Paris began to harass German forces intensively, cutting roads and railways, setting ambushes and fighting conventional battles alongside their allies.

3914:

should stay only where he can see without being seen. He should never live, eat, sleep except surrounded by look-outs. It should never be possible to take him by surprise.

2634:

difficulty for the Resistance was the problem of denunciation. Contrary to popular belief, the Gestapo was not an omnipotent agency with its spies everywhere, but instead

8318:(1956), the portrayal of the city's black market and the prevailing general mediocrity disclosed the reality of war-profiteering during the occupation. In the same year, 8281:(1943), which was produced in the US. In the immediate postwar years, French cinema produced a number of films that portrayed a France broadly present in the Resistance. 7571: 19793: 8087: 1500: 19538: 19139: 7046:(Spanish Guerrilla Group, AGE) in May 1944. The name change was intended to convey the group's composition: Spanish soldiers ultimately advocating the fall of General 5184:

to hang their hostages (shooting them would make too much noise) out in the woods. Bout de l'An decided to seek revenge for his wife's captivity by sending a force of

2477:, later wrote: "I myself never attacked a den of collaborators or derailed trains. I never killed a German or a Gestapo agent with my own hand". For security reasons, 13313: 8148:

Immediately following the liberation, France was swept by a wave of executions, public humiliations, assaults and detentions of suspected collaborators, known as the

7192: 6731:, who took part in setting up the Œuvre de Sainte-Foy to assist prisoners in French jails and German concentration camps. But no women were chosen to lead any of the 4710:

that placed power "in the hands of a series of feudal lords whose power and influence were strangely similar to that of their fifteenth-century Gascon counterparts."

3781:

The terrain of central and southern France with its forests, mountains, and shrubland were ideal for hiding. The Germans could not spare thousands of men to hunt the

3008:

As more resistance groups started to appear, it was agreed that more could be achieved by working together than apart. The chief promoter of unification was a former

21144: 19155: 17172: 4991:

to fire their Sten guns with wet clothes wrapped around the barrels, which made the Sten guns sound like heavy machine guns to experienced troops. As such, when the

1269: 17235: 8328:, in which an imprisoned Resistance activist works with a reformed collaborator inmate to help him escape. A cautious reappearance of the image of Vichy emerged in 6704:, highly aware of the signification of Nazism and collaboration, were among the few early resistants. Suzanne Hiltermann-Souloumiac played an important role in the 4914:

declared that he did not recognize the FFI as part of the French Army and ordered the Wehrmacht to summary execute any Frenchman or Frenchwoman serving in the FFI.

4323:

with arms. Despite the perennial shortage of arms, by the early 1944 there were parts of rural areas in the south of France that were more under the control of the

17614: 17357: 17127: 12704: 8629: 3410:, whereby the victim was forced into a tub of freezing water and held nearly to the point of drowning, a process repeated for hours. A common threat to a captured 2981: 19482: 8677:) tells the extended story of a community of resistance members and the harsh realities that such a group faced during the entirety of the French occupation, and 8405:"tries to puncture the bourgeois myth—or protectively askew memory—that allows France generally to act as if hardly any Frenchmen collaborated with the Germans." 7704:

and the different British intelligence services often competed with one another to gather the most valuable information from their Resistance networks in France.

19078: 19050: 18194: 17350: 16945: 16831: 16820: 6785: 6062: 6918:

in particular. From 1941 on, networks such as these allowed the BCRA to send armed paratroopers, weapons and radio equipment into France to carry out missions.

5908:. The attack, and others perpetrated in the following weeks, provoked fierce reprisals, culminating in the execution of 98 hostages after the Feldkommandant of 21123: 19802: 19489: 18616: 17824: 7794:

where she was beheaded by guillotine in February 1943. In the southern occupation zone, Jacques Renouvin engaged in the same activities on behalf of groups of

7661:, quickly became a symbol of mental resistance through its story of how an old man and his niece refused to speak to the German officer occupying their house. 7150:, rose to high rank in the Resistance. Diederich, known only as "Capitaine Baptiste", had 77 maquis soldiers under his command and is best known for attacking 967: 5303:

had heeded the call and 3 July 1944 the "Free Republic of the Vercors" was proclaimed. Though the Allies did try to fly in supplies to the "redoubts" and the

20105: 19468: 18770: 18395: 6741: 5679:

to harass and discomfit the occupiers. Eventually, leaders of all of these separate and fragmented Resistance organizations were gathered and coordinated by

4134: 2714:

from Spain, and it was soon learned that for the right price, they were also willing to smuggle people out of France like Allied airmen, refugees, Jews, and

2630:(OS), composed with many veterans from the Spanish Civil War, which carried out a number of minor attacks before Hitler broke the treaty and invaded Russia. 1056: 5881:

in Moscow. On Armistice Day, November 11, 1940, communists were among the university students demonstrating against German repression by marching along the

5453:

Besides attempting to establish a government, the Resistance took its revenge on collaborators who were often beaten or killed in extrajudicial executions.

5383:

over the Préfecture de Police on the Ile de la Cité, which was the first time the tricolor had flown in Paris since June 1940. All over Paris, the outlawed

19111: 19057: 18243: 8239:

The Vichy régime's prejudicial policies had discredited traditional conservatism in France by the end of the war, but following the liberation many former

4083:

of Europe, and many in the SOE preferred arming resistance groups in Yugoslavia, Italy and Greece rather than French ones. On 16 April 1943, the SOE agent

3374: 21991: 5548: 3881:

had to hold out under torture for 24 hours to give time for his comrades to escape. An underground pamphlet written for young men considering joining the

19575: 19064: 18680: 17849: 17746: 17683: 16532: 7442: 7147: 6429:

with Nazi Germany and adopted a policy of persecution towards Jews, demonstrated by the passage of antisemitic legislation as early as October 1940. The

6214:(Cross of Fire), which gradually moderated its positions during the early years of the war and grew increasingly popular among the aging veterans of the 3369:

were engaging in illegal warfare and therefore had no rights. On 5 August 1942, three Romanians belonging to the FTP-MOI tossed grenades into a group of

16675: 7688:

The intelligence networks were by far the most numerous and substantial of Resistance activities. They collected information of military value, such as

6818:, on the other hand, was focused on educating and organizing the population, i.e., "to raise awareness and organise the people as broadly as possible." 21851: 21731: 18090: 8583: 4186: 2948:; it took the occupation authorities some time to realize that the manual was a Communist publication meant to train the FTP for actions against them. 2088:

After the Allied landings in Normandy and Provence, the paramilitary components of the Resistance formed a hierarchy of operational units known as the

16356: 15558: 4650:

chief and killed him, his wife, their infant daughter, their 10-year-old son, and his 82-year-old mother. Outside the village of Saint-Laurent in the

21791: 19461: 18901: 18777: 17799: 17794: 17650: 16986: 6940: 3377:

in Paris, killing eight and wounding 13. The Germans claimed three were killed and 42 wounded; this let them execute more hostages, as Field Marshal

3310:

of Jews, arguing in a sermon that the "final solution" was taking things too far; he felt it better to convert Jews to Roman Catholicism. Archbishop

972: 435: 14487:[Cinema / "Nos résistances" soon to be screened at Lux, in Valence | The grandson, director, tells the story of his resistant grandfather]. 7200: 6450: 5944:) for German troops. The publication opposed both fascism and western imperialism, and 12 issues were distributed from July 1943 through July 1944. 5163:

releasing their hostages, though the Germans refused to free any of their hostages and instead deported them to the concentration camps. As for the

3429: 2057:. The proportion of French people who participated in organized resistance has been estimated at from one to three percent of the total population. 21275: 18754: 18134: 17879: 16574: 6189: 4933:

were joined in their guerrilla campaign by the Jedburgh teams, SOE agents, the "Operational Groups" of the OSS and by teams from the elite British

4368:

and his wife outside Lyon. The 80 year-old Basch was a French Jew, a former president of the League for the Rights of Men and had been a prominent

2481:

was divided into a series of cells that were unaware of each other. Another early resistance group founded in the summer of 1940 was the ill-fated

1436: 16199: 8217:". The questioning of France's past had become a national obsession by the 1980s, fueled by the highly publicized trials of war criminals such as 7575:

in Paris and finding they were to be replaced by German-approved staff, used a roneo machine belonging to the Museum to publish an open letter by

6935:

movement, also had BCRA roots. During his trip to London in April 1942, the BCRA entrusted him with the creation of two new intelligence systems,

5869:'s government. Many of its leaders were arrested and imprisoned or forced to go underground. The PCF adopted an antiwar position on orders of the 22078: 21773: 21435: 21318: 21312: 21308: 19191: 18503: 17598: 17543: 16668: 14431: 8496: 7919: 7701: 7426: 7256: 6888: 6550: 6050: 5621:

Between July and October 1940, de Gaulle rejected the unconstitutional, repressive and racist laws instituted by Pétain, and established his own

4876:

had broken many of the codes encrypted by the Enigma Machine, this gave a considerable intelligence advantage to the Allied generals. During the

4781:" ("The long sobs of the violins of autumn") was read on the BBC, that was the signal that the invasion was imminent and if the following verse " 4129: 3026: 341: 16402: 6727:, the only major female leader in the Resistance, headed the Alliance network. The Organisation Civile et Militaire had a female wing headed by 5244:

The reference to the "Mongolians" were to Asians serving in the Red Army who been captured by the Wehrmacht and joined either the German Army's

3777:

were all young, all volunteers, all itching for action ... It was up to us to organize them and give them a sense of their role in the struggle.

2783:

in a public letter, one of the first times that French antisemitism had been publicly condemned during the occupation. On 5 May 1941, the first

21572: 19010: 18312: 17676: 7385: 6378: 5328:

with the line: "That's what we are saying criminals and cowards". In the Battle of the Vercors Plateau, the SS landed a glider company and the

4445:

on the Glières plateau and on 26 March 1944 the Germans sent in an Alpine division of 7,000 men together with various SS units and about 1,000

3323:

in a sermon in September 1942, asking Calvinists to hide Jews. A number of Catholic and Calvinist schools and organizations such as the Jesuit

2941: 1953: 21016: 13860: 4499:

was appointed commander of the FFI and flew to London from Algiers to co-ordinate the operations of the FFI at the SHAEF commanded by General

2997: 657: 21847: 19809: 19772: 19749: 19263: 18185: 18155: 17458: 16963: 8155: 8140: 6746: 6736: 5211:, who was serving as Minister of Information and Propaganda in the Vichy government, and shot him down in front of his wife. Darnard had the 5195:

On 23 June 1944, Koenig began to operate, giving orders to all the SOE and OSS agents via the Special Forces Headquarters. By this time, the

4001:

even after innocence had quickly given way to experience, which made them regard danger and discipline as commonplace." The innocence of the

3621:(who tended to be the most extreme Nazis), Sauckel was a hard man. Despite warnings from Laval, Sauckel took the view that he was ordered by 3424: 21586: 19524: 8536:

After the war, museums and memorials commemorating the events and the people involved in the resistance were established throughout France.

8353:(also 1966) broadened the image of Resistance heroes in the minds of average Frenchmen. The most famous and critically acclaimed of all the 7992:(Tortoise) for road traffic. Their paralysis of German infrastructure is widely thought to have been very effective. British Prime Minister 7338:

The French Resistance began to unify in 1941. This was evidenced by the formation of movements in the Vichy zone centred on such figures as

6914:(Brotherhood of Our Lady), which provided the Allies with photographs, maps and important information on German defenses in general and the 4798:

and in the words of the British historian Terry Crowdy to "tactfully" give professional military leadership. One "Jed", the British officer

3629:

were sabotaging German industry by fleeing to the countryside, and the solution was simply to kill them all. Sauckel believed that once the

2295: 19902: 19758: 19742: 19714: 18955: 18162: 17807: 12754: 7219:. The Germans executed nearly 1,100 Jewish resisters of different nationalities during the occupation, while others were killed in action. 7208: 3661:(shanghaiing), storming into cinemas to arrest the patrons or raiding villages in search of bodies to turn into slaves to meet the quotas. 1791: 16284: 9961: 5501:

were pushed out of power to be replaced by the same civil servants who had served first the Third Republic to be followed by Vichy or the

20659: 19726: 19638: 19582: 19545: 18820: 17944: 17854: 17758: 17655: 17395: 17115: 16424: 16391: 14484: 13852: 5420:

As various cities, towns and villages were liberated in France, the Resistance was usually the most organized force that took over. Many

2249:

of Resistance suspects. After the liberation of France in the summer of 1944, the French executed many of the estimated 25,000 to 35,000

1264: 977: 844: 11583: 8650:, based on fact about the Resistance's efforts to prevent a train carrying looted French art from getting to Germany, and the 2011 film 6853: 5513: 4507:(General Staff, French Forces of the Interior). The American and British officers at SHAEF distrusted the Resistance with the OSS agent 4104:

things-people; perhaps a phrase one would remember that one had heard a long time before, or even a piece of poetry or a piece of music.

3131:, half of whom did not survive. After Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December 1941, the SOE was joined by the American 22027: 21445: 19631: 18356: 17874: 17640: 16567: 8601:, and the philosopher Jean Gosset; among those who survived and went on to reflect on their experience, a particularly visible one was 7516: 5752: 5307:

fought bravely, all these operations ended with the Resistance defeated. In the middle of June, the Wehrmacht had taken the village of

4662:

who had been lined up and shot by their captors. The killing of the gendarmes was denounced by the chief collaborationist propagandist

4335:

assassinating alternatively leaders of the Third Republic or collaborators that was to become increasingly savage as 1944 went on. The

3096:

resistance group. Renouvin taught his men military tactics at a secret boot camp in the countryside in the south of France and led the

2620: 1352: 8998: 5547:

The question of how many were active in the Resistance has been raised. While stressing that the issue was sensitive and approximate,

5065:

division had wanted to destroy another French town Oradour-sur-Vayres, whose people were said to be providing food and shelter to the

2359:

Even today, when people who are not French or did not live through the Occupation look at photos of German soldiers marching down the

21430: 21137: 19765: 18148: 18106: 17889: 17606: 16539: 13103: 7964:, fought alongside the Allies to free the rest of France. Several color-coded plans were co-ordinated for sabotage, most importantly 7002:

in early 1939, about half a million Spanish Republicans fled to France to escape imprisonment or execution. On the north side of the

6892:(BCRA), and its actions were carried out by volunteers who were parachuted into France to create and nourish local Resistance cells. 5524: 4108:

On 26 May 1943, in Paris, Moulin chaired a secret meeting attended by representatives of the main resistance groups to form the CNR (

1181: 13261: 6628:. Under General Koenig, he and his heavily outnumbered troops committed daring raids, dealing decisive losses to the Germans at the 22120: 22009: 21665: 20986: 18798: 18572: 18335: 18201: 18012: 16335: 13798: 7366:), each of whom was, independently, an agent of the Free French. Formal consolidation was accomplished through the intervention of 6832: 5901: 5555:, ventured an estimate of 200,000 activists and a further 300,000 with substantial involvement in Resistance operations. Historian 4404:

unaware of this tried to seize "redoubts" several times in 1944 with disastrous results. Starting in late January 1944, a group of

4276:

on 11 November. On 29 December 1943, the AS and the Communist FTP agreed to cooperate; their actions were controlled by the COMAC (

2397:

often spoke of some "climax" when they saw some intolerable act of injustice, after which they could no longer remain passive. The

1519: 1274: 17226: 16094:

Marco, Jorge (2020) "An Army of mutes in disguise: Languages and transnational resistance in France during the Second World War",

7110:

who had over 2,000 Germans in the FTP under his command by July 1944. He fought the Nazis directly, as in an April 1944 battle in

6922: 6118:

began in 1942, the fervour and the number of socialists in the Resistance grew. The CAS-Sud became the secret SFIO in March 1943.

2374:

to Germany and people started to disappear. Under the armistice of June 1940, the French were obliged to arrest and deport to the

21697: 19881: 19678: 19330: 18708: 18208: 18120: 18056: 17894: 17779: 16647: 7473: 6749:, general de Gaulle, as a recognition of and a reward for their role in the Resistance, granted women the right to vote in 1945. 1478: 1169: 869: 17525: 16396: 16224: 2829:

In Britain, the letter V had been adopted as a symbol of the will to victory, and in the summer of 1941, the V cult crossed the

2253:

for their collaboration with the Nazis. Many of those who escaped arrest fled to Germany, where they were incorporated into the

2161:

One of the conditions of the armistice was that the French must pay for their own occupation. This amounted to about 20 million

21865: 21450: 20084: 19596: 18439: 17977: 17902: 16269: 8287:(1946) depicted the courageous efforts of French railway workers to sabotage German reinforcement trains, and in the same year 6925:, a naval officer, developed a 26-person network in France. He was betrayed, arrested in May 1941, and shot on 29 August 1941. 5822: 5069:, but had taken a wrong turn on the road, which led him and his men to Oradour-sur-Glane, whose people had never supported the 3568:. At least 40,000 Frenchmen (80% of the resistance were people under thirty) fled to the countryside, becoming the core of the 3477:(codename Vidal) as the commander of the AS. Moulin followed this success by contacting resistance groups in the north such as 1298: 945: 8251:" (the myth of the Resistance), one of them even concluding, "The 'Gaullist' régime is therefore built on a fundamental lie." 8209:

In coming to terms with the events of the occupation, several attitudes have emerged in France, in an evolution the historian

7111: 6425:; and the southern "free zone", where the régime's administrative center, Vichy, was located. Vichy voluntarily and willfully 6204:

Before the war, there were several ultrarightist organisations in France including the monarchist, antisemitic and xenophobic

2900:

and invaded the Soviet Union. Well prepared for the resistance through the clandestinity in which they were forced during the

1193: 531: 58: 22115: 21660: 21425: 20680: 20585: 20112: 19858: 19733: 18812: 18786: 18643: 18349: 18266: 16610: 16326: 16251: 16167: 16146: 16110: 16085: 16063: 16037: 16018: 15990: 15971: 15952: 15931: 15910: 15882: 15859: 15840: 15821: 15802: 15778: 15750: 15731: 15712: 15693: 15674: 15655: 15636: 15617: 15598: 15547: 15524: 15503: 15480: 15461: 15423: 15404: 15381: 15358: 15337: 15318: 15284: 15260: 15237: 15218: 15199: 15176: 15157: 15138: 15119: 15100: 15081: 15062: 15041: 15019: 14997: 14978: 14959: 14940: 14921: 14895: 14861: 14828: 14809: 14790: 14771: 14735: 14716: 14697: 14678: 14659: 14640: 14621: 14602: 14583: 14564: 14543: 14485:"Cinema / "Nos résistances" bientôt projeté au Lux, à Valence | Le petit-fils, réalisateur, raconte son grand-père résistant" 14402: 12814: 12789: 11988: 6895:

Of the nearly 2,000 volunteers who were active by the end of the war, one of the most effective and well-known was the agent

5947:

Many well-known intellectual and artistic figures were attracted to the Communist party during the war, including the artist

5362:

coming offensive. After the breakout from Normandy, Eisenhower had planned to by-pass Paris while Hitler had ordered General

3024:

in London, which few resistance groups did at the time. To lend further support, in October 1941 de Gaulle founded the BCRA (

2342:" ("Germany is victorious on all fronts!"), a sign that is mentioned by virtually all accounts by Parisians at the time. The 1176: 1034: 428: 5147:

to retreat and when the Axis forces arrived, eleven people were shot on the spot while a number of hostages were taken. The

4437:

from the Glières plateau and were repulsed. After Morel had been killed by a French policeman during a raid, command of the

3227:

On 29 May 1942 it was announced that all Jews living in the occupied zone had to wear a yellow star of David with the words

2220:, in which an entire village was razed and almost every resident murdered because of persistent resistance in the vicinity. 21726: 21268: 20913: 20320: 20206: 19371: 18831: 18827: 18805: 18409: 17561: 16994: 16955: 16792: 16626: 16369: 12476: 8804: 7751:. Their dangerous work gave them an average life expectancy of around six months. Even children partook in radio work (see 4478:

to threaten the Germans with the possibility of prosecution for war crimes. The designation did not help. For example, the

4013:

had little in the way of uniforms, with the men wearing civilian clothing with a beret being the only common symbol of the

2848:, 6 September (the anniversary of the Battle of the Marne in 1914) and Armistice Day with a special emphasis on the line: " 837: 669: 17583: 7455: 5684: 5123:

attempted to seize towns in June 1944, expecting the Allies to be there soon, often with tragic results. For instance, in

4110: 4076:

bands, but until early 1944 the SOE were unable to convince Whitehall that supplying the Resistance should be a priority.

3419:

were held in filthy, overcrowded prisons full of lice and fleas and fed substandard food or held in solitary confinement.

3257:

wishing to settle scores, which kept the occupation authorities informed about what was happening in France. One of these

3139:, the chief of the OCM, was arrested by the Gestapo, who later executed him, leadership of the OCM was assumed by Colonel 2664:

appealing to ordinary French people to stop denouncing each other to the Germans. Desnos's appeal failed, but the phrase "

22031: 22014: 21670: 21636: 20828: 20292: 19624: 19610: 18816: 9923: 8780: 7583:("Vichy Wages War"), written by Cassou. At the end of 1940, a group of 10, including Humbert, Cassou, Marcel Abraham and 7239:

industrial area, where they played a determining role in the creation of the Département's main resistance organisation,

6772:

co-founded one of the first anti-occupation groups, and in December 1940 started co-publishing the underground newspaper

6343:

to describe those who at first supported the Vichy régime (mostly based on the patriotic image of Pétain rather than the

5424:

were disgusted by the mass influx of new members in the dying days of the struggle, contemptuously calling them the FFS (

4757:

at Mont Mouchet under the slogan "Free France starts here!" At Mont Mouchet, he gathered about 2,700 men, who formed the

3034:, who used the codename "Colonel Passy" to provide support for the Resistance. Though the BCRA was based in an office in 1164: 787: 16901: 12682: 8158:, and consequently lacked any form of institutional justice. Approximately 9,000 were executed, mostly without trial as 6947: 6262: 4690:

and imposed his own system of rationing on the local farmers that flouted the rationing system imposed by Vichy. In the

4005:

was reflected in the choice of names they took, which were usually whimsical and boyish names, unlike those used by the

3398:, a testament to how even the communists by 1942 saw themselves as fighting for France as much as for world revolution. 2603:

and were only allowed to ride the last carriage on the Paris Metro. The French people at the time distinguished between

1135: 21485: 21460: 21037: 20906: 20784: 20362: 20077: 20028: 19786: 19341: 18586: 18425: 18273: 18127: 17714: 17645: 17490: 17190: 16918: 16654: 8716: 8005: 7349: 6732: 6130: 6006: 5544:

were "individuals of exceptional strong-mindedness, ready to break with family and friends" to serve a higher purpose.

5540: 4115: 3873:

bands that emerged in the countryside soon formed a subculture with its own slang, dress and rules. The most important

2701: 2060:

The French Resistance played a significant role in facilitating the Allies' rapid advance through France following the

1946: 1778: 1547: 1149: 1142: 353: 8381:

described it as "the best film made about the fighters of the shadows, those anti-heroes." The shattering of France's

8090:

commandos were being dropped nearby to the south to prepare for the Allied landing in Provence. One American officer,

8051:

The liberation of most of southwestern, central and southeastern France was finally fulfilled with the arrival of the

6221:

Despite some differences in their positions on certain issues, these organizations were united in their opposition to

6077:(administratively joined with Belgium) in January 1941, along the lines of a prior network created in September 1940. 6057:'s defection to the Vichy régime). In March 1941 Daniel Mayer created, with other socialists like Suzanne Buisson and 5192:

and buried 36 Jews alive out in the woods, as Bout de l'An believed that the Resistance was all the work of the Jews.

3306:

of Lyon, a staunch antisemite who had supported Vichy's efforts to solve the "Jewish question" in France, opposed the

21153: 20035: 20007: 19824: 19406: 19118: 19085: 16661: 16303: 8347:(1966), "the role of the resistant was revalued according to political trajectory". The comic form of films such as 7830:

uses rather than risk heavy losses by attacking heavily defended targets. It was also preferred since it caused less

7445:. To avert capture and deportation to Germany, they became increasingly organized into non-active resistance groups. 6028: 3757:

were enemies thrown up by the final chaos of the Occupation, in a sense twins symbiotically linked in a final hunt."

2435:

in July 1940. Jean Cassou also organized a resistance group in Paris that month and a liberal Catholic law professor

1597: 827: 17: 18301: 10047:

Bernhard H.Bayerlein, Mikhaïl Narinski, Brigitte Studer, Serge Wolikow, dir. Denis Peschanski, Moscou-Paris-Berlin,

8259:

The French Resistance has had a great influence on literature, particularly in France. A famous example is the poem

6844: 5915:

The military strength of the communists was still relatively feeble at the end of 1941, but the rapid growth of the

4218:

by taking a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler and being commissioned as a Waffen-SS officer together with 11 other

3789:

were careful about concealing fires and could usually avoid aerial detection. The only other way of breaking up the

31: 22023: 21857: 21641: 21551: 21190: 20348: 20285: 19420: 19249: 18372: 17430: 17048: 13308: 8029: 6138: 4453:

whose lost about 150 killed in action and another 200 captured who were then shot. Anjot knew the odds against his

4169:, who become so famous for organizing assassinations that the FTP-MOI came to be known to the French people as the 3601:

and the Resistance changed from an urban movement to a rural movement, most active in central and southern France.

3081: 2732: 1878: 421: 18926: 16910: 12471: 3390:. A number were Belgian, Dutch, and Hungarian immigrants to France; all went before the firing squads singing the 2587:

laws started to come into force in both the occupied and unoccupied zones. On 3 October 1940 Vichy introduced the

2151: 22105: 21889: 21261: 20714: 20555: 20544: 20380: 20139: 20098: 19991: 19929: 19309: 18579: 18448: 18416: 16432: 16417: 12619: 7871:

From July to October 1943, groups in Paris engaging in attacks against occupying soldiers were better organized.

5691: 1061: 19096: 18664: 16946: 15896:. Vincennes: Service historique de l'armee de terre (SHAT). U.S. Library of Congress (LC) Control No.: 81131366. 8608:

Among prominent foreign figures who participated in the French Resistance was the political scientist and later

6514: 4626:. They hoped that they could annihilate all of their enemies before the Allies won. For their part, some of the 4214:

who had long been frustrated at the unwillingness of the Germans to arm his force, finally won the trust of the

3187:

later writing: "It was women who kick-started the Resistance." In May 1942, speaking before a military court in

22004: 21930: 21764: 21593: 21558: 21100: 21072: 20950: 20743: 19980: 19431: 19357: 19146: 18517: 18236: 18141: 18026: 17699: 17088: 8091: 7438: 6658: 6010: 4654:, a mass grave was discovered in May 1944 of eight gendarmes known for their loyalty to Vichy kidnapped by the 3638:

were not political opponents and should not be treated as such, arguing that an amnesty and a promise that the

3539: 2859: 2736:(OCM), which consisted of army officers and civil servants, was founded to provide intelligence to the Allies. 2697: 2626: 2176: 932: 50: 17103: 8697:, a British sitcom featuring Resistance activities, was conceived as a parody of the earlier BBC drama series 6868:) to set up a secret service agency in occupied France to counter the threat of a German operation code-named 6716:, was never assigned a specific role in the hierarchy of the movement. Hélène Viannay, one of the founders of 5873:

in Moscow, which remained in place for the first year of the German occupation, reflecting the September 1939

5084:

caused the Germans much difficulty, the guerrillas tended not to fare well in sustained combat. The SOE agent

5023:

division by several hours and that he would do the same again the next day, and the next. On 9 June 1944, the

4753:, believed that continuing inaction was bad for morale and starting on May 20, 1944, began to concentrate the 4017:

as a beret was sufficiently common in France not to be conspicuous, but uncommon enough to be the symbol of a

3168:, who came from the Bessarabia region, which belonged alternately to either Russia or Romania. On 1 May 1942, 2591:, banning Jews from numerous professions including law, medicine and public service. Jewish businesses were " 21843: 21160: 21093: 21044: 20975: 20800: 20306: 20257: 20021: 20014: 19617: 19378: 19162: 18215: 17869: 17591: 17416: 17095: 16875: 16866: 16560: 8310:

In the 1950s, a less heroic interpretation of the Resistance to the occupation gradually began to emerge. In

8154:(wild purge). This period succeeded the German occupational administration but preceded the authority of the 8033: 7953: 7930: 7031: 7007: 6701: 6494:(OJC). The OJC had four hundred members by the summer of 1944, and participated in the liberations of Paris, 5703: 5699: 5346:

lost about 650, killed during the fighting on the Vercors plateau and afterwards, the Germans shot about 200

5151:

chief of Orléans and the archbishop of Bourges were able to negotiate an exchange on 23 June 1944, where the

4466: 4303: 3363:, the Germans argued that those engaging in resistance were "bandits" and "terrorists", maintaining that all 2089: 2034: 1939: 1797: 1342: 1286: 1254: 1024: 802: 782: 191: 6389:". After its members were arrested, tortured and publicly tried, they were executed by firing squad in Fort 5971:, inspired by Russian patriotic sentiment, would support the Soviet war effort. A number of them formed the 4929:

focused on ambushing the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS as they travelled to the battlefields of Normandy. The

1565: 1002: 21935: 21234: 21130: 20505: 20466: 19385: 19213: 19198: 19125: 19104: 18922: 18600: 18386: 18379: 18363: 18074: 18033: 18005: 17907: 16353: 8337:

After General de Gaulle's return to power in 1958, the portrayal of the Resistance returned to its earlier

7802: 7555: 6728: 3438: 3132: 3044: 2945: 2784: 2447: 904: 12525: 8000: 2906: 22019: 21465: 21455: 21402: 21197: 20521: 20473: 20091: 20063: 19916: 19531: 19510: 19024: 18687: 18593: 18083: 17844: 17834: 17575: 16858: 16525: 16511: 7957: 7877: 7735:. Information from such services was often used as a bargaining chip to qualify for airdrops of weapons. 7107: 7095: 7039: 6880:(also known as Colonel Passy), who had previously worked for France's military intelligence service, the 6645: 5916: 5858: 5798: 5308: 5135:

and their associated women prisoners, including the wife of Francis Bout de l'An, a senior leader of the

4670:

had started to form an alternative government to Vichy, which still controlled the French civil service.

3797:

would execute infiltrators. Joining the men fleeing the service with the STO were others targeted by the

3341: 3278: 2920: 2114: 1784: 1644: 1330: 1249: 1159: 1120: 1029: 822: 762: 365: 21742: 14504: 12991:– "Quoi qu'il arrive, la flamme de la résistance française ne doit pas s'éteindre et ne s'éteindra pas." 8517: 7801:

Stealing dynamite from the Germans eventually took preference over handcrafting explosives. The British

5323:. To celebrate Bastille Day, the US Army Air Force sent in 360 B-17s to drop supplies of weapons to the 5015:

threw a "Gammon grenade", which knocked out the tank tracks. As more of the SS tanks began to shell the

3719: 319: 22100: 21995: 21910: 20995: 20491: 20410: 20355: 20243: 20199: 19849: 19475: 19399: 19294: 19171: 19043: 19036: 18996: 18969: 18701: 18634: 18229: 18040: 17970: 17819: 17729: 17635: 17423: 16841: 16832: 16490: 16410: 8774: 8056: 7344: 6570:. Henri Karayan (1921–2011), a member of the Manouchian Group, participated in illegal distribution of 6282: 5900:

committed the first overt violent act of communist resistance by assassinating a German officer at the

5738: 4713:

Reflecting their weakening power, the authorities grew harsher in their punishments. At the village of

4473:-Forces of the Interior). The Germans refused to accept the Resistance as legitimate opponents and any 2834:

traditions" to draw upon for symbols of resistance. Starting in 1941, it was common for crowds to sing

2797: 2463: 2217: 1488: 1415: 1110: 1078: 621: 478: 14489: 14295: 8636:(Endeavour Press, 2015), which depicts a female Resistance cell leader as the novel's main character, 7651:(the Midnight Press), which had been set up to circumvent Vichy and German censorship. The 1942 novel 7298: 6910: 6802:

In this context, it is customary to distinguish the various organisations of the French Resistance as

6529:

The Armenian community of France played an active role in the Resistance. Armenian poet and communist

6169: 21631: 21475: 20897: 20814: 20599: 20459: 20431: 20264: 20169: 19959: 19392: 18459: 18113: 16640: 16230:

Poznanski, Renée. "Rescue of the Jews and the resistance in France: From history to historiography."

15252: 13008: 12701:"President Sarkozy Vows to Introduce New French Bill Against Armenian Genocide Denial, March 9, 2012" 8728: 8386: 8343: 8334:(The Crossing of the Rhine)(1960), in which a crowd successively acclaims both Pétain and de Gaulle. 8203: 6430: 5972: 5505:, Army officers who had gone into retirement in 1940, and resumed their service with the liberation. 5115:

surprised that so many had enough. I was perhaps astonished that the number of defectors were so low.

4457:

band were hopeless, but decided to take a stand to uphold French honor. Anjot himself was one of the

4145: 3311: 3021: 2986: 2822: 2588: 1188: 1046: 997: 767: 633: 524: 21607: 18657: 17208: 17163: 16397:"Ambush at Thorame-Haute: archaeological traces of a fifteen minute Ambush by the French resistance" 7648: 7507:, were on strike, slowing deliveries of coal to German industrial plants supporting the war effort. 7271: 6900: 5438:

unexpectedly tough. It proved the bitterest of ends to a bitter war." As France was liberated, many

3768:

We established contact with them through our departmental and regional chiefs. Usually these little

2575: 2523:

that was used to code German radio messages. A number of the Polish code-breakers who developed the

2131: 807: 22036: 21861: 21675: 21565: 20636: 20613: 19865: 19666: 19659: 19316: 18976: 18948: 18941: 18328: 17763: 17518: 17451: 17244: 16785: 16778: 16734: 16581: 8973: 8277: 7720: 7179:. Jewish resisters included Imre Epstein in the Hungarian group at Toulouse; György Vadnai (future 6724: 6691:

Despite opposing the collaborationist régime, the French Resistance generally sympathised with its

6612:, who participated in every important operation that involved French forces until 1942 and led the 6562: 6421:

The Vichy régime had legal authority in both the north of France, which was occupied by the German

6332:

for three generations, abandoned his views in favor of the ideology of the republican Jean Moulin.

6317: 6305: 6253: 6249: 5730: 5707: 4659: 3691: 3473:

or Secret Army). The MUR recognised General de Gaulle as the leader of France and selected General

2331: 1451: 1356: 777: 616: 21600: 18673: 18650: 16935: 16926: 16159:

The Politics of Resistance in France, 1940–1944: A History of the Mouvements Unis de la Résistance

12191: 8377: 8359: 7738:

The transmission of information was first done by radio transmitter. Later, when air links by the

7527: 7523: 7154:

prison, where he and his fighters freed every one of 114 inmates who had been sentenced to death.

6348: 6241: 5714:, and, in the waning days of summer 1944, led the drive toward Paris. The FFI in Normandy and the 5096:

later recalled the Battle of Saint Marcel as the firefight on 18 June 1944 at a farmhouse outside

4729:

of 1944. Starting on May 20, 1944, there occurred another major clash between the Germans and the

3176:

was forced to break off his speech when the crowd began to chant "Mort à Laval" (death to Laval).

2319: 1753: 21940: 21803: 21500: 21058: 21002: 20872: 20732: 20417: 20070: 19966: 19872: 19440: 19301: 19271: 19235: 19220: 19092: 18984: 18962: 18908: 18894: 18876: 18540: 18321: 18049: 17998: 17181: 16849: 16727: 13013: 11978: 8699: 8391: 7647:

The underground press brought out books as well as newspapers through publishing houses, such as

7599: 7232: 7228: 6054: 5999: 5476:

Gaulle as France's leader, the Communists chose to pursue power via ballots rather than bullets.

5250:

or the SS; the French called all these men "Mongols" regardless if they were Mongols or not. The

4566:

noting that the BCRA had organized hundreds of supply drops, of which only six were for the FTP.

4095:. After her arrest, Sansom was tortured for several months, which she recounted in the 1949 book 3649:

As Laval predicted, the hardline policies that Sauckel advocated turned the basically apolitical

3035: 2030: 1994: 1115: 940: 884: 592: 536: 17154: 17024: 16280: 12758: 8656:, about a group of young Resistance fighters, inspired by the real-life experiences of director 7786: 7608: 7491: 7316: 6717: 6344: 6273: 4449:, making for about 10,000 men supported by artillery and air support which soon overwhelmed the 4272:

tortured and deported two other people, including the gendarme captain who failed to resist the

3960:

who were resisting Axis rule in Greece and preferred a democratic decision-making progress, the

3898:

sleeping bag if possible. Wear a warm suit, a beret, a raincoat, a good pair of hobnailed boots.

2919:, they played a disproportionate role in the Resistance. The Communist resistance group was the 2418: 22058: 21999: 21986: 21955: 21797: 21691: 21302: 21284: 20750: 20643: 20445: 20396: 20299: 20192: 20162: 19945: 19833: 19559: 19350: 18934: 18915: 18885: 18432: 18402: 17402: 17308: 17287: 16741: 16720: 16713: 16633: 8679: 8229: 8016: 7504: 7287: 7079: 6356: 6226: 6086:, newspaper of the SFIO from 1921 to 1940, was publishing again, clandestinely. The same year, 5975:, which adopted pro-Soviet positions and collaborated closely with the French Communist Party. 5862: 5638: 5401:, marking the first time that the Germans had treated the resistance as a legitimate opponent. 5299:

bands to concentrate on the Vercors plateau after hearing of D-Day. By 9 June 1944, some 3,000

5097: 5003:

division, Macpherson had a bomb planted on a bridge to knock out a half-truck while having the

4967:

the road. Such operations seriously delayed the Germans, with the elite 2nd Waffen SS Division

4758: 4319:. By February 1944, supply drops were up by 173%. The same month, the OSS agreed to supply the 3237: 3172:, which Vichy France had tried to turn into a Catholic holiday celebrating St. Philip, Premier 2314:

The Occupation was hard for the French to accept. Many Parisians remember the shock at seeing

2010: 1684: 1587: 1408: 1305: 879: 575: 551: 14840:

Inside S.O.E. – The First Full Story of Special Operations Executive in Western Europe 1940–45

13849: 8669: 8371:'s 1943 book as well as Melville's own experience as a Resistance fighter who participated in 7719:, and didn't hesitate to get in touch with the anti-Germans within the Vichy military such as 7613: 7554:("Among Us"), published in German for the occupiers, printed stories of German defeats on the 7359: 6485:). They continued armed resistance under a Zionist flag until liberation finally arrived. The 6313: 4267:" ("From tomorrow's victors to those of 14–18"). Afterwards, the people of Oyonnax joined the 4198:—France's largest tyre factory and a major source of tyres for the Wehrmacht—into the ground. 2960: 2706:(underworld) of Paris and Marseilles soon becoming very rich by supplying rationed goods. The 2560: 2436: 1725: 1381: 21241: 20964: 20807: 20703: 20673: 20629: 20369: 20334: 20327: 20250: 20148: 19589: 19566: 19413: 19017: 18554: 18294: 18280: 17963: 17859: 17294: 17072: 16546: 15230:

National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies

13021: 11876: 8874:

Wieviorka, Olivier and Tebinka, Jacek, "Resisters: From Everyday Life to Counter-state", in

8799: 8646: 8435: 8176: 8112: 7861: 7405: 7099: 6675: 6613: 6234: 5923:

opposed this and adopted a policy of cooperating with the Allied powers and advocating a new

5897: 5886: 5837:

Artist's impression of a meeting of the PCF (Parti communiste français) central committee at

5802: 5773: 5561: 5372: 5363: 5139:

who intervened to take personal charge of the situation to get his wife back. A joint German-

4516:, in May 531 drops and in June 866 drops. The most common weapon provided by the SOE was the 3449:

On 26 January 1943, Moulin persuaded the three main resistance groups in the south of France—

3345: 2213: 2127: 2093: 2065: 1998: 1983: 1905: 1674: 1634: 1607: 1422: 1398: 1393: 1315: 1093: 1007: 715: 401: 18852: 17668: 12726: 8731:", which later gained worldwide popularity as "The Partisan" with English lyrics adapted by 8077:

Western Europe would have consumed a much longer time and meant greater losses to ourselves.

7453:

The majority of resistance movements in France were unified after Moulin's formation of the

7050:. After the German Army had been driven from France, the Spanish maquis refocused on Spain. 4496: 4438: 4294: 4079:

Until 1944, there were only 23 Halifax bombers committed to supplying Resistance groups for

3717:, knowing that they might be tried for their actions if the Allies won. Only the men of the 3084:

was betrayed by an informer and arrested by the Gestapo. In November 1941, Frenay recruited

2188:

men, though often the women had to do so to acquire food for themselves and their families.

914: 541: 22072: 21965: 21876: 21646: 21517: 21065: 20920: 20571: 20528: 20498: 20424: 20234: 20213: 19132: 18609: 18287: 17926: 17724: 17437: 17384: 17065: 16762: 16553: 16476: 16205:

Douzou, Laurent. "A Perilous History: A Historiographical Essay on the French Resistance."

15788: 15667:

U.S. Army Special Warfare, Its Origins: Psychological and Unconventional Warfare, 1941–1952

13107: 12472:""Art proscrit" – "Száműzött művészet" – Exposition à Budapest du 17 avril au 15 août 2010" 10986: 9002: 8617: 8364: 8349: 8260: 8063: 7976:(purple) for telecommunications. To complement these missions, smaller plans were drafted: 7923: 7913: 7770: 7681: 7653: 6629: 6309: 6233:, a fascist paramilitary organisation, launched various actions aimed at destabilising the 5749:

losses included 76 armored vehicles, seven cannons, 27 half-tracks and 133 other vehicles.

5667: 5124: 3710: 3543:(STO) organisation was created, requiring able-bodied Frenchmen to work in Germany. In the 3303: 3289:(great round-up) of Jews to deport to the death camps. On the morning of 16 July 1942, the 2897: 2650:

and the SS could not have functioned without French informers. In September 1940, the poet

2510:

stayed loyal to the Allied cause despite nominally being under the authority of Vichy; the

2254: 1830: 1612: 1403: 490: 105: 16124: 12637: 8440: 8389:

was made particularly clear in French cinema. The candid approach of the 1971 documentary

8150: 6336: 5698:, Free French forces numbered approximately half a million regulars and more than 100,000 5358: 5354: 3801:, such as Jews, Spanish Republican refugees, and Allied airmen shot down over France. One 3513:

s tasks; it was first presented as an organisation to crack down on the black market. The

2959:, the first time the resistance had killed a German. The German Military Governor General 2338:, a huge banner was spread across the facade of the building reading in capital letters: " 2009:. They also provided first-hand intelligence information, and escape networks that helped 645: 8: 21709: 21396: 21183: 20957: 20835: 20791: 20313: 19447: 19206: 18733: 18563: 18547: 18496: 17784: 17554: 17504: 17444: 17058: 16504: 16462: 16455: 13272: 12209: 8785: 8476: 8395:

shone a spotlight on antisemitism in France and disputed the official Resistance ideals.

8283: 8025: 7961: 7900: 7632:

in December 1941, which grew to a circulation of 200,000 by 1944. During the same period

7187:

at Limoges. Also participating were the painter Sándor Józsa, the sculptor István Hajdú (

6637: 6633: 6609: 6593: 6082: 6070: 5936: 5882: 5781: 5742: 5552: 5408:

De Gaulle disapproved of the truce as he used the uprising to order on 22 August General

4934: 3976:

for political or racial reasons. Regardless whether they had served in the military, the

3964:

bands tended to be dominated by a charismatic leader, usually an older man who was not a

3588:

of Corsica were usually bandits, and those men fleeing to the countryside chose the term

3474: 3360: 3240:

wrote in her diary about a Jewish woman wearing her yellow star of David going shopping:

2360: 2284: 2119: 1766: 1760: 1739: 1664: 957: 894: 874: 757: 597: 563: 277: 16294: 16219:

Millington, Chris. "Were we terrorists? History, terrorism, and the French Resistance".

16195: 16132:. First published 1999, English edition 2014; highly influential study of intellectuals. 14990:

Crusade in Europe – Report on Operations in Northwest Europe, June 6, 1944 – May 8, 1945

14556:

A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500–1920: With an Introductory History

13802: 8445: 8194: 7860:

The assassinations that took place during summer and autumn 1941, starting with Colonel

6542: 6417:

in 1944. She was posthumously awarded the Croix de guerre and Médaille de la Resistance.

6240:

In 1942, after an ambiguous period of collaboration, the former leader of Croix de Feu,

6206: 5866: 5694:

of 1943, 130,000 Free French soldiers fought on the Allied side and, by the time of the

5536:

professors and students, the entire working class and a large majority of the peasants.

4706:

as a SOE agent in the spring of 1944, he described a power structure established by the

3560:

for the Organisation Todt, but had no way of knowing where they would go. The so-called

2873:

quoted Foch that "A nation is beaten only when it has accepted that it is beaten" while

2017:

lines. The Resistance's men and women came from many parts of French society, including

22052: 21757: 21176: 21009: 20934: 20888: 20858: 20766: 20606: 20271: 20155: 20049: 20000: 19938: 19694: 19645: 19454: 19071: 18726: 18524: 17921: 17916: 17789: 17734: 17497: 17315: 17274: 17145: 17039: 17010: 16809: 16588: 16469: 16157: 15871: 15629:

The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution

15536: 15492: 15393: 15370: 15188: 8878:(2006), eds: Robert Gildea, Olivier Wieviorka, and Anette Warring, Oxford: Berg, p. 153 8710: 8693: 8410: 8330: 8311: 8041: 7938: 7933:

in September 1943, a significant example of Resistance strength was displayed when the

7819: 7763: 7708: 7629: 7460: 6869: 6861: 6827: 6617: 6605: 6482: 6442: 6410: 6377:

poster distributed by the Vichy French and German authorities in the spring of 1944 in

6185: 6149: 6095: 6074: 5874: 5765: 5634: 4911: 4786: 4679: 4441:

was assumed by Captain Maurice Anjot. In March 1944, the Luftwaffe started to bomb the

4384: 3469: 3156:

then on to Auschwitz to be killed. In April 1942, the PCF created an armed wing of its

3135:(OSS) to provide support for the resistance. In December 1941, after the industrialist 2878: 2788: 2746: 2727: 2455: 2165:

per day, a sum that, in May 1940, was approximately equivalent to four hundred million

2061: 1895: 1689: 1529: 1514: 1105: 992: 609: 556: 17017: 16883: 16375: 16190:

Bracher, Nathan. "Remembering the French resistance: ethics and poetics of the epic".

13002: 7731:

was known by the code letters FANA and headed by Georges Beyer, the brother-in-law of

7715:

as early as July 1940. They were Lieutenants Mansion, Saint-Jacques and Corvisart and

7059: 6932: 6882: 6679: 6438: 6124: 5797:, petitioned Eisenhower for an immediate frontal assault. He threatened to detach the 5603: 5199:

had formed assassination squads to kill collaborators and on 28 June 1944, a group of

4746: 4413: 4234:

received many weapons from the SOE, it was often the case that in the clashes between

4165:

In the summer of 1943, leadership of the FTP-MOI was assumed by an Armenian immigrant

3665:, the Francophile German ambassador to Vichy, had warned that Sauckel was driving the 2506: 2423:

on German vehicles. Another tactic was the publication of underground newspapers like

1125: 22110: 21167: 21051: 20941: 20881: 20842: 20775: 20757: 20723: 20666: 20620: 20564: 20389: 20127: 20119: 20056: 19909: 19028: 18489: 18468: 18178: 17931: 17719: 17476: 17409: 17079: 16686: 16617: 16247: 16163: 16142: 16106: 16081: 16059: 16033: 16014: 15986: 15967: 15948: 15927: 15921: 15906: 15878: 15855: 15836: 15817: 15798: 15792: 15774: 15746: 15727: 15708: 15689: 15670: 15651: 15632: 15613: 15594: 15543: 15538:

Social Change in Modern France: Towards a Cultural Anthropology of the Fifth Republic

15520: 15514: 15499: 15476: 15457: 15451: 15438: 15419: 15400: 15377: 15354: 15348: 15333: 15314: 15280: 15256: 15233: 15214: 15195: 15172: 15153: 15134: 15115: 15096: 15077: 15058: 15052: 15037: 15015: 14993: 14974: 14955: 14936: 14917: 14891: 14857: 14824: 14805: 14786: 14767: 14750: 14731: 14712: 14693: 14674: 14655: 14636: 14617: 14598: 14579: 14560: 14554: 14539: 14398: 12810: 12785: 12338:

This expression has been used by many of Azéma's colleagues, notably Robert Belot in

11984: 8792: 8661: 8372: 8268: 8189: 8159: 8083: 8068: 8052: 7993: 7949: 7942: 7881: 7854: 7846: 7831: 7823: 7774: 7739: 7689: 7468: 7418: 7290:

posed as local civilians in France to channel American assistance to the Resistance.

7083: 6999: 6865: 6857: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6567: 6557:(1906–1945), another French Resistance activist, was arrested along with her husband 6530: 6478: 6406: 6386: 6165: 6103: 5968: 5890: 5769: 5695: 5629: 5607: 5587: 5312: 5171:

knew if they were freed, they would reveal their hideout and their names as both the

5047: 4769:. The "résistants" answered by waging a ferocious guerrilla war against the Germans. 4671: 4542: 4530: 4500: 4491:(the German state railroad) and put soldiers on trains as they no longer trusted the 4400:

meant that the Resistance would be unable to hold their own in sustained combat. The

4260: 4166: 3548: 3274: 3211: 3195: 2916: 2806: 2616: 2572:

on 12 September. One more was shot in October 1940, and three more in November 1940.

2486: 2451: 2200: 2196: 2162: 2081: 2006: 2002: 1772: 1524: 1362: 1227: 909: 889: 861: 832: 792: 704: 700: 650: 604: 585: 580: 507: 21338: 17002: 16892: 8594: 8188:

During this period, and particularly after de Gaulle's return to power in 1958, the

7904:

A group of resistants at the time of their joining forces with the Canadian army at

7815: 7354: 6877: 6713: 6142: 5842: 5332:

suffered very heavy losses. Many of the "German" units fighting on the Vercors were

5288: 3031: 2494: 2381:

Resistance when it first began in the summer of 1940 was based upon what the writer

1130: 21960: 21506: 21384: 21372: 21086: 21079: 21023: 20687: 20452: 20438: 20341: 20278: 20229: 20042: 19895: 19842: 19652: 19603: 19517: 18740: 18717: 18250: 17884: 17864: 17839: 17812: 17568: 16769: 16755: 16518: 16497: 16483: 16381: 16210: 16030:

Operation Dragoon: Autopsy of a Battle, the Allied Liberation of the French Riviera

14595:

The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined

8613: 8463: 8422:

addressed foreign resisters of the EGO, who were then relatively unknown. In 1974,

8045: 8009: 7905: 7433:. Initially, they were composed of men who had escaped into the mountains to avoid 7216: 7047: 6928: 6904: 6697: 6641: 6578: 6538: 6534: 6466: 6426: 6287: 6193: 6177: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5789: 5492:

that held out against the occupation; however, he was angered by the fact that the

5409: 5376: 5368: 5219:

in Toulouse, Clermont-Ferrand, Grenoble, Lyon and other places. For example, seven

5208: 4980: 4807: 4799: 4761:. German attacks forced the Resistance off Mont Mouchet by June, killing about 125 4663: 4526: 4508: 4195: 4149: 4138: 3261:, a Frenchwoman displaying the typically self-interested motives of her ilk, read: 3184: 3085: 2779: 2212:

As reprisals for Resistance activities, the authorities established harsh forms of

2147: 1883: 1873: 1746: 1718: 1669: 1560: 1473: 1446: 1325: 1291: 1232: 1208: 1198: 982: 570: 519: 485: 389: 21882: 21544: 21527: 18259: 17199: 16120: 15270: 8402: 7562: 7212: 7188: 6572: 6390: 6304:), or simply away from their traditional grass-roots conservatism. Bénouville and 5833: 5725:

2nd Armored Division rolled ashore in Normandy on 1 August 1944, and served under

5715: 5610:'s position. As a consequence, on 2 August 1940, de Gaulle was condemned to death 5582: 5446:

fighting as regular soldiers by November 1944, and by the end of the war, 135,000

3613: 3564:

attempted to avoid being called up and often went into hiding rather work for the

3282: 21490: 21109: 20821: 20736: 20694: 20592: 20535: 20403: 20185: 20176: 19705: 19280: 19256: 18510: 17751: 17366: 17343: 17322: 17262: 16360: 16307: 15942: 15590: 15274: 13856: 13317: 8657: 8549: 8548:

Memorial to French resistance fighters Marchant and Olivier, shot by the SS near

8458: 8428: 8397: 7413: 7115: 6896: 6873: 6649:

French Resistance testified to his commitment in the fight against Nazi Germany.

6558: 6554: 6352: 6329: 6222: 6215: 6153: 5794: 5745:

this German division lost 133 killed, 648 wounded and 85 missing. The division's

5734: 5645: 5633:, that every patriot who could reach British territory should do so and join the 5392:

build barricades in the streets. By the end of the day, about 50 Germans and 150

5316: 4614:

become more desperate and vicious as the knowledge that when the Allies won, the

4522: 4088: 4084: 3391: 3324: 3136: 3118: 3077: 2836: 2830: 2546:

executed by the Germans was a Polish Jewish immigrant named Israël Carp, shot in

2539:

also became the main agents for delivering underground newspapers across France.

2191: 2184: 2077: 2038: 2026: 1971: 1927: 1868: 1066: 500: 473: 468: 463: 88: 21334: 21221: 8590: 8059:, which landed in Provence in August 1944 and was backed by over 25,000 maquis. 7716: 7196: 6269: 6225:, a stance that had led them to participate in demonstrations, most notably the 6087: 2105: 21924: 21895: 21871: 21440: 21408: 21378: 21366: 21360: 21354: 21348: 21342: 21116: 20652: 20578: 18623: 18482: 16971: 14456: 13845: 13546: 13544: 13542: 8974:"Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS et Sipo/SD: La répression allemande en Ireland 1943–1944" 8765: 8319: 8296: 8271:, whose 23 members were shot by the Nazis. The Resistance is also portrayed in 8214: 8127:

Veterans of the resistance raise flags at the annual commemoration ceremony of

7872: 7795: 7732: 7673: 7584: 7244: 7215:(1905–1944) were among 23 resisters executed for their work with the legendary 6993: 6667: 6134: 5964: 5850: 5846: 5810: 5726: 5398: 5284: 5054: 4873: 4563: 4251: 4226:, which turned its guns on the Resistance. The weapons the German provided the 4207: 3518: 3387: 3383: 3365: 2969: 2952: 2928: 2718:. Later on in the war, they would smuggle in agents from the SOE. However, the 2660: 2520: 2327: 2234: 2205: 1699: 1694: 1624: 1551: 1463: 1386: 899: 377: 253: 211: 21330: 16214: 8809: 8602: 8450: 8198:" tended toward a highly resistant France opposed to the collaboration of the 8037: 7922:, or assessing its military importance alongside the Allied Forces during the 7865: 7503:

By June 1941, 81% of the miners employed by the national coal mining company,

7063: 6769: 6462: 6316:

moved towards the left, joined the Resistance and eventually became the first

6099: 6058: 5905: 5627:(good faith) as the principal defender of republican values. He asked, in his 3580:, which originated as Corsican Italian slang for bandits, whose root word was 2607:(a polite term in French) who were "properly" assimilated French Jews and the 2432: 1100: 22094: 21838: 21750: 21522: 21324: 20927: 18845: 18694: 18533: 17629: 17532: 16801: 15442: 15300: 8756: 8736: 8368: 8324: 8222: 7693: 6915: 6670:, a French Partisan who captured 25 Nazis in the Chartres area (August 1944). 6470: 6369: 6256:—who had both supported La Cagoule—founded the Alliance network, and Colonel 5948: 5924: 5784:. Allied strategy emphasized destroying German forces retreating towards the 5687:(CNR), de Gaulle's formal link to the irregulars throughout occupied France. 5556: 4722: 4092: 3669:

into the resistance with his hardline policies and joked to Sauckel that the

3604: 3557: 3073: 2810: 2792: 2763: 2693: 2651: 2531:

as part of the Cadix team breaking German codes. In the summer of 1940, many

2170: 2069: 1840: 1825: 1820: 1012: 854: 628: 546: 495: 224: 15894:

Le réarmement et la réorganisation de l'armée de terre Française (1943–1946)

14933:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

14106: 13640: 13580: 13539: 7103: 6795: 5019:, Macpherson ordered his men to retreat, content to know he had delayed the 4125: 3584:, the term for the scrubland and forests of Corsica. Those who lived in the 3415:

radio operators who could compromise an entire Resistance network. Captured

3348:, to save between 800 and 1,000 Jews. The Jews in France, whether they were 2493:

to Britain via couriers from Marseilles. A member of the group, Frenchwoman

21970: 21915: 21815: 21512: 21226: 21030: 19323: 19228: 18859: 18222: 17986: 17511: 17373: 17336: 17329: 16317: 16273:

by Peter M. Larsen and Ben Erickson. Published by Dalton Watson Fine Books.

16073: 15308: 15007: 12361: 8660:'s grandfather, Antoine Cogitore, as a Resistance fighter in the maquis of 8468: 8264: 8218: 8210: 8199: 7853:

After the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, communists engaged in

7752: 7728: 7677: 7658: 7621: 7464: 7434: 7430: 7377: 7339: 7332: 7184: 7067: 6709: 6692: 6625: 6621: 6546: 6382: 6277: 6211: 6042: 5757: 5615: 5599: 5485: 5155:

released their female hostages (except for one woman who chose to join the

4734: 4651: 4421: 4365: 4327:

than the authorities. By January 1944, a civil war had broken out with the

3740:. Entering the popular vocabulary at more or less the same time, the words 3625:

to produce a quota of slaves for German industry, that the men joining the

3622: 3433: 3428:(Army Resistance Organization), was founded. The ORA was headed by General 3378: 3316: 3173: 3165: 3140: 3064: 2910:(PCF) began fighting German occupation forces in May 1941, i.e. before the 2889:

and would fight on until victory, which made them inspiring figures to the

2845: 2774: 2741: 2592: 2584: 2459: 2413: 2323: 2230: 2166: 2155: 1990: 1986: 1850: 1374: 1203: 812: 723: 314: 296: 284: 272: 260: 248: 162: 143: 15814:

Atlas de la Libération de la France. Des débarquements aux villes libérées

13320:, Louisiana Public Broadcasting, 10 September 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2011. 12946: 12470:

Kiss, Edit Bán; Munkás, Béla Mészöly; Wittmann, Zsigmond (12 April 2010).

11207: 9029: 5279:

leaders operating out in the countryside and after the news of D-Day, the

5085: 4618:

would be tried for treason if they were not killed first. This caused the

4555: 4182: 3992:

best remembered by veterans was their youthful idealism, with most of the

22065: 21900: 21772: 21703: 21579: 21253: 20865: 20851: 20513: 19182: 19003: 18988: 18342: 17483: 17301: 16706: 16697: 16435: 15029: 14914:

France and the Second World War: Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance

14252: 10912: 8423: 8272: 7566: 7367: 7204: 7015: 6971: 6705: 6589: 6474: 6181: 6157: 5785: 5722: 5680: 5591: 5573: 5334: 5246: 4230:

with were mostly British weapons captured at Dunkirk in 1940, and as the

4068:

had many guns, the casualties were low at first, and by October 1943 the

3072:

group was destroyed when Carré was captured and turned by Abwehr Captain

3047:

dividing its F section in two, with the RF section providing support for

3017: 2956: 2882: 2556: 2382: 2241:

security forces in Germany. Their actions were often brutal and included

2022: 2018: 2014: 1890: 1835: 747: 445: 396: 384: 372: 360: 348: 336: 307: 179: 16392:

History and memory of the European Resistance movements and deportation.

16235: 15743:

A History of Private Life, Volume V, Riddles of Identity in Modern Times

14432:"Shahpur Bakhtiar: assassinated on order of the by Khomeini's Followers" 12740: 12727:"Dimitri Amilakvari | Chemins de Mémoire – Ministère de la Défense" 12192:"Arbeiter Und Soldat/Worker and Soldier – Contents by Issue (1943–1944)" 8505: 7091: 7034:

where, of the 10,000 Spaniards registered, only 2,000 survived the war.

6533:

became one of the leaders of the French Resistance and commander of the

5764:) and Charles de Gaulle sit down after shaking hands in the presence of 5746: 3806: 2711: 1922: 413: 21904: 21821: 21614: 21495: 21390: 20220: 19973: 19952: 18838: 18171: 18099: 16978: 15330:

In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France, 1942–1944

14754: 8724: 8598: 7748: 7602:, had a circulation of 10,000 by June 1941 but was quickly replaced by 7576: 7485: 7381: 7267: 7131: 7078:

From spring 1943, German and Austrian anti-nazis who had fought in the

6852:

In July 1940, after the defeat of the French armies and the consequent

6434: 6374: 6300: 6230: 6173: 6161: 6115: 6013: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5967:

were among others. After the German invasion of the USSR, many Russian

5934:

group Parti Ouvrier Internationaliste printed the clandestine magazine

5931: 5838: 5623: 4822:: a systematic sabotage campaign to destroy the French railroad system. 4699: 3662: 3105: 3076:

on 17 November 1941, as she betrayed everyone. The same month, Colonel

2801: 2596: 2428: 2223:

In early 1943, the Vichy authorities created a paramilitary group, the

2042: 1815: 1732: 1581: 1215: 797: 13756: 13754: 8644:(Oceanview Publishing, 2022), and also in films such as the 1964 film 6276:. These groups also included Pierre de Bénouville, who, together with 5466:

the women were rounded by mobs to be insulted, beaten and shaven. One

4802:

observed that the FTP used rough methods to motivate people, writing:

4745:" which led to overwhelming force being brought to bear against them. 3683: 731: 21945: 20483: 19888: 19685: 19496: 19287: 19242: 15944:

Sisters in the Resistance – How Women Fought to Free France 1940–1945

15093:

ecrire ou combattre: des intellectuels prennent les armes (1942–1944)

14461: 8705: 7697: 7172: 7119: 7011: 6422: 6325: 6046: 5870: 5826: 5672: 5457:

were usually shot without the bother of a trial, and at least 10,000

4546: 4538: 4409: 3370: 3337: 3220: 2980:, was assassinated on the streets of Nantes; the military lawyer Dr. 2911: 2770: 2501:(the cat), was later arrested by the Germans and betrayed the group. 2352: 2258: 2246: 2123: 2110:

German military administration in occupied France during World War II

2085:

Resistance contrasted with the collaborationism of the Vichy régime.

2073: 2050: 2046: 1900: 1369: 695: 265: 18763: 16344: 12807:

Biographical Dictionary of Dissidents in the Soviet Union, 1956–1975

8881: 8123: 7191:), the journalists László Kőrös and Imre Gyomrai; the photographers 7087: 6790: 5988: 5262:

fighting in the Haute-Savoie wrote in his diary about the fate of a

4387:, many Resistance leaders had developed their own plans to have the 3702:

to arrest, and managed during the next four months to arrest only 1

3679: 2565: 18747: 18475: 16103:

The French Secret Services: From the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War

15399:. London & New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. 15279:. Translated by Barbara Mellor. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. 14973:. London & New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. 13751: 8732: 8483:

In 2003, Kimberly Brubaker Bradley first published a book entitled

8128: 7849:

disguised as a woman broke into a German ammunition warehouse, 1943

7781: 7712: 7303: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7143: 7139: 7003: 6837: 6503: 6499: 6248:, which provided information to the British intelligence services. 5711: 5676: 5577: 5481: 5320: 5093: 4972: 4877: 4750: 4683: 4639: 4191: 4037:, learning that the leaflets he had been dropping over France were 3793:

bands was to send in a spy, which was highly dangerous work as the

3216: 3203: 3048: 3040: 3013: 2992: 2965: 2901: 2866: 2710:

established smuggling networks bringing in rationed goods over the

2638:

relied upon ordinary people to volunteer information. According to

2547: 2458:

and provided invaluable support for the resistance. From May 1941,

2427:(Museum of Mankind). This paper was established by two professors, 2315: 1845: 1659: 1654: 15516:

Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991

15249:

The D-Day Experience: From the Invasion to the Liberation of Paris

15054:

Dictionary of the Holocaust: Biography, Geography, and Terminology

7895: 7335:, the Free French or the political unification of the Resistance. 7250: 6066: 5292: 5228: 4828:: to attack and destroy all German ammunition dumps across France. 21950: 21469: 17741: 12683:"Henri Karayan, un engagement pour la liberté et l'universalisme" 8893: 8652: 8163: 7934: 7791: 7373: 7328: 7236: 6597: 6458: 6111: 5434: 5189: 4742: 4703: 4550: 4247: 4178: 4174: 3695: 3496:

Reflecting the growth of the Resistance, on 30 January 1943, the

3319:, president of the National Protestant Federation, denounced the 3169: 3161: 2841: 2647: 2635: 2559:. On 10 September 1940, the military governor of France, General 2242: 2238: 2054: 289: 15587:

Resisters, Rescuers, and Refugees: Historical and Ethical Issues

14971:

When the War Was over: Women, War and Peace in Europe, 1940–1956

14888:

Verdict On Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime

8020:

French resistance fighters in Paris at the Hotel de Ville, 1944.

7842: 6553:

was also commanded by Armenian officers. Armenian-French writer

6184:

were assassinated, while Jean-Baptiste Lebas, Isidore Thivrier,

5275:

The rejection of the "Force C" plan had not reached many of the

4056:

was deployed to the countryside to hunt them down and the first

3949:

remembered his first night out in the forest was typical of the

3764:, providing them with paramilitary training. Frenay remembered: 19364: 17955: 16048:

Fighters in the shadows: a new history of the French resistance

8472: 8304: 7550:

encouraged railroad workers to sabotage German transportation.

7538:

advised doctors to immediately approve known collaborators for

7380:

in 1939, Moulin was subsequently a part of the Air Ministry of

7058:

Among Czechs and Slovaks who joined the French Resistance were

6414: 6402: 6321: 6210:. Another among the most influential factions of the right was 6114:, left-wing networks of resistance were already formed. As the 6107: 5909: 5878: 5031:

attacks by hanging 99 people selected at random in the town of

4910:. In a press communiqué issued on June 12, 1944, Field Marshal 4691: 4635: 4417: 4299: 4242:, Frenchmen fought Frenchmen with British guns and ammunition. 3894:

any guarantee in this manner*; all correspondence is forbidden.

3736:

was in Ousby's words "Vichy's only instrument for fighting the

3498: 3056: 3051:

groups and the F section dealing with the non-Gaullist groups.

2977: 2791:) landed in France to make contact with the resistance groups ( 2639: 2569: 2454:

to "set Europe ablaze". The F Section of the SOE was headed by

2225: 2183:

The labour shortage was worsened by the large number of French

301: 64: 15473:

The White Rabbit: The Secret Agent the Gestapo Could Not Crack

15169:

Landscapes of Loss: The National Past in Postwar French Cinema

13061: 13059: 12988: 7918:

Defining the precise role of the French Resistance during the

7887: 7669: 5780:

The most celebrated moment in the unit's history involved the

5050:, killing 642 people including 246 women and 207 children. SS 4344:. The men of the Wehrmacht were German conscripts whereas the 3877:

rule was the so-called "24-hour rule", under which a captured

2142:

Identity document of French Resistance fighter Lucien Pélissou

19552: 17698: 15435:

On les nommait des étrangers: les immigrés dans la Résistance

13035:Профессор Ковалев: Коллаборационизм в России в 1941–1945 годы 12540: 9247: 9245: 8108: 7767: 7283: 6794:

A volunteer of the French Resistance interior force (FFI) at

6644:. He led his troops by example and died in combat during the 6549:

were other famous participants in the French Resistance. The

6413:), co-founded the Armée Juive and was killed by the pro-Nazi 5032: 4979:, a journey that was expected to take only 3 days. The "Jed" 4718: 4622:

to engage in increasingly savage torture and killings of the

3760:

The established Resistance groups soon made contact with the

3642:

would not be sent as slaves to Germany would nip the budding

3467:

or United Resistance Movement), whose armed wing was the AS (

2552: 2378:

those Germans and Austrians who fled to France in the 1930s.

14761: 14112: 13914: 13646: 13586: 13550: 12367: 12112: 12100: 11396: 11394: 10763: 10761: 10570: 10568: 10555: 10553: 9341: 9035: 7606:

which attained a circulation of 50,000, and by January 1944

3825:

bands chose apolitical names, such as the names of animals (

3653:

political, driving them straight into the resistance as the

3576:

with its connotations of laziness and called themselves the

2393:

would win and even if it did, it was better to resist. Many

16244:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944

14906:

République Française Capitale Alger, 1940–1944, Souvenirs

14726:

Burdett, Charles; Gorrara, Claire; Peitsch, Helmut (1999).

14240: 14192: 14022: 13974: 13616: 13359: 13323: 13056: 12564: 12320: 11895: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11442: 11440: 8609: 8569: 8565: 8401:

magazine's positive review of the film wrote that director

7811: 7579:

to Marshal Pétain. This was followed by their first tract,

7546:

advised farmers on how to send food to resistance members.

7164: 7151: 7146:

although many of them were killed in the war. Others, like

7135: 6507: 6495: 4976: 4714: 4534: 4517: 4158: 4153: 3687: 3188: 3101: 3088:, whom he called an "experienced brawler", to lead the new 2955:, assassinated the German naval officer Anton Moser in the 2809:, espionage and sabotage. One such SOE operative, American 2468:, one of the first Resistance groups. Frenay recruited for 2406: 2365: 1575: 1237: 849: 14968: 14671:

Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration in the New Order

14338: 14182: 14180: 14178: 14082: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13679: 13669: 13667: 13419: 13407: 13260:

Kiss, Edit Bán; Munkás, Béla Mészöly; Wittmann, Zsigmond.

13144: 13142: 13140: 13127: 13125: 12952: 12651: 12508: 12506: 12397: 12172: 12088: 11936: 11934: 11921: 11919: 9269: 9242: 9107: 8905: 8449:

was set during the German occupation of Paris and won ten

6359:, never renounced their tolerant attitudes towards Vichy. 5741:

and mauled several other German units as well. During the

5215:

go on a rampage after Henriot's assassination, massacring

5007:

fire on the SS. When a Panther tank came up to engage the

4569:

The spring of 1944 is remembered in France as time of the

4537:

anti-tank grenade launcher while the OSS provided the M3 "

4383:

As the Resistance had not been informed of the details of

4173:. In July 1943, the Royal Air Force attempted to bomb the 4072:

had suffered only ten dead. The SOE made contact with the

3253:

was receiving an average of 1,500 poison pen letters from

2700:

flourished in occupied France with the gangsters from the

2138: 2126:

forces executed more than 200 people, in reprisal for the

16139:

Soldiers of the Night: The Story of the French Resistance

14690:

Un maquis d'antifascistes allemands en France (1942–1944)

13890: 13503: 12871: 12284: 12248: 11853: 11826: 11680: 11622: 11598: 11582:. Fiona Freer, Writer, Historian, Speaker. Archived from 11391: 11131: 11054: 10927: 10892: 10865: 10758: 10678: 10666: 10565: 10550: 10440: 9617: 9058: 9056: 8684: 7489:

The 30 September 1943 issue of the Resistance newspaper,

7293: 7282:

While not part of the French Resistance, French-speaking

7263: 5207:

were able to enter the apartment of the radio newscaster

4815:

The plans for the Resistance in Operation Overlord were:

3160:("Migrant Workforce") representing immigrants called the 2932: 2931:. Tillon later wrote that between June–December 1941 the 2759: 2676:, was compounded by the writers of poison pen letters or 1270:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

27:

French rebel groups that fought the Nazis in World War II

15745:. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Belknap Press. 14762:

Christofferson, Thomas; Christofferson, Michael (2006).

14326: 14276: 14228: 14130: 13766: 13703: 13691: 13347: 13241: 13046: 13044: 12620:"ADIC – VI – Les Arméniens dans la Résistance en France" 12576: 12448: 12308: 12296: 11843: 11841: 11816: 11814: 11801: 11799: 11786: 11784: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11730: 11728: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11639: 11637: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11540: 11538: 11523: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11501: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11437: 11425: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11333: 11331: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11287: 11285: 11260: 11258: 11243: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11167: 11165: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11007: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10944: 10942: 10882: 10880: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10824: 10822: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10748: 10746: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10695: 10693: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10287: 10285: 10198: 10012: 9985: 9820: 9767: 9629: 9593: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9353: 9293: 7030:

concentration camps instead, however. Most were sent to

3785:

down, and instead sent spotter planes to find them. The

3525:

had 29,000 members, of whom 1,000 belonged to the elite

3207:

which meant no French people would be shot in reprisal.

2158:

groups dedicated to both active and passive resistance.

15350:

Occupied France: Collaboration And Resistance 1940–1944

14374: 14362: 14350: 14216: 14204: 14175: 14151: 14118: 14094: 14058: 14046: 14010: 13998: 13986: 13950: 13938: 13878: 13866: 13817: 13778: 13739: 13715: 13664: 13652: 13592: 13568: 13515: 13491: 13479: 13455: 13395: 13383: 13371: 13154: 13137: 13122: 13083: 13071: 12934: 12922: 12912: 12910: 12883: 12847: 12588: 12503: 12491: 12414: 12412: 12349: 12160: 12148: 12124: 12064: 12040: 12028: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12012: 11997: 11980:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

11931: 11916: 11904: 11870: 11868: 10428: 10354: 10352: 10339: 10337: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10297: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10240: 10238: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10117: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10002: 10000: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9872: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9745: 9743: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9690: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9571: 9569: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9218: 9131: 9073: 9071: 8144:

Women accused of collaboration with their heads shaved.

7612:

was distributing 450,000 copies. In the southern zone,

6786:

List of networks and movements of the French Resistance

5405:

France, up from the two it had begun with in May 1941.

4025:

took to theft, with bank robbery and stealing from the

3945:

Ousby stated that the "breathless prose" in which this

18617:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

16246:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 15966:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 15797:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14802:

Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'occupation

14163: 14034: 13727: 13443: 13431: 13217: 12895: 12780:

Long, Ruperto (2017). "Capitolo 2 L'adio di Dimitri".

12436: 12424: 12272: 12260: 11946: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9230: 9194: 9182: 9170: 9160: 9158: 9119: 9083: 9053: 9041: 9017: 8953: 7814:

employees who joined the resistance, a subset were in

6465:), was founded in 1942. It was established and led by 6433:, which legally redefined French Jews as a non-French 5461:

were shot in 1944. The young women who had engaged in

5110:

Summarizing up the Battle of Saint Marcel, Hue wrote:

4834:: to attack and destroy all power lines across France. 3865:

or one band whose leader was a doctor, hence the name

16366:

Rebecca Halbreich, The San Francisco State University

16318:

Secret agents sent to work with the French Resistance

15559:"Psychological Effects of the War on French Children" 14783:

The Second World War, Volume VI – Triumph and Tragedy

14764:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

14747:

Le Groupe "Mario": une page de la Resistance Lorraine

14725: 14576:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

14505:"Secret Army: Why You'll Want to Join the Resistance" 14314: 14258: 13962: 13902: 13628: 13604: 13527: 13335: 13205: 13193: 13181: 13041: 13000: 12958: 12835: 12823: 12373: 12136: 12052: 11838: 11811: 11796: 11781: 11752: 11740: 11725: 11713: 11692: 11661: 11649: 11634: 11610: 11550: 11535: 11498: 11452: 11406: 11370: 11343: 11328: 11309: 11297: 11282: 11270: 11255: 11222: 11177: 11162: 11143: 11114: 11087: 11066: 11033: 11004: 10954: 10939: 10877: 10846: 10834: 10819: 10802: 10790: 10773: 10743: 10724: 10705: 10690: 10649: 10637: 10618: 10601: 10580: 10525: 10500: 10471: 10452: 10405: 10388: 10376: 9257: 8846: 8844: 8829: 5602:

and who rejected the armistice concluded by Maréchal

4289: 4148:. On 21 June 1943, Moulin called a secret meeting in 3422:

On 1 December 1942, a new resistance group, the ORA,

3063:, "turn" him or her to their side, and then send the 1997:

were small groups of armed men and women (called the

1057:

Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

15494:

France on Film: Reflections on Popular French Cinema

15297:

Resistance. Dagboek van een Parisienne in het verzet

14969:

Duchen, Claire; Bandhauer-Schoffmann, Irene (2000).

14264: 14070: 13556: 12970: 12907: 12859: 12600: 12552: 12409: 12236: 12076: 12009: 11958: 11865: 10364: 10349: 10334: 10309: 10262: 10235: 10210: 10186: 10174: 10141: 10129: 10098: 10079: 10054: 10024: 9997: 9894: 9882: 9855: 9832: 9808: 9791: 9779: 9755: 9740: 9719: 9702: 9665: 9653: 9641: 9605: 9581: 9566: 9541: 9485: 9464: 9437: 9420: 9403: 9386: 9365: 9329: 9317: 9305: 9281: 9206: 9095: 9068: 8941: 8856: 8770:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

8746: 7247:

is an example of Italians in the French Resistance.

5254:

was especially hated by the Resistance and captured

4987:

band of 27 French and Spanish communists taught the

4009:

in the older groups, which were always serious. The

3270:

In the spring of 1942, a committee consisting of SS

3030:– Central Office for Intelligence and Action) under 2130:'s armed resistance. The town was later awarded the 30:"La Résistance" redirects here. For other uses, see 15926:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 14785:(1995 ed.). London: Houghton Mifflin Company. 14593:Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham J., eds. (1998). 14559:. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. 13467: 13290: 13101: 12663: 12385: 12332: 12224: 10250: 9524: 9155: 9143: 8996: 8990: 8929: 8917: 7834:and fewer civilian casualties than Allied bombing. 7266:), joined the French Resistance, notably including 6148:Other socialist leaders in the Resistance included 5353:In early August 1944, Hitler ordered Field Marshal 5283:attempted to seize "redoubts", most notably at the 5143:force marched on Saint-Amand-Montrond, causing the 4302:showing the increase in size of the resistance and 4222:leaders. With that, the Germans started to arm the 2642:officer Hermann Tickler, the Germans needed 32 000 2282:It has been suggested that this section should be 16380:is available for free viewing and download at the 16327:Building the French Resistance Movement, 1940–1944 16011:The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis 15964:Republic of Images: A History of French Filmmaking 15870: 15724:Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France 15535: 15491: 15392: 15369: 15187: 15014:. United Kingdom: Naval & Military Press Ltd. 15006: 14423: 13790: 13001: 12469: 9960: 8887: 8841: 8584:List of people involved with the French Resistance 8135: 6347:) but later joined the Resistance. The founder of 4646:assassination squad entered the home of the local 3556:to Germany and many were put to work building the 2450:(SOE) was established in Britain with orders from 2389:("absurd refusal") of refusing to accept that the 15873:D-Day: The Greatest Invasion – A People's History 15449: 15395:French Cinema: From Its Beginnings to the Present 13760: 12518: 9924:"'A Woman Of No Importance' Finally Gets Her Due" 6708:movement, specialised in rescuing Allied pilots. 6328:, and Daniel Cordier, whose family had supported 6129:, one of the eight great networks to make up the 5930:During the Nazi occupation of France, the French 5188:under Lécussan to round up the surviving Jews of 4087:was arrested with her fellow SOE agent and lover 3202:, recruited the engineer Henri Garnier living in 3150: 2489:that passed on intelligence from contacts in the 22092: 21652:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France 15771:Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée 15686:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 13095: 8568:personnel killed during the Second World War in 7572:Musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires 7459:(CNR) in May 1943. CNR was coordinated with the 6227:"political disturbance" riots of 6 February 1934 5865:(PCF) was declared a proscribed organisation by 3936:recalled his first night out in the wilderness: 3444: 2758:On 31 December 1940, de Gaulle, speaking on the 2753: 1437:Romanian resistance movement during World War II 22079:Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left 15741:Prost, Antoine; Vincent, Gérard, eds. (1998) . 14850:French Resistance Fighter: France's Secret Army 12465: 12463: 8777: – German engineer and soldier (1877–1941) 8497:List of French Resistance museums and memorials 7896:Role in the liberation of France and casualties 7257:Polish resistance in France during World War II 7251:Polish resistance in France during World War II 6961: 6943:. Both networks proved vital later in the war. 6551:Anti-Fascist Underground Patriotic Organization 4789:were landed in France to make contact with the 4505:État Major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur 4114:-National Council of the Resistance). With the 2527:machine in the 1930s continued to work for the 2351:" ("a feeling of rape"). The British historian 16388:European Centre of Deported Resistance Members 16162:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 15557:Mercier, Marie H.; Despert, J. Louise (1943). 15556: 15293:Resistance: A Frenchwoman's Journal of the War 15051:Epstein, Eric J.; Rosen, Philip, eds. (1997). 13931: 13929: 13259: 13177:(in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 107. 13172: 12741:"Bir Hakeim, el Vel' d'Hiv* y Emmanuel Macron" 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9113: 8263:, which was written by the communist academic 8202:. This period ended when the aftermath of the 7948:On mainland France itself, in the wake of the 7711:to arrive from Britain landed on the coast of 6451:Eclaireuses et Eclaireurs israélites de France 6290:, who founded the group of resisters known as 5861:and the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the 5235:Having been attacked ... by several groups of 4840:: to attack and destroy phone lines in France. 4348:were French volunteers, thus explains why the 3043:and non-Gaullist resistance groups led to the 2942:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 2869:that "To live defeated is to die every day!"; 2621:publishing journals and underground newspapers 2568:, and Marcel Rossier, a mechanic, was shot in 2334:building was converted into the office of the 1503:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia 21992:Socialist Party of France – Jean Jaurès Union 21848:Federation of the Socialist Workers of France 21758: 21269: 17971: 17684: 16418: 16270:The Kellner Affair: Matters of Life and Death 15631:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 15542:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 14592: 14397:(New title ed.). New York: Laurel Leaf. 12638:"Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation" 12546: 12528:. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise 7960:, theoretically unified under the command of 7542:while medically disqualifying everyone else. 7534:Profession-specific newspapers also existed. 7448: 7102:. They were led by militant German communist 6747:Provisional Government of the French Republic 6437:, deprived them of citizenship. According to 6381:. It was intended to discredit a group of 23 4263:at a local war memorial bearing the message " 4128:had been seduced by the French Gestapo agent 2816:A major reason for young Frenchmen to become 1978:) was a collection of groups that fought the 1947: 429: 21775:French Section of the Workers' International 21436:French Section of the Workers' International 15740: 15626: 15450:Marlston, Daniel; Malkasian, Carter (2008). 15050: 14142: 13799:"Combien y a-t-il eu de déportés en France?" 13796: 12570: 12460: 12118: 12106: 11970: 8911: 7421:bands of French Resistance fighters, called 6889:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action 6122: 5661: 5655: 5649: 3506:although initially that was only one of the 3027:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action 15868: 15648:Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944 15533: 15147: 15074:France in Focus: Film and National Identity 15012:Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy 14818: 14630: 14088: 13980: 13926: 13861:Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques 13685: 13175:L'Exil des Républicains Espagnols en France 12178: 11874: 10980: 10978: 9958: 9941: 8899: 6848:German military and résistants, July, 1944. 4917:The other major Resistance operations were 4806:The leader of the FTP in the Department of 4779:Les sanglots longs des violons de l'automne 4360:"avenged" their losses at the hands of the 3100:in a series of attacks on collaborators in 2813:, established the Heckler network in Lyon. 1265:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan 845:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals 22028:Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left 21765: 21751: 21656:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France 21587:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime 21283: 21276: 21262: 17978: 17964: 17691: 17677: 16425: 16411: 15584: 15171:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 15112:History of the 20th Century – World War II 15071: 14992:. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. 14987: 14673:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 14654:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 14552: 14344: 13721: 12877: 12657: 10987:"How a French beauty betrayed Jean Moulin" 9959:Shakespeare, Nicholas (4 September 2015). 8303:(1946 as well), and movements such as the 8267:in 1955 to commemorate the heroism of the 7517:Clandestine press of the French Resistance 6674:Although inequalities persisted under the 6461:resistance organisation, the Jewish Army ( 3728:that was given the task of destroying the 3344:, who brought together an entire commune, 1954: 1940: 1353:Polish resistance movement in World War II 436: 422: 57: 21431:List of French Communist Party congresses 16096:Languages and Intercultural Communication 16056:The Liberation of France: Image and Event 15985:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 15794:Crises of Memory and the Second World War 15762:Unheilvolle Jahre Fur Luxemburg 1940–1945 15010:; Allen, G.R.G.; Warhurst, A. E. (2004). 14837: 14780: 14728:European Memories of the Second World War 14597:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 13709: 13697: 13509: 12755:"Legion of the Lost – Prince Amilakhvari" 11201: 11199: 10051:, Tallandier, 2003, pp. 313–314, 402–404. 8965: 8577: 6779: 6029:Learn how and when to remove this message 5733:. The division played a critical role in 5442:enlisted in the French Army, with 75,000 4783:blessent mon cœur d'une langueur monotone 4060:was killed in April 1943. As neither the 3592:as a more romantic and defiant term than 2927:-French Snipers and Partisans) headed by 1792:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang 443: 134: 21666:Convention for a Progressive Alternative 16345:Video Interviews with Resistance Members 15980: 15961: 15947:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15900: 15811: 15787: 15726:. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. 15512: 15470: 15416:Dictionnaire historique de la Résistance 15090: 15057:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. 14687: 14611: 14417: 14380: 14113:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 14064: 14052: 13920: 13784: 13647:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 13587:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 13574: 13551:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 13521: 13413: 13353: 13235: 13160: 13077: 12582: 12442: 12403: 12368:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 12302: 12166: 12154: 12130: 12094: 11983:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 5–6, 17. 10975: 9962:"The truth behind the French Resistance" 9137: 9036:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 9023: 8709:television franchise are members of the 8490: 8139: 8122: 8062:One source often referred to is General 8028:on August 25, 1944, with the support of 8015: 7999: 7899: 7886: 7841: 7762: 7668: 7587:founded a clandestine newsletter called 7484: 7297: 7227:On 3 March 1943, representatives of the 7222: 6843: 6831: 6789: 6712:, the iconic resister and co-founder of 6662: 6596:with Free France legionnaires in French 6588: 6401: 6324:, Henri Frenay evolved towards European 6312:in the French parliament after the war; 6137:. Socialists were also important in the 5832: 5821: 5751: 5581: 5523: 5512: 4906:and those commanding 2,000 men becoming 4412:(codename Tom) began to assemble on the 4293: 4265:Les vainqueurs de demain à ceux de 14–18 4033:discovered the distinctive slang of the 3386:and the brother of the communist leader 2688:As the franc was devalued by 20% to the 2574: 2190: 2137: 2113: 1520:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People 694: 21698:French Committee of National Liberation 16648:French Committee of National Liberation 16354:The Journalism of the French Resistance 16054:Kedward, Harry R.; Wood, Nancy (1995). 15983:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews 15768: 15721: 15702: 15688:. New York: Columbia University Press. 15664: 15627:Moran, Daniel; Waldron, Arthur (2002). 15534:Mendras, Henri; Cole, Alistair (1991). 15432: 15413: 15390: 15346: 15327: 15306: 15269: 15227: 15208: 15185: 15109: 14988:Eisenhower, General Dwight D. (1997) . 14930: 14799: 14692:. Languedoc: Les Presses du Languedoc. 14633:The Illustrated History of World War II 14392: 14368: 14356: 14246: 14234: 14222: 14210: 14198: 14186: 14157: 14136: 14124: 14100: 14028: 14016: 14004: 13992: 13956: 13944: 13884: 13872: 13830: 13745: 13733: 13673: 13658: 13622: 13598: 13562: 13497: 13461: 13449: 13437: 13401: 13389: 13377: 13365: 13329: 13148: 13131: 13089: 13065: 12928: 12901: 12889: 12853: 12841: 12829: 12804: 12782:La bambina che guardava i treni partire 12606: 12594: 12558: 12512: 12497: 12355: 12326: 12290: 12278: 12266: 12254: 12070: 12046: 12034: 12003: 11976: 11940: 11925: 11910: 11875:deRochemont, Richard (24 August 1942). 10984: 10434: 9275: 9251: 9236: 9212: 9200: 9188: 9176: 9125: 9089: 9077: 9062: 9047: 8971: 8959: 8862: 8835: 8812: – Member of the French Resistance 8418:(1975); and Mosco with the documentary 8254: 7952:landings in Normandy in June 1944, the 7864:'s shooting of a German officer in the 7474:Comité Français de Libération Nationale 7463:under the authority of French Generals 7094:alongside the French Resistance in the 5788:, but when the French Resistance under 3928:, it is not your duty to die uselessly. 2951:On 21 August 1941, a French Communist, 2416:who had initially sympathized with the 1170:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance 870:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias 79:June 1940 – October 1944 14: 22093: 21852:Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party 21573:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais 21451:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France 19832: 19810:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 16232:French Politics, Culture & Society 15891: 15849: 15683: 15489: 15276:Résistance: Memoirs of Occupied France 15246: 15166: 15148:Godin, Emmanuel; Chafer, Tony (2004). 15128: 14949: 14911: 14885: 14846: 14766:. New York: Fordham University Press. 14749:. Metz: Imprimerie Louis Hellenbrand. 14744: 14706: 14573: 14395:For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy 14332: 14320: 14282: 14169: 14148:Quoted in Kedward, Wood (1995), p. 218 14040: 13908: 13772: 13610: 13425: 13341: 13296: 13223: 12953:Duchen & Bandhauer-Schoffmann 2000 12526:"Jewish Resistance Groups and Leaders" 12430: 12314: 12058: 11952: 11775: 11643: 11561: 11544: 11529: 11517: 11492: 11475: 11446: 11431: 11419: 11364: 11276: 11264: 11249: 11237: 11196: 11125: 11108: 11027: 10969: 10948: 10933: 10886: 10840: 10784: 10544: 10519: 10494: 10328: 10303: 10291: 10256: 10244: 10229: 10168: 10156: 10123: 10111: 10092: 10073: 9909: 9888: 9713: 9696: 9684: 9535: 9518: 9479: 9458: 9414: 9263: 9224: 9164: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8788: – 1943 French song by Anna Marly 8723:, wrote the original French lyrics of 8485:For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy 8363:(Army of Shadows) by French filmmaker 8183: 8094:who served in SHEAF wrote in his book 7880:, and the most famous of them was the 7680:reporting on the situation during the 7498: 7294:Beginnings of a coordinated resistance 6735:. After the liberation of France, the 6640:and was also posthumously awarded the 6121:There was a majority from the SFIO in 5567: 4902:; those commanding 1,000 men becoming 4585:fought one another without mercy. The 3281:, and general secretary of the police 3277:, the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs 2885:that France would never submit to the 1494:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National 22010:Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party 21746: 21426:History of the French Communist Party 21257: 20681:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20113:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 19759:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 19715:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 18813:Rape during the occupation of Germany 17959: 17672: 16964:Organisation de résistance de l'armée 16611:Charles de Gaulle during World War II 16406: 16304:Jean Moulin and the French Resistance 15940: 15919: 15903:Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France 15645: 15607: 15519:. London: Hodder Arnold Publication. 15372:The Government and Politics of France 15367: 15072:Ezra, Elizabeth; Harris, Sue (2000). 14823:. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Dartmouth. 14668: 14649: 14635:. London: Brown Packaging Books Ltd. 14578:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 14533: 14429: 14270: 14076: 13968: 13896: 13634: 13533: 13485: 13473: 13211: 13199: 13187: 13050: 12976: 12964: 12940: 12916: 12865: 12418: 12391: 12379: 12242: 12230: 12142: 12082: 12022: 11964: 11859: 11847: 11832: 11820: 11805: 11790: 11746: 11734: 11719: 11707: 11686: 11674: 11655: 11628: 11616: 11604: 11573: 11400: 11385: 11337: 11322: 11303: 11291: 11205: 11190: 11171: 11156: 11137: 11081: 11060: 11048: 10910: 10898: 10871: 10859: 10828: 10813: 10796: 10767: 10752: 10737: 10718: 10699: 10684: 10672: 10660: 10643: 10631: 10612: 10595: 10574: 10559: 10465: 10446: 10422: 10399: 10382: 10370: 10358: 10343: 10204: 10192: 10180: 10135: 10035: 10018: 10006: 9991: 9876: 9849: 9826: 9814: 9802: 9785: 9773: 9761: 9749: 9734: 9659: 9647: 9635: 9623: 9611: 9599: 9587: 9575: 9560: 9431: 9397: 9380: 9359: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9287: 9149: 9101: 8850: 7412: 7053: 6513:In the southern occupation zone, the 6199: 5315:, which severed the link between the 4097:Odette: The Story of a British Agent. 3425:Organisation de résistance de l'armée 2504:The French intelligence service, the 1508:Anti-Fascist Council for the National 1275:Japanese People's Emancipation League 1177:National Committee for a Free Germany 417: 19803:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 18828:Rape during the liberation of France 16627:Departmental Committee of Liberation 15923:Irene Nemirovsky: Her Life And Works 15830: 15764:. Chicago: Luxembourg Éd. du Rappel. 15759: 15213:. London & New York: Routledge. 15194:. London & New York: Routledge. 15028: 14482: 13269:Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest) 13247: 13022:participating institution membership 12779: 12669: 12477:Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest) 12454: 12342:, Fayard, 2006, and Henry Rousso in 12202: 9973:from the original on 11 January 2022 8703:, and a number of characters in the 8593:, the philosopher and mathematician 8500: 7980:(red) for German ammunition depots, 7941:to liberate the island from General 7837: 7510: 7073: 7044:Agrupación de Guerrilleros Españoles 7038:group first worked closely with the 7024:Compagnies de Travailleurs Étrangers 6760:spoke of "French resistance" in his 6620:and later African campaigns against 6011:adding citations to reliable sources 5982: 5428:-French Forces of September) or the 5035:from all the lampposts in the town. 3373:men watching a football game at the 2925:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Français 2268: 22032:Union of Socialist Groups and Clubs 21671:Pole of Communist Revival in France 15707:. US: University Press of Florida. 15669:. University Press of the Pacific. 15453:Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare 14819:Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998). 14259:Burdett, Gorrara & Peitsch 1999 9921: 8781:Breton nationalism and World War II 8066:'s comment in his military memoir, 8048:, took place, and fighting ensued. 7988:(black) for German fuel depots and 7984:(yellow) for German command posts, 7972:(blue) for power installations and 6836:German military and résistants, in 5660:", some carrying two fishing rods ( 3617:(Old Fighter), and like many other 3572:guerrillas. They rejected the term 3487:Comité de Coordination de Zone Nord 2595:" by being placed in the hands of " 2579:Antisemitic laws proclaimed in 1940 2340:DEUTSCHLAND SIEGT AN ALLEN FRONTEN! 2013:soldiers and airmen trapped behind 1194:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization 1165:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 788:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 24: 21661:Workers' Communist Party of France 21486:National Council of the Resistance 21461:National Front (French Resistance) 20029:German invasion of the Netherlands 18302:Weather events during World War II 16685: 16655:National Council of the Resistance 16281:History of France – The Resistance 16001: 14688:Brès, Evelyne; Brès, Yvan (2007). 14631:Booth, Owen; Walton, John (1998). 14483:Fays, Frédérique (22 March 2011). 13262:"Art in Exile: Belated Homecoming" 13173:Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève (1999). 12624:www.globalarmenianheritage-adic.fr 8795: – Women's movement in France 8623: 7956:and the communist fighting groups 7937:Resistance joined forces with the 7277: 7114:in which his soldiers destroyed a 6954:Another BCRA appendage was called 6921:Another important BCRA operative, 6481:(daughter of the Russian composer 6131:National Council of the Resistance 6092:commissaire national à l'Intérieur 6041:At the end of the summer of 1940, 4858:: to sabotage the roads of France. 4290:1944: The height of the Resistance 4116:National Council of the Resistance 2896:On 22 June 1941, Germany launched 2099: 1779:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice 1035:People's Liberation Insurgent Army 25: 22132: 20660:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 17607:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération 17584:Mémorial de la France combattante 16662:Provisional Consultative Assembly 16262: 16184: 16180:(Harvard University Press, 2016). 16126:The French Writers' War 1940–1953 15650:. New York: Cooper Square Press. 15456:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 15310:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 14430:Saxon, Wolfgang (9 August 1991). 10049:Télégrammes chiffrés du Komintern 8805:Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network 8768: – French military personnel 8375:. A 1995 television screening of 7456:Conseil National de la Résistance 7006:, such refugees were confined in 6987: 4846:: to attack German command posts. 4356:so much. On 10 January 1944, the 4111:Conseil National de la Résistance 3902:Another pamphlet written for the 2064:on 6 June 1944. Members provided 1598:Anti-fascist research group Kafka 21552:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne 21220: 17985: 17049:Organisation civile et militaire 16434: 16323:Northwest Historical Association 16310: (archived October 27, 2009) 16080:. London: Lawrence and Wishart. 15941:Weitz, Margaret Collins (1995). 15295:, Bloomsbury, US, 2008; Dutch: 14904:Danan, Professeur Yves Maxime, 14709:Top Secret Tales of World War II 14497: 14476: 14449: 14386: 14288: 13836: 13302: 13253: 13166: 13028: 12994: 12982: 12798: 12773: 12747: 12733: 12719: 12693: 12675: 12630: 12612: 12184: 11901:Quoted in Jackson (2003), p. 403 11574:Freer, Fiona (1 February 2016). 11567: 10985:Coleman, Julian (13 June 1999). 10904: 8888:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 8749: 8557: 8541: 8504: 8243:became critical of the official 7125: 7108:Reichstag in the Weimar Republic 6948:Mouvements Unis de la Résistance 6821: 6739:appointed no women ministers or 6733:eight major Resistance movements 6409:, (daughter of Russian composer 6362: 6139:organisation civile et militaire 6110:to represent the socialists. In 6069:. The same thing was created by 5987: 5704:Free French 2nd Armored Division 5551:, a professor of history at the 5057:, the commanding officer of the 4898:; those commanding 300 becoming 4894:; those commanding 100 becoming 4811:did operate against the Germans. 4630:struck back in kind against the 4471:Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur 3980:soon started calling themselves 2968:sympathies. On 20 October 1941, 2733:Organisation civile et militaire 2666:J'irai le dire à la Kommandantur 2656:J'irai le dire à la Kommandantur 2291:History of the French Resistance 2273: 2068:on German defences known as the 1921: 1879:Anti-Germans (political current) 730: 395: 383: 371: 359: 347: 335: 313: 295: 283: 271: 259: 247: 217: 204: 178: 155: 136: 22121:Resistance against Nazi Germany 15332:. US: Oxford University Press. 15313:. US: Oxford University Press. 15133:. US: Oxford University Press. 14890:. New York: Arcade Publishing. 14526: 10041: 9915: 8717:Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie 8628:The Resistance features in the 8228:After the war, the influential 7664: 7657:("The Silence of the Sea"), by 7350:Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie 6923:Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves 6862:Free French government-in-exile 6561:on July 24, 1944, taken to the 6196:died during their deportation. 5998:needs additional citations for 5951:and the writer and philosopher 5541:Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie 5258:could expect little mercy. One 5046:division destroyed the town of 4852:: to attack German fuel depots. 4721:, 86 people were killed in the 4606:hit squads pretended to be the 4598:hit squads pretended to be the 4461:killed on the Glières plateau. 3127:decree, about 75,000 for being 2658:" in the underground newspaper 2583:Starting in the summer of 1940 707:as the symbol of the Resistance 22005:Internationalist Workers Party 21931:National Council of Resistance 21559:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest 20907:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 18610:Territorial changes of Germany 18518:Indonesian National Revolution 17700:Resistance during World War II 16370:Women in the French Resistance 16078:The French Resistance, 1940–44 15665:Paddock, Alfred H. Jr (2002). 15114:. Abington: Andromeda Oxford. 14954:. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse. 14781:Churchill, Winston S. (1953). 14553:Bardakjian, Kevork B. (2000). 13850:'La justice du Peuple en 1944' 10911:Cowan, Cliff (December 1986). 8876:Surviving Hitler and Mussolini 8868: 7540:Service du travail obligatoire 7439:Service du travail obligatoire 7112:Saint-Étienne-Vallée-Française 7020:Service du Travail Obligatoire 6998:Following their defeat in the 6978: 6766:White Movement Russian émigrés 6752: 6659:Women in the French Resistance 5685:National Council of Resistance 5520:prisoners in France, July 1944 5426:Forces Françaises de Septembre 4971:taking 18 days to travel from 4749:, the chief of the FFI in the 3540:Service du Travail Obligatoire 3151:1942: The struggle intensifies 2177:Service du Travail Obligatoire 2152:second French-German armistice 2001:in rural areas) who conducted 1548:Post–World War II anti-fascism 933:Resistance during World War II 51:Resistance during World War II 32:La Résistance (disambiguation) 13: 1: 21866:Socialist Revolutionary Party 20307:Japanese invasion of Thailand 20258:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 20022:German invasion of Luxembourg 18396:Mediterranean and Middle East 17592:Museum of National Resistance 16876:French Forces of the Interior 16207:Contemporary European History 16105:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 15854:. London: Osprey Publishing. 14856:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 13761:Marlston & Malkasian 2008 8817: 8640:(Endeavour Press, 2016), and 8420:Des terroristes à la retraite 8247:, using expressions such as " 8156:French Provisional Government 8057:General de Lattre de Tassigny 7480: 7443:forced labor for Nazi Germany 7157: 7118:unit, or in an ambush of the 6931:, one of the founders of the 6742:commissaires de la République 6702:Suzanne Hiltermann-Souloumiac 5978: 5829:prisoner in France, July 1944 5817: 5700:French Forces of the Interior 5637:to fight in company with the 5387:started to fly over schools, 5266:taken prisoner in July 1944: 4941:band which he operated with: 4021:. To support themselves, the 3698:had been given a list of 853 3502:was created to hunt down the 3464:Mouvements Unis de Résistance 3445:1943: A mass movement emerges 2840:on traditional holidays like 2754:1941: Armed resistance begins 2654:published an article titled " 2485:group led by a Polish émigré 2229:(militia), officially led by 2118:The cemetery and memorial in 2090:French Forces of the Interior 1798:Red and anarchist black metal 1343:Norwegian resistance movement 1287:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 1255:National Liberation Committee 1025:Bulgarian resistance movement 803:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold 192:French Forces of the Interior 113:German withdrawal from France 22116:Special Operations Executive 21936:Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress 20214:Invasion of the Soviet Union 19903:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 19214:Independent State of Croatia 15610:Resistance in Western Europe 15585:Michalczyk, John J. (1997). 15498:. London: Wallflower Press. 15475:. London: Cassell & Co. 15232:. New York: Berghahn Books. 15152:. New York: Berghahn Books. 14908:, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2019. 14730:. New York: Berghahn Books. 14457:"15 Lads de Romain Cogitore" 12340:La Résistance sans De Gaulle 8822: 8367:in 1969, a film inspired by 7945:'s remaining German forces. 7803:Special Operations Executive 7394:National Liberation Movement 6962:Foreigners in the Resistance 6584: 6581:by the president of France. 6524: 6515:Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants 6492:Organisation Juive de Combat 5131:seized the town and took 13 4495:. On 23 March 1944, General 3988:. The aspect of life in the 3133:Office of Strategic Services 2448:Special Operations Executive 2122:where, in July 1944, German 2082:Allies' invasion of Provence 1489:Yugoslav resistance movement 1479:Moldovan resistance movement 946:National Liberation Movement 905:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion 7: 22020:Union of the Socialist Left 21466:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 21456:Union of Communist Students 21198:End of World War II in Asia 21038:Western invasion of Germany 20545:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 20522:Second Battle of El Alamein 20092:Hundred Regiments Offensive 20064:Battle of the Mediterranean 19917:Italian invasion of Albania 18084:Air warfare of World War II 17656:Righteous Among the Nations 17104:Union des femmes françaises 16859:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 16341:European Resistance Archive 16058:. Oxford: Berg Publishers. 16028:Gassend, Jean-Loup (2014). 15852:The French Army 1939–45 (2) 15812:Simonnet, Stéphane (2004). 15705:Bernard Shaw and the French 15703:Pharand, Michel W. (2001). 15612:. Oxford: Berg Publishers. 15513:McMillan, James F. (1998). 15353:. London: Wiley-Blackwell. 15091:Federini, Fabienne (2006). 15076:. Oxford: Berg Publishers. 14821:Vichy: An Ever-Present Past 14800:Cointet, Jean-Paul (2000). 14707:Breuer, William B. (2000). 12212:. Marxists Internet Archive 11206:Cerri, Alain (March 1996). 8742: 8261:"Strophes pour se souvenir" 8034:French 2nd Armored Division 7929:Following the surrender of 7878:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 7758: 7729:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 7548:Bulletin des Chemins de Fer 7183:rabbi) at Lyon; the writer 7096:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 7042:(FTP), it re-formed as the 7040:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 6646:Second Battle of El Alamein 6373:(red placard) was a famous 5917:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 5896:On 21 August 1941, Colonel 5799:French 2nd Armored Division 5508: 5309:Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte 5223:were publicity shot by the 4890:commanding 30 men becoming 4775:l'heure des combats viendra 3279:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 2855:Les Petites Ailes de France 1785:This machine kills fascists 1645:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust 1331:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten 1250:Italian resistance movement 1160:German resistance to Nazism 1121:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 973:Latvian resistance movement 838:Concentrazione Antifascista 823:1922 Italian general strike 763:Republikanischer Schutzbund 10: 22137: 22015:Democratic Socialist Party 21996:Socialist Republican Union 21637:Workers and Peasants Party 21124:Naval bombardment of Japan 20492:First Battle of El Alamein 20411:Battle of Christmas Island 20356:Japanese invasion of Burma 20120:Italian invasion of Greece 20036:German invasion of Belgium 20008:German invasion of Denmark 19981:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 19850:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 18107:Comparative military ranks 17730:June Uprising in Lithuania 17096:Housewives' demonstrations 16137:Schoenbrun, David (1980). 16050:(Faber & Faber, 2015). 15901:Weisberg, Richard (1997). 15347:Kedward, Harry R. (1991). 15328:Kedward, Harry R. (1993). 14536:The Rough Guide to Corsica 13935:Conan, Rousso (1998), p. 9 12805:Nijhoff, Martinus (1982). 12784:. Newton Compton Editori. 9114:Mercier & Despert 1943 8775:Assassination of Karl Hotz 8667:In television, the series 8581: 8494: 8232:(PCF) projected itself as 7911: 7514: 7449:Jean Moulin's intercession 7254: 6991: 6825: 6783: 6745:. However, as head of the 6656: 6448:The Jewish youth movement 6229:. At about the same time, 6096:Free French (France libre) 6063:Comité d'action socialiste 5683:under the auspices of the 5571: 5100:he was using as his base: 5027:division took revenge for 4575:la guerre franco-française 4431:Groupes Mobiles de Réserve 3678:of the departments of the 3359:As in World War I and the 2336:Kommandant von Gross-Paris 2288:into a new article titled 2264: 2218:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 2103: 1566:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander 1079:Danish resistance movement 1062:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 29: 22045: 21979: 21858:Socialist Party of France 21831: 21782: 21719: 21684: 21632:Socialist-Communist Union 21624: 21536: 21476:Union of Russian Patriots 21418: 21293: 21213: 21045:Bratislava–Brno offensive 20985: 20976:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 20713: 20600:Allied invasion of Sicily 20554: 20460:Aleutian Islands campaign 20432:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 20379: 20370:Greek famine of 1941–1944 20265:Second Battle of Changsha 20170:German invasion of Greece 20138: 20015:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 19990: 19928: 19823: 19704: 19430: 19340: 19181: 18884: 18875: 18633: 18458: 18350:North and Central Pacific 18311: 18073: 18066: 17993: 17772: 17708:Anti-communist resistance 17707: 17624: 17542: 17468: 17383: 17273: 17114: 16819: 16696: 16683: 16641:French National Committee 16598: 16450: 16215:10.1017/S0960777318000619 15869:van der Vat, Dan (2003). 15769:Sémelin, Jacques (2013). 15722:Pollard, Miranda (1998). 15471:Marshall, Bruce (2001) . 15253:Andrews McMeel Publishing 15034:Seven songs about Armenia 14838:Cookridge, E. H. (1966). 14652:Spain During World War II 13316:11 September 2016 at the 13102:Order of the Liberation. 13009:Oxford English Dictionary 12547:Berenbaum & Peck 1998 11210:. La bataille des Glières 10915:. La bataille des Glières 8997:Order of the Liberation. 8729:La Complainte du partisan 8249:le mythe de la Résistance 8118: 7773:dropping supplies to the 7747:, were located by German 7399: 7106:, a former member of the 6856:, British prime minister 6762:broadcast on 18 June 1940 6431:law on the status of Jews 6123: 5973:Union of Russian Patriots 5857:After the signing of the 5586:The French flag with the 5531:prisoners in France, 1940 5463:collaboration horizontale 4886:Army officers with those 4686:region, styled himself a 4278:Comité Militaire d'Action 4146:Dachau concentration camp 3997:stand out in accounts by 3596:. By June 1943, the term 3552:years labour in Germany. 3537:On 16 February 1943, the 3022:French National Committee 2972:Karl Friedrich Hotz, the 2907:Parti Communiste Français 2823:collaboration horizontale 2589:law on the status of Jews 1047:Anti-Fascist Organisation 998:Belgian National Movement 670:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 454: 235: 123: 71: 56: 48: 43: 21676:Movement of Progressives 21566:Le Travailleur du Loiret 20637:Allied invasion of Italy 20614:Solomon Islands campaign 20363:Third Battle of Changsha 19960:First Battle of Changsha 19866:Second Sino-Japanese War 18799:German military brothels 18665:United States war crimes 17519:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 17452:Liberation of Strasbourg 16867:FTP–Foreign Labour Force 16786:Companions of Liberation 16779:1st Free French Division 16377:School for Danger (1943) 16156:Sweets, John F. (1976). 16141:. New American Library. 16032:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. 15981:Zuccotti, Susan (1999). 15920:Weiss, Jonathan (2006). 15877:. New York: Bloomsbury. 15433:Laroche, Gaston (1965). 15414:Laffont, Robert (2006). 15307:Jackson, Julian (2003). 15247:Holmes, Richard (2004). 15228:Herbert, Ulrich (2000). 15209:Hayward, Susan (2005) . 15095:. Paris: La DeCouverte. 14886:Curtis, Michael (2002). 14842:. London: Arthur Barker. 14669:Bowen, Wayne H. (2000). 14650:Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). 14616:. Paris: Nouvelle Cite. 14612:Besanger, Serge (2020). 14538:. London: Rough Guides. 14393:results, search (2005). 14296:"Truth and Consequences" 12571:Epstein & Rosen 1997 12119:Prost & Vincent 1998 12107:Prost & Vincent 1998 11977:Jackson, Julian (2018). 11877:"The French Underground" 8912:Moran & Waldron 2002 8664:when he was a teenager. 8618:Iranian Islamic Republic 8387:civil unrest of May 1968 7721:Georges Loustaunau-Lacau 7707:The first agents of the 6966: 6725:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 6652: 6563:Nazi concentration camps 6519:Children's Relief Effort 6306:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 6254:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 6250:Georges Loustaunau-Lacau 5912:was shot on 20 October. 4995:ambushed the men of the 4424:. By February 1944, the 4185:contacted industrialist 3720:Groupe mobile de réserve 3164:under the leadership of 3116:On 7 December 1941, the 3092:paramilitary arm of the 2800:(which sounded like the 2601:Accès interdit aux Juifs 1510:Liberation of Yugoslavia 1452:Slovak National Uprising 1357:Polish Underground State 778:Antifaschistische Aktion 67:and resisters, July 1944 22024:Unified Socialist Party 21941:Revolutionary socialism 21642:Proletarian Unity Party 21501:Institut Maurice Thorez 21059:Second Guangxi campaign 20914:Philippines (1944–1945) 20418:Battle of the Coral Sea 20321:Fall of the Philippines 19967:Battle of South Guangxi 19873:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 19272:Italian Social Republic 17773:Anti-fascist resistance 16359:3 December 2007 at the 16332:Order of the Liberation 16101:Porch, Douglas (1995). 15962:Williams, Alan (1992). 15684:Paxton, Robert (1972). 15186:Hayward, Susan (1993). 15129:Gildea, Robert (2002). 15110:Furtado, Peter (1992). 14931:Diamond, Hanna (1999). 14574:Beevor, Antony (2006). 14089:Godin & Chafer 2004 13981:Mendras & Cole 1991 13310:LPB – Mon Cher Camarade 13014:Oxford University Press 12210:"Glossary. Periodicals" 12179:Godin & Chafer 2004 11208:"The Battle of Glières" 9350:, pp. 18, 187–189. 8902:, pp. 18, 187–189. 8900:Booth & Walton 1998 8392:The Sorrow and the Pity 8234:"Le Parti des Fusillés" 7723:and Georges Groussard. 7636:brought out 37 issues, 7569:, then employed at the 7392:but still known as the 7233:Italian Socialist Party 7229:Italian Communist Party 6911:Confrérie de Notre Dame 6729:Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux 6397: 5859:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5841:, 1943. Left to right: 5291:, the FFI chief in the 4313:Confrérie de Notre Dame 3863:Maquis Henri Bourgogne, 3432:and recognized General 2431:and the Russian émigré 2318:flags hanging over the 2021:, academics, students, 1496:Liberation of Macedonia 1003:Front de l'Indépendance 885:Abraham Lincoln Brigade 22106:Anti-fascism in France 22000:National Popular Rally 21987:French Communist Party 21844:French Socialist Party 21798:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 21608:Les Lettres Françaises 21303:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard 21286:French Communist Party 20644:Armistice of Cassibile 20446:Battle of Dutch Harbor 20397:Battle of the Java Sea 20300:Attack on Pearl Harbor 20200:Syria–Lebanon campaign 20193:Battle of South Shanxi 20163:Invasion of Yugoslavia 19946:Battle of the Atlantic 19560:Korean Liberation Army 19266:(until September 1943) 19223:(until September 1944) 19201:(until September 1944) 17651:Networks and movements 17615:Free France Foundation 17576:Medal of the Righteous 17459:Provisional Government 17403:French Liberation Army 17309:Empire Defense Council 17288:Brazzaville Conference 17209:Les Lettres Françaises 17164:Les Éditions de Minuit 16742:French Liberation Army 16690: 16634:Empire Defense Council 16242:Rousso, Henry (1991). 16013:. Simon and Schuster. 16009:Cobb, Matthew (2009). 15835:. New York: Schocken. 15391:Lanzone, Rémi (2002). 15368:Knapp, Andrew (2006). 15211:French National Cinema 15190:French National Cinema 15167:Greene, Naomi (1999). 14912:Davies, Peter (2000). 14847:Crowdy, Terry (2007). 14345:Ezra & Harris 2000 12809:. BRILL. p. 499. 12346:n° 2871, 13 July 2006. 8578:Cultural personalities 8408:Franck Cassenti, with 8230:French Communist Party 8145: 8132: 8104: 8079: 8021: 8013: 7968:(green) for railways, 7909: 7892: 7850: 7778: 7771:B-17 Flying Fortresses 7690:coastal fortifications 7685: 7649:Les Éditions de Minuit 7594:In the northern zone, 7505:Charbonnages de France 7495: 7307: 7288:United States military 7272:Aleksander Kawałkowski 7080:International Brigades 6901:Ordre de la Libération 6899:, who was awarded the 6878:Colonel André Dewavrin 6854:armistice with Germany 6849: 6841: 6799: 6780:Networks and movements 6737:provisional government 6689: 6671: 6601: 6418: 6357:Jacques Le Roy Ladurie 5887:clandestine operations 5863:French Communist Party 5854: 5830: 5777: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5630:Appeal of 18 June 1940 5594: 5562:underground newspapers 5532: 5521: 5273: 5242: 5227:in the town square of 5159:) in exchange for the 5117: 5107: 4983:who was attached to a 4952: 4883:insurrection nationale 4813: 4759:Maquis du Mont Mouchet 4503:at a section known as 4307: 4287: 4106: 4091:by the Abwehr Captain 3943: 3930: 3900: 3779: 3461:—to unite as the MUR ( 3392:French national anthem 3342:André and Magda Trocmé 3268: 3247: 3238:Janet Teissier du Cros 3158:Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée 2982:Hans Gottfried Reimers 2580: 2371: 2209: 2143: 2135: 2132:Ordre de la Libération 2007:underground newspapers 1975: 1306:Jewish Labor Committee 880:International Brigades 808:Roter Frontkämpferbund 708: 458:Africa and Middle East 21862:French Workers' Party 21601:Le Prolétaire normand 20808:Second Battle of Guam 20704:Bengal famine of 1943 20674:Second Battle of Kiev 20630:Battle of the Dnieper 20335:Battle of Wake Island 20207:East African campaign 20149:Battle of South Henan 19794:atrocities by Germans 19567:Korean Volunteer Army 18541:Occupation of Germany 18295:Music in World War II 17599:Museums and memorials 17295:Brazzaville manifesto 16936:Ceux de la Résistance 16927:Ceux de la Libération 16689: 16295:The French Resistance 16291:Spartacus Educational 16209:28.1 (2019): 96–106. 16178:The French Resistance 15905:. London: Routledge. 15760:Rath, Aloyse (2009). 15490:Mazdon, Lucy (2001). 15376:. London: Routledge. 14950:Duarte, Jack (2005). 14916:. London: Routledge. 14804:. Paris: Tallandier. 14745:Burger, Léon (1965). 14534:Abram, David (2003). 8999:"Vassieux-en-Vercors" 8800:Shelburne Escape Line 8495:Further information: 8491:Museums and memorials 8464:Un héros très discret 8436:Au revoir les enfants 8414:(1976); Gilson, with 8341:. In this manner, in 8316:La Traversée de Paris 8301:Les Portes de la nuit 8143: 8136:Épurations ("purges") 8126: 8100: 8074: 8019: 8006:2nd Armoured Division 8003: 7903: 7890: 7862:Pierre-Georges Fabien 7845: 7766: 7672: 7488: 7410:French pronunciation: 7301: 7223:Italian anti-fascists 7193:Andor (André) Steiner 6876:invasion of Britain. 6872:, the expected cross- 6847: 6835: 6826:Further information: 6793: 6684: 6666: 6657:Further information: 6592: 6490:combined to form the 6405: 6349:Ceux de la Libération 6242:François de La Rocque 6180:. François Camel and 6053:(in ruins because of 5898:Pierre-Georges Fabien 5836: 5825: 5803:Dietrich von Choltitz 5776:, on 14 January 1943. 5774:Casablanca Conference 5756:Free French Generals 5755: 5585: 5572:Further information: 5527: 5516: 5375:urged patience while 5373:Jacques Chaban-Delmas 5364:Dietrich von Choltitz 5268: 5233: 5119:All over France, the 5112: 5102: 4943: 4804: 4297: 4282: 4101: 4027:Chantiers de Jeunesse 3938: 3908: 3887: 3766: 3483:Ceux de la Libération 3479:Ceux de la Résistance 3346:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 3263: 3242: 2938:Manuel du Légionnaire 2578: 2357: 2214:collective punishment 2194: 2141: 2117: 2104:Further information: 2066:military intelligence 1989:in France during the 1906:Libertarian socialism 1754:Grândola, Vila Morena 1675:Unite Against Fascism 1635:Antifascistisk Aktion 1608:Armed Forces Movement 1399:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne 1394:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz 1316:Luxembourg resistance 978:Lithuanian resistance 698: 640:Indian Ocean and Asia 21966:Democratic socialism 21877:Second International 21720:Parliamentary groups 21647:French Popular Party 21094:Surrender of Germany 20572:Battle of West Hubei 20529:Guadalcanal campaign 20499:Battle of Stalingrad 20425:Battle of Madagascar 19192:Albania protectorate 18979:(formerly Swaziland) 18688:Wehrmacht war crimes 18504:Expulsion of Germans 18288:Art and World War II 18186:British contribution 18135:Governments in exile 17725:Lithuanian partisans 17438:Liberation of France 17155:Défense de la France 17025:Confrérie Notre-Dame 16399:by Jean-Loup Gassend 16336:Chronology 1940–1945 16314:SOE Agents in France 16277:Encarta Encyclopedia 16223:16.2 (2018): e12440 16192:History & Memory 16176:Wieviorka, Olivier. 15850:Sumner, Ian (1998). 15816:. Paris: Autrement. 15646:Ousby, Ian (2000) . 15150:The French Exception 13236:Brès & Brès 2007 9626:, pp. 179, 181. 8642:Landscape of Shadows 8365:Jean-Pierre Melville 8350:La Grande Vadrouille 8307:were rarely evoked. 8255:Literature and films 8064:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7962:General Pierre Kœnig 7924:liberation of France 7914:Liberation of France 7908:, in September 1944. 7787:France Bloch-Sérazin 7654:Le Silence de la Mer 7609:Défense de la France 7581:Vichy fait la guerre 7492:Défense de la France 7471:and their body, the 7437:into Vichy France's 7427:Occupation of France 7317:Défense de la France 6718:Défense de la France 6630:Battle of Bir Hakeim 6469:, Eugénie Polonski, 6345:Révolution Nationale 6274:Confrérie Notre-Dame 6049:to reconstitute the 6007:improve this article 5668:Richard de Rochemont 5125:Saint-Amand-Montrond 4867:. Of all the plans, 3889:Men who come to the 3711:Battle of Stalingrad 3401:Torture of captured 3312:Jules-Géraud Saliège 3304:Pierre-Marie Gerlier 2991:was assassinated in 2898:Operation Barbarossa 2777:condemned the Vichy 2627:Special Organisation 2446:On 19 July 1940 the 2419:Révolution nationale 2349:un sentiment de viol 2255:Charlemagne Division 2062:invasion of Normandy 2029:(including clergy), 1831:Diversity of tactics 1301:during the Holocaust 703:, chosen by General 106:Liberation of France 21911:Matignon Agreements 21397:Marie-George Buffet 21184:Potsdam Declaration 21073:Italy (Spring 1945) 20836:Liberation of Paris 20293:Siege of Sevastopol 19304:(until August 1944) 19207:Wang Jingwei regime 19029:from September 1943 18989:from September 1944 18927:from September 1944 18787:Romanian war crimes 18778:Persecution of Jews 18764:Croatian war crimes 18734:Japanese war crimes 18548:Occupation of Japan 18497:First Indochina War 18209:Military production 18121:Declarations of war 17808:Bohemia and Moravia 17555:Order of Liberation 17505:Charles Delestraint 17445:Liberation of Paris 17254:La Vérité française 17245:Témoignage chrétien 16194:19.1 (2007): 39–67 15892:Vernet, J. (1980). 15831:Suhl, Yuri (1967). 15608:Moore, Bob (2000). 15437:. Paris: Bouquins. 15418:. Paris: Bouquins. 14935:. London: Longman. 14261:, pp. 173–174. 14249:, pp. 604–605. 14201:, pp. 168–169. 14031:, pp. 615–618. 13923:, pp. 272–273. 13899:, pp. 276–277. 13625:, pp. 410–413. 13428:, pp. 131–134. 13368:, pp. 406–407. 13332:, pp. 402–403. 13278:on 25 February 2021 13250:, pp. 375–377. 13068:, pp. 408–410. 13012:(Online ed.). 12457:, pp. 181–183. 12329:, pp. 513–514. 11862:, pp. 300–302. 11835:, pp. 303–304. 11689:, pp. 288–289. 11631:, pp. 272–273. 11607:, pp. 274–275. 11586:on 15 February 2017 11403:, pp. 283–284. 11140:, pp. 282–283. 11063:, pp. 263–264. 10991:The Daily Telegraph 10901:, pp. 261–262. 10874:, pp. 259–260. 10770:, pp. 265–268. 10687:, pp. 264–265. 10675:, pp. 254–255. 10577:, pp. 268–269. 10562:, pp. 267–268. 10449:, pp. 227–228. 10207:, pp. 216–217. 10021:, pp. 222–223. 9994:, pp. 221–222. 9967:The Daily Telegraph 9829:, pp. 207–208. 9776:, pp. 115–116. 9638:, pp. 178–179. 9602:, pp. 182–183. 9362:, pp. 209–210. 9302:, pp. 159–160. 9278:, pp. 568–569. 9254:, pp. 230–231. 8890:, pp. 573–574. 8786:Chant des Partisans 8670:Un village français 8284:La Bataille du rail 8184:Historical analysis 8026:Liberation of Paris 8008:parading after the 7642:Témoignage chrétien 7614:François de Menthon 7598:, the newspaper of 7561:In September 1940, 7536:Le Médecin Français 7499:Economic resistance 7360:François de Menthon 6864:(headed by General 6638:Norwegian War Cross 6634:Order of Liberation 6616:into battle in the 6610:Dimitri Amilakhvari 6594:Dimitri Amilakhvari 6443:concentration camps 6314:François Mitterrand 6071:Jean-Baptiste Lebas 5937:Arbeiter und Soldat 5902:Barbès-Rochechouart 5845:, Auguste Lecoeur, 5782:liberation of Paris 5743:battle for Normandy 5739:9th Panzer Division 5606:rallied to General 5568:Gaullist resistance 5295:region ordered all 5167:taken hostage, the 5077:all across France. 4935:Special Air Service 4908:lieutenant-colonels 4727:villages martyrisés 4642:, in April 1944, a 4210:, the chief of the 3692:Pyrénées-Orientales 3475:Charles Delestraint 3361:Franco-Prussian War 3329:l'Amitié Chrétienne 3249:By 1942, the Paris 2961:Otto von Stülpnagel 2850:Aux armes, citoyens 2769:In March 1941, the 2561:Otto von Stülpnagel 2437:François de Menthon 2120:Vassieux-en-Vercors 1928:Politics portal 1810:Tactics and methods 1767:Rock Against Racism 1761:Nazi Punks Fuck Off 1740:First they came ... 1665:Anti-Fascist Action 1382:Bataliony Chłopskie 968:Estonian resistance 958:Austrian resistance 941:Albanian resistance 895:Dabrowski Battalion 875:Confederal militias 758:Arbeiter-Schutzbund 306: • 278:Geheime Feldpolizei 21177:Surrender of Japan 21010:Battle of Iwo Jima 20859:Belgrade offensive 20272:Siege of Leningrad 20156:Battle of Shanggao 20085:British Somaliland 20050:Dunkirk evacuation 20001:Norwegian campaign 19939:Invasion of Poland 19766:Japanese prisoners 18727:Italian war crimes 18658:British war crimes 18573:Soviet occupations 18357:South-West Pacific 18244:Allied cooperation 18202:Military equipment 17735:Estonian partisans 17498:Pierre Brossolette 17316:Free French Africa 16810:Free French Africa 16714:Free French Forces 16691: 16234:30.2 (2012): 8–32 15789:Suleiman, Susan R. 15566:French Authorities 15036:. Firebird Pubns. 14490:Le Dauphiné libéré 14436:The New York Times 13855:2007-04-23 at the 13797:Marsura, Evelyne. 13110:on 6 November 2007 12707:on 29 October 2013 12689:. 7 November 2011. 10936:, pp. 29, 32. 10913:"Code-name Canada" 8516:. You can help by 8378:L'armée des ombres 8360:L'armée des ombres 8331:Le Passage du Rhin 8312:Claude Autant-Lara 8289:Le Père tranquille 8204:events of May 1968 8160:summary executions 8146: 8133: 8088:Operation Jedburgh 8022: 8014: 7910: 7893: 7851: 7779: 7686: 7682:Battle of Normandy 7496: 7461:Free French forces 7308: 7054:Czechs and Slovaks 6870:Operation Sea Lion 6850: 6842: 6828:Operation Jedburgh 6800: 6672: 6606:Free French Forces 6602: 6483:Alexander Scriabin 6457:A militant Jewish 6419: 6411:Alexander Scriabin 6341:vichysto-résistant 6272:, who founded the 6200:Vichy nationalists 6150:Pierre Brossolette 6075:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 5942:Worker and Soldier 5875:nonaggression pact 5855: 5831: 5778: 5766:Franklin Roosevelt 5595: 5539:Resistance leader 5533: 5522: 5088:who was leading a 5038:The next day, the 4912:Gerd von Rundstedt 4787:Operation Jedburgh 4680:Maquis du Limousin 4571:mentalité terrible 4439:Maquis des Glières 4385:Operation Overlord 4308: 4254:, where about 300 3375:Jean-Bouin Stadium 3336:the effort of the 2820:was resentment of 2747:Simone de Beauvoir 2728:Jacques Bonsergent 2581: 2456:Maurice Buckmaster 2439:founded the group 2322:and on top of the 2233:, but operated by 2210: 2163:German Reichsmarks 2144: 2136: 1896:Left-wing politics 1690:Anti-Racist Action 1530:Yugoslav Partisans 1515:Croatian Partisans 1418:Organizacja Bojowa 993:Belgian Resistance 915:Thälmann Battalion 828:Aventine Secession 709: 22101:French Resistance 22088: 22087: 21921:French Resistance 21784:General Secretary 21740: 21739: 21727:National Assembly 21481:French Resistance 21295:General Secretary 21251: 21250: 21209: 21208: 21052:Battle of Okinawa 20951:Burma (1944–1945) 20785:Mariana and Palau 20565:Tunisian campaign 20390:Fall of Singapore 20314:Fall of Hong Kong 20057:Battle of Britain 19910:Operation Himmler 19819: 19818: 19483:Dutch East Indies 19119:Southern Rhodesia 18871: 18870: 18771:Genocide of Serbs 18674:German war crimes 18651:Soviet war crimes 18644:Allied war crimes 18490:Division of Korea 18469:Chinese Civil War 18267:Strategic bombing 18179:Manhattan Project 17953: 17952: 17720:Latvian partisans 17666: 17665: 17636:French Resistance 17491:Emmanuel d'Astier 17477:Charles de Gaulle 17424:General de Lattre 17396:Kieffer commandos 17218:Libération (nord) 16618:Appeal of 18 June 16444:French Resistance 16253:978-0-674-93539-6 16169:978-0-87580-061-5 16148:978-0-452-00612-6 16112:978-0-374-15853-8 16087:978-0-85315-331-3 16065:978-1-85973-087-4 16039:978-0-7643-4580-7 16020:978-1-84737-123-2 15992:978-0-8032-9914-6 15973:978-0-674-76268-8 15954:978-0-471-19698-3 15933:978-0-8047-5481-1 15912:978-3-7186-5892-3 15884:978-1-58234-314-3 15861:978-1-85532-707-8 15842:978-0-8052-0479-7 15823:978-2-7467-0495-4 15804:978-0-674-02206-5 15780:978-2-35204-235-8 15773:. Paris: Arenes. 15752:978-0-674-39979-2 15733:978-0-226-67349-3 15714:978-0-8130-1828-7 15695:978-0-231-05427-0 15676:978-0-89875-843-6 15657:978-0-7126-6513-1 15638:978-0-521-81432-4 15619:978-1-85973-279-3 15600:978-1-55612-970-4 15549:978-0-521-39108-5 15526:978-0-340-52239-4 15505:978-1-903364-08-6 15482:978-0-304-35697-3 15463:978-1-84603-281-3 15425:978-2-221-09997-1 15406:978-0-8264-1399-4 15383:978-0-415-35732-6 15360:978-0-631-13927-0 15339:978-0-19-820578-4 15320:978-0-19-925457-6 15286:978-0-7475-9597-7 15262:978-0-7407-4509-6 15239:978-1-57181-750-1 15220:978-0-415-30783-3 15201:978-0-415-05729-5 15178:978-0-691-00475-4 15159:978-1-57181-684-9 15140:978-0-19-280131-9 15131:France since 1945 15121:978-0-231-05427-0 15102:978-2-7071-4825-4 15083:978-1-85973-368-4 15064:978-0-313-30355-5 15043:978-0-8285-2343-1 15021:978-1-84574-058-0 14999:978-0-8018-5668-6 14980:978-0-7185-0180-8 14961:978-1-4208-4309-5 14942:978-0-582-29909-2 14923:978-0-415-23896-0 14897:978-1-55970-689-6 14863:978-1-84603-076-5 14830:978-0-87451-795-8 14811:978-2-235-02234-7 14792:978-0-395-07540-1 14773:978-0-8232-2563-7 14737:978-1-57181-936-9 14718:978-0-471-35382-9 14699:978-2-85998-038-2 14680:978-0-8262-1300-6 14661:978-0-8262-1658-8 14642:978-0-7858-1016-2 14623:978-2-37582-108-4 14604:978-0-253-33374-2 14585:978-0-297-84832-5 14566:978-0-8143-2747-0 14545:978-1-84353-047-3 14404:978-0-440-41831-3 14335:, pp. 80–83. 14285:, pp. 69–73. 13775:, pp. 58–59. 13763:, pp. 83–90. 13488:, pp. 74–75. 13416:, pp. 46–48. 13104:"Gilbert Renault" 13020:(Subscription or 12943:, pp. 65–66. 12816:978-90-247-2538-0 12791:978-88-227-0782-6 12406:, pp. 56–58. 12317:, pp. 50–51. 12293:, pp. 77–78. 12257:, pp. 72–74. 12097:, pp. 41–42. 11990:978-0-674-98721-0 11532:, pp. 32–33. 11495:, pp. 51–52. 11449:, pp. 21–22. 11434:, pp. 50–51. 11252:, pp. 40–41. 10306:, pp. 25–26. 10171:, pp. 13–14. 10126:, pp. 10–11. 9699:, pp. 22–23. 9227:, pp. 56–57. 8793:Femmes solidaires 8662:Grande Chartreuse 8534: 8533: 8441:François Truffaut 8373:Operation Dragoon 8344:Is Paris Burning? 8278:This Land is Mine 8190:collective memory 8151:épuration sauvage 8084:Maquis du Vercors 8069:Crusade in Europe 7994:Winston Churchill 7943:Albert Kesselring 7920:German occupation 7855:guerrilla warfare 7847:Georges Guingouin 7838:Guerrilla warfare 7832:collateral damage 7775:Maquis du Vercors 7740:Westland Lysander 7700:deployments. The 7511:Clandestine press 7469:Charles de Gaulle 7441:(STO) to provide 7148:Antoine Diederich 7122:on June 5, 1944. 7084:Spanish Civil War 7074:German anti-nazis 7000:Spanish Civil War 6975:where many died. 6866:Charles de Gaulle 6858:Winston Churchill 6758:Charles de Gaulle 6568:Charles de Gaulle 6531:Missak Manouchian 6479:Ariadna Scriabina 6407:Ariadna Scriabina 6337:Jean-Pierre Azéma 6320:president of the 6258:Georges Groussard 6166:Jean Pierre-Bloch 6104:Charles de Gaulle 6039: 6038: 6031: 5891:Spanish Civil War 5770:Winston Churchill 5696:Normandy invasion 5608:Charles de Gaulle 5588:Cross of Lorraine 5359:Operation Lüttich 5355:Günther von Kluge 5313:Maquis du Vercors 5048:Oradour-sur-Glane 4672:Georges Guingouin 4634:. In the town of 4531:Lee-Enfield rifle 4501:Dwight Eisenhower 4261:Cross of Lorraine 4171:Groupe Manouchian 4167:Missak Manouchian 4099:Sansom recalled: 3549:Organisation Todt 3382:father-in-law of 3285:began planning a 3275:Theodor Dannecker 3196:Marguerite Gonnet 3059:was to capture a 2917:Spanish Civil War 2807:guerrilla warfare 2617:Spanish Civil War 2487:Roman Czerniawski 2332:National Assembly 2312: 2311: 2197:Oradour-sur-Glane 2169:. The artificial 2003:guerrilla warfare 1968:French Resistance 1964: 1963: 1773:Rock gegen Rechts 1712:Music and culture 1525:Slovene Partisans 1299:Jewish resistance 1228:Cretan resistance 1145:of the Resistance 1089:French Resistance 910:Palafox Battalion 890:British Battalion 862:Spanish Civil War 833:Arditi del Popolo 793:Confessing Church 705:Charles de Gaulle 701:Cross of Lorraine 690: 689: 682:Wallis and Futuna 412: 411: 195: 185:Resistance groups 119: 118: 44:French Resistance 18:French resistance 16:(Redirected from 22128: 21961:Social democracy 21832:Related articles 21785: 21776: 21767: 21760: 21753: 21744: 21743: 21594:La Voix de l'Est 21518:Marxism–Leninism 21507:Programme commun 21419:Related articles 21385:Georges Marchais 21373:Georges Marchais 21296: 21287: 21278: 21271: 21264: 21255: 21254: 21244: 21237: 21230: 21227:World portal 21225: 21224: 21200: 21193: 21186: 21179: 21170: 21163: 21156: 21147: 21140: 21133: 21126: 21119: 21112: 21103: 21096: 21089: 21087:Prague offensive 21082: 21080:Battle of Berlin 21075: 21068: 21061: 21054: 21047: 21040: 21033: 21026: 21024:Vienna offensive 21019: 21012: 21005: 21003:Battle of Manila 20998: 20978: 20969: 20960: 20953: 20944: 20937: 20930: 20923: 20916: 20909: 20902: 20893: 20884: 20877: 20868: 20861: 20854: 20847: 20838: 20831: 20824: 20817: 20810: 20803: 20796: 20787: 20780: 20771: 20762: 20753: 20746: 20744:Korsun–Cherkassy 20739: 20728: 20706: 20697: 20690: 20683: 20676: 20669: 20662: 20655: 20646: 20639: 20632: 20625: 20616: 20609: 20602: 20595: 20588: 20586:Bombing of Gorky 20581: 20574: 20567: 20547: 20540: 20531: 20524: 20517: 20508: 20501: 20494: 20487: 20476: 20469: 20462: 20455: 20453:Battle of Midway 20448: 20441: 20439:Battle of Gazala 20434: 20427: 20420: 20413: 20406: 20399: 20392: 20372: 20365: 20358: 20351: 20349:Battle of Borneo 20344: 20342:Malayan campaign 20337: 20330: 20323: 20316: 20309: 20302: 20295: 20288: 20286:Bombing of Gorky 20281: 20279:Battle of Moscow 20274: 20267: 20260: 20253: 20246: 20239: 20223: 20216: 20209: 20202: 20195: 20188: 20179: 20172: 20165: 20158: 20151: 20131: 20122: 20115: 20108: 20101: 20094: 20087: 20080: 20073: 20066: 20059: 20052: 20045: 20043:Battle of France 20038: 20031: 20024: 20017: 20010: 20003: 19983: 19976: 19969: 19962: 19955: 19948: 19941: 19919: 19912: 19905: 19898: 19896:Munich Agreement 19891: 19884: 19875: 19868: 19861: 19852: 19845: 19830: 19829: 19812: 19805: 19796: 19789: 19782: 19781:Soviet prisoners 19775: 19768: 19761: 19752: 19745: 19736: 19729: 19722: 19721:German prisoners 19717: 19697: 19688: 19681: 19674: 19669: 19662: 19655: 19648: 19641: 19634: 19627: 19620: 19613: 19606: 19599: 19592: 19585: 19578: 19569: 19562: 19555: 19548: 19541: 19534: 19527: 19520: 19513: 19506: 19499: 19492: 19485: 19478: 19471: 19464: 19457: 19450: 19443: 19423: 19416: 19409: 19402: 19395: 19388: 19381: 19374: 19367: 19360: 19353: 19333: 19326: 19319: 19312: 19305: 19297: 19290: 19283: 19274: 19267: 19259: 19252: 19250:French Indochina 19245: 19238: 19231: 19224: 19216: 19209: 19202: 19194: 19174: 19165: 19158: 19149: 19142: 19135: 19128: 19121: 19114: 19107: 19100: 19097:from August 1944 19088: 19081: 19074: 19067: 19060: 19053: 19046: 19039: 19032: 19020: 19013: 19006: 18999: 18992: 18980: 18972: 18965: 18958: 18951: 18944: 18937: 18930: 18918: 18911: 18904: 18897: 18882: 18881: 18862: 18855: 18848: 18841: 18834: 18823: 18808: 18801: 18794: 18789: 18780: 18773: 18766: 18757: 18750: 18743: 18741:Nanjing Massacre 18736: 18729: 18720: 18718:Nuremberg trials 18711: 18704: 18697: 18690: 18683: 18676: 18667: 18660: 18653: 18646: 18626: 18619: 18612: 18603: 18596: 18589: 18582: 18575: 18568: 18559: 18550: 18543: 18536: 18529: 18520: 18513: 18506: 18499: 18492: 18485: 18478: 18471: 18451: 18442: 18435: 18428: 18419: 18412: 18405: 18398: 18389: 18382: 18375: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18345: 18338: 18331: 18324: 18322:Asia and Pacific 18304: 18297: 18290: 18283: 18276: 18269: 18262: 18253: 18251:Mulberry harbour 18246: 18239: 18232: 18225: 18218: 18211: 18204: 18197: 18188: 18181: 18174: 18165: 18158: 18151: 18144: 18137: 18130: 18123: 18116: 18109: 18102: 18093: 18086: 18071: 18070: 18059: 18052: 18043: 18036: 18029: 18022: 18015: 18008: 18001: 17980: 17973: 17966: 17957: 17956: 17693: 17686: 17679: 17670: 17669: 17617: 17610: 17601: 17594: 17587: 17578: 17571: 17569:Resistance Medal 17564: 17557: 17535: 17528: 17526:Jean-Pierre Lévy 17521: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17493: 17486: 17479: 17461: 17454: 17447: 17440: 17433: 17426: 17419: 17412: 17405: 17398: 17376: 17369: 17360: 17353: 17346: 17344:March battalions 17339: 17332: 17325: 17318: 17311: 17304: 17297: 17290: 17266: 17257: 17248: 17239: 17230: 17227:Libération (sud) 17221: 17212: 17203: 17194: 17185: 17176: 17167: 17158: 17149: 17140: 17131: 17107: 17098: 17091: 17082: 17075: 17068: 17061: 17052: 17043: 17034: 17027: 17020: 17013: 17006: 16997: 16990: 16981: 16974: 16967: 16958: 16951: 16948: 16939: 16930: 16921: 16914: 16911:Musée de l'Homme 16905: 16896: 16887: 16878: 16869: 16862: 16853: 16844: 16837: 16834: 16812: 16805: 16796: 16790: 16781: 16772: 16765: 16758: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16709: 16678: 16671: 16664: 16657: 16650: 16643: 16636: 16629: 16620: 16613: 16591: 16584: 16577: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16514: 16507: 16500: 16493: 16486: 16479: 16472: 16465: 16458: 16442: 16439: 16438: 16427: 16420: 16413: 16404: 16403: 16382:Internet Archive 16257: 16173: 16152: 16133: 16131: 16116: 16091: 16069: 16046:Gildea, Robert. 16043: 16024: 15996: 15977: 15958: 15937: 15916: 15897: 15888: 15876: 15865: 15846: 15833:They Fought Back 15827: 15808: 15784: 15765: 15756: 15737: 15718: 15699: 15680: 15661: 15642: 15623: 15604: 15591:Sheed & Ward 15581: 15579: 15577: 15563: 15553: 15541: 15530: 15509: 15497: 15486: 15467: 15446: 15429: 15410: 15398: 15387: 15375: 15364: 15343: 15324: 15291:American title: 15290: 15266: 15243: 15224: 15205: 15193: 15182: 15163: 15144: 15125: 15106: 15087: 15068: 15047: 15025: 15003: 14984: 14965: 14946: 14927: 14901: 14882: 14880: 14878: 14872: 14866:. Archived from 14855: 14843: 14834: 14815: 14796: 14777: 14758: 14741: 14722: 14703: 14684: 14665: 14646: 14627: 14614:Les Indomptables 14608: 14589: 14570: 14549: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14501: 14495: 14494: 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14453: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14427: 14421: 14415: 14409: 14408: 14390: 14384: 14378: 14372: 14366: 14360: 14354: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14330: 14324: 14318: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14292: 14286: 14280: 14274: 14268: 14262: 14256: 14250: 14244: 14238: 14232: 14226: 14220: 14214: 14208: 14202: 14196: 14190: 14184: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14140: 14134: 14128: 14122: 14116: 14110: 14104: 14098: 14092: 14086: 14080: 14074: 14068: 14062: 14056: 14050: 14044: 14038: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14014: 14008: 14002: 13996: 13990: 13984: 13978: 13972: 13966: 13960: 13954: 13948: 13942: 13936: 13933: 13924: 13918: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13870: 13864: 13844: 13840: 13834: 13828: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13810: 13801:. Archived from 13794: 13788: 13782: 13776: 13770: 13764: 13758: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13701: 13695: 13689: 13686:van der Vat 2003 13683: 13677: 13671: 13662: 13656: 13650: 13644: 13638: 13632: 13626: 13620: 13614: 13608: 13602: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13513: 13507: 13501: 13495: 13489: 13483: 13477: 13471: 13465: 13459: 13453: 13447: 13441: 13435: 13429: 13423: 13417: 13411: 13405: 13399: 13393: 13387: 13381: 13375: 13369: 13363: 13357: 13351: 13345: 13339: 13333: 13327: 13321: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13277: 13271:. Archived from 13266: 13257: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13233: 13227: 13221: 13215: 13209: 13203: 13197: 13191: 13185: 13179: 13178: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13135: 13129: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13115: 13106:. Archived from 13099: 13093: 13087: 13081: 13075: 13069: 13063: 13054: 13048: 13039: 13032: 13026: 13025: 13017: 13005: 12998: 12992: 12989:Appel du 18 Juin 12986: 12980: 12974: 12968: 12962: 12956: 12950: 12944: 12938: 12932: 12926: 12920: 12914: 12905: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12857: 12851: 12845: 12839: 12833: 12827: 12821: 12820: 12802: 12796: 12795: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12757:. Archived from 12751: 12745: 12744: 12737: 12731: 12730: 12723: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12703:. Archived from 12697: 12691: 12690: 12679: 12673: 12667: 12661: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12616: 12610: 12604: 12598: 12592: 12586: 12580: 12574: 12568: 12562: 12556: 12550: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12501: 12495: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12467: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12428: 12422: 12416: 12407: 12401: 12395: 12389: 12383: 12377: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12336: 12330: 12324: 12318: 12312: 12306: 12300: 12294: 12288: 12282: 12276: 12270: 12264: 12258: 12252: 12246: 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12217: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12196:www.marxists.org 12188: 12182: 12176: 12170: 12164: 12158: 12152: 12146: 12140: 12134: 12128: 12122: 12116: 12110: 12104: 12098: 12092: 12086: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12026: 12020: 12007: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11974: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11929: 11923: 11914: 11908: 11902: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11888: 11883:. pp. 85–96 11872: 11863: 11857: 11851: 11845: 11836: 11830: 11824: 11818: 11809: 11803: 11794: 11788: 11779: 11773: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11732: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11705: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11641: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11571: 11565: 11559: 11548: 11542: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11496: 11490: 11479: 11473: 11450: 11444: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11404: 11398: 11389: 11383: 11368: 11362: 11341: 11335: 11326: 11320: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11280: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11235: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11203: 11194: 11188: 11175: 11169: 11160: 11154: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11112: 11106: 11085: 11079: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11031: 11025: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10982: 10973: 10967: 10952: 10946: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10908: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10875: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10817: 10811: 10800: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10771: 10765: 10756: 10750: 10741: 10735: 10722: 10716: 10703: 10697: 10688: 10682: 10676: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10616: 10610: 10599: 10593: 10578: 10572: 10563: 10557: 10548: 10542: 10523: 10517: 10498: 10492: 10469: 10463: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10403: 10397: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10347: 10341: 10332: 10326: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10233: 10227: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10096: 10090: 10077: 10071: 10052: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9964: 9956: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9922:Purnell, Sonia. 9919: 9913: 9907: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9853: 9847: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9738: 9732: 9717: 9711: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9564: 9558: 9539: 9533: 9522: 9516: 9483: 9477: 9462: 9456: 9435: 9429: 9418: 9412: 9401: 9395: 9384: 9378: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9066: 9060: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9001:. Archived from 8994: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8978: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8839: 8833: 8771: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8675:A French Village 8614:Shapour Bakhtiar 8597:, the historian 8572:railway station. 8561: 8545: 8529: 8526: 8508: 8501: 8455:Blanche et Marie 8446:Le Dernier Métro 8383:résistancialisme 8355:résistancialisme 8339:résistancialisme 8269:Manouchian Group 8245:résistancialisme 8213:has called the " 8195:Résistancialisme 8177:épuration légale 8010:Battle for Paris 7882:Manouchian Group 7416: 7411: 7302:Resistants from 7286:soldiers in the 7217:Manouchian Group 7211:(1902–1944) and 7048:Francisco Franco 7008:internment camps 6929:Christian Pineau 6905:Legion of Honour 6698:Germaine Tillion 6642:Legion of Honour 6614:Légion étrangère 6579:Legion of Honour 6545:(1910–1940) and 6543:Kégham Atmadjian 6539:Charles Aznavour 6535:Manouchian Group 6467:Abraham Polonski 6387:Manouchian group 6339:coined the term 6288:Jacques Renouvin 6266: 6207:Action Française 6194:Augustin Malroux 6178:Christian Pineau 6128: 6127: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6014: 5991: 5983: 5961:Valentin Feldman 5957:Georges Politzer 5953:Jean-Paul Sartre 5867:Édouard Daladier 5790:Henri Rol-Tanguy 5708:Philippe Leclerc 5706:, under General 5692:Italian campaign 5665: 5659: 5653: 5635:Free French Army 5590:, emblem of the 5497:Everywhere, the 5490:France éternelle 5484:, the SOE agent 5410:Philippe Leclerc 5369:Alexandre Parodi 5271:Two days to die. 5209:Philippe Henriot 5061:regiment of the 5042:regiment of the 4981:Tommy Macpherson 4892:sous-lieutenants 4800:Tommy Macpherson 4741:seized another " 4674:, the Communist 4664:Philippe Henriot 4573:, the period of 4543:Browning handgun 4527:Bren machine gun 4509:William J. Casey 4196:Clermont-Ferrand 4187:Rudolphe Peugeot 4150:Caluire-et-Cuire 4142: 3512: 3493:to ask to join. 3272:Hauptsturmführer 3185:Germaine Tillion 3086:Jacques Renouvin 2990: 2936:France entitled 2904:government, the 2863: 2780:statut des Juifs 2425:Musée de l'Homme 2307: 2304: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2185:prisoners of war 2148:Battle of France 2078:orders of battle 2076:deployments and 1991:Second World War 1984:collaborationist 1956: 1949: 1942: 1926: 1925: 1884:Anti-Japaneseism 1874:Anti-nationalism 1747:Fischia il vento 1719:A las Barricadas 1670:Anti-Nazi League 1474:Soviet partisans 1447:Slovak partisans 1326:Dutch resistance 1233:Greek resistance 1209:Oster conspiracy 1199:Schwarze Kapelle 1143:National Council 1138:de la Résistance 1030:Fatherland Front 983:Soviet partisans 768:Socialist Action 734: 711: 710: 449: 438: 431: 424: 415: 414: 400: 399: 388: 387: 376: 375: 364: 363: 352: 351: 340: 339: 318: 317: 300: 299: 288: 287: 276: 275: 264: 263: 252: 251: 223: 221: 220: 210: 208: 207: 194:after June 1944) 189: 183: 182: 161: 159: 158: 146: 142: 140: 139: 73: 72: 61: 41: 40: 21: 22136: 22135: 22131: 22130: 22129: 22127: 22126: 22125: 22091: 22090: 22089: 22084: 22041: 22037:Socialist Party 21975: 21827: 21792:Louis Dubreuilh 21783: 21778: 21774: 21771: 21741: 21736: 21715: 21680: 21620: 21532: 21491:May 1947 crises 21414: 21294: 21289: 21285: 21282: 21252: 21247: 21240: 21233: 21219: 21217: 21205: 21196: 21189: 21182: 21175: 21166: 21159: 21152: 21143: 21138:Atomic bombings 21136: 21129: 21122: 21115: 21108: 21099: 21092: 21085: 21078: 21071: 21064: 21057: 21050: 21043: 21036: 21029: 21022: 21015: 21008: 21001: 20994: 20981: 20974: 20963: 20956: 20949: 20940: 20933: 20926: 20919: 20912: 20905: 20896: 20887: 20880: 20871: 20864: 20857: 20850: 20841: 20834: 20829:Eastern Romania 20827: 20822:Warsaw Uprising 20820: 20815:Tannenberg Line 20813: 20806: 20801:Western Ukraine 20799: 20790: 20783: 20774: 20765: 20756: 20749: 20742: 20731: 20722: 20709: 20702: 20693: 20686: 20679: 20672: 20665: 20658: 20651: 20642: 20635: 20628: 20619: 20612: 20605: 20598: 20593:Battle of Kursk 20591: 20584: 20577: 20570: 20563: 20550: 20543: 20534: 20527: 20520: 20511: 20504: 20497: 20490: 20481: 20472: 20465: 20458: 20451: 20444: 20437: 20430: 20423: 20416: 20409: 20404:St Nazaire Raid 20402: 20395: 20388: 20375: 20368: 20361: 20354: 20347: 20340: 20333: 20326: 20319: 20312: 20305: 20298: 20291: 20284: 20277: 20270: 20263: 20256: 20249: 20242: 20228: 20219: 20212: 20205: 20198: 20191: 20186:Anglo-Iraqi War 20184: 20177:Battle of Crete 20175: 20168: 20161: 20154: 20147: 20134: 20125: 20118: 20111: 20106:Eastern Romania 20104: 20097: 20090: 20083: 20076: 20069: 20062: 20055: 20048: 20041: 20034: 20027: 20020: 20013: 20006: 19999: 19986: 19979: 19972: 19965: 19958: 19951: 19944: 19937: 19924: 19915: 19908: 19901: 19894: 19887: 19880: 19871: 19864: 19857: 19848: 19841: 19815: 19808: 19801: 19792: 19785: 19780: 19771: 19764: 19757: 19748: 19741: 19732: 19725: 19720: 19713: 19700: 19693: 19684: 19677: 19672: 19667:Western Ukraine 19665: 19658: 19651: 19644: 19637: 19630: 19623: 19616: 19611:Northeast China 19609: 19602: 19595: 19588: 19581: 19574: 19565: 19558: 19551: 19544: 19537: 19530: 19523: 19516: 19509: 19502: 19495: 19488: 19481: 19474: 19467: 19460: 19453: 19446: 19439: 19426: 19419: 19412: 19405: 19398: 19391: 19384: 19377: 19370: 19363: 19356: 19349: 19336: 19329: 19322: 19315: 19310:Slovak Republic 19308: 19300: 19293: 19286: 19281:Empire of Japan 19279: 19270: 19262: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19234: 19227: 19219: 19212: 19205: 19197: 19190: 19177: 19170: 19161: 19154: 19145: 19138: 19131: 19124: 19117: 19110: 19103: 19091: 19084: 19077: 19070: 19063: 19056: 19049: 19042: 19035: 19023: 19016: 19009: 19002: 18995: 18983: 18975: 18968: 18961: 18954: 18947: 18940: 18933: 18921: 18914: 18907: 18900: 18893: 18867: 18858: 18851: 18844: 18837: 18826: 18811: 18804: 18797: 18793:Sexual violence 18792: 18785: 18776: 18769: 18762: 18753: 18746: 18739: 18732: 18725: 18716: 18707: 18700: 18693: 18686: 18679: 18672: 18663: 18656: 18649: 18642: 18629: 18622: 18615: 18608: 18599: 18592: 18585: 18578: 18571: 18562: 18553: 18546: 18539: 18532: 18523: 18516: 18511:Greek Civil War 18509: 18502: 18495: 18488: 18481: 18474: 18467: 18454: 18447: 18438: 18431: 18424: 18415: 18408: 18401: 18394: 18385: 18378: 18371: 18362: 18355: 18348: 18341: 18336:South-East Asia 18334: 18327: 18320: 18307: 18300: 18293: 18286: 18279: 18272: 18265: 18258: 18249: 18242: 18235: 18228: 18221: 18214: 18207: 18200: 18195:Military awards 18193: 18184: 18177: 18170: 18161: 18154: 18147: 18140: 18133: 18126: 18119: 18112: 18105: 18098: 18089: 18082: 18062: 18055: 18048: 18039: 18032: 18025: 18020: 18011: 18004: 17997: 17989: 17984: 17954: 17949: 17938: 17804:Czechoslovakia 17800:Channel Islands 17768: 17752:Cursed soldiers 17703: 17697: 17667: 17662: 17661: 17620: 17613: 17604: 17597: 17590: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17553: 17545: 17538: 17531: 17524: 17517: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17475: 17464: 17457: 17450: 17443: 17436: 17431:General Leclerc 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17367:Operation Marie 17365: 17356: 17349: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17323:French Cameroon 17321: 17314: 17307: 17300: 17293: 17286: 17278: 17276: 17269: 17263:La Voix du Nord 17260: 17251: 17242: 17233: 17224: 17215: 17206: 17197: 17188: 17179: 17170: 17161: 17152: 17143: 17134: 17125: 17117: 17110: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17078: 17071: 17064: 17057: 17046: 17037: 17032: 17023: 17016: 17009: 17000: 16993: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16961: 16954: 16944: 16933: 16924: 16917: 16908: 16902:Mouvements unis 16899: 16890: 16884:Libération-Nord 16881: 16874: 16865: 16856: 16847: 16840: 16830: 16822: 16815: 16808: 16799: 16788: 16784: 16777: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16749: 16740: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16705: 16692: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16660: 16653: 16646: 16639: 16632: 16625: 16616: 16609: 16601: 16594: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16510: 16503: 16496: 16489: 16482: 16475: 16468: 16461: 16454: 16446: 16440: 16433: 16431: 16374:The short film 16361:Wayback Machine 16308:Wayback Machine 16265: 16260: 16254: 16241: 16221:History Compass 16187: 16170: 16155: 16149: 16136: 16129: 16119: 16113: 16100: 16088: 16072: 16066: 16053: 16040: 16027: 16021: 16008: 16004: 16002:Further reading 15999: 15993: 15974: 15955: 15934: 15913: 15885: 15862: 15843: 15824: 15805: 15781: 15753: 15734: 15715: 15696: 15677: 15658: 15639: 15620: 15601: 15575: 15573: 15561: 15550: 15527: 15506: 15483: 15464: 15426: 15407: 15384: 15361: 15340: 15321: 15287: 15263: 15240: 15221: 15202: 15179: 15160: 15141: 15122: 15103: 15084: 15065: 15044: 15022: 15000: 14981: 14962: 14943: 14924: 14898: 14876: 14874: 14873:on 19 July 2018 14870: 14864: 14853: 14831: 14812: 14793: 14774: 14738: 14719: 14700: 14681: 14662: 14643: 14624: 14605: 14586: 14567: 14546: 14529: 14524: 14523: 14513: 14511: 14503: 14502: 14498: 14481: 14477: 14467: 14465: 14455: 14454: 14450: 14440: 14438: 14428: 14424: 14416: 14412: 14405: 14391: 14387: 14379: 14375: 14367: 14363: 14355: 14351: 14343: 14339: 14331: 14327: 14319: 14315: 14305: 14303: 14302:. 27 March 1972 14294: 14293: 14289: 14281: 14277: 14269: 14265: 14257: 14253: 14245: 14241: 14237:, p. 1002. 14233: 14229: 14221: 14217: 14209: 14205: 14197: 14193: 14185: 14176: 14168: 14164: 14156: 14152: 14147: 14143: 14139:, p. 1017. 14135: 14131: 14123: 14119: 14111: 14107: 14099: 14095: 14087: 14083: 14075: 14071: 14063: 14059: 14051: 14047: 14039: 14035: 14027: 14023: 14015: 14011: 14003: 13999: 13991: 13987: 13979: 13975: 13967: 13963: 13955: 13951: 13943: 13939: 13934: 13927: 13919: 13915: 13907: 13903: 13895: 13891: 13883: 13879: 13871: 13867: 13857:Wayback Machine 13842: 13841: 13837: 13829: 13818: 13808: 13806: 13805:on 18 July 2011 13795: 13791: 13783: 13779: 13771: 13767: 13759: 13752: 13744: 13740: 13732: 13728: 13722:Eisenhower 1997 13720: 13716: 13708: 13704: 13696: 13692: 13684: 13680: 13672: 13665: 13657: 13653: 13645: 13641: 13633: 13629: 13621: 13617: 13609: 13605: 13597: 13593: 13585: 13581: 13573: 13569: 13561: 13557: 13549: 13540: 13532: 13528: 13520: 13516: 13508: 13504: 13496: 13492: 13484: 13480: 13472: 13468: 13460: 13456: 13448: 13444: 13436: 13432: 13424: 13420: 13412: 13408: 13400: 13396: 13388: 13384: 13376: 13372: 13364: 13360: 13352: 13348: 13340: 13336: 13328: 13324: 13318:Wayback Machine 13307: 13303: 13295: 13291: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13264: 13258: 13254: 13246: 13242: 13234: 13230: 13222: 13218: 13210: 13206: 13198: 13194: 13186: 13182: 13171: 13167: 13159: 13155: 13147: 13138: 13130: 13123: 13113: 13111: 13100: 13096: 13088: 13084: 13076: 13072: 13064: 13057: 13049: 13042: 13033: 13029: 13019: 12999: 12995: 12987: 12983: 12975: 12971: 12963: 12959: 12951: 12947: 12939: 12935: 12927: 12923: 12915: 12908: 12900: 12896: 12888: 12884: 12878:Michalczyk 1997 12876: 12872: 12864: 12860: 12852: 12848: 12840: 12836: 12828: 12824: 12817: 12803: 12799: 12792: 12778: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12761:on 20 July 2011 12753: 12752: 12748: 12743:. 22 July 2017. 12739: 12738: 12734: 12725: 12724: 12720: 12710: 12708: 12699: 12698: 12694: 12681: 12680: 12676: 12668: 12664: 12658:Bardakjian 2000 12656: 12652: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12618: 12617: 12613: 12605: 12601: 12593: 12589: 12581: 12577: 12569: 12565: 12557: 12553: 12545: 12541: 12531: 12529: 12524: 12523: 12519: 12511: 12504: 12496: 12492: 12482: 12480: 12468: 12461: 12453: 12449: 12441: 12437: 12429: 12425: 12417: 12410: 12402: 12398: 12390: 12386: 12378: 12374: 12366: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12337: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12313: 12309: 12301: 12297: 12289: 12285: 12277: 12273: 12265: 12261: 12253: 12249: 12241: 12237: 12229: 12225: 12215: 12213: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12177: 12173: 12165: 12161: 12153: 12149: 12141: 12137: 12129: 12125: 12117: 12113: 12105: 12101: 12093: 12089: 12081: 12077: 12069: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12045: 12041: 12033: 12029: 12021: 12010: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11975: 11971: 11963: 11959: 11951: 11947: 11939: 11932: 11924: 11917: 11909: 11905: 11900: 11896: 11886: 11884: 11873: 11866: 11858: 11854: 11846: 11839: 11831: 11827: 11819: 11812: 11804: 11797: 11789: 11782: 11774: 11753: 11745: 11741: 11733: 11726: 11718: 11714: 11706: 11693: 11685: 11681: 11673: 11662: 11654: 11650: 11642: 11635: 11627: 11623: 11615: 11611: 11603: 11599: 11589: 11587: 11576:"A great read, 11572: 11568: 11560: 11551: 11543: 11536: 11528: 11524: 11516: 11499: 11491: 11482: 11474: 11453: 11445: 11438: 11430: 11426: 11418: 11407: 11399: 11392: 11384: 11371: 11363: 11344: 11336: 11329: 11321: 11310: 11302: 11298: 11290: 11283: 11275: 11271: 11263: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11236: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11189: 11178: 11170: 11163: 11155: 11144: 11136: 11132: 11124: 11115: 11107: 11088: 11080: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11047: 11034: 11026: 11005: 10995: 10993: 10983: 10976: 10968: 10955: 10947: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10909: 10905: 10897: 10893: 10885: 10878: 10870: 10866: 10858: 10847: 10839: 10835: 10827: 10820: 10812: 10803: 10795: 10791: 10783: 10774: 10766: 10759: 10751: 10744: 10736: 10725: 10717: 10706: 10698: 10691: 10683: 10679: 10671: 10667: 10659: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10630: 10619: 10611: 10602: 10594: 10581: 10573: 10566: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10526: 10518: 10501: 10493: 10472: 10464: 10453: 10445: 10441: 10433: 10429: 10421: 10406: 10398: 10389: 10381: 10377: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10350: 10342: 10335: 10327: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10290: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10236: 10228: 10211: 10203: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10155: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10099: 10091: 10080: 10072: 10055: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10025: 10017: 10013: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9986: 9976: 9974: 9957: 9942: 9932: 9930: 9920: 9916: 9908: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9875: 9856: 9848: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9813: 9809: 9801: 9792: 9784: 9780: 9772: 9768: 9760: 9756: 9748: 9741: 9733: 9720: 9712: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9683: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9574: 9567: 9559: 9542: 9534: 9525: 9517: 9486: 9478: 9465: 9457: 9438: 9430: 9421: 9413: 9404: 9396: 9387: 9379: 9366: 9358: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9334: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9310: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9250: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9069: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9008: 9006: 9005:on 5 March 2008 8995: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8849: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8769: 8755: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8658:Romain Cogitore 8634:Villa Normandie 8626: 8624:Popular culture 8612:Prime Minister 8586: 8580: 8573: 8562: 8553: 8550:Hill 60 (Ypres) 8546: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8514:needs expansion 8499: 8493: 8459:Jacques Audiard 8457:(1984). Later, 8429:Lacombe, Lucien 8411:L'Affiche Rouge 8295:(also 1946) or 8257: 8186: 8138: 8121: 8092:Ralph Ingersoll 8053:1st French Army 7916: 7898: 7840: 7761: 7667: 7604:Libération-Nord 7519: 7513: 7501: 7483: 7451: 7414:[maˈki] 7409: 7402: 7296: 7280: 7278:Cajun Americans 7259: 7253: 7225: 7160: 7128: 7116:Feldgendarmerie 7076: 7060:Otakar Hromádko 7056: 6996: 6990: 6981: 6969: 6964: 6941:Cohors-Asturies 6933:Libération Nord 6897:Gilbert Renault 6883:Deuxième Bureau 6830: 6824: 6810:. A Resistance 6788: 6782: 6755: 6687:nations strong. 6680:Philippe Pétain 6661: 6655: 6587: 6559:Arpiar Aslanian 6555:Louise Aslanian 6537:(the family of 6527: 6439:Philippe Pétain 6400: 6365: 6353:Gabriel Jeantet 6330:Charles Maurras 6260: 6223:parliamentarism 6216:First World War 6202: 6154:Gaston Defferre 6125:Libération-Nord 6035: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6004: 5992: 5981: 5955:. Philosophers 5904:station of the 5820: 5795:Warsaw Uprising 5735:Operation Cobra 5646:Arc de Triomphe 5604:Philippe Pétain 5580: 5570: 5549:François Marcot 5511: 5317:Vercors plateau 5285:Vercors plateau 5052:Sturmbannführer 4954:Sometimes, the 4747:Émile Coulaudon 4523:Webley revolver 4414:Glières Plateau 4292: 4132: 4089:Peter Churchill 4041:(ass-wipes) in 3924: 3923: 3916: 3915: 3896: 3895: 3517:, commanded by 3510: 3491:Libération Nord 3447: 3396:Vive la France! 3325:Pierre Chaillet 3153: 3145:Deuxième Bureau 3137:Jacques Arthuys 3125:Nacht und Nebel 3119:Nacht und Nebel 3078:Alfred Heurtaux 2984: 2857: 2837:La Marseillaise 2831:English Channel 2756: 2529:Deuxième Bureau 2512:Deuxième Bureau 2507:Deuxième Bureau 2491:Deuxième Bureau 2403:Feldgendarmerie 2308: 2302: 2299: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2201:Limousin region 2112: 2102: 2100:Nazi occupation 2027:Roman Catholics 2025:, conservative 1980:Nazi occupation 1960: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1869:Anti-capitalism 1864: 1856: 1855: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1650:United Kingdom 1614: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1509: 1502: 1495: 1424: 1417: 1411:Ghetto Uprising 1410: 1388: 1376: 1364: 1300: 1293: 1144: 1137: 1136:Mouvements Unis 1126:Libération-Nord 1067:Prague uprising 930: 922: 921: 839: 753:Central Europe 742: 693: 692: 691: 686: 450: 444: 442: 408: 394: 382: 370: 358: 346: 334: 326: 312: 294: 282: 270: 258: 246: 231: 218: 216: 205: 203: 190:(formalised as 177: 169: 156: 154: 137: 135: 110: 100:French victory 91: 89:Occupied France 62: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22134: 22124: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22103: 22086: 22085: 22083: 22082: 22076: 22070: 22062: 22056: 22049: 22047: 22043: 22042: 22040: 22039: 22034: 22017: 22012: 22007: 22002: 21989: 21983: 21981: 21977: 21976: 21974: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21925:Brutus Network 21918: 21913: 21908: 21898: 21896:Tours Congress 21893: 21886: 21879: 21874: 21872:Globe Congress 21869: 21855: 21841: 21835: 21833: 21829: 21828: 21826: 21825: 21819: 21813: 21807: 21801: 21795: 21788: 21786: 21780: 21779: 21770: 21769: 21762: 21755: 21747: 21738: 21737: 21735: 21734: 21729: 21723: 21721: 21717: 21716: 21714: 21713: 21712:(2008–present) 21707: 21701: 21695: 21688: 21686: 21682: 21681: 21679: 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21628: 21626: 21622: 21621: 21619: 21618: 21611: 21604: 21597: 21590: 21583: 21576: 21569: 21562: 21555: 21548: 21540: 21538: 21534: 21533: 21531: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21443: 21441:Tours Congress 21438: 21433: 21428: 21422: 21420: 21416: 21415: 21413: 21412: 21411:(2018–present) 21409:Fabien Roussel 21406: 21403:Pierre Laurent 21400: 21394: 21388: 21382: 21379:Waldeck Rochet 21376: 21370: 21367:Waldeck Rochet 21364: 21361:Maurice Thorez 21358: 21355:Jacques Duclos 21352: 21349:Maurice Thorez 21346: 21343:Maurice Thorez 21339:Benoît Frachon 21328: 21322: 21316: 21306: 21299: 21297: 21291: 21290: 21281: 21280: 21273: 21266: 21258: 21249: 21248: 21246: 21245: 21238: 21231: 21214: 21211: 21210: 21207: 21206: 21204: 21203: 21202: 21201: 21194: 21187: 21173: 21172: 21171: 21157: 21154:South Sakhalin 21150: 21149: 21148: 21134: 21127: 21120: 21113: 21106: 21105: 21104: 21090: 21083: 21076: 21069: 21062: 21055: 21048: 21041: 21034: 21027: 21020: 21013: 21006: 20999: 20991: 20989: 20983: 20982: 20980: 20979: 20972: 20971: 20970: 20954: 20947: 20946: 20945: 20931: 20924: 20917: 20910: 20903: 20894: 20885: 20878: 20869: 20862: 20855: 20848: 20839: 20832: 20825: 20818: 20811: 20804: 20797: 20788: 20781: 20772: 20763: 20754: 20747: 20740: 20729: 20719: 20717: 20711: 20710: 20708: 20707: 20700: 20699: 20698: 20691: 20677: 20670: 20663: 20656: 20649: 20648: 20647: 20633: 20626: 20617: 20610: 20603: 20596: 20589: 20582: 20579:Battle of Attu 20575: 20568: 20560: 20558: 20552: 20551: 20549: 20548: 20541: 20532: 20525: 20518: 20509: 20502: 20495: 20488: 20479: 20478: 20477: 20470: 20456: 20449: 20442: 20435: 20428: 20421: 20414: 20407: 20400: 20393: 20385: 20383: 20377: 20376: 20374: 20373: 20366: 20359: 20352: 20345: 20338: 20331: 20328:Battle of Guam 20324: 20317: 20310: 20303: 20296: 20289: 20282: 20275: 20268: 20261: 20254: 20251:Battle of Kiev 20247: 20240: 20226: 20225: 20224: 20210: 20203: 20196: 20189: 20182: 20181: 20180: 20166: 20159: 20152: 20144: 20142: 20136: 20135: 20133: 20132: 20123: 20116: 20109: 20102: 20095: 20088: 20081: 20074: 20067: 20060: 20053: 20046: 20039: 20032: 20025: 20018: 20011: 20004: 19996: 19994: 19988: 19987: 19985: 19984: 19977: 19970: 19963: 19956: 19949: 19942: 19934: 19932: 19926: 19925: 19923: 19922: 19921: 19920: 19913: 19906: 19899: 19892: 19878: 19877: 19876: 19869: 19855: 19854: 19853: 19838: 19836: 19827: 19821: 19820: 19817: 19816: 19814: 19813: 19806: 19799: 19798: 19797: 19790: 19778: 19777: 19776: 19762: 19755: 19754: 19753: 19750:United Kingdom 19746: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19718: 19710: 19708: 19702: 19701: 19699: 19698: 19691: 19690: 19689: 19682: 19670: 19663: 19656: 19649: 19642: 19635: 19628: 19621: 19614: 19607: 19600: 19593: 19586: 19579: 19572: 19571: 19570: 19563: 19549: 19542: 19535: 19528: 19521: 19514: 19507: 19500: 19493: 19486: 19479: 19472: 19465: 19458: 19451: 19444: 19436: 19434: 19428: 19427: 19425: 19424: 19417: 19410: 19403: 19396: 19389: 19382: 19375: 19368: 19361: 19354: 19346: 19344: 19338: 19337: 19335: 19334: 19327: 19320: 19313: 19306: 19298: 19291: 19284: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19260: 19253: 19246: 19239: 19232: 19225: 19217: 19210: 19203: 19195: 19187: 19185: 19179: 19178: 19176: 19175: 19168: 19167: 19166: 19152: 19151: 19150: 19147:British Empire 19140:United Kingdom 19136: 19129: 19122: 19115: 19108: 19101: 19089: 19082: 19075: 19068: 19061: 19054: 19047: 19040: 19033: 19021: 19014: 19007: 19000: 18993: 18981: 18973: 18966: 18959: 18956:Czechoslovakia 18952: 18945: 18938: 18931: 18919: 18912: 18905: 18898: 18890: 18888: 18879: 18873: 18872: 18869: 18868: 18866: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18856: 18853:Rape of Manila 18849: 18842: 18835: 18824: 18809: 18802: 18790: 18783: 18782: 18781: 18774: 18760: 18759: 18758: 18751: 18744: 18730: 18723: 18722: 18721: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18705: 18691: 18684: 18670: 18669: 18668: 18661: 18654: 18639: 18637: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18627: 18624:United Nations 18620: 18613: 18606: 18605: 18604: 18597: 18590: 18583: 18569: 18560: 18551: 18544: 18537: 18530: 18521: 18514: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18486: 18483:Decolonization 18479: 18472: 18464: 18462: 18456: 18455: 18453: 18452: 18445: 18444: 18443: 18429: 18422: 18421: 18420: 18413: 18406: 18392: 18391: 18390: 18383: 18369: 18368: 18367: 18360: 18353: 18346: 18339: 18332: 18317: 18315: 18309: 18308: 18306: 18305: 18298: 18291: 18284: 18277: 18270: 18263: 18256: 18255: 18254: 18247: 18233: 18226: 18219: 18212: 18205: 18198: 18191: 18190: 18189: 18175: 18168: 18167: 18166: 18159: 18156:United Kingdom 18152: 18138: 18131: 18124: 18117: 18110: 18103: 18096: 18095: 18094: 18079: 18077: 18068: 18064: 18063: 18061: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18045: 18044: 18037: 18030: 18018: 18017: 18016: 18002: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17983: 17982: 17975: 17968: 17960: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17936: 17935: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17914: 17913: 17912: 17911: 17910: 17905: 17897: 17892: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17816: 17815: 17810: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17776: 17774: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17755: 17754: 17744: 17739: 17738: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17711: 17709: 17705: 17704: 17696: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17673: 17664: 17663: 17660: 17659: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17632: 17626: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17618: 17611: 17602: 17595: 17588: 17579: 17572: 17565: 17558: 17550: 17548: 17540: 17539: 17537: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17480: 17472: 17470: 17466: 17465: 17463: 17462: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17434: 17427: 17420: 17413: 17406: 17399: 17391: 17389: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17362: 17361: 17354: 17340: 17333: 17326: 17319: 17312: 17305: 17298: 17291: 17283: 17281: 17271: 17270: 17268: 17267: 17258: 17249: 17240: 17231: 17222: 17213: 17204: 17195: 17191:Front National 17186: 17177: 17168: 17159: 17150: 17141: 17132: 17122: 17120: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17108: 17099: 17092: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17062: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17021: 17014: 17007: 16998: 16991: 16982: 16975: 16968: 16959: 16942: 16941: 16940: 16931: 16922: 16919:National Front 16915: 16906: 16897: 16893:Libération-Sud 16888: 16879: 16872: 16871: 16870: 16854: 16845: 16827: 16825: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16813: 16806: 16797: 16782: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16766: 16759: 16747: 16746: 16745: 16738: 16731: 16728:Army of Africa 16724: 16710: 16702: 16700: 16694: 16693: 16684: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16672: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16644: 16637: 16630: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16606: 16604: 16596: 16595: 16593: 16592: 16585: 16578: 16571: 16564: 16557: 16550: 16543: 16536: 16529: 16522: 16515: 16508: 16501: 16494: 16487: 16480: 16473: 16466: 16459: 16451: 16448: 16447: 16430: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16407: 16401: 16400: 16394: 16385: 16372: 16363: 16347: 16338: 16329: 16320: 16311: 16297: 16288: 16274: 16264: 16263:External links 16261: 16259: 16258: 16252: 16239: 16228: 16217: 16203: 16186: 16185:Historiography 16183: 16182: 16181: 16174: 16168: 16153: 16147: 16134: 16121:Sapiro, Gisèle 16117: 16111: 16098: 16092: 16086: 16070: 16064: 16051: 16044: 16038: 16025: 16019: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15997: 15991: 15978: 15972: 15959: 15953: 15938: 15932: 15917: 15911: 15898: 15889: 15883: 15866: 15860: 15847: 15841: 15828: 15822: 15809: 15803: 15785: 15779: 15766: 15757: 15751: 15738: 15732: 15719: 15713: 15700: 15694: 15681: 15675: 15662: 15656: 15643: 15637: 15624: 15618: 15605: 15599: 15582: 15554: 15548: 15531: 15525: 15510: 15504: 15487: 15481: 15468: 15462: 15447: 15430: 15424: 15411: 15405: 15388: 15382: 15365: 15359: 15344: 15338: 15325: 15319: 15304: 15285: 15271:Humbert, Agnès 15267: 15261: 15244: 15238: 15225: 15219: 15206: 15200: 15183: 15177: 15164: 15158: 15145: 15139: 15126: 15120: 15107: 15101: 15088: 15082: 15069: 15063: 15048: 15042: 15026: 15020: 15004: 14998: 14985: 14979: 14966: 14960: 14952:The Resistance 14947: 14941: 14928: 14922: 14909: 14902: 14896: 14883: 14862: 14844: 14835: 14829: 14816: 14810: 14797: 14791: 14778: 14772: 14759: 14742: 14736: 14723: 14717: 14704: 14698: 14685: 14679: 14666: 14660: 14647: 14641: 14628: 14622: 14609: 14603: 14590: 14584: 14571: 14565: 14550: 14544: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14522: 14521: 14496: 14475: 14448: 14422: 14410: 14403: 14385: 14373: 14371:, p. 627. 14361: 14359:, p. 303. 14349: 14347:, p. 188. 14337: 14325: 14313: 14287: 14275: 14263: 14251: 14239: 14227: 14225:, p. 131. 14215: 14213:, p. 286. 14203: 14191: 14189:, p. 194. 14174: 14172:, p. 110. 14162: 14160:, p. 604. 14150: 14141: 14129: 14127:, p. 157. 14117: 14115:, p. 127. 14105: 14103:, p. 601. 14093: 14081: 14069: 14057: 14045: 14043:, p. 613. 14033: 14021: 14019:, p. 614. 14009: 14007:, p. 646. 13997: 13995:, p. 613. 13985: 13983:, p. 226. 13973: 13971:, p. 305. 13961: 13959:, p. 603. 13949: 13947:, p. 608. 13937: 13925: 13913: 13901: 13889: 13887:, p. 581. 13877: 13875:, p. 580. 13865: 13846:Henri Amouroux 13835: 13833:, p. 577. 13816: 13789: 13777: 13765: 13750: 13748:, p. 557. 13738: 13726: 13714: 13710:Churchill 1953 13702: 13698:Churchill 1953 13690: 13678: 13676:, p. 541. 13663: 13661:, p. 166. 13651: 13649:, p. 175. 13639: 13637:, p. 414. 13627: 13615: 13603: 13601:, p. 424. 13591: 13589:, p. 170. 13579: 13567: 13555: 13553:, p. 156. 13538: 13536:, p. 135. 13526: 13514: 13512:, p. 115. 13510:Cookridge 1966 13502: 13500:, p. 240. 13490: 13478: 13466: 13464:, p. 480. 13454: 13442: 13430: 13418: 13406: 13404:, p. 416. 13394: 13392:, p. 414. 13382: 13380:, p. 412. 13370: 13358: 13356:, p. 135. 13346: 13334: 13322: 13301: 13289: 13252: 13240: 13228: 13226:, p. 420. 13216: 13214:, p. 237. 13204: 13202:, p. 140. 13192: 13190:, p. 242. 13180: 13165: 13153: 13151:, p. 495. 13136: 13134:, p. 105. 13121: 13094: 13092:, p. 400. 13082: 13070: 13055: 13053:, p. 128. 13040: 13027: 12993: 12981: 12969: 12967:, p. 175. 12957: 12955:, p. 150. 12945: 12933: 12931:, p. 491. 12921: 12906: 12894: 12892:, p. 490. 12882: 12870: 12858: 12856:, p. 160. 12846: 12834: 12822: 12815: 12797: 12790: 12772: 12746: 12732: 12718: 12692: 12674: 12662: 12660:, p. 295. 12650: 12629: 12611: 12599: 12597:, p. 370. 12587: 12585:, p. 275. 12575: 12563: 12551: 12549:, p. 835. 12539: 12517: 12515:, p. 368. 12502: 12500:, p. 364. 12490: 12459: 12447: 12435: 12433:, p. 111. 12423: 12408: 12396: 12384: 12382:, p. 126. 12372: 12360: 12358:, p. 497. 12348: 12331: 12319: 12307: 12305:, p. 136. 12295: 12283: 12271: 12259: 12247: 12235: 12223: 12201: 12183: 12171: 12159: 12147: 12145:, p. 148. 12135: 12123: 12121:, p. 341. 12111: 12109:, p. 423. 12099: 12087: 12075: 12073:, p. 422. 12063: 12051: 12049:, p. 421. 12039: 12037:, p. 115. 12027: 12008: 12006:, p. 114. 11996: 11989: 11969: 11957: 11955:, p. 294. 11945: 11943:, p. 339. 11930: 11928:, p. 405. 11915: 11913:, p. 404. 11903: 11894: 11864: 11852: 11850:, p. 306. 11837: 11825: 11823:, p. 302. 11810: 11808:, p. 278. 11795: 11793:, p. 301. 11780: 11751: 11749:, p. 294. 11739: 11737:, p. 293. 11724: 11722:, p. 292. 11712: 11710:, p. 291. 11691: 11679: 11677:, p. 285. 11660: 11658:, p. 304. 11648: 11633: 11621: 11619:, p. 271. 11609: 11597: 11566: 11549: 11534: 11522: 11497: 11480: 11451: 11436: 11424: 11405: 11390: 11388:, p. 284. 11369: 11342: 11340:, p. 288. 11327: 11325:, p. 273. 11308: 11306:, p. 272. 11296: 11294:, p. 275. 11281: 11269: 11254: 11242: 11221: 11195: 11193:, p. 283. 11176: 11174:, p. 268. 11161: 11159:, p. 270. 11142: 11130: 11113: 11086: 11084:, p. 274. 11065: 11053: 11051:, p. 263. 11032: 11003: 10974: 10953: 10938: 10926: 10903: 10891: 10876: 10864: 10862:, p. 258. 10845: 10833: 10831:, p. 259. 10818: 10816:, p. 260. 10801: 10799:, p. 257. 10789: 10772: 10757: 10755:, p. 266. 10742: 10740:, p. 264. 10723: 10721:, p. 265. 10704: 10702:, p. 252. 10689: 10677: 10665: 10663:, p. 254. 10648: 10646:, p. 253. 10636: 10634:, p. 251. 10617: 10615:, p. 250. 10600: 10598:, p. 269. 10579: 10564: 10549: 10524: 10499: 10470: 10468:, p. 228. 10451: 10439: 10437:, p. 736. 10427: 10425:, p. 192. 10404: 10402:, p. 189. 10387: 10385:, p. 188. 10375: 10373:, p. 186. 10363: 10361:, p. 183. 10348: 10346:, p. 182. 10333: 10308: 10296: 10261: 10249: 10234: 10209: 10197: 10195:, p. 216. 10185: 10183:, p. 217. 10173: 10161: 10140: 10138:, p. 227. 10128: 10116: 10097: 10078: 10053: 10040: 10038:, p. 220. 10023: 10011: 10009:, p. 222. 9996: 9984: 9940: 9914: 9893: 9881: 9879:, p. 193. 9854: 9852:, p. 208. 9831: 9819: 9817:, p. 326. 9807: 9805:, p. 130. 9790: 9788:, p. 118. 9778: 9766: 9764:, p. 148. 9754: 9752:, p. 147. 9739: 9737:, p. 146. 9718: 9701: 9689: 9664: 9662:, p. 241. 9652: 9650:, p. 215. 9640: 9628: 9616: 9614:, p. 180. 9604: 9592: 9590:, p. 181. 9580: 9578:, p. 178. 9565: 9563:, p. 207. 9540: 9523: 9484: 9463: 9436: 9434:, p. 213. 9419: 9402: 9400:, p. 218. 9385: 9383:, p. 212. 9364: 9352: 9340: 9338:, p. 170. 9328: 9326:, p. 158. 9316: 9314:, p. 160. 9304: 9292: 9290:, p. 159. 9280: 9268: 9266:, p. 546. 9256: 9241: 9239:, p. 546. 9229: 9217: 9205: 9203:, p. 139. 9193: 9191:, p. 138. 9181: 9179:, p. 336. 9169: 9154: 9142: 9140:, p. 443. 9130: 9128:, p. 131. 9118: 9106: 9104:, p. 442. 9094: 9092:, p. 156. 9082: 9067: 9065:, p. 169. 9052: 9050:, p. 155. 9040: 9028: 9016: 8989: 8964: 8962:, p. 180. 8952: 8940: 8928: 8916: 8914:, p. 239. 8904: 8892: 8880: 8867: 8855: 8840: 8838:, p. 169. 8827: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8789: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8766:Adrien Pommier 8762: 8761: 8760: 8744: 8741: 8727:'s 1943 song " 8719:, credited as 8687:in France (as 8625: 8622: 8595:Jean Cavaillès 8582:Main article: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8563: 8556: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8532: 8531: 8511: 8509: 8492: 8489: 8385:following the 8320:Robert Bresson 8297:Serge Reggiani 8256: 8253: 8215:Vichy syndrome 8185: 8182: 8137: 8134: 8131:military camp. 8120: 8117: 8012:, August 1944. 7912:Main article: 7897: 7894: 7891:An FFI fighter 7873:Joseph Epstein 7839: 7836: 7816:Resistance-Fer 7796:francs-tireurs 7760: 7757: 7733:Charles Tillon 7674:Francs-tireurs 7666: 7663: 7638:Libération-Sud 7585:Claude Aveline 7515:Main article: 7512: 7509: 7500: 7497: 7482: 7479: 7450: 7447: 7401: 7398: 7355:Libération-Sud 7295: 7292: 7279: 7276: 7255:Main article: 7252: 7249: 7245:Vittorio Culpo 7224: 7221: 7159: 7156: 7127: 7124: 7075: 7072: 7055: 7052: 6994:Spanish Maquis 6992:Main article: 6989: 6988:Spanish maquis 6986: 6980: 6977: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6903:and later the 6823: 6820: 6784:Main article: 6781: 6778: 6768:. The Russian 6754: 6751: 6714:Libération-Sud 6676:Third Republic 6668:"Nicole Minet" 6654: 6651: 6586: 6583: 6526: 6523: 6399: 6396: 6385:known as the " 6379:occupied Paris 6364: 6361: 6335:The historian 6322:Fifth Republic 6244:, founded the 6235:Third Republic 6201: 6198: 6190:Claude Jordery 6170:Tanguy-Prigent 6143:Libération-Sud 6135:Brutus network 6037: 6036: 5995: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5965:Jacques Decour 5883:Champs-Élysées 5851:Charles Tillon 5847:Jacques Duclos 5843:Benoît Frachon 5819: 5816: 5811:General Giraud 5727:General Patton 5657:Vive la France 5651:Vive de Gaulle 5569: 5566: 5510: 5507: 5399:Raoul Nordling 5289:Eugène Chavant 5055:Adolf Diekmann 4874:Bletchley Park 4860: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4696:Maquis Bernard 4678:leader of the 4564:Charles Tillon 4410:Théodose Morel 4380:by this time. 4291: 4288: 4252:Jura Mountains 4208:Joseph Darnand 3867:Maquis le Doc) 3859:Maquis Socrate 3855:Maquis Bernard 3534:with weapons. 3519:Joseph Darnand 3446: 3443: 3388:Maurice Thorez 3384:Pierre Georges 3366:Francs-tireurs 3152: 3149: 3098:Groupes Francs 3090:Groupes Francs 3032:André Dewavrin 3002:Feldkommandant 2974:Feldkommandant 2970:Oberstleutnant 2953:Pierre Georges 2929:Charles Tillon 2798:Fifth Symphony 2755: 2752: 2521:Enigma machine 2495:Mathilde Carré 2361:Champs Élysées 2328:Palais-Bourbon 2320:Hôtel de Ville 2310: 2309: 2281: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2235:Joseph Darnand 2206:Massif Central 2101: 2098: 2005:and published 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1944: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1700:Refuse Fascism 1697: 1695:Redneck Revolt 1692: 1687: 1680:United States 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1625:Spanish Maquis 1618: 1617: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1588:Liberation Day 1585: 1578: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1552:denazification 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1464:Spanish Maquis 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1440: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1346: 1345: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1267: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1230: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1153: 1152: 1150:National Front 1147: 1140: 1133: 1131:Libération-sud 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1082: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1050: 1049: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 986: 985: 980: 975: 970: 963:Baltic states 961: 960: 951: 950: 949: 948: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 900:ILP Contingent 897: 892: 887: 877: 872: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 835: 830: 825: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 771: 770: 765: 760: 751: 750: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 727: 726: 720: 719: 688: 687: 685: 684: 678: 677: 673: 672: 666: 665: 661: 660: 655: 648: 642: 641: 637: 636: 631: 626: 619: 614: 613: 612: 602: 601: 600: 595: 583: 578: 573: 568: 567: 566: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 522: 516: 515: 511: 510: 505: 498: 493: 488: 483: 476: 471: 466: 460: 459: 455: 452: 451: 441: 440: 433: 426: 418: 410: 409: 407: 406: 405: 404: 392: 380: 378:Brutus Network 368: 356: 344: 329: 327: 325: 324: 323: 322: 310: 304: 292: 280: 268: 256: 254:Wehrmacht Heer 241: 238: 237: 236:Units involved 233: 232: 230: 229: 228: 227: 214: 212:United Kingdom 201: 196: 187: 172: 170: 168: 167: 166: 165: 152: 147: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 116: 115: 114: 109: 108: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22133: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22109: 22107: 22104: 22102: 22099: 22098: 22096: 22080: 22077: 22074: 22071: 22068: 22067: 22063: 22060: 22059:Popular Front 22057: 22054: 22051: 22050: 22048: 22044: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22029: 22025: 22021: 22018: 22016: 22013: 22011: 22008: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21997: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21984: 21982: 21978: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21926: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21906: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21892: 21891: 21887: 21885: 21884: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21867: 21863: 21859: 21856: 21853: 21849: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21839:Paris Commune 21837: 21836: 21834: 21830: 21823: 21820: 21817: 21814: 21811: 21808: 21805: 21802: 21799: 21796: 21793: 21790: 21789: 21787: 21781: 21777: 21768: 21763: 21761: 21756: 21754: 21749: 21748: 21745: 21733: 21730: 21728: 21725: 21724: 21722: 21718: 21711: 21708: 21705: 21702: 21699: 21696: 21693: 21692:Popular Front 21690: 21689: 21687: 21683: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21629: 21627: 21623: 21617: 21616: 21612: 21610: 21609: 21605: 21603: 21602: 21598: 21596: 21595: 21591: 21589: 21588: 21584: 21582: 21581: 21577: 21575: 21574: 21570: 21568: 21567: 21563: 21561: 21560: 21556: 21554: 21553: 21549: 21547: 21546: 21542: 21541: 21539: 21535: 21529: 21528:Cité Gagarine 21526: 21524: 21523:Eurocommunism 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21508: 21504: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21471: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21424: 21423: 21421: 21417: 21410: 21407: 21404: 21401: 21398: 21395: 21392: 21389: 21386: 21383: 21380: 21377: 21374: 21371: 21368: 21365: 21362: 21359: 21356: 21353: 21350: 21347: 21344: 21340: 21336: 21332: 21329: 21326: 21325:Pierre Semard 21323: 21320: 21319:Louis Sellier 21317: 21314: 21313:Albert Treint 21310: 21309:Louis Sellier 21307: 21304: 21301: 21300: 21298: 21292: 21288: 21279: 21274: 21272: 21267: 21265: 21260: 21259: 21256: 21243: 21239: 21236: 21232: 21229: 21228: 21223: 21216: 21215: 21212: 21199: 21195: 21192: 21188: 21185: 21181: 21180: 21178: 21174: 21169: 21165: 21164: 21162: 21161:Kuril Islands 21158: 21155: 21151: 21146: 21142: 21141: 21139: 21135: 21132: 21128: 21125: 21121: 21118: 21114: 21111: 21107: 21102: 21098: 21097: 21095: 21091: 21088: 21084: 21081: 21077: 21074: 21070: 21067: 21063: 21060: 21056: 21053: 21049: 21046: 21042: 21039: 21035: 21032: 21028: 21025: 21021: 21018: 21014: 21011: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20997: 20993: 20992: 20990: 20988: 20984: 20977: 20973: 20968: 20967: 20962: 20961: 20959: 20955: 20952: 20948: 20943: 20939: 20938: 20936: 20932: 20929: 20928:Syrmian Front 20925: 20922: 20918: 20915: 20911: 20908: 20904: 20901: 20900: 20895: 20892: 20891: 20886: 20883: 20879: 20876: 20875: 20874:Market Garden 20870: 20867: 20863: 20860: 20856: 20853: 20849: 20846: 20845: 20840: 20837: 20833: 20830: 20826: 20823: 20819: 20816: 20812: 20809: 20805: 20802: 20798: 20795: 20794: 20789: 20786: 20782: 20779: 20778: 20773: 20770: 20769: 20764: 20761: 20760: 20755: 20752: 20748: 20745: 20741: 20738: 20734: 20733:Monte Cassino 20730: 20727: 20726: 20721: 20720: 20718: 20716: 20712: 20705: 20701: 20696: 20692: 20689: 20685: 20684: 20682: 20678: 20675: 20671: 20668: 20664: 20661: 20657: 20654: 20650: 20645: 20641: 20640: 20638: 20634: 20631: 20627: 20624: 20623: 20618: 20615: 20611: 20608: 20604: 20601: 20597: 20594: 20590: 20587: 20583: 20580: 20576: 20573: 20569: 20566: 20562: 20561: 20559: 20557: 20553: 20546: 20542: 20539: 20538: 20533: 20530: 20526: 20523: 20519: 20516: 20515: 20510: 20507: 20503: 20500: 20496: 20493: 20489: 20486: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20471: 20468: 20464: 20463: 20461: 20457: 20454: 20450: 20447: 20443: 20440: 20436: 20433: 20429: 20426: 20422: 20419: 20415: 20412: 20408: 20405: 20401: 20398: 20394: 20391: 20387: 20386: 20384: 20382: 20378: 20371: 20367: 20364: 20360: 20357: 20353: 20350: 20346: 20343: 20339: 20336: 20332: 20329: 20325: 20322: 20318: 20315: 20311: 20308: 20304: 20301: 20297: 20294: 20290: 20287: 20283: 20280: 20276: 20273: 20269: 20266: 20262: 20259: 20255: 20252: 20248: 20245: 20241: 20237: 20236: 20231: 20227: 20222: 20218: 20217: 20215: 20211: 20208: 20204: 20201: 20197: 20194: 20190: 20187: 20183: 20178: 20174: 20173: 20171: 20167: 20164: 20160: 20157: 20153: 20150: 20146: 20145: 20143: 20141: 20137: 20130: 20129: 20124: 20121: 20117: 20114: 20110: 20107: 20103: 20100: 20099:Baltic states 20096: 20093: 20089: 20086: 20082: 20079: 20075: 20072: 20068: 20065: 20061: 20058: 20054: 20051: 20047: 20044: 20040: 20037: 20033: 20030: 20026: 20023: 20019: 20016: 20012: 20009: 20005: 20002: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19993: 19989: 19982: 19978: 19975: 19971: 19968: 19964: 19961: 19957: 19954: 19950: 19947: 19943: 19940: 19936: 19935: 19933: 19931: 19927: 19918: 19914: 19911: 19907: 19904: 19900: 19897: 19893: 19890: 19886: 19885: 19883: 19879: 19874: 19870: 19867: 19863: 19862: 19860: 19856: 19851: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19840: 19839: 19837: 19835: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19822: 19811: 19807: 19804: 19800: 19795: 19791: 19788: 19784: 19783: 19779: 19774: 19770: 19769: 19767: 19763: 19760: 19756: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19743:United States 19740: 19735: 19731: 19730: 19728: 19724: 19723: 19719: 19716: 19712: 19711: 19709: 19707: 19703: 19696: 19692: 19687: 19683: 19680: 19679:Quốc dân Đảng 19676: 19675: 19671: 19668: 19664: 19661: 19657: 19654: 19650: 19647: 19643: 19640: 19636: 19633: 19629: 19626: 19622: 19619: 19615: 19612: 19608: 19605: 19601: 19598: 19594: 19591: 19587: 19584: 19580: 19577: 19573: 19568: 19564: 19561: 19557: 19556: 19554: 19550: 19547: 19543: 19540: 19536: 19533: 19529: 19526: 19522: 19519: 19515: 19512: 19508: 19505: 19501: 19498: 19494: 19491: 19487: 19484: 19480: 19477: 19473: 19470: 19466: 19463: 19459: 19456: 19452: 19449: 19445: 19442: 19438: 19437: 19435: 19433: 19429: 19422: 19418: 19415: 19411: 19408: 19404: 19401: 19397: 19394: 19390: 19387: 19383: 19380: 19379:Liechtenstein 19376: 19373: 19369: 19366: 19362: 19359: 19355: 19352: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19343: 19339: 19332: 19331:Collaboration 19328: 19325: 19321: 19318: 19314: 19311: 19307: 19303: 19299: 19296: 19292: 19289: 19285: 19282: 19278: 19273: 19269: 19268: 19265: 19261: 19258: 19254: 19251: 19247: 19244: 19240: 19237: 19233: 19230: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19215: 19211: 19208: 19204: 19200: 19196: 19193: 19189: 19188: 19186: 19184: 19180: 19173: 19169: 19164: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19156:United States 19153: 19148: 19144: 19143: 19141: 19137: 19134: 19130: 19127: 19123: 19120: 19116: 19113: 19109: 19106: 19102: 19098: 19094: 19090: 19087: 19083: 19080: 19076: 19073: 19069: 19066: 19062: 19059: 19055: 19052: 19048: 19045: 19041: 19038: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19019: 19015: 19012: 19008: 19005: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18990: 18986: 18982: 18978: 18974: 18971: 18967: 18964: 18960: 18957: 18953: 18950: 18946: 18943: 18939: 18936: 18932: 18928: 18924: 18920: 18917: 18913: 18910: 18906: 18903: 18899: 18896: 18892: 18891: 18889: 18887: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18874: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18846:Comfort women 18843: 18840: 18836: 18833: 18830: / 18829: 18825: 18822: 18819: / 18818: 18815: / 18814: 18810: 18807: 18806:Camp brothels 18803: 18800: 18796: 18795: 18791: 18788: 18784: 18779: 18775: 18772: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18761: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18745: 18742: 18738: 18737: 18735: 18731: 18728: 18724: 18719: 18715: 18710: 18706: 18703: 18699: 18698: 18696: 18695:The Holocaust 18692: 18689: 18685: 18682: 18681:forced labour 18678: 18677: 18675: 18671: 18666: 18662: 18659: 18655: 18652: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18641: 18640: 18638: 18636: 18632: 18625: 18621: 18618: 18614: 18611: 18607: 18602: 18598: 18595: 18591: 18588: 18584: 18581: 18577: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18567: 18566: 18561: 18558: 18557: 18552: 18549: 18545: 18542: 18538: 18535: 18534:Marshall Plan 18531: 18528: 18527: 18522: 18519: 18515: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18501: 18498: 18494: 18491: 18487: 18484: 18480: 18477: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18465: 18463: 18461: 18457: 18450: 18446: 18441: 18437: 18436: 18434: 18430: 18427: 18423: 18418: 18414: 18411: 18407: 18404: 18400: 18399: 18397: 18393: 18388: 18387:Eastern Front 18384: 18381: 18380:Western Front 18377: 18376: 18374: 18370: 18365: 18361: 18358: 18354: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18333: 18330: 18326: 18325: 18323: 18319: 18318: 18316: 18314: 18310: 18303: 18299: 18296: 18292: 18289: 18285: 18282: 18278: 18275: 18274:Puppet states 18271: 18268: 18264: 18261: 18257: 18252: 18248: 18245: 18241: 18240: 18238: 18234: 18231: 18227: 18224: 18220: 18217: 18216:Naval history 18213: 18210: 18206: 18203: 18199: 18196: 18192: 18187: 18183: 18182: 18180: 18176: 18173: 18169: 18164: 18163:United States 18160: 18157: 18153: 18150: 18146: 18145: 18143: 18139: 18136: 18132: 18129: 18125: 18122: 18118: 18115: 18111: 18108: 18104: 18101: 18097: 18092: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18076: 18072: 18069: 18065: 18058: 18054: 18051: 18047: 18042: 18038: 18035: 18031: 18028: 18024: 18023: 18019: 18014: 18010: 18009: 18007: 18003: 18000: 17996: 17995: 17992: 17988: 17981: 17976: 17974: 17969: 17967: 17962: 17961: 17958: 17946: 17943: 17940: 17939: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17919: 17918: 17915: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17887: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17775: 17771: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17717: 17716: 17715:Baltic States 17713: 17712: 17710: 17706: 17701: 17694: 17689: 17687: 17682: 17680: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634:Categories: ( 17633: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17623: 17616: 17612: 17609: 17608: 17603: 17600: 17596: 17593: 17589: 17586: 17585: 17580: 17577: 17573: 17570: 17566: 17563: 17559: 17556: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17547: 17541: 17534: 17533:Pierre Villon 17530: 17527: 17523: 17520: 17516: 17513: 17509: 17506: 17502: 17499: 17495: 17492: 17488: 17485: 17481: 17478: 17474: 17473: 17471: 17467: 17460: 17456: 17453: 17449: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17435: 17432: 17428: 17425: 17421: 17418: 17414: 17411: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17393: 17392: 17390: 17388: 17382: 17375: 17371: 17368: 17364: 17359: 17355: 17352: 17348: 17347: 17345: 17341: 17338: 17334: 17331: 17327: 17324: 17320: 17317: 17313: 17310: 17306: 17303: 17299: 17296: 17292: 17289: 17285: 17284: 17282: 17280: 17272: 17265: 17264: 17259: 17256: 17255: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17241: 17238: 17237: 17232: 17229: 17228: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17214: 17211: 17210: 17205: 17202: 17201: 17196: 17193: 17192: 17187: 17184: 17183: 17178: 17175: 17174: 17169: 17166: 17165: 17160: 17157: 17156: 17151: 17148: 17147: 17142: 17139: 17138: 17133: 17130: 17129: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17119: 17113: 17106: 17105: 17100: 17097: 17093: 17090: 17086: 17081: 17077: 17074: 17070: 17067: 17063: 17060: 17056: 17051: 17050: 17045: 17044: 17042: 17041: 17040:Armée secrète 17036: 17035: 17031: 17026: 17022: 17019: 17015: 17012: 17008: 17005: 17004: 16999: 16996: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16983: 16980: 16976: 16973: 16969: 16966: 16965: 16960: 16957: 16953: 16952: 16949: 16943: 16938: 16937: 16932: 16929: 16928: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16907: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16895: 16894: 16889: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16877: 16873: 16868: 16864: 16863: 16861: 16860: 16855: 16852: 16851: 16846: 16843: 16839: 16838: 16835: 16829: 16828: 16826: 16824: 16818: 16811: 16807: 16804: 16803: 16802:Radio Londres 16798: 16794: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16776: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16760: 16757: 16753: 16752: 16748: 16743: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16717: 16715: 16711: 16708: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16699: 16695: 16688: 16677: 16673: 16670: 16666: 16663: 16659: 16656: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16624: 16619: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16603: 16597: 16590: 16586: 16583: 16579: 16576: 16572: 16569: 16565: 16562: 16558: 16555: 16551: 16548: 16544: 16541: 16537: 16534: 16530: 16527: 16523: 16520: 16516: 16513: 16509: 16506: 16502: 16499: 16495: 16492: 16488: 16485: 16481: 16478: 16474: 16471: 16467: 16464: 16460: 16457: 16453: 16452: 16449: 16445: 16437: 16428: 16423: 16421: 16416: 16414: 16409: 16408: 16405: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16389: 16386: 16383: 16379: 16378: 16373: 16371: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16358: 16355: 16351: 16350:Pierre Albert 16348: 16346: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16315: 16312: 16309: 16305: 16301: 16300:Geocities.com 16298: 16296: 16292: 16289: 16286: 16282: 16278: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16267: 16266: 16255: 16249: 16245: 16240: 16237: 16233: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16218: 16216: 16212: 16208: 16204: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16188: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16165: 16161: 16160: 16154: 16150: 16144: 16140: 16135: 16128: 16127: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16108: 16104: 16099: 16097: 16093: 16089: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16074:Knight, Frida 16071: 16067: 16061: 16057: 16052: 16049: 16045: 16041: 16035: 16031: 16026: 16022: 16016: 16012: 16007: 16006: 15994: 15988: 15984: 15979: 15975: 15969: 15965: 15960: 15956: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15939: 15935: 15929: 15925: 15924: 15918: 15914: 15908: 15904: 15899: 15895: 15890: 15886: 15880: 15875: 15874: 15867: 15863: 15857: 15853: 15848: 15844: 15838: 15834: 15829: 15825: 15819: 15815: 15810: 15806: 15800: 15796: 15795: 15790: 15786: 15782: 15776: 15772: 15767: 15763: 15758: 15754: 15748: 15744: 15739: 15735: 15729: 15725: 15720: 15716: 15710: 15706: 15701: 15697: 15691: 15687: 15682: 15678: 15672: 15668: 15663: 15659: 15653: 15649: 15644: 15640: 15634: 15630: 15625: 15621: 15615: 15611: 15606: 15602: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15583: 15571: 15567: 15560: 15555: 15551: 15545: 15540: 15539: 15532: 15528: 15522: 15518: 15517: 15511: 15507: 15501: 15496: 15495: 15488: 15484: 15478: 15474: 15469: 15465: 15459: 15455: 15454: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15431: 15427: 15421: 15417: 15412: 15408: 15402: 15397: 15396: 15389: 15385: 15379: 15374: 15373: 15366: 15362: 15356: 15352: 15351: 15345: 15341: 15335: 15331: 15326: 15322: 15316: 15312: 15311: 15305: 15302: 15301:De Bezige Bij 15298: 15294: 15288: 15282: 15278: 15277: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15245: 15241: 15235: 15231: 15226: 15222: 15216: 15212: 15207: 15203: 15197: 15192: 15191: 15184: 15180: 15174: 15170: 15165: 15161: 15155: 15151: 15146: 15142: 15136: 15132: 15127: 15123: 15117: 15113: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15094: 15089: 15085: 15079: 15075: 15070: 15066: 15060: 15056: 15055: 15049: 15045: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14986: 14982: 14976: 14972: 14967: 14963: 14957: 14953: 14948: 14944: 14938: 14934: 14929: 14925: 14919: 14915: 14910: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14893: 14889: 14884: 14869: 14865: 14859: 14852: 14851: 14845: 14841: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14822: 14817: 14813: 14807: 14803: 14798: 14794: 14788: 14784: 14779: 14775: 14769: 14765: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14748: 14743: 14739: 14733: 14729: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14710: 14705: 14701: 14695: 14691: 14686: 14682: 14676: 14672: 14667: 14663: 14657: 14653: 14648: 14644: 14638: 14634: 14629: 14625: 14619: 14615: 14610: 14606: 14600: 14596: 14591: 14587: 14581: 14577: 14572: 14568: 14562: 14558: 14557: 14551: 14547: 14541: 14537: 14532: 14531: 14510: 14506: 14500: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14479: 14464: 14463: 14458: 14452: 14437: 14433: 14426: 14419: 14418:Federini 2006 14414: 14406: 14400: 14396: 14389: 14383:, p. 43. 14382: 14381:Suleiman 2006 14377: 14370: 14365: 14358: 14353: 14346: 14341: 14334: 14329: 14323:, p. 73. 14322: 14317: 14301: 14297: 14291: 14284: 14279: 14273:, p. 13. 14272: 14267: 14260: 14255: 14248: 14243: 14236: 14231: 14224: 14219: 14212: 14207: 14200: 14195: 14188: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14171: 14166: 14159: 14154: 14145: 14138: 14133: 14126: 14121: 14114: 14109: 14102: 14097: 14091:, p. 56. 14090: 14085: 14079:, p. 98. 14078: 14073: 14067:, p. 69. 14066: 14065:Marshall 2001 14061: 14055:, p. 36. 14054: 14053:Suleiman 2006 14049: 14042: 14037: 14030: 14025: 14018: 14013: 14006: 14001: 13994: 13989: 13982: 13977: 13970: 13965: 13958: 13953: 13946: 13941: 13932: 13930: 13922: 13921:Williams 1992 13917: 13911:, p. 69. 13910: 13905: 13898: 13893: 13886: 13881: 13874: 13869: 13863:, 9 Jan 2006. 13862: 13858: 13854: 13851: 13847: 13839: 13832: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13804: 13800: 13793: 13787:, p. 68. 13786: 13785:Simonnet 2004 13781: 13774: 13769: 13762: 13757: 13755: 13747: 13742: 13736:, p. 29. 13735: 13730: 13723: 13718: 13712:, p. 87. 13711: 13706: 13700:, p. 28. 13699: 13694: 13688:, p. 45. 13687: 13682: 13675: 13670: 13668: 13660: 13655: 13648: 13643: 13636: 13631: 13624: 13619: 13613:, p. 52. 13612: 13607: 13600: 13595: 13588: 13583: 13577:, p. 20. 13576: 13575:Marshall 2001 13571: 13564: 13559: 13552: 13547: 13545: 13543: 13535: 13530: 13524:, p. 38. 13523: 13522:Marshall 2001 13518: 13511: 13506: 13499: 13494: 13487: 13482: 13475: 13470: 13463: 13458: 13452:, p. 23. 13451: 13446: 13440:, p. 17. 13439: 13434: 13427: 13422: 13415: 13414:Marshall 2001 13410: 13403: 13398: 13391: 13386: 13379: 13374: 13367: 13362: 13355: 13354:McMillan 1998 13350: 13344:, p. 20. 13343: 13338: 13331: 13326: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13305: 13298: 13293: 13274: 13270: 13263: 13256: 13249: 13244: 13237: 13232: 13225: 13220: 13213: 13208: 13201: 13196: 13189: 13184: 13176: 13169: 13163:, p. 76. 13162: 13161:Zuccotti 1999 13157: 13150: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13133: 13128: 13126: 13109: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13086: 13080:, p. 24. 13079: 13078:Marshall 2001 13074: 13067: 13062: 13060: 13052: 13047: 13045: 13036: 13031: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12985: 12979:, p. 66. 12978: 12973: 12966: 12961: 12954: 12949: 12942: 12937: 12930: 12925: 12919:, p. 65. 12918: 12913: 12911: 12904:, p. 99. 12903: 12898: 12891: 12886: 12880:, p. 39. 12879: 12874: 12868:, p. 46. 12867: 12862: 12855: 12850: 12843: 12838: 12831: 12826: 12818: 12812: 12808: 12801: 12793: 12787: 12783: 12776: 12760: 12756: 12750: 12742: 12736: 12728: 12722: 12706: 12702: 12696: 12688: 12684: 12678: 12672:, p. 37. 12671: 12666: 12659: 12654: 12639: 12633: 12625: 12621: 12615: 12608: 12603: 12596: 12591: 12584: 12583:Zuccotti 1999 12579: 12573:, p. 13. 12572: 12567: 12560: 12555: 12548: 12543: 12527: 12521: 12514: 12509: 12507: 12499: 12494: 12479: 12478: 12473: 12466: 12464: 12456: 12451: 12444: 12443:Weisberg 1997 12439: 12432: 12427: 12421:, p. 29. 12420: 12415: 12413: 12405: 12404:Weisberg 1997 12400: 12393: 12388: 12381: 12376: 12370:, p. 35. 12369: 12364: 12357: 12352: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12328: 12323: 12316: 12311: 12304: 12303:McMillan 1998 12299: 12292: 12287: 12281:, p. 72. 12280: 12275: 12269:, p. 71. 12268: 12263: 12256: 12251: 12245:, p. 69. 12244: 12239: 12232: 12227: 12211: 12205: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12181:, p. 49. 12180: 12175: 12169:, p. 42. 12168: 12167:Marshall 2001 12163: 12157:, p. 41. 12156: 12155:Marshall 2001 12151: 12144: 12139: 12133:, p. 40. 12132: 12131:Marshall 2001 12127: 12120: 12115: 12108: 12103: 12096: 12095:Marshall 2001 12091: 12085:, p. 62. 12084: 12079: 12072: 12067: 12061:, p. 60. 12060: 12055: 12048: 12043: 12036: 12031: 12025:, p. 60. 12024: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12005: 12000: 11992: 11986: 11982: 11981: 11973: 11967:, p. 10. 11966: 11961: 11954: 11949: 11942: 11937: 11935: 11927: 11922: 11920: 11912: 11907: 11898: 11882: 11878: 11871: 11869: 11861: 11856: 11849: 11844: 11842: 11834: 11829: 11822: 11817: 11815: 11807: 11802: 11800: 11792: 11787: 11785: 11778:, p. 58. 11777: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11748: 11743: 11736: 11731: 11729: 11721: 11716: 11709: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11688: 11683: 11676: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11657: 11652: 11646:, p. 57. 11645: 11640: 11638: 11630: 11625: 11618: 11613: 11606: 11601: 11585: 11581: 11579: 11578:The Next Moon 11570: 11564:, p. 56. 11563: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11547:, p. 53. 11546: 11541: 11539: 11531: 11526: 11520:, p. 52. 11519: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11494: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11478:, p. 51. 11477: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11448: 11443: 11441: 11433: 11428: 11422:, p. 50. 11421: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11402: 11397: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11367:, p. 55. 11366: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11339: 11334: 11332: 11324: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11305: 11300: 11293: 11288: 11286: 11279:, p. 44. 11278: 11273: 11267:, p. 43. 11266: 11261: 11259: 11251: 11246: 11240:, p. 22. 11239: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11209: 11202: 11200: 11192: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11173: 11168: 11166: 11158: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11139: 11134: 11128:, p. 40. 11127: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11111:, p. 54. 11110: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11083: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11062: 11057: 11050: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11030:, p. 21. 11029: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11008: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10979: 10972:, p. 49. 10971: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10951:, p. 32. 10950: 10945: 10943: 10935: 10930: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10895: 10889:, p. 31. 10888: 10883: 10881: 10873: 10868: 10861: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10843:, p. 30. 10842: 10837: 10830: 10825: 10823: 10815: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10798: 10793: 10787:, p. 29. 10786: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10769: 10764: 10762: 10754: 10749: 10747: 10739: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10720: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10701: 10696: 10694: 10686: 10681: 10674: 10669: 10662: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10614: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10597: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10576: 10571: 10569: 10561: 10556: 10554: 10547:, p. 18. 10546: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10522:, p. 17. 10521: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10497:, p. 27. 10496: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10467: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10448: 10443: 10436: 10431: 10424: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10401: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10384: 10379: 10372: 10367: 10360: 10355: 10353: 10345: 10340: 10338: 10331:, p. 26. 10330: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10305: 10300: 10294:, p. 48. 10293: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10258: 10253: 10247:, p. 28. 10246: 10241: 10239: 10232:, p. 45. 10231: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10206: 10201: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10159:, p. 16. 10158: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10137: 10132: 10125: 10120: 10114:, p. 46. 10113: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10095:, p. 47. 10094: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10076:, p. 11. 10075: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10020: 10015: 10008: 10003: 10001: 9993: 9988: 9972: 9968: 9963: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9912:, p. 25. 9911: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9891:, p. 24. 9890: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9851: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9828: 9823: 9816: 9811: 9804: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9787: 9782: 9775: 9770: 9763: 9758: 9751: 9746: 9744: 9736: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9716:, p. 23. 9715: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9698: 9693: 9687:, p. 10. 9686: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9661: 9656: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9601: 9596: 9589: 9584: 9577: 9572: 9570: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9537: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9521:, p. 12. 9520: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9482:, p. 14. 9481: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9461:, p. 13. 9460: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9433: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9417:, p. 15. 9416: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9399: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9382: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9361: 9356: 9349: 9344: 9337: 9332: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9289: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9238: 9233: 9226: 9221: 9214: 9209: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9159: 9152:, p. 51. 9151: 9146: 9139: 9138:Marshall 2001 9134: 9127: 9122: 9115: 9110: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9086: 9079: 9074: 9072: 9064: 9059: 9057: 9049: 9044: 9038:, p. 83. 9037: 9032: 9026:, p. 44. 9025: 9024:Marshall 2001 9020: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8975: 8972:Lieb, Peter. 8968: 8961: 8956: 8950:, p. 86. 8949: 8944: 8938:, p. 37. 8937: 8932: 8926:, p. 14. 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8884: 8877: 8871: 8865:, p. 30. 8864: 8859: 8853:, p. 50. 8852: 8847: 8845: 8837: 8832: 8828: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8757:France portal 8747: 8740: 8738: 8737:Leonard Cohen 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8686: 8683:, created by 8682: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8638:Charlie's War 8635: 8631: 8630:Kevin Doherty 8621: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8604: 8603:André Malraux 8600: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8528: 8519: 8515: 8512:This section 8510: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8471:produced the 8470: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8443:'s 1980 film 8442: 8438: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8406: 8404: 8403:Marcel Ophüls 8400: 8399: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8369:Joseph Kessel 8366: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8325:A Man Escaped 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8224: 8223:Maurice Papon 8220: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8174:The official 8172: 8171:(the shorn). 8170: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8142: 8130: 8125: 8116: 8115:from France. 8114: 8113:Jews deported 8110: 8103: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8018: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7931:Fascist Italy 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7907: 7902: 7889: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7835: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7694:Atlantic Wall 7691: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7616:'s newspaper 7615: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7563:Agnès Humbert 7559: 7557: 7556:Eastern Front 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7494: 7493: 7487: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7425:, during the 7424: 7420: 7417:) were rural 7415: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7320: 7318: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213:József Boczor 7210: 7207:(1924–1944), 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7189:Étienne Hajdu 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7130:400 men from 7126:Luxembourgers 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6985: 6976: 6973: 6959: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6916:Atlantic Wall 6913: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6846: 6840:, July, 1944. 6839: 6834: 6829: 6822:BCRA networks 6819: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6471:Lucien Lublin 6468: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6395: 6392: 6391:Mont-Valérien 6388: 6384: 6383:Franc-Tireurs 6380: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6370:Affiche Rouge 6363:Affiche Rouge 6360: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6186:Amédée Dunois 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6141:(OCM) and in 6140: 6136: 6133:, and in the 6132: 6126: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6045:was asked by 6044: 6033: 6030: 6022: 6012: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5996:This section 5994: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5969:white émigrés 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5949:Pablo Picasso 5945: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5925:Popular Front 5920: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5716:Île-de-France 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5557:Robert Paxton 5554: 5550: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5430:Septemberists 5427: 5423: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203:disguised as 5202: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5011:, one of the 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962:Usually, the 4960: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723:Ascq massacre 4720: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497:Pierre Koenig 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433:to evict the 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4304:French forces 4301: 4296: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4130:Lydie Bastien 4127: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4093:Hugo Bleicher 4090: 4086: 4085:Odette Sansom 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3899: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659:shanghaillage 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3614:Alter Kämpfer 3610: 3606: 3605:Fritz Sauckel 3602: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558:Atlantic Wall 3553: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3527:Francs-Gardes 3524: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3470:Armée Secrète 3466: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3352:or immigrant 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3283:René Bousquet 3280: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:Hugo Bleicher 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2946:Eastern Front 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2811:Virginia Hall 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2793:Virginia Hall 2790: 2789:Georges Bégué 2786: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2764:Radio Londres 2761: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2694:Les Invalides 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2652:Robert Desnos 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519:to break the 2518: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387:refus absurde 2384: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2369:their lives." 2367: 2362: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2306: 2303:February 2023 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2195:The ruins of 2193: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2171:exchange rate 2168: 2167:French francs 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2096:in May 1945. 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:Atlantic Wall 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993:. Resistance 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:La Résistance 1973: 1969: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1841:Popular front 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1826:Direct action 1824: 1822: 1821:Deplatforming 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1469:Soviet Union 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1425:Zwiazek Walki 1421: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1370:Armia Krajowa 1368: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1106:Armée secrète 1104: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1013:Witte Brigade 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 994: 991: 990: 989: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 964: 959: 956: 955: 954: 947: 944: 943: 942: 939: 938: 937: 934: 926: 925: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 867: 866: 865: 863: 856: 855:Volante Rossa 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 819: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 774: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 754: 749: 746: 745: 738: 737: 733: 729: 728: 725: 722: 721: 717: 713: 712: 706: 702: 697: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 671: 668: 667: 664:North America 663: 662: 659: 656: 654: 653: 649: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 635: 632: 630: 629:Colmar Pocket 627: 625: 624: 620: 618: 615: 611: 608: 607: 606: 603: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 589: 588: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 565: 562: 561: 560: 559: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 537:Monte Cassino 535: 533: 530: 528: 527: 523: 521: 520:Eastern Front 518: 517: 513: 512: 509: 506: 504: 503: 499: 497: 496:Run for Tunis 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 481: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 457: 456: 453: 447: 439: 434: 432: 427: 425: 420: 419: 416: 403: 398: 393: 391: 386: 381: 379: 374: 369: 367: 362: 357: 355: 350: 345: 343: 338: 333: 332: 331: 330: 328: 321: 316: 311: 309: 305: 303: 298: 293: 291: 286: 281: 279: 274: 269: 267: 262: 257: 255: 250: 245: 244: 243: 242: 240: 239: 234: 226: 225:United States 215: 213: 202: 200: 199:Supported by: 197: 193: 188: 186: 181: 176: 175: 174: 173: 171: 164: 153: 151: 150:Supported by: 148: 145: 133: 132: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 112: 111: 107: 104: 103: 101: 98: 95: 94: 90: 86: 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 66: 60: 55: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 22064: 22053:Lefts Cartel 21971:Neosocialism 21920: 21916:The Vichy 80 21890:Le Populaire 21888: 21881: 21816:Daniel Mayer 21809: 21613: 21606: 21599: 21592: 21585: 21578: 21571: 21564: 21557: 21550: 21543: 21537:Publications 21513:Unitary Left 21505: 21480: 21446:Headquarters 21335:Pierre Célor 21235:Bibliography 21218: 21031:Project Hula 20996:Vistula–Oder 20965: 20898: 20889: 20873: 20843: 20792: 20776: 20767: 20758: 20724: 20621: 20536: 20512: 20482: 20233: 20126: 20071:North Africa 19773:Soviet Union 19727:Soviet Union 19653:Soviet Union 19503: 19421:Vatican City 19324:Vichy France 19229:German Reich 19126:Soviet Union 19112:South Africa 19105:Sierra Leone 19058:Newfoundland 18877:Participants 18860:Marocchinate 18564: 18555: 18525: 18403:North Africa 18364:Indian Ocean 18223:Nazi plunder 18114:Cryptography 17987:World War II 17885:Soviet Union 17829: 17605: 17582: 17512:Henri Frenay 17374:Ubangi-Shari 17337:French Gabon 17330:French Congo 17261: 17252: 17243: 17234: 17225: 17216: 17207: 17198: 17189: 17182:Franc-Tireur 17180: 17171: 17162: 17153: 17144: 17135: 17126: 17102: 17066:Jade-Fitzroy 17047: 17038: 17001: 16985: 16962: 16934: 16925: 16909: 16900: 16891: 16882: 16857: 16850:Franc-Tireur 16848: 16800: 16599: 16443: 16441: 16387: 16376: 16365: 16349: 16340: 16331: 16322: 16313: 16299: 16290: 16276: 16268: 16243: 16231: 16220: 16206: 16191: 16177: 16158: 16138: 16125: 16102: 16095: 16077: 16055: 16047: 16029: 16010: 15982: 15963: 15943: 15922: 15902: 15893: 15872: 15851: 15832: 15813: 15793: 15770: 15761: 15742: 15723: 15704: 15685: 15666: 15647: 15628: 15609: 15589:. New York: 15586: 15574:. Retrieved 15569: 15565: 15537: 15515: 15493: 15472: 15452: 15434: 15415: 15394: 15371: 15349: 15329: 15309: 15299:(Amsterdam: 15296: 15292: 15275: 15251:. Missouri: 15248: 15229: 15210: 15189: 15168: 15149: 15130: 15111: 15092: 15073: 15053: 15033: 15030:Emin, Gevorg 15011: 14989: 14970: 14951: 14932: 14913: 14905: 14887: 14875:. Retrieved 14868:the original 14849: 14839: 14820: 14801: 14782: 14763: 14746: 14727: 14708: 14689: 14670: 14651: 14632: 14613: 14594: 14575: 14555: 14535: 14527:Bibliography 14514:26 September 14512:. Retrieved 14508: 14499: 14493:(in French). 14488: 14478: 14466:. Retrieved 14460: 14451: 14439:. Retrieved 14435: 14425: 14420:, pp. . 14413: 14394: 14388: 14376: 14369:Jackson 2003 14364: 14357:Hayward 2005 14352: 14340: 14328: 14316: 14304:. 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Retrieved 8967: 8960:Kedward 1993 8955: 8943: 8931: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8875: 8870: 8863:Kedward 1993 8858: 8836:Pharand 2001 8831: 8791: 8720: 8715: 8704: 8698: 8694:'Allo 'Allo! 8692: 8688: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8607: 8591:Jean Prévost 8587: 8535: 8522: 8518:adding to it 8513: 8484: 8482: 8477:Lucie Aubrac 8475: 8469:Claude Berri 8462: 8454: 8444: 8434: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8396: 8390: 8382: 8376: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8315: 8309: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8265:Louis Aragon 8258: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8219:Paul Touvier 8211:Henry Rousso 8208: 8200:Vichy régime 8193: 8187: 8175: 8173: 8168: 8149: 8147: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8080: 8075: 8067: 8061: 8050: 8023: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7947: 7928: 7917: 7870: 7859: 7852: 7828: 7808: 7800: 7780: 7753:Eddy Palacci 7744: 7737: 7725: 7717:Colonel Rémy 7706: 7687: 7678:paratroopers 7665:Intelligence 7659:Jean Bruller 7652: 7646: 7641: 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17116:Underground 17059:Jade-Amicol 16707:Free France 16698:Free France 16602:and control 16498:Netherlands 16287:2009-10-31) 15576:15 December 15008:Ellis, L.F. 14333:Greene 1999 14321:Greene 1999 14283:Greene 1999 14170:Mazdon 2001 14041:Davies 2000 13909:Gildea 2002 13843:(in French) 13773:Crowdy 2007 13611:Davies 2000 13426:Breuer 2000 13342:Davies 2000 13297:Burger 1965 13224:Beevor 2006 12431:Curtis 2002 12315:Curtis 2002 12059:Davies 2000 11953:Paxton 1972 11776:Crowdy 2007 11644:Crowdy 2007 11590:13 February 11562:Crowdy 2007 11545:Crowdy 2007 11530:Crowdy 2007 11518:Crowdy 2007 11493:Crowdy 2007 11476:Crowdy 2007 11447:Crowdy 2007 11432:Crowdy 2007 11420:Crowdy 2007 11365:Crowdy 2007 11277:Crowdy 2007 11265:Crowdy 2007 11250:Crowdy 2007 11238:Crowdy 2007 11214:15 December 11126:Crowdy 2007 11109:Crowdy 2007 11028:Crowdy 2007 10996:30 November 10970:Crowdy 2007 10949:Crowdy 2007 10934:Crowdy 2007 10919:15 December 10887:Crowdy 2007 10841:Crowdy 2007 10785:Crowdy 2007 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6608:was Prince 6487:Armée juive 6475:David Knout 6463:Armée Juive 6286:group, and 6261: [ 6182:Marx Dormoy 6158:Jean Biondi 6100:Félix Gouin 6059:Félix Gouin 5963:and writer 5906:Paris Métro 5889:during the 5723:Free French 5702:(FFI). The 5690:During the 5681:Jean Moulin 5663:deux gaules 5612:in absentia 5592:Free French 5574:Free France 5503:naphtalinés 5340:Ostlegionen 5335:Ostlegionen 5247:Ostlegionen 5080:Though the 4927:Plan Tortue 4923:Plan Tortue 4904:commandants 4896:lieutenants 4869:Plan Violet 4865:Plan Violet 4856:Plan Tortue 4838:Plan Violet 4717:, close to 4702:arrived in 4638:, close to 4364:by killing 4298:Resistance 4194:factory at 4133: [ 4039:torche-culs 3956:Unlike the 3853:or people ( 3704:réfractaire 3594:réfractaire 3574:réfractaire 3504:résistants, 3296:grand rafle 3036:Duke Street 3018:Jean Moulin 2985: [ 2957:Paris Metro 2883:World War I 2858: [ 2661:Aujourd'hui 2644:indicateurs 2636:the Gestapo 2557:La Rochelle 2433:Boris Vildé 2383:Jean Cassou 2053:, and some 2031:Protestants 2023:aristocrats 1891:Anti-racism 1836:Milkshaking 1484:Yugoslavia 1311:Luxembourg 1101:Armée Juive 1008:Secret Army 748:Black Lions 446:Free French 390:Dutch-Paris 308:Franc-Garde 22095:Categories 21905:Trotskyism 21883:L'Humanité 21822:Guy Mollet 21804:Paul Faure 21710:Left Front 21615:Pif Gadget 21545:L'Humanité 21391:Robert Hue 21066:West Hunan 20899:Pointblank 20235:Silver Fox 20221:Summer War 19974:Winter War 19953:Phoney War 19734:Azerbaijan 19695:Yugoslavia 19590:Luxembourg 19432:Resistance 19172:Yugoslavia 19037:Luxembourg 18839:Sook Ching 18635:War crimes 18237:Technology 18230:Opposition 18172:Lend-Lease 18149:Australian 18142:Home front 18100:Blitzkrieg 18050:Casualties 18041:Commanders 18013:Operations 17917:Yugoslavia 17860:Luxembourg 17702:by country 17562:Companions 17385:Liberation 17236:Résistance 17200:L'Humanité 17128:Bir-Hakeim 17011:Mithridate 16987:CdL Cinéma 16979:Comet Line 16823:operations 16763:Bir Hakeim 16589:Yugoslavia 16547:Luxembourg 14755:B0000DOQ1O 14509:Drama UKTV 14271:Weitz 1995 14077:Weitz 1995 13969:Weitz 1995 13897:Weitz 1995 13635:Abram 2003 13534:Moore 2000 13486:Weitz 1995 13474:Weitz 1995 13212:Bowen 2006 13200:Bowen 2000 13188:Weitz 1995 13051:Moore 2000 13024:required.) 12977:Weitz 1995 12965:Weitz 1995 12941:Weitz 1995 12917:Weitz 1995 12866:Weitz 1995 12687:L'Humanité 12419:Weitz 1995 12392:Knapp 2006 12380:Moore 2000 12243:Weiss 2006 12231:Knapp 2006 12216:25 October 12143:Weitz 1995 12083:Weitz 1995 12023:Weitz 1995 11965:Weitz 1995 11860:Ousby 2000 11848:Ousby 2000 11833:Ousby 2000 11821:Ousby 2000 11806:Ousby 2000 11791:Ousby 2000 11747:Ousby 2000 11735:Ousby 2000 11720:Ousby 2000 11708:Ousby 2000 11687:Ousby 2000 11675:Ousby 2000 11656:Ousby 2000 11629:Ousby 2000 11617:Ousby 2000 11605:Ousby 2000 11401:Ousby 2000 11386:Ousby 2000 11338:Ousby 2000 11323:Ousby 2000 11304:Ousby 2000 11292:Ousby 2000 11191:Ousby 2000 11172:Ousby 2000 11157:Ousby 2000 11138:Ousby 2000 11082:Ousby 2000 11061:Ousby 2000 11049:Ousby 2000 10899:Ousby 2000 10872:Ousby 2000 10860:Ousby 2000 10829:Ousby 2000 10814:Ousby 2000 10797:Ousby 2000 10768:Ousby 2000 10753:Ousby 2000 10738:Ousby 2000 10719:Ousby 2000 10700:Ousby 2000 10685:Ousby 2000 10673:Ousby 2000 10661:Ousby 2000 10644:Ousby 2000 10632:Ousby 2000 10613:Ousby 2000 10596:Ousby 2000 10575:Ousby 2000 10560:Ousby 2000 10466:Ousby 2000 10447:Ousby 2000 10423:Ousby 2000 10400:Ousby 2000 10383:Ousby 2000 10371:Ousby 2000 10359:Ousby 2000 10344:Ousby 2000 10205:Ousby 2000 10193:Ousby 2000 10181:Ousby 2000 10136:Ousby 2000 10036:Ousby 2000 10019:Ousby 2000 10007:Ousby 2000 9992:Ousby 2000 9933:10 October 9877:Ousby 2000 9850:Ousby 2000 9827:Ousby 2000 9815:Ousby 2000 9803:Ousby 2000 9786:Ousby 2000 9774:Ousby 2000 9762:Ousby 2000 9750:Ousby 2000 9735:Ousby 2000 9660:Ousby 2000 9648:Ousby 2000 9636:Ousby 2000 9624:Ousby 2000 9612:Ousby 2000 9600:Ousby 2000 9588:Ousby 2000 9576:Ousby 2000 9561:Ousby 2000 9432:Ousby 2000 9398:Ousby 2000 9381:Ousby 2000 9360:Ousby 2000 9348:Ousby 2000 9336:Ousby 2000 9324:Ousby 2000 9312:Ousby 2000 9300:Ousby 2000 9288:Ousby 2000 9150:Weitz 1995 9102:Weitz 1995 9009:18 January 8851:Weitz 1995 8818:References 8725:Anna Marly 8689:Résistance 8680:Resistance 8673:(English: 8599:Marc Bloch 8416:La Brigade 8357:movies is 8322:presented 8096:Top Secret 8004:Leclerc's 7982:Plan Jaune 7978:Plan Rouge 7634:Pantagruel 7596:Pantagruel 7589:Résistance 7577:Paul Rivet 7481:Activities 7423:maquisards 7382:Pierre Cot 7268:Tony Halik 7209:Imre Glasz 7158:Hungarians 7132:Luxembourg 7104:Otto Kühne 7086:fought in 7032:Mauthausen 6860:asked the 6796:Châteaudun 6774:Résistance 6573:L'Humanité 6517:(roughly, 6435:underclass 6375:propaganda 6280:, led the 6231:La Cagoule 6174:Guy Mollet 6162:Jules Moch 6116:Riom trial 6055:Paul Faure 5979:Socialists 5932:Trotskyist 5839:Longjumeau 5818:Communists 5731:Third Army 5624:bona fides 5499:résistants 5494:résistants 5448:résistants 5444:résistants 5440:résistants 5422:résistants 5394:résistants 5357:to launch 5348:maquisards 5325:maquisards 5301:maquisards 5221:résistants 5217:résistants 5201:maquisards 5182:maquisards 5177:maquisards 5169:maquisards 5059:Der Führer 5040:Der Führer 5013:maquisards 4989:maquisards 4900:capitaines 4888:résistants 4844:Plan Jaune 4826:Plan Rouge 4763:maquisards 4700:A. J. Ayer 4660:Bonneville 4628:maquisards 4624:maquisards 4489:Reichsbahn 4480:résistante 4459:maquisards 4451:maquisards 4443:maquisards 4426:maquisards 4406:maquisards 4398:maquisards 4370:dreyfusard 4352:hated the 4350:résistants 4306:since 1939 4269:maquisards 4256:maqusiards 4152:suburb of 4126:René Hardy 4052:grew, the 4035:maquisards 4007:résistants 4003:maquisards 3999:maquisards 3994:maquisards 3982:capitaines 3951:maqusiards 3847:Rhinocéros 3819:Libération 3795:maquisards 3775:maquisards 3709:After the 3663:Otto Abetz 3655:maquisards 3646:movement. 3455:Liberation 3417:résistants 3403:résistants 3350:Israélites 3193:résistante 3182:résistante 3129:résistants 3110:résistants 3106:Marseilles 3070:Interallié 2891:résistants 2879:Clemenceau 2818:résistants 2802:Morse code 2716:résistants 2690:Reichsmark 2605:Israélites 2542:The first 2497:codenamed 2483:Interallié 2429:Paul Rivet 2395:résistants 2146:After the 2051:communists 2047:anarchists 1816:Black bloc 1733:Bella ciao 1615:Revolution 1582:Bella ciao 1216:White Rose 798:Iron Front 783:Black Band 617:Strasbourg 598:Marseilles 491:Bir Hakeim 22046:Alliances 21946:Blanquism 21131:Manchuria 21017:Indochina 20793:Bagration 20244:Lithuania 19889:Anschluss 19686:Viet Minh 19583:Lithuania 19525:Hong Kong 19288:Manchukuo 19243:Azad Hind 18902:Australia 18702:Aftermath 18565:Paperclip 18460:Aftermath 18260:Total war 18128:Diplomacy 18091:In Europe 17941:See also: 17927:Macedonia 17855:Lithuania 17546:Memorials 17387:of France 16833:Movements 16721:Air Force 16554:Macedonia 16540:Lithuania 15443:566141115 14711:. Wiley. 14462:Unifrance 14441:17 August 14306:19 August 13282:17 August 13248:Rath 2009 13114:4 January 12765:7 January 12670:Emin 1981 12483:19 August 12455:Suhl 1967 12344:L'Express 8823:Citations 8739:in 1969. 8706:Star Trek 8647:The Train 8620:in 1991. 8525:June 2020 7986:Plan Noir 7970:Plan Bleu 7966:Plan Vert 7745:pianistes 7698:Wehrmacht 7552:Unter Uns 7419:guerrilla 7173:Marseille 7120:Waffen-SS 7012:Camp Gurs 6979:Armenians 6804:movements 6618:Norwegian 6585:Georgians 6525:Armenians 6423:Wehrmacht 6326:socialism 6318:socialist 6080:In 1942, 6065:(CAS) in 6047:Leon Blum 5871:Comintern 5827:Communist 5677:saboteurs 5648:shouted " 5529:Resistant 5518:Resistant 5473:miliciens 5468:résistant 5459:miliciens 5455:Miliciens 5385:tricolore 5381:tricolore 5311:from the 5260:maquisard 5256:miliciens 5205:miliciens 5186:miliciens 5173:miliciens 5165:miliciens 5133:miliciens 5086:André Hue 5063:Das Reich 5044:Das Reich 5025:Das Reich 5021:Das Reich 5001:Das Reich 4997:Das Reich 4969:Das Reich 4919:Plan Vert 4850:Plan Noir 4832:Plan Bleu 4820:Plan Vert 4737:when the 4616:miliciens 4577:when the 4556:André Hue 4539:Greasegun 4493:Cheminots 4475:résistant 4447:miliciens 4183:Harry Rée 4177:works at 4123:résistant 4019:maquisard 3958:andartes, 3947:maqusiard 3934:maquisard 3919:maquisard 3912:maquisard 3906:advised: 3885:advised: 3879:maquisard 3851:Eléphant) 3412:résistant 3408:baignoire 3371:Luftwaffe 3338:Calvinist 3302:Cardinal 3221:Nuremberg 3200:résistant 3061:résistant 2998:Léon Jost 2912:Comintern 2771:Calvinist 2593:Aryanized 2544:résistant 2537:Cheminots 2533:cheminots 2499:La Chatte 2452:Churchill 2443:in Lyon. 2411:résistant 2399:résistant 2353:Ian Ousby 2344:résistant 2326:. At the 2259:Waffen SS 2251:miliciens 2247:execution 2199:, in the 2124:Wehrmacht 2074:Wehrmacht 2072:, and on 1901:Anarchism 1613:Carnation 1603:Portugal 1442:Slovakia 1294:partisans 1020:Bulgaria 744:Ethiopia 658:Indochina 448:campaigns 266:Waffen-SS 22111:Sabotage 21242:Category 21191:document 21101:document 20958:Ardennes 20942:Budapest 20890:Crossbow 20768:Overlord 20607:Smolensk 19825:Timeline 19660:Slovakia 19646:Thailand 19497:Ethiopia 19462:Bulgaria 19386:Portugal 19317:Thailand 19199:Bulgaria 18977:Eswatini 18970:Ethiopia 18923:Bulgaria 18748:Unit 731 18709:Response 18526:Keelhaul 18476:Cold War 18449:Americas 18440:timeline 18433:Atlantic 18313:Theaters 17932:Slovenia 17908:Taganrog 17813:Slovakia 17795:Bulgaria 17742:Bulgaria 17410:1st Army 17173:L'Espoir 17137:Bulletin 17018:Morhange 16956:Alliance 16947:Networks 16821:Domestic 16600:Creation 16582:Slovakia 16477:Bulgaria 16357:Archived 16285:Archived 16123:(2014). 16076:(1975). 15791:(2006). 15572:(3): 266 15273:(2008). 15032:(1981). 13853:Archived 13314:Archived 9971:Archived 8743:See also 8733:Hy Zaret 8552:in 1944. 8129:Canjuers 8044:and the 7935:Corsican 7906:Boulogne 7824:Provence 7820:Normandy 7782:Sabotage 7777:in 1944. 7759:Sabotage 7713:Brittany 7684:in 1944. 7628:to form 7544:La Terre 7477:(CFLN). 7304:Huelgoat 7181:Lausanne 7177:Toulouse 7169:Grenoble 7144:Ardennes 7142:and the 7140:Grenoble 7092:Cévennes 7090:and the 7010:such as 7004:Pyrenees 6838:Brittany 6816:movement 6808:networks 6798:in 1944. 6504:Grenoble 6500:Toulouse 6301:mob rule 5747:matériel 5712:Normandy 5578:Gaullism 5553:Sorbonne 5509:Factions 5482:Bordeaux 5321:Grenoble 5264:milicien 5094:Brittany 5092:band in 4973:Toulouse 4878:Normandy 4751:Auvergne 4684:Limousin 4640:Grenoble 4581:and the 4549:and the 4547:M1 rifle 4533:and the 4374:milicien 4238:and the 4192:Michelin 4058:milicien 3986:colonels 3922:traitor. 3807:Cévennes 3753:and the 3259:corbeaux 3255:corbeaux 3217:Augsburg 3212:Lysander 3204:Toulouse 3049:Gaullist 3041:Gaullist 3014:Chartres 2993:Bordeaux 2966:Gaullist 2902:Daladier 2867:Napoleon 2712:Pyrenées 2682:corbeaux 2680:. These 2678:corbeaux 2548:Bordeaux 2462:founded 2316:swastika 2150:and the 2080:for the 2055:fascists 2043:liberals 1982:and the 1863:See also 1846:Squadism 1660:62 Group 1655:43 Group 1556:Germany 1432:Romania 1423:Zydowski 1416:Żydowska 1155:Germany 1074:Denmark 1052:Czechia 988:Belgium 953:Austria 936:Albania 840:Italiana 773:Germany 741:Interwar 716:a series 714:Part of 623:Nordwind 610:Dompaire 605:Lorraine 558:Overlord 480:Exporter 84:Location 49:Part of 21951:Marxism 21685:Related 21470:FTP-MOI 21168:Shumshu 20935:Hungary 20882:Estonia 20866:Lapland 20844:Dragoon 20777:Neptune 20759:Ichi-Go 20725:Tempest 20667:Changde 20622:Cottage 20514:Jubilee 20230:Finland 20128:Compass 19834:Prelude 19787:Finland 19673:Vietnam 19639:Romania 19511:Germany 19490:Estonia 19476:Denmark 19455:Belgium 19448:Austria 19441:Albania 19372:Ireland 19358:Andorra 19342:Neutral 19302:Romania 19236:Hungary 19221:Finland 19093:Romania 18985:Finland 18963:Denmark 18909:Belgium 18895:Algeria 18601:Romania 18587:Hungary 18343:Pacific 18067:General 18021:Leaders 18006:Battles 17999:Outline 17922:Croatia 17899:Russia 17895:Moldova 17890:Belarus 17880:Romania 17835:Germany 17825:Estonia 17820:Denmark 17790:Belgium 17785:Austria 17780:Albania 17764:Ukraine 17759:Romania 17646:Members 17469:Leaders 17080:Vercors 17033:Others: 16789: 16750:Battles 16575:Romania 16512:Germany 16505:Estonia 16491:Denmark 16470:Belgium 16463:Austria 16456:Albania 16306:at the 15303:, 2008) 14877:18 July 13809:7 March 12643:29 June 12532:6 March 9928:NPR.org 8982:7 March 8721:Bernard 8653:15 Lads 8632:novels 8610:Iranian 8293:Jéricho 8164:shaming 8030:Leclerc 7792:Hamburg 7692:of the 7640:54 and 7618:Liberté 7374:Prefect 7364:Liberté 7329:Corsica 7237:Moselle 6937:Phalanx 6874:channel 6812:network 6598:Morocco 6459:Zionist 6310:députés 6308:became 6292:Liberté 6112:Algeria 6102:joined 6094:of the 6090:became 6073:in the 5772:at the 5654:" and " 5614:by the 5435:Dunkirk 5389:mairies 5305:marquis 5190:Bourges 4743:redoubt 4704:Gascony 4682:in the 4551:Bazooka 4541:", the 4514:marquis 4420:in the 4408:led by 4250:in the 4248:Oyonnax 4204:Jour J, 4179:Sochaux 4175:Peugeot 4064:or the 4048:As the 4045:slang. 4031:maquis, 4015:maquis, 3815:Liberté 3696:Aveyron 3684:Hérault 3676:prefets 3598:maquis, 3586:macchia 3582:macchia 3340:couple 3170:May Day 3162:FTP-MOI 3143:of the 3080:of the 2944:on the 2877:quoted 2871:Liberté 2865:quoted 2842:May Day 2787:agent ( 2773:pastor 2674:mouches 2648:Gestapo 2441:Liberté 2385:called 2355:wrote: 2296:discuss 2265:History 2257:of the 2243:torture 2239:Gestapo 2203:of the 2180:(STO). 2039:Muslims 2019:émigrés 1630:Sweden 1544:Postwar 1387:Gwardia 1348:Poland 1338:Norway 1282:Jewish 1223:Greece 1084:France 860:Spain ( 676:Oceania 652:Crimson 646:Réunion 587:Dragoon 581:Vercors 542:Glières 532:Corsica 508:Tunisia 290:Gestapo 144:Germany 63:French 21810:Vacant 21732:Senate 21381:(1972) 21321:(1924) 21145:Debate 21117:Taipei 21110:Borneo 20688:Tarawa 19882:Europe 19843:Africa 19632:Poland 19618:Norway 19597:Malaya 19576:Latvia 19518:Greece 19504:France 19400:Sweden 19365:Bhutan 19086:Poland 19072:Norway 19044:Mexico 19011:Greece 18997:France 18935:Canada 18916:Brazil 18886:Allies 18832:Serbia 18821:Poland 18594:Poland 18580:Baltic 18373:Europe 18075:Topics 18027:Allied 17945:Jewish 17903:Crimea 17875:Poland 17870:Norway 17850:Latvia 17840:Greece 17830:France 17747:Poland 17630:Portal 17417:2nd DB 17358:Second 17279:Africa 17277:French 17146:Combat 17073:Maquis 16972:Brutus 16842:Combat 16770:Gazala 16756:Koufra 16568:Poland 16561:Norway 16533:Latvia 16519:Greece 16250: 16236:online 16225:online 16200:online 16196:online 16166: 16145: 16109: 16084: 16062: 16036: 16017: 15989: 15970: 15951: 15930: 15909: 15881: 15858: 15839: 15820: 15801: 15777: 15749: 15730: 15711: 15692: 15673: 15654: 15635: 15616: 15597: 15546: 15523: 15502: 15479: 15460: 15441: 15422: 15403: 15380: 15357: 15336: 15317: 15283: 15259: 15236: 15217: 15198: 15175: 15156: 15137: 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4956:maquis 4948:Maquis 4939:maquis 4931:maquis 4796:maquis 4791:maquis 4767:maquis 4755:maquis 4739:maquis 4731:maquis 4708:maquis 4692:Auxois 4688:préfet 4676:maquis 4668:Maquis 4656:Maquis 4648:Milice 4644:Maquis 4636:Voiron 4632:Milice 4620:Milice 4612:Milice 4608:Milice 4604:Maquis 4602:; the 4600:Maquis 4596:Milice 4591:maquis 4587:Milice 4583:Maquis 4579:Milice 4560:Milice 4554:1944. 4545:, the 4529:, the 4525:, the 4455:maquis 4435:maquis 4418:Annecy 4402:maquis 4393:maquis 4389:maquis 4378:Milice 4362:maquis 4358:Milice 4354:Milice 4346:Milice 4342:Maquis 4337:Milice 4333:maquis 4329:Milice 4325:maquis 4321:maquis 4317:maquis 4300:poster 4274:maquis 4240:Maquis 4236:Milice 4232:maquis 4228:Milice 4224:Milice 4220:Milice 4212:Milice 4074:maquis 4070:Milice 4066:milice 4062:maquis 4054:Milice 4050:maquis 4043:maquis 4023:maquis 4011:maquis 3990:maquis 3962:maquis 3904:maquis 3891:Maquis 3883:maquis 3875:maquis 3871:maquis 3869:. 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