2016:. In 1779, on 4 July, she saw with Admiral d’Estaing squadron the capture of Grenada. In 1781, on 5 September, she took part in the fight of Count de Grasse in the bay of Chesapeake. In 1794, the French Republic changed her name. On 16 April of the same year, she joined in Brest the squadron under Villaret-Joyeuse, in charge of escorting a convoy of wheat inbound from American under Admiral Van Stabel. On 11 and 12 prairial, year II, the squadron met with English ships. Sir, today is the 13 prairial, the 1st of June 1868. Seventy-four years ago, on that exact day, at this very place, by 47°24’ of latitude and 17°28’ of longitude, this ship, after a heroic fight, dismasted of all her three masts, water in her hull, a third of her crew hors de combat, preferred to founder with her three hundred fifty-six sailors than to surrender, and nailing her flag to her aft, she disappeared under the waves at the cry of "Long live the Republic!
1902:
598:
1922:
58:
63:
1968:
33:
1231:
1448:
1942:
1565:
620:; in order to avoid battle with the more numerous and powerful French ships, Howe retreated under the protection of the strong defences of New York. D'Estaing wished to press the attack, but his pilots advised that the harbour was too shallow for his ships, so the squadron spent two weeks at anchor blockading Howe, resupplying and conferring with the American government. On 22 July, he departed for
1040:
2274:
4. La convention nationale appelle les artistes, peintres, sculpteurs, et poètes, à concourir pour transmettre à la postérité le trait sublime du dévoûment républicain des citoyens formant l'équipage de
Vengeur. Il sera décerné dans une fête nationale, des récompenses aux peintres, et aux poètes, qui
1598:
The notion that the ship would have nailed her flag and never surrendered, as Barère claimed, is never accounted in any of the reports. Though Jean François
Renaudin never explicitly states that he surrendered, he does mention that he had his flag flown half-mast in distress when he was surrounded by
1294:
fired an entire broadside at point-blank range, but was then unable to fire her main batteries again, the ships being so close as to prevent French gunners from ramming ammunition into their guns; in contrast, British gunners used rammers with semi-rigid rope handles instead of wooden handles, and
1687:
Captain
Renaudin was said in a naval registry to have swum to safety. He had in fact abandoned his ship with the first British boat, leaving his men behind in disregard for military customs and the 1765 standing order that Captains had to be last to abandon ship, and though his account insinuates
1871:
Some reports however indicate that the legend was not seriously accepted: Carlyle suggests one near-eyewitness French account amounted to "not a recantation of an impudent amazing falsehood, but to some vague faint murmur or whimper of admission that it is probably false". Captain Diaz de Soria
2054:
The other is a 1/55th arsenal model realised by master Boubénec between 1951 and 1952, under the direction of
Captain Diaz de Soria. It was built from the plans of the hull and rafter of the ship, though sculptures were undocumented and had to be reconstituted from drawings. It is currently on
787:
of the castles, which were obstructed and allowed only two guns on the quarterdeck and one on the forecastle to be used. Furthermore, substantial repairs on the rigging were needed, and she needed her hull heated to kill worms. La Poype de
Vertrieu wrote "it appears that
1638:
attributes the sinking to ineptitude of the crew who had failed to close damaged lower gunports. The later study conducted by
Captain Diaz de Soria in the 1950s suggests that water did enter from the gun ports of the lower battery, ripped off in the collision with
947:. She was sailing at the rear of the fleet, and the French and British ships were already trading shots for ten minutes when she took her position in the line of battle. Later in the afternoon, she maintained a position in the line ahead of the flagship
1901:
516:, following the request of her patrons. The chamber of commerce of Marseille further requested that the ship be built in Marseille, but Coulomb determined that the harbour there was too shallow for the launch of a 74-gun ship, and the order for
1683:
provides an alternative theory when he suggests that any person who behaved in such a manner on the stricken ship was acting under the influence of alcohol; Troude, otherwise very critical of Barère's account, vehemently dismissed this idea.
676:, and cancelled the landing, putting to sea to challenge Howe in battle. Howe's force moved off, pursued by the French. On 11 August the French closed in and the two fleets manoeuvred in preparation for a battle, but around 16:00, a
400:
and surrendered after losing hope of being rescued by a French ship. After a few hours, as
British ships were beginning rescue operations, she listed and foundered, taking almost half her crew with her. Thus she only bore the name
2167:
Il est apparent que Le
Marseillois n'aura jamais une marche distinguée, mias je suis persuadé que l'on en sera content quand on le naviguera à trente pouces de différence et que l'on évitera de trop entasser les poids sur son
1643:
and shattered by artillery fire, and that the crew failed to obstruct them with temporary contrivances. The panicking crew would have aggravated the situation by failing to man the pumps, explaining why it took four hours for
1362:
Renaudin, seeing the hapless condition of his ship, ordered his flags hoisted half-mast in surrender and distress around 14:00, but after her surrender no
British ship managed to get men aboard to take possession. This left
671:
coming sixth in the line. They had begun to disembark troops the following day when Howe's squadron arrived from New York. D'Estaing found his anchored ships were now vulnerable to attacks from land batteries, warships and
1402:
was clearly beyond salvage and only the very worst of the wounded and the dead remained aboard, though some possibly stayed aboard in the hope of being rescued by a French ship rather than a
British and avoid captivity.
2271:
3. Le vaisseau à trois ponts, qui est en construction dans le bassin couvert de Brest, portera le nom de Vengeur. Le commissaire de la marine donnera les ordres les plus prompts pour accélérer la construction de ce
1485:
in defiance, and even continued firing guns until water reached them while the ship foundered, to eventually sink with her rather than surrender. They also extrapolated that the entire crew had disappeared with the
2267:
Art. 1. Une forme du vaisseau de ligne le Vengeur sera suspendue à la voûte du Panthéon, et les noms des braves républicains composant l'équipage de ce vaisseau, seront inscrits sur la colonne du Panthéon.
1921:
1136:
The British fleet approached the French line in an oblique manner, leading to individual engagements as the British ships attempted to break through at several points. Around 9:30, the British flagship
1796:
4. The National Convention calls for artists, painters, sculptors and poets to concourse to transmit to posterity the sublime trait of republican dedication of the citizen who composed the crew of
4060:
3437:
1549:, written in captivity on 1 Messidor an II (19 June 1794), signed by Renaudin, Jean Hugine, Louis Rousseau, Pelet, Trouvée, Lussot and others, then in British custody in Tavistock; the report of
1475:" ("Long live the nation, long live the republic") from the bow of the ship as she foundered; this was bloated out of proportion by French politicians, who added that the sailors had waved the
1534:
at the time, had been an eyewitness to the sinking – to publicly challenge Carlyle's tale. Carlyle set out to get to the bottom of the story, eventually unearthing the official report of
589:
was assigned to this fleet, the first active service she would see. The fleet set sail on 18 April 1778, crossed Gibraltar on 16 May, and arrived at the mouth of the Delaware River on 8 July.
3404:
543:
134:
1628:, by a few well-directed shot, split the Vengeur's rudder, and shattered her stern-post ; besides making a large hole in her counter, through which the water rushed in great quantity.
3816:
917:. Reinforcing his fleet with the squadron under Admiral de Monteil and with 3,300 soldiers taken from the garrisons of the island, De Grasse decided to sail for the Chesapeake.
438:, who had witnessed the events. Although discredited in naval history circles, the legend lived on as a folk tale, inspiring numerous representations and a fictional account by
1659:", but that it was in desperation for being unable to reach the British craft; it does not mention any particular defiance in the intent, though, nor does it mention flags or
1778:
shall be hanged from the dome of the Pantheon, and the names of the brave republicans who constituted the crew of this ship will be inscribed on the column of the Pantheon
1513:, and that all the sailors had died with the ship, giving a last shout of "long live the Republic" and waving all sorts of flags and pennants while the ship disappeared.
1558:
1527:
435:
4021:
3045:
2889:
2789:
1709:
1413:
1386:
277:
1427:
and served a meal in the officers' mess; as he dined with his son and other French and British officers, a commotion was heard; racing to the gallery of
469:
1759:
The speech of 9 July by Barère at the National Convention inflamed the nation, and as it specifically encouraged artists to exalt the story, poets like
4097:
1359:
closed in around 3:30, attempting to provide assistance, but the proximity of several British sails endangered her so that she eventually sailed away.
333:
961:
ordered the fleet to regroup and follow him to Saint-Domingue. The fleet reached Cap-Français in several waves, the main corps arriving on 25 April;
628:, where he arrived on 28 July and anchored his fleet outside the harbour to better coordinate his attack with that of the Revolutionary land forces.
4075:
3449:
1800:. Rewards will be attributed in a national holiday to painters and poets who will have the most worthily celebrated the glory of these republicans.
1948:
1873:
549:
She was launched on 16 July 1766, and completed quickly, decorated by sculptures carved by Pierre Audibert. After her completion, she was put in
862:
1439:
are not precisely known, but amount to approximately 250 killed during the battle, 106 drowned in the sinking, and 367 rescued by the British.
4136:
1941:
1557:(and cousin to Jean François Renaudin), which was found around 1929 in family archives; and later accounts written in 1838 by Rear-admiral
1655:. These shouts are denied entirely by Griffiths, but are mentioned in French accounts. Renaudin's report does claim that sailors shouted "
1538:
captain, Renaudin. Carlyle concluded that Barère had concocted a "cunningly devised fable", and changed his account of the sinking of the
877:
broke out, an inconclusive long-ranged artillery duel that lasted until the British retreated the next day due to the damage sustained by
3983:
1618:
as sinking from the shots that would have holed her hull; actually, Cyprien Renaudin mentions only two such holes in the lower hull of
1099:
On 16 May 1794, the fleet departed from Brest with the mission of protecting a convoy of ships carrying food to France, beginning the
809:
478:, whereby French individuals and organisations could donate to the Crown the funds necessary to build and equip a warship. 13 million
4141:
1455:. Its original caption mentions that the ensign is incorrect and should be white with a tricolour canton. There are further errors:
2269:
2. A cet effet les agens maritimes des ports de Brest et Rochefort enverront sans délai le rôle d'équipage du vaisseau le Vengeur.
424:, who gave birth to the legend that the crew had gone down with the ship fighting, rather than surrender. The Scottish historian
3991:
801:
2214:
Guérin (vol.6, p.46) suggests that Renaudin left his ship as a sign that he was surrendering her to the custody of the British.
1984:
869:
served aboard as an ensign. On 22 March 1781, the fleet sailed for America to reinforce D'Estaing's forces there, arriving off
444:
3863:
3802:
2083:
2012:. She bore 74 guns and was launched in 1762. In 1778, on 13 August, under La Poype-Vertrieux, she fought audaciously against
1591:; however, due to a lack of bunting in Brest, Villaret had not been able to distribute this flag to all his ships, and thus
854:
721:
in September, coming third in the French line of battle, and was present at other encounters with the British fleets in the
1622:
and a noise "like a strong waterfall" at the poop, which he could not identify; this is consistent with James' account of "
1367:
s few remaining unwounded crew to attempt to salvage what they could. Ultimately the ship's pumps became unmanageable, and
566:
4088:
3488:
1782:
2. To this effect, naval agents of the harbours of Brest and Rochefort shall without delay send the crew list of the ship
1603:
was dismasted to the point that there would have been nothing on which to nail a flag anyway, and James makes mentions of
4151:
1928:
1788:
3. The three-decker ship of the line, currently under construction in the covered basin of Brest, shall bear the name of
1634:, to report that he "could not place a two-feet rule in any direction, he thought, that would not touch two shot-holes".
3947:
1173:
breaking through by accelerating to close the gap between herself and her flagship; this left a gap behind her, between
616:
on 8 July. British forces there amounted to a squadron of nine smaller ships of the line and two frigates under Admiral
581:
had caused relations between France and Great Britain to deteriorate, and diplomatic ties were broken on 16 March 1778.
3611:
582:
337:
3975:
3042:
3890:
3769:
3739:
1767:
composed eulogies to commemorate the event, wrote new words for existing songs, and even produced a three-act opera.
1516:
Lord Howe denies the account entirely, claiming that it never occurred, a position followed by many British sources.
1129:
949:
359:
858:
2198:
2139:, the raw wood was already worth 490,000 livres, and the total construction cost amounted to 1,150,000 livres (see
1880:, would have told him "we do this for the legend, my good man: nations, after all, live only of legends". In 1857,
1865:
1697:
1522:
1423:, 127, including Captain Renaudin, who abandoned his ship and left in the very first British boat. He was taken to
1191:
704:
430:
1011:
3727:
1680:
978:
3670:
1760:
1490:, a claim disproved by the return of captured crewmembers as they were quickly released from British captivity.
1077:
1031:
on 13 February 1783. She remained in this state until 1794, with some repairs being conducted in 1785 and 1788.
57:
4161:
3559:
1998:
597:
2202:, Carlyle added a paragraph that dismisses his own previous account. See for instance the Centenary Edition,
1651:
The most debated point is the patriotic shouts, sometimes claimed to have been accompanied by singing of the
1355:
1100:
763:
751:
692:, and was cut off from the bulk of the French squadron. The next day, around 20:00, having only just erected
639:
625:
565:
by 38 centimetres (15 in); maintenance completed two days later, and she was commissioned under Captain
2419:
1081:, and on 11 April, the squadron sailed on again, reaching Brest on 18 April, having been joined en route by
62:
3844:
1028:
823:
814:
745:
633:
578:
561:
for maintenance and repairs of her hull, which was found to be in "very good shape", although her keel had
534:
528:
522:
32:
4072:
3453:
2134:
1836:
1834:
did not perish (applause). The captain has returned to Brest and has been promoted to the command of the
1088:
1083:
958:
655:
617:
520:
was eventually moved to Toulon. There, lack of timber in the shipyards, which were already busy building
509:
130:
4034:
3347:
2715:
1117:
768:. During the campaign, 46 members of her crew had died; of these, only three had been killed in combat.
4156:
2254:
1246:
1179:
1138:
1123:
966:
913:. Letters from Washington and Rochambeau requested that de Grasse set sail either to New York, or into
375:
2002:
come to visit her grave? Was it then not an accidental wreck that had taken the ship under the waters?
1792:
The commissary to the Navy shall give the swiftest orders to accelerate the construction of this ship.
1307:
to prevent her from manoeuvring, separated at 12:45. Her fire also opened a large hole in the hull of
2124:
2048:
1394:
crew from drowning, these ships taking off nearly 500 sailors between them. Lieutenant John Winne of
972:
866:
482:
were raised and 18 ships, including two three-deckers, were built and named after their patrons. The
3914:
2183:
Cunot (p.432) gives 267 survivors, including Renaudin, his brother and their two sons who served on
1864:
even invented the story that Renaudin had been killed heroically, cut in half by a cannon shot like
1664:
1599:
British ships, indicating that he was requesting assistance from the enemy. Griffiths observes that
1575:. This is an element of the later propaganda surrounding the event, and did not happen historically.
1068:
1044:
998:
returned to France at some point in 1782, where she was listed on 1 September to be decommissioned.
3932:
936:
921:
347:
1545:
The three most serious reports of the events are the report of Jean François Renaudin, captain of
1595:
probably still flew the white flag with a canton of three equal columns of red, white, and blue.
722:
1764:
928:
was in the van of the French squadron, and exchanged the first shots of the day with the 64-gun
3999:
2900:
1104:
1016:
757:
649:
465:
390:
169:
4051:
3652:
3335:
3205:
2203:
1823:
1630:" In any case, the superstructures were very much battered, prompting Lieutenant Rotheram, of
1103:. On 1 June, the French squadron encountered the British fleet, in an engagement known as the
740:
The French fleet sustained damage at the siege of Savannah and eventually returned to Europe.
3812:
2144:
1861:
1805:
991:
944:
621:
368:
364:
3534:
1471:
was exploited for political purposes in France, as several sailors were said to have cried "
3621:
1614:
The exact cause of the sinking was also the subject of dispute. Barère's account describes
1323:
1234:
1215:
1184:
874:
792:
shall never be an exceptional sailor, but I am convinced that she will give satisfaction".
394:
2006:
I did not know what to think, when, close to me, I heard Captain Nemo say in a slow voice:
899:
De Grasse put to sail on 5 July, bound for Saint-Domingue where he arrived on 16 July. At
8:
4146:
3840:
3779:
2120:
2104:
1572:
1510:
1498:
1419:
1380:
1165:
954:
929:
905:
878:
718:
562:
487:
457:
417:
351:
318:
259:
253:
99:
20:
3783:
3656:
1223:
1064:
891:
885:
697:
342:
268:
3976:
Vaisseaux ayant appareillé le 12 avril 1778 de Toulon - Escadre de l'admiral D'ESTAING
3832:
Les gloires maritimes de la France: notices biographiques sur les plus célèbres marins
3517:
2080:
1648:
to sink between her surrender around 14:00 until her sinking between 18:00 and 18:30.
1494:
1349:
sustained some damage herself. Soon afterwards, seawater inundated the powder room of
585:
took command of a squadron of thirteen ships of the line and four frigates in Toulon.
421:
3886:
3869:
3859:
3798:
3765:
3745:
3735:
3631:
3607:
3555:
1816:
1407:
1372:
734:
730:
661:
474:
313:
4043:
3687:
1967:
1668:
1635:
837:
departed Cadiz with a joint Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral d'Estaing, bound for
4044:
1794 - Marins de la Tremblade (17) survivants du naufrage du Vengeur, héros oubliés
3713:
3699:
3551:
Les Européens et les espaces océaniques au XVIIIe siècle: actes du colloque de 1997
1881:
1770:
Barère had the following decree passed at the National Convention on 21 June 1794:
1672:
1550:
1476:
1007:
910:
733:, sailing in the rear of the French fleet. Later in the year, she took part in the
304:
219:
3856:
Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours
3625:
4079:
3918:
3904:
3830:
3717:
3703:
3660:
3601:
3587:
3573:
3549:
3538:
3521:
3371:
3049:
2087:
1481:
1459:
still has her mizzen-mast, and the British ship on the left is incorrectly named
1251:
873:
on 29 April. There, the fleet met the British forces under Admiral Hood, and the
461:
1353:, denying her all means of defence, and 250 of her crew were out of action. The
1230:
1072:
900:
3900:
3597:
3583:
3569:
3492:
1853:
1675:
proposes a variation, that knowing themselves doomed, the sailors remaining on
1584:
1517:
1112:
914:
909:, under Captain de Tanouarn, which brought news of the status and plans of the
780:
771:
La Poype de Vertrieu wrote his report and recommendations for the refitting of
645:
425:
4130:
4112:
4099:
3873:
3826:
3749:
1812:
1588:
1452:
1447:
1274:. Seeing the manoeuvre, Renaudin also accelerated to close this new gap, and
838:
677:
613:
605:
550:
1067:
of 1793. She was recommissioned in Rochefort, and on 24 March 1794, Captain
3757:
3635:
1971:
1063:, probably a response to the participation of the city of Marseille in the
693:
495:
479:
3928:
1989:
1564:
1149:
439:
308:
264:
4008:
3674:
1952:
1884:
wrote "one wonders how, after that, history could remain so credulous".
389:
in February 1794 and under that name she took part in the Battle of the
3966:
3719:
Histoire de la marine contemporaine de France: depuis 1784 jusqu'Ă 1848
3627:
La Société des Cincinnati de France et la guerre d'Amérique (1778-1783)
1830:
I am very pleased to tell the Convention that the whole of the crew of
1608:
870:
273:
3942:"Couplets sur la fin héroïque et courageuse de l'équipage du vaisseau
2133:
worth at 145 kilograms (320 lb) of gold. For a 110-gun ship like
2044:
1679:
made a last display of patriotic and political fervour before dying.
1435:
sink with the remaining wounded aboard. Figures of the casualties on
558:
491:
322:
103:
45:, on display at the Musée de la Marine et de l'Économie de Marseille.
2286:
On se demande comment, après cela, l'histoire a pu rester si crédule
632:
anchored in front of the main channel with most of the fleet, while
2030:! A beautiful name", murmured Captain Nemo while crossing his arms.
1587:, which had been recently ordered by the Convention to be flown as
1371:
began to sink. Only the timely arrival of boats from the undamaged
819:
784:
707:. The two ships duelled indecisively for one hour before parting.
689:
673:
513:
504:
was ordered on 16 January 1762, originally intended to be built in
3846:
Le naufrage héroïque du vaisseau Le Vengeur , opéra en trois actes
2055:
display at the Musée de la Marine et de l'Économie de Marseille.
1023:
Negotiations for peace with England started in January 1783, and
920:
On 5 September 1781, the French and British squadrons met in the
542:
until 1764. Her design and building was directed by the engineer
1345:
with only her foremast standing, which fell half an hour later.
1329:
had approached and put herself in a favourable position to rake
1087:. Upon their arrival the ships were assigned to the fleet under
775:
on 24 December 1779; he found her a passable ship, but her high
3200:
Cited by Griffiths in a letter to Thomas Carlyle reproduced in
2275:
auront le plus dignement célébré la gloire de ces républicains.
2081:
The dictionary of French naval fighting ships - General remarks
685:
505:
301:
126:
1010:. She was then recommissioned in December 1782 in Brest under
667:
On 8 August, the French squadron sailed into Newport harbour,
592:
346:
in a single-ship action on 11 August 1778, taking part in the
1815:
on 29 August 1794; he was later exchanged for the captain of
827:
776:
405:
for a few weeks compared with her 28 years of service as the
185:
3523:
Rapport sur l'héroïsme des Républicains montant le vaisseau
1503:
Rapport sur l'héroïsme des Républicains montant le vaisseau
1398:
was especially commended for this hazardous work. By 18:15,
1295:
were able to reload and maintain a sustained fire, riddling
1707:
s crew by British ships in his large canvas of the battle,
1039:
844:
553:, where she would remain for 11 years. On 1 February 1778,
3708:(in French). Vol. 6. Dufour et Mulat. pp. 45–46.
3543:(in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Charles Blériot, éditeur.
1872:
relates the story, probably apocryphal, that in 1840, the
1692:
when she foundered, he was actually dining in the mess of
994:, where she held the 5th position in the line of battle.
2577:
2141:
Les Européens et les espaces océaniques au XVIIIe siècle
3992:
VILLENEUVE, Pierre-Charles de, (1763–1806), vice-amiral
3967:
Répertoire de vaisseau de ligne français de 1781 à 1815
3732:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796
1804:
The reappearance of the purportedly sunk crew, and the
3665:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Ledentu. p. 691.
2187:
as boys; 250 men killed; and 206 drowned in the wreck.
3645:
Le Marseillois, devenu plus tard le Vengeur du peuple
3606:. Vol. 6. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2383:
Vaisseaux ayant appareillé le 12 avril 1778 de Toulon
2292:"), Guérin refers to the reappearance of the crew of
2123:, a French livre contained 0.29 grammes of pure gold
2047:
model crafted by a prisoner of war, is on display at
1992:
reported the incident with its revolutionary slant:
1299:
with holes. The fight went on for four hours, until
795:
393:. There, she was disabled after a furious duel with
1927:Later French depiction of the mid-19th century, by
1856:wrote an account repeating Barère's version, where
1848:In spite of these facts, the myth lived on: in his
1716:
822:, and joined up with a division under Rear-Admiral
3785:The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783
2720:
1876:, while decorating the purported last survivor of
1194:, attempted to exploit to cut the line and assist
857:, and she became part of a squadron under Admiral
334:naval operations in the American Revolutionary War
1909:Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June
1710:Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June
1014:, and was part of a two-ship squadron along with
808:. She was appointed to a two-ship squadron under
4128:
3662:Œuvres de J.F. Ducis, suivies de M.J. de Chénier
2392:
2390:
1561:, who had witnessed the event 44 years earlier.
1258:Prevented from cutting the French line ahead of
1159:s commander, Captain Bazire. The ship astern of
3548:BĂ©ranger, Jean (1997). "Le vaisseau de ligne".
1840:. On this ship, he hopes to repair the loss of
1001:
1811:Captain Renaudin was posthumously promoted to
1808:, prevented the completion of this programme.
1266:turned and tried to cross aft of her, between
800:After the repairs had been completed, Captain
737:, where she was eighth in the line of battle.
381:(launched 1789) in June 1793, the 28-year-old
3642:
3215:
3213:
2387:
1822:, Captain James Cotes. On 10 September 1794,
1774:Art. 1. A hull model of the ship of the line
1493:The origin of the legend is a speech made by
1071:took command. On 1 April 1794, she sailed to
818:. They set sail on 19 May 1780 to patrol off
572:
456:The French Navy had lost 29 ships during the
3669:
3651:
3321:
3319:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2760:
2758:
1889:Propaganda depictions of the sinking of the
684:sustained damage to her rigging, losing her
460:, casualties being particularly high at the
3858:. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau.
3795:Yorktown 1781: the World Turned Upside Down
2880:
2878:
2842:Report of Captain Renaudin, cited by Diaz,
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2459:
2445:
2443:
2429:
2427:
2156:not an uncommon figure for ships of the era
1337:to separate to open fire. When she did so,
1055:By February 1794 the still decommissioned,
1034:
593:Campaign of 1778–1780, La Poype de Vertrieu
3949:Chansonnier de la RĂ©publique pour l'an III
3533:
3294:Chansonnier de la RĂ©publique pour l'an III
3210:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
1962:
612:The French squadron arrived unopposed off
602:Arrival of d'Estaing's squadron at Newport
3937:(in French). J. Hetzel. pp. 407–415.
3923:(in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé.
3797:. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 55.
3792:
3620:
3316:
3249:
3247:
3231:
3170:
3168:
3132:
3130:
3103:
3101:
3054:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2849:
2812:
2810:
2794:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2674:
2661:
2648:
2635:
2613:
2600:
2583:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2229:Des Anglais, des feux et des ondes !
1094:
783:, and he recommended improvements to the
680:storm broke out, scattering both fleets.
3883:The Naval Chronicle, Volume 1, 1793–1798
3643:Diaz de Soria, Ollivier-Zabulon (1954).
3547:
2875:
2771:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2472:
2456:
2440:
2424:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
1966:
1563:
1446:
1384:, as well as the services of the cutter
1229:
1038:
845:Campaign of 1781–82, Castellane Majastre
711:rejoined the French fleet on 14 August.
596:
19:For other ships with the same name, see
3686:
3596:
3582:
3568:
3085:
3072:
2976:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2308:
2233:Quelles sont ces voix magnanimes ?
2231:D'où partent ces cris déchirants ?
2079:, which is the modern orthography. See
2058:
1696:at the moment of the sinking. In 1795,
1006:In October 1782, she was hove down and
841:, where she arrived on 3 January 1781.
468:. To replace these losses, in 1761 the
4129:
3984:LISTE EQUIPAGE VAISSEAU LE MARSEILLAIS
3913:
3899:
3839:
3712:
3698:
3516:
3409:
3341:
3244:
3181:
3165:
3143:
3127:
3114:
3098:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2923:
2905:
2823:
2807:
2687:
2555:
2542:
2237:Qui chantent au fond des abîmes :
1985:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
1520:originally included the legend in his
445:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
434:, yielding a rebuttal by Rear-Admiral
4035:RENAUDIN Jean-François. Contre-Amiral
4009:On the Heroism of "Vengeur's" sailors
3927:
3909:(in French). Vol. 10. A. Wahlen.
3880:
3853:
3825:
3811:
3778:
3726:
3554:(in French). Presses Paris Sorbonne.
3468:
2348:
1739:the English, the fires and the waves!
1286:becoming entangled in the rigging of
55:
4137:Ships of the line of the French Navy
4054:, Jérémie Benoît, histoire-image.org
3756:
3592:. Vol. 5. London: James Fraser.
3348:RENAUDIN Jean-François.Contre-Amiral
2862:
2330:
1530: – who, as a lieutenant on HMS
1202:accelerated and closed the gap, and
903:, the fleet joined with the frigate
567:Louis-Armand de La Poype de Vertrieu
4089:Musée de la Marine et de l'Économie
4000:Le Vengeur livre son dernier combat
3906:Histoire de la révolution française
2227:Toi qui vis les Français vainqueurs
2170:" Original quote in Diaz de Soria,
1850:Histoire de la révolution française
1473:Vive la Nation, vive la RĂ©publique!
865:was the first officer, and a young
234:9 officers, one surgeon, one priest
13:
3659:(1839). "Le Chant des Victoires".
3630:. Paris: Ă©ditions Auguste Picard.
2223:Lève-toi, sors des mers profondes,
1935:is seen listing on the wrong side.
1915:is sinking in the left foreground.
1743:What are these magnanimous voices?
1505:le Vengeur, where he claimed that
855:Henri-CĂ©sar de Castellane Majastre
325:, she was launched in 1766 as the
14:
4173:
3957:
3734:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
3589:Critical and miscellaneous essays
3368:RĂ©impression de l'ancien Moniteur
3275:Ducis & Chénier, vol.2, p.691
2726:Barthélemy, pp. 288 and following
1741:Where do these shrieks come from?
1303:, after shattering the rudder of
796:Campaign of 1780, Albert de Rions
725:. The next year, on 6 July 1779,
696:, she was attacked by the 50-gun
544:Joseph-VĂ©ronique-Charles Chapelle
4142:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
4052:Guerres navales révolutionnaires
4037:, Amis du Patrimoine Napoléonien
4002:, Fabienne Manière, herodote.net
3934:Vingt mille Lieues sous les Mers
3575:The French Revolution: a History
3540:Erreurs et mensonges historiques
3336:Guerres navales révolutionnaires
3031:The French Revolution: a History
2296:, reported sunk with their ship.
2252:, the ship would be launched as
2239:Gloire au peuple français !
2225:Cadavre fumant du Vengeur !
2199:The French Revolution: A History
1940:
1920:
1900:
1826:declared before the convention:
1729:Rise, emerge from the deep seas,
1717:Contemporary reactions in France
1583:is often depicted as flying the
1523:The French Revolution: A History
431:The French Revolution: A History
300:("Avenger of the People") was a
61:
56:
31:
3694:(in French). Paris: Flammarion.
3692:Histoire de la Marine française
3647:(in French). F. Robert et fils.
3510:
3481:
3442:
3431:
3422:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3361:
3352:
3328:
3307:
3298:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3222:
3194:
3156:
3036:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2994:
2894:
2836:
2709:
2626:
2589:
2529:
2408:
2278:
2261:
2242:
2217:
2208:
2190:
2177:
2165:Translated from the original: "
2159:
2150:
2099:The name is often shortened to
1951:(1863–1930), on display at the
1737:You who saw the French vanquish
1688:that he was on a boat close to
1663:; this position is followed by
644:and the frigates blockaded the
472:launched subscriptions, called
168:Sunk on 1 June 1794 during the
3920:Batailles navales de la France
2716:Amis du Patrimoine Napoléonien
2399:
2376:
2113:
2093:
2075:The name is sometimes written
2069:
1860:refused to surrender. In 1847
1341:fired two broadsides, leaving
953:, and supported her until she
859:François Joseph Paul de Grasse
538:, delayed the construction of
416:was used as propaganda by the
357:, and supporting the flagship
16:French 74-gun ship of the line
1:
4082:, vancouvermaritimemuseum.com
3671:Écouchard-Lebrun, Ponce-Denis
3450:"vancouvermaritimemuseum.com"
3428:Jules Verne, pp. 407–415
3358:Guérin, vol.6, p.505, note 39
3325:Guérin, vol.6, p.506, note 39
3266:Guérin, vol.6, p.505, note 38
3162:Guérin, vol.6, p.505, note 37
2302:
1101:Atlantic campaign of May 1794
374:After the loss of the 74-gun
231:731 men (1778–1779 campaign):
3788:. Little, Brown and Company.
2235:Ce sont les braves expirants
1996:What was this ship? Why did
1761:Ponce Denis Écouchard Lebrun
1749:Glory to the French people!
1002:Campaign of 1782–83, Lombard
579:American War of Independence
512:, and named the same day by
508:on a design by the engineer
367:. She also took part in the
195:54.28 metres (178.1 ft)
7:
4013:The World's Famous Orations
3854:Roche, Jean-Michel (2005).
3793:Morrissey, Brendan (1997).
3705:Histoire maritime de France
3603:The Works of Thomas Carlyle
3578:. Vol. 2. p. 391.
3391:Lamartine, vol.2, p.331–332
3202:The Works of Thomas Carlyle
3001:The World's Famous Orations
1144:cut the French line aft of
1089:Admiral Villaret de Joyeuse
1075:, where she joined up with
986:On 25 and 26 January 1782,
510:Joseph-Marie-Blaise Coulomb
203:13.98 metres (45.9 ft)
10:
4178:
4152:Maritime incidents in 1794
2325:Dictionnaire des bâtiments
1509:had refused to surrender,
943:took part in the four-day
779:hindered her sailing when
604:on 8 August. Engraving by
573:American Revolutionary War
211:6.83 metres (22.4 ft)
18:
3764:. Conway Maritime Press.
3722:(in French). A. Delahays.
2870:Fleet Battle and Blockade
2049:Vancouver Maritime Museum
2034:
2008:Once this ship was named
1526:, prompting Rear-admiral
1501:on 21 messidor (9 July),
1442:
867:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
451:
428:repeated the tale in his
175:
50:
30:
3881:Tracy, Nicholas (1998).
3762:The British Battle-Fleet
2063:
1911:, by Loutherbourg - the
1745:They are the brave dying
1542:in subsequent editions.
1314:During the duel between
1282:collided, the anchor of
1240:simultaneously engaging
1206:turned her fire against
1111:was third in the French
1035:French Revolutionary War
922:Battle of the Chesapeake
744:returned to Toulon with
626:American Revolutionaries
348:Battle of the Chesapeake
4078:24 October 2013 at the
4066:, Bridgeman Art Library
4028:, Retrieved 29 May 2008
4015:, Retrieved 29 May 2008
3915:Troude, Onésime-Joachim
3401:Works of Thomas Carlyle
2596:Villeneuve, vice-amiral
2039:At least two models of
1963:Jules Verne's depiction
1700:depicted the rescue of
1411:rescued about 100 men;
1169:, attempted to prevent
1148:, firing a devastating
176:General characteristics
108:"Avenger of the People"
4091:, marseille-images.net
3885:. Chatham Publishing.
3835:(in French). Bertrand.
3818:Histoire des Girondins
3489:"marseille-images.net"
2032:
1979:
1846:
1802:
1751:
1747:Singing from the depth
1723:Le Chant des Victoires
1576:
1464:
1431:, the party witnessed
1333:, and was waiting for
1255:
1152:broadside that killed
1105:Glorious First of June
1095:Glorious First of June
1069:Jean François Renaudin
1052:
1045:Jean François Renaudin
1027:was decommissioned in
812:, who had his flag on
609:
466:Battle of Quiberon Bay
391:Glorious First of June
340:'s squadron, duelling
170:Glorious First of June
4162:Ships built in France
3438:Bridgeman Art Library
3082:, p. 19 and following
2196:In later editions of
1994:
1988:, published in 1870,
1974:showing the wreck of
1970:
1862:Alphonse de Lamartine
1828:
1806:Thermidorian Reaction
1772:
1727:
1567:
1450:
1233:
1115:, after the flagship
1042:
992:Battle of Saint Kitts
983:, arrived on 11 May.
945:Battle of the Saintes
849:In Brest, command of
804:was given command of
600:
369:Battle of Saint Kitts
365:Battle of the Saintes
332:She took part in the
4063:Le Vengeur du Peuple
3841:Moline, Pierre-Louis
3780:Mahan, Alfred Thayer
3676:Ode sur le vaisseau
3653:Ducis, Jean-François
3382:Thiers, vol.10, p.53
2059:Notes and references
1978:to professor Aronax.
1765:Marie-Joseph Chénier
1579:In French drawings,
1012:chevalier de Lombard
959:Admiral de Vaudreuil
875:Battle of Fort Royal
577:The outbreak of the
258:Upper battery: 30 Ă—
252:Lower battery: 28 Ă—
4109: /
4026:The Carlyle Letters
4024:, 10 December 1838
4022:Letter to Mary Rich
3813:Lamartine, Alphonse
3535:Barthélemy, Charles
3228:Guérin, vol.6, p.46
3043:Letter to Mary Rich
1907:British depiction:
1874:Prince of Joinville
1824:Jean-Jacques Bréard
1731:smoking cadaver of
1573:nailing the colours
1553:, first officer of
1499:National Convention
1390:, saved any of the
719:Battle of St. Lucia
488:chamber of commerce
418:National Convention
319:Chamber of Commerce
100:Chamber of commerce
21:French ship Vengeur
3969:, Ronald DeschĂŞnes
3622:Contenson, Ludovic
3456:on 24 October 2013
3313:histoirepassion.eu
3241:, p. 356–357.
3048:2010-07-13 at the
2416:La France maritime
2086:2012-05-16 at the
2043:are known. One, a
1980:
1947:1908 sculpture by
1657:Vive la RĂ©publique
1577:
1465:
1256:
1065:Federalist revolts
1053:
957:, at which point
955:struck her colours
939:. In early April,
853:passed to Captain
610:
486:was funded by the
442:in his 1870 novel
350:where she duelled
317:donation from the
129:shipyard, plan by
4157:Don des vaisseaux
4073:Featured Exhibits
3865:978-2-9525917-0-6
3804:978-1-85532-688-0
3067:Batailles navales
2857:Batailles navales
2802:Batailles navales
2766:Batailles navales
2750:Batailles navales
2737:Batailles navales
2682:Batailles navales
2669:Batailles navales
2656:Batailles navales
2643:Batailles navales
2621:Batailles navales
2608:Batailles navales
2537:Batailles navales
2524:Batailles navales
2511:Batailles navales
2498:Batailles navales
2485:Batailles navales
2467:Batailles navales
2451:Batailles navales
2435:Batailles navales
2041:Vengeur du Peuple
1976:Vengeur du Peuple
1913:Vengeur du Peuple
1891:Vengeur du Peuple
1570:Vengeur du Peuple
1469:Vengeur du Peuple
1242:Vengeur du Peuple
1061:Vengeur du Peuple
1059:had been renamed
1049:Vengeur du Peuple
990:took part in the
802:d'Albert de Rions
735:siege of Savannah
731:Battle of Grenada
729:took part in the
717:took part in the
662:Connecticut River
583:Admiral d'Estaing
475:don des vaisseaux
414:Vengeur du Peuple
403:Vengeur du Peuple
387:Vengeur du Peuple
314:don des vaisseaux
297:Vengeur du Peuple
293:
292:
85:Vengeur du Peuple
39:Vengeur du Peuple
4169:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4113:47.4°N 17.4667°W
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4087:
4071:
4059:
4050:
4042:
4033:
4020:
4007:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3965:
3953:
3938:
3924:
3910:
3896:
3877:
3850:
3836:
3822:
3808:
3789:
3775:
3753:
3723:
3709:
3695:
3683:
3666:
3648:
3639:
3617:
3593:
3579:
3565:
3544:
3530:
3518:Barère, Bertrand
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3495:on 12 April 2010
3491:. Archived from
3485:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3452:. Archived from
3446:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3284:Écouchard-Lebrun
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3052:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2921:
2914:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2882:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2782:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2584:Contenson (1934)
2581:
2575:
2568:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2481:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2396:Liste d'Ă©quipage
2394:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2346:
2339:
2328:
2321:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2246:
2240:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2097:
2091:
2073:
2026:— Yes! sir. The
1944:
1924:
1904:
1755:
1706:
1551:Cyprien Renaudin
1511:nailing her flag
1417:, about 40; and
1356:Trente-et-un Mai
1322:, the undamaged
1190:, under Captain
1158:
935:, under Captain
911:Continental Army
723:Anglo-French War
470:Duke of Choiseul
458:Seven Years' War
305:ship of the line
220:Full-rigged ship
133:and building by
68:
65:
60:
35:
28:
27:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4127:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4080:Wayback Machine
4069:
4057:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4018:
4005:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3963:
3960:
3941:
3901:Thiers, Adolphe
3893:
3866:
3805:
3772:
3742:
3688:Farrère, Claude
3614:
3598:Carlyle, Thomas
3584:Carlyle, Thomas
3570:Carlyle, Thomas
3562:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3474:Diaz de Soria,
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3415:Diaz de Soria,
3414:
3410:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3253:Diaz de Soria,
3252:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:Farrère, p. 271
3218:
3211:
3199:
3195:
3187:Diaz de Soria,
3186:
3182:
3174:Diaz de Soria,
3173:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3149:Diaz de Soria,
3148:
3144:
3136:Diaz de Soria,
3135:
3128:
3120:Diaz de Soria,
3119:
3115:
3107:Diaz de Soria,
3106:
3099:
3095:, p. 52–58
3091:Diaz de Soria,
3090:
3086:
3078:Diaz de Soria,
3077:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3050:Wayback Machine
3041:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2969:Diaz de Soria,
2968:
2964:
2956:Diaz de Soria,
2955:
2951:
2943:Diaz de Soria,
2942:
2938:
2933:
2924:
2916:Diaz de Soria,
2915:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2829:Diaz de Soria,
2828:
2824:
2816:Diaz de Soria,
2815:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2783:
2772:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2702:Diaz de Soria,
2701:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2632:Morrissey, p.55
2631:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2570:Diaz de Soria,
2569:
2556:
2548:Diaz de Soria,
2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2425:
2414:Amédée Gréhan,
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2369:Diaz de Soria,
2368:
2349:
2341:Diaz de Soria,
2340:
2331:
2322:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2288:". By "that" ("
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2130:
2118:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2088:Wayback Machine
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2037:
2023:
2017:
2007:
2003:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1945:
1936:
1925:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1866:Dupetit-Thouars
1793:
1787:
1779:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1704:
1661:La Marseillaise
1611:in submission.
1495:Bertrand Barère
1482:La Marseillaise
1467:The sinking of
1445:
1252:Nicholas Pocock
1196:Queen Charlotte
1171:Queen Charlotte
1156:
1141:Queen Charlotte
1097:
1037:
1004:
847:
833:On 6 November,
798:
595:
575:
462:Battle of Lagos
454:
422:Bertrand Barère
412:The sinking of
311:. Funded by a
118:16 January 1762
66:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4175:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4118:47.4; -17.4667
4093:
4092:
4083:
4067:
4055:
4046:
4038:
4029:
4016:
4011:, 9 July 1794
4003:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3959:
3958:External links
3956:
3955:
3954:
3939:
3931:(1870). "20".
3925:
3911:
3897:
3891:
3878:
3864:
3851:
3837:
3827:Levot, Prosper
3823:
3821:. Vol. 2.
3809:
3803:
3790:
3776:
3770:
3754:
3740:
3728:James, William
3724:
3710:
3696:
3684:
3667:
3657:Chénier, André
3649:
3640:
3618:
3613:978-1108022521
3612:
3594:
3580:
3566:
3560:
3545:
3531:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3480:
3476:Le Marseillois
3467:
3441:
3430:
3421:
3417:Le Marseillois
3408:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3360:
3351:
3340:
3327:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3255:Le Marseillois
3243:
3239:Le Marseillois
3230:
3221:
3209:
3193:
3189:Le Marseillois
3180:
3176:Le Marseillois
3164:
3155:
3151:Le Marseillois
3142:
3138:Le Marseillois
3126:
3122:Le Marseillois
3113:
3109:Le Marseillois
3097:
3093:Le Marseillois
3084:
3080:Le Marseillois
3071:
3053:
3035:
3033:, vol.2, p.391
3022:
3013:
3004:
2993:
2975:
2971:Le Marseillois
2962:
2958:Le Marseillois
2949:
2945:Le Marseillois
2936:
2922:
2918:Le Marseillois
2904:
2893:
2874:
2861:
2848:
2844:Le Marseillois
2835:
2831:Le Marseillois
2822:
2818:Le Marseillois
2806:
2793:
2770:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2719:
2708:
2704:Le Marseillois
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2625:
2612:
2599:
2588:
2586:, p. 155.
2576:
2572:Le Marseillois
2554:
2550:Le Marseillois
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2489:
2471:
2455:
2439:
2423:
2407:
2398:
2386:
2375:
2371:Le Marseillois
2347:
2343:Le Marseillois
2329:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2277:
2260:
2241:
2216:
2207:
2189:
2176:
2172:Le Marseillois
2158:
2149:
2112:
2092:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2036:
2033:
2022:! I exclaimed.
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1854:Adolphe Thiers
1721:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1636:Claude Farrère
1559:John Griffiths
1528:John Griffiths
1518:Thomas Carlyle
1444:
1441:
1130:Northumberland
1113:line of battle
1096:
1093:
1036:
1033:
1003:
1000:
950:Ville de Paris
937:Anthony Molloy
915:Chesapeake Bay
846:
843:
797:
794:
705:William Hotham
646:Sakonnet River
594:
591:
574:
571:
494:, for 500,000
453:
450:
436:John Griffiths
426:Thomas Carlyle
360:Ville de Paris
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
281:
280:
271:
262:
256:
250:
245:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:8 naval guards
235:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
95:
91:
90:
89:
88:
82:
74:
70:
69:
53:
52:
48:
47:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4174:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4125:
4122:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3892:1-86176-091-4
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3771:0-85177-723-6
3767:
3763:
3759:
3758:Jane, Fred T.
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3741:0-85177-905-0
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3434:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3008:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2934:Fraser, p.365
2931:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2886:Naval History
2881:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2786:Naval History
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2248:Laid down as
2245:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1949:Ernest Dubois
1943:
1938:
1934:
1931:(1805–1890).
1930:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:contre-amiral
1809:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1681:William James
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1607:hoisting the
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:battle ensign
1586:
1582:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1047:, captain of
1046:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
969:
965:, along with
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
897:
895:
894:
889:
888:
883:
882:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
842:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
793:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
766:
761:
760:
755:
754:
749:
748:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
665:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:New York City
607:
606:Pierre Ozanne
603:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
398:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
355:
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
303:
299:
298:
288:
285:
284:
279:
275:
272:
270:
266:
263:
261:
257:
255:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
210:
207:
206:
202:
199:
198:
194:
191:
190:
187:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
160:November 1767
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
144:February 1763
143:
140:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
121:
117:
114:
113:
107:
105:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4094:
4070:(in English)
4062:
4058:(in English)
4025:
4019:(in English)
4012:
4006:(in English)
3952:(in French).
3948:
3943:
3933:
3929:Verne, Jules
3919:
3905:
3882:
3855:
3849:(in French).
3845:
3831:
3817:
3794:
3784:
3761:
3731:
3718:
3714:Guérin, Léon
3704:
3700:Guérin, Léon
3691:
3682:(in French).
3679:
3675:
3661:
3644:
3626:
3602:
3588:
3574:
3550:
3539:
3529:(in French).
3526:
3522:
3511:Bibliography
3497:. Retrieved
3493:the original
3483:
3475:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:the original
3444:
3433:
3424:
3416:
3411:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3254:
3238:
3233:
3224:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3016:
3011:Tracy, p. 95
3007:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2917:
2901:herodote.net
2896:
2885:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2801:
2796:
2785:
2765:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2722:
2711:
2703:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2579:
2571:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2466:
2450:
2434:
2415:
2410:
2401:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2342:
2324:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2263:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2219:
2210:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2126:; this puts
2115:
2110:for details.
2106:
2105:French ship
2100:
2095:
2090:for details.
2076:
2071:
2053:
2040:
2038:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1972:Captain Nemo
1932:
1912:
1908:
1890:
1877:
1870:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1708:
1701:
1698:Loutherbourg
1693:
1689:
1686:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1653:Marseillaise
1652:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:The crew of
1554:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:and between
1116:
1108:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1005:
995:
987:
985:
979:
973:
967:
962:
948:
940:
931:
925:
919:
904:
901:Cap-Français
898:
892:
886:
880:
850:
848:
834:
832:
830:on 17 June.
813:
805:
799:
789:
772:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
741:
739:
726:
714:
713:
708:
699:
694:jury rigging
681:
668:
666:
660:blocked the
656:
650:
640:
634:
629:
624:to join the
611:
601:
586:
576:
554:
548:
539:
533:
527:
521:
517:
501:
500:
483:
473:
455:
443:
429:
413:
411:
406:
402:
396:
386:
385:was renamed
382:
377:
376:French ship
373:
358:
353:
341:
331:
326:
312:
296:
295:
294:
181:Displacement
152:16 July 1766
84:
78:
42:
38:
25:
4116: /
4086:(in French)
4061:Bone Model
4049:(in French)
4041:(in French)
4032:(in French)
3997:(in French)
3989:(in French)
3981:(in French)
3973:(in French)
3964:(in French)
3204:, Volume 6
3020:Jane, p. 95
2128:Marseillois
2077:Marseillais
2010:Marseillais
1990:Jules Verne
1844:(applause).
1451:Drawing by
1192:John Harvey
1057:Marseillois
1025:Marseillois
996:Marseillois
988:Marseillois
963:Marseillois
941:Marseillois
926:Marseillois
863:Champmartin
851:Marseillois
835:Marseillois
824:de Beausset
806:Marseillois
790:Marseillois
773:Marseillois
742:Marseillois
727:Marseillois
715:Marseillois
709:Marseillois
682:Marseillois
669:Marseillois
630:Marseillois
587:Marseillois
555:Marseillois
540:Marseillois
518:Marseillois
502:Marseillois
484:Marseillois
440:Jules Verne
336:in Admiral
327:Marseillois
309:French Navy
265:Quarterdeck
260:18-pounders
254:36-pounders
79:Marseillois
43:Marseillois
4147:1766 ships
4131:Categories
4104:17°28′00″W
4101:47°24′00″N
3944:le Vengeur
3678:Le Vengeur
3561:2840500833
3525:le Vengeur
3403:, vol.29,
3370:, vol.21,
2989:Rapport...
2868:Gardiner,
2303:References
1609:Union Jack
1017:Protecteur
871:Martinique
765:Experiment
759:Protecteur
753:Sagittaire
678:Nor'easter
651:Protecteur
641:Sagittaire
407:Marsellois
383:Marsellois
278:6-pounders
274:Forecastle
269:8-pounders
226:Complement
157:In service
3874:165892922
3760:(1997) .
3750:165702223
3730:(2002) .
3069:, p. 357.
3029:Carlyle,
2859:, p. 355.
2804:, p. 349.
2752:, p. 348.
2623:, p. 105.
2405:DeschĂŞnes
2272:vaisseau.
2121:Louis XVI
2045:scrimshaw
1725:(extract)
1626:Brunswick
1585:Tricolour
1536:Vengeur's
1477:tricolour
1392:Vengeur's
1347:Ramillies
1339:Ramillies
1335:Brunswick
1326:Ramillies
1320:Brunswick
1301:Brunswick
1284:Brunswick
1276:Brunswick
1264:Brunswick
1237:Brunswick
1218:Ramillies
1204:Brunswick
1187:Brunswick
1078:Pelletier
1073:ĂŽle-d'Aix
1029:Rochefort
785:gun ports
674:fireships
635:Fantasque
618:Lord Howe
559:hove down
535:Bourgogne
523:Languedoc
492:Marseille
397:Brunswick
338:d'Estaing
323:Marseille
216:Sail plan
141:Laid down
104:Marseille
87:(1794–94)
81:(1766–94)
37:Model of
4076:Archived
3917:(1867).
3903:(1836).
3843:(1794).
3829:(1866).
3782:(1918).
3716:(1855).
3702:(1857).
3690:(1956).
3624:(1934).
3600:(2010).
3586:(1840).
3572:(1838).
3537:(1876).
3520:(1794).
3237:Troude,
3124:, p. 29.
3111:, p. 27.
3065:Troude,
3046:Archived
2987:Barère,
2973:, p. 34.
2960:, p. 13.
2947:, p. 39.
2855:Troude,
2833:, p. 16.
2820:, p. 17.
2768:, p. 354
2764:Troude,
2748:Troude,
2739:, p. 338
2735:Troude,
2706:, p. 12.
2684:, p. 215
2680:Troude,
2671:, p. 158
2667:Troude,
2658:, p. 155
2654:Troude,
2645:, p. 156
2641:Troude,
2619:Troude,
2610:, p. 102
2606:Troude,
2574:, p. 11.
2552:, p. 51.
2535:Troude,
2522:Troude,
2509:Troude,
2500:, p. 16.
2496:Troude,
2483:Troude,
2469:, p. 14.
2465:Troude,
2453:, p. 13.
2449:Troude,
2437:, p. 12.
2433:Troude,
2373:, p. 10.
2327:, p. 299
2258:in 1803.
2174:, p. 51.
2136:Bretagne
2084:Archived
1999:Nautilus
1953:Panthéon
1837:Jemmapes
1694:Culloden
1641:Culloden
1632:Culloden
1532:Culloden
1429:Culloden
1425:Culloden
1420:Culloden
1381:Culloden
1365:Vengeur'
1214:engaged
1210:, while
1161:Montagne
1154:Montagne
1146:Montagne
1118:Montagne
1084:Jemmapes
1043:Captain
1008:coppered
932:Intrepid
906:Concorde
881:Intrepid
820:Portugal
703:, under
690:bowsprit
688:and her
657:Provence
514:Louis XV
464:and the
354:Intrepid
249:74 guns:
244:Armament
149:Launched
135:Chapelle
94:Namesake
3636:7842336
3499:4 April
3419:, p. 40
3257:, p. 30
3191:, p. 28
3178:, p. 25
3153:, p. 24
3140:, p. 36
2920:, p. 26
2884:James,
2872:, p. 33
2846:, p. 22
2800:Toude,
2784:James,
2539:, p. 46
2526:, p. 42
2513:, p. 19
2487:, p. 15
2345:, p. 9.
2323:Roche,
2294:Vengeur
2255:Vengeur
2185:Vengeur
2107:Vengeur
2101:Vengeur
2028:Vengeur
2020:Vengeur
2014:Preston
1933:Vengeur
1878:Vengeur
1858:Vengeur
1842:Vengeur
1832:Vengeur
1798:Vengeur
1790:Vengeur
1784:Vengeur
1776:Vengeur
1754:Chenier
1733:Vengeur
1702:Vengeur
1690:Vengeur
1677:Vengeur
1669:Farrère
1646:Vengeur
1620:Vengeur
1616:Vengeur
1605:Vengeur
1601:Vengeur
1593:Vengeur
1581:Vengeur
1555:Vengeur
1547:Vengeur
1540:Vengeur
1507:Vengeur
1497:at the
1488:Vengeur
1479:, sung
1457:Vengeur
1437:Vengeur
1433:Vengeur
1414:Rattler
1400:Vengeur
1396:Rattler
1387:Rattler
1369:Vengeur
1351:Vengeur
1343:Vengeur
1331:Vengeur
1316:Vengeur
1309:Vengeur
1305:Vengeur
1297:Vengeur
1292:Vengeur
1288:Vengeur
1280:Vengeur
1272:Vengeur
1268:Achille
1260:Achille
1247:Achille
1224:Valiant
1212:Achille
1208:Vengeur
1200:Achille
1183:, that
1180:Achille
1175:Jacobin
1166:Jacobin
1124:Achille
1109:Vengeur
980:Éveillé
968:Hercule
893:Russell
887:Centaur
810:Suffren
781:running
700:Preston
622:Newport
551:reserve
378:Vengeur
363:at the
343:Preston
307:of the
267:: 10 Ă—
208:Draught
131:Coulomb
123:Builder
115:Ordered
51:History
3889:
3872:
3862:
3801:
3768:
3748:
3738:
3634:
3610:
3558:
3478:, p. 7
3304:Moline
2890:p. 164
2790:p. 163
2250:Peuple
2168:avant.
2119:Under
2103:. See
2035:Models
2018:— The
1882:Guérin
1819:Thames
1673:Guérin
1665:Troude
1453:Ozanne
1443:Legacy
1408:Alfred
1375:Alfred
1262:, HMS
1150:raking
974:Pluton
762:, and
686:mizzen
648:, and
563:hogged
506:Toulon
496:livres
480:livres
452:Career
302:74-gun
289:Timber
286:Armour
276:: 6 Ă—
192:Length
186:tonnes
127:Toulon
67:France
3460:7 May
3372:p.712
3206:p.215
2991:, p.4
2420:p.300
2204:p.242
2131:'
2064:Notes
1929:Mayer
1705:'
1461:Tigre
1250:. By
1157:'
839:Brest
828:Cadiz
184:1550
3887:ISBN
3870:OCLC
3860:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3746:OCLC
3736:ISBN
3632:OCLC
3608:ISBN
3556:ISBN
3501:2013
3462:2013
3405:p.20
2290:cela
2145:p.17
1817:HMS
1763:and
1667:and
1624:the
1378:and
1373:HMS
1324:HMS
1318:and
1278:and
1270:and
1244:and
1235:HMS
1221:and
1216:HMS
1185:HMS
1177:and
1139:HMS
1127:and
977:and
930:HMS
890:and
879:HMS
815:Zélé
777:poop
747:Zélé
698:HMS
654:and
557:was
532:and
529:Zélé
420:and
395:HMS
352:HMS
200:Beam
165:Fate
73:Name
3946:".
1982:In
826:in
490:of
321:of
102:of
41:as
4133::
3868:.
3815:.
3744:.
3673:.
3655:;
3318:^
3246:^
3212:^
3167:^
3129:^
3100:^
3056:^
2978:^
2925:^
2907:^
2888:,
2877:^
2809:^
2788:,
2773:^
2757:^
2689:^
2557:^
2474:^
2458:^
2442:^
2426:^
2418:,
2389:^
2350:^
2332:^
2310:^
2143:,
2051:.
1868:.
1852:,
1713:.
1671:.
1311:.
1290:.
1227:.
1198:.
1163:,
1133:.
1107:.
1091:.
1020:.
971:,
924:.
896:.
884:,
861:.
756:,
750:,
664:.
638:,
569:.
546:.
526:,
498:.
448:.
409:.
371:.
329:.
3895:.
3876:.
3807:.
3774:.
3752:.
3638:.
3616:.
3564:.
3503:.
3464:.
2284:"
2147:)
1786:.
1735:!
1463:.
1254:.
1051:.
608:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg){kind=small}
