746:& Avis, 2005; Gould, 1991). It was also associated with elevation, i.e. a pleasant positive moral emotion triggered by witnessing acts of human moral virtue (Haidt, 2003). ... As tingling or chills have been linked to a wide range of emotions, both positive and negative, as well as general arousal, it was suggested that they consist of at least two independent factors: tingling-goosebumps and cold-shiver. While the former is related to greater surprise, enjoyment and approach motivation, the latter is linked to disgust, fear, sadness, and avoidance motivation (Maruskin, Thrash, & Elliot, 2012). ... The actual mechanisms behind affect-related tingling might be better illuminated by the deeply researched example of hedonic experiences. Emotional peak experiences are often accompanied by tingling or chills. Within this category, music appears to be the most frequent trigger of chills, experienced mostly at the neck and the arms (Harrison & Loui, 2014). ...
676:
still not understood. The current research takes a new perspective of the peak emotional response of tears (weeping, lump in the throat). A psychophysiological experiment showed that self-reported chills increased electrodermal activity and subjective arousal whereas tears produced slow respiration during heartbeat acceleration, although both chills and tears induced pleasure and deep breathing. A song that induced chills was perceived as being both happy and sad whereas a song that induced tears was perceived as sad. A tear-eliciting song was perceived as calmer than a chill-eliciting song. These results show that tears involve pleasure from sadness and that they are psychophysiologically calming; thus, psychophysiological responses permit the distinction between chills and tears. ...
1309:(Georgiadis et al., 2012; Kringelbach, 2005; Kringelbach et al., 2003; Small et al., 2001; Veldhuizen et al., 2010). Finally, in the brainstem, a hindbrain site near the parabrachial nucleus of dorsal pons also appears able to contribute to hedonic gains of function (Söderpalm and Berridge, 2000). A brainstem mechanism for pleasure may seem more surprising than forebrain hot spots to anyone who views the brainstem as merely reflexive, but the pontine parabrachial nucleus contributes to taste, pain, and many visceral sensations from the body and has also been suggested to play an important role in motivation (Wu et al., 2012) and in human emotion (especially related to the somatic marker hypothesis) (Damasio, 2010).
288:
frisson in the listener. The culture and nationality of both the piece and the composer will affect the levels of frisson felt, or if frisson is even felt at all. If one is very familiar with music built on established
Western musical traditions, deviations will violate the listener's expectations. If one is from a non-Western culture, deviations from western musical tradition may prove to have no effect on the listener. Jeanette Bicknell, writing for the “Journal of Consciousness Studies,” wrote, “Different musical cultures are based upon different patterns of tonal and rhythmic organization. These patterns of musical structure and meaning are social constructions that evolved through human musical practice."
679:
music chills are accompanied by increasing electrodermal activity (EDA) due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Further, a recent study suggested that chills are associated with enlarged pupil diameter, and there exists a positive relationship between chills and SNS activity. Brain-imaging studies have also suggested that chills activate reward-related brain regions, such as the ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, music chills are accompanied by rewarding dopamine release in the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens in the striatum. Therefore, the experience of chills seems to produce physiological arousal and reward for the listener.
189:—that violate some level of musical expectation. While frisson is usually known for being evoked by experiences with music, the phenomenon can additionally be triggered with poetry, videos, beauty in nature or art, eloquent speeches, and the practice of science (mainly physics and mathematics). During a frisson, a sensation of chills or tingling is felt on the skin of the lower back, shoulders, neck, and/or arms. The sensation of chills is sometimes experienced as a series of 'waves' moving up the back in rapid succession and commonly described as "shivers up the spine." Hair follicles may also undergo piloerection.
279:. Within the context of music, emotional contagion involves various musical devices, such as tonality, rhythm, and lyrics that imply emotion, triggering similar emotions in the listener. In "The Emotional Power of Music: Multidisciplinary perspectives on musical arousal, expression, and social control," Stephen Davies suggests that "music is expressive because we experience it as presenting the kind of carriage, gait, or demeanor that can be symptomatic of states such as happiness, sadness, anger, sassy sexuality, and so on."
20:
752:
possible that the emotional involvement evokes sympathetic arousal, which in turn is perceived as a tingling sensation (Grewe et al., 2010). The hypothesis that pleasant tingling is caused by emotional processes, and not the other way around, is supported by the fact that most people experiencing ASMR reported positive emotions during listening to music even in the absence of tingling (Barratt & Davis, 2015).
749:
relaxed and alert. Similar to chills, it can be triggered by a variety of external stimuli, but also by internal triggers, such as focusing attention, recalling the memory of a previous ASMR, meditating, or changes of mood or state of mind. It is also connected to the experience of intimacy, flow, or mindfulness (Kobayashi, 2015).
1308:
reactions elicited by sweetness, similar to the NAc and VP hot spots. Successful confirmation of hedonic hot spots in the OFC or insula would be important and possibly relevant to the orbitofrontal mid-anterior site mentioned earlier that especially tracks the subjective pleasure of foods in humans
678:
Because such chills are a clear, discrete event and have the advantage of being elicited by music in emotion research, previous studies have examined the psychophysiological responses to music chills by measuring autonomic nervous system activity. To date, empirical studies have repeatedly shown that
675:
People sometimes experience a strong emotional response to artworks. Previous studies have demonstrated that the peak emotional experience of chills (goosebumps or shivers) when listening to music involves psychophysiological arousal and a rewarding effect. However, many aspects of peak emotion are
1303:
In the prefrontal cortex, recent evidence indicates that the OFC and insula cortex may each contain their own additional hot spots (D.C. Castro et al., Soc. Neurosci., abstract). In specific subregions of each area, either opioid-stimulating or orexin-stimulating microinjections appear to enhance
742:
In this paper, we will review the current scientific knowledge on a special skin-related sensation, tingling. The term refers to an altered sensation localized on the surface of the skin, which is not related to pain and thermal sensations. We have chosen this broad and somewhat vague description
196:(an opioid receptor antagonist), suggesting musical frisson gives rise to endogenous opioid peptides similar to other pleasurable experiences. Frisson may be enhanced by the amplitude of the music and the temperature of the environment. Cool listening rooms and cinemas may enhance the experience.
745:
Medicine places tingling under the general term paresthesia, i.e. sensations of a person's body with no apparent physical cause (NINDS, 2017). ... Tingling is linked to a variety of affective states connected with positive excitement and the feeling of being energized (Ayan, 2005; Bathmaker
748:
A related phenomenon is the recently described autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) (Barratt & Davis, 2015). It is characterized by a static tingling sensation originating from the back of the head, then propagating to the neck, shoulder, arm, spine, and legs, which makes people feel
287:
Frisson can also be amplified by one's environment and by the social context that the piece has been listened to. For example, if one listens to a movie soundtrack in a cinema, the overall volume and the film's story will provide intentional context, likely creating deeper emotional feelings of
266:
Frisson can be induced by spectating a dance performance, which involves both observing the dancers and hearing the music, corresponding to two sense modalities: vision and audition, respectively. This scenario provides the means for frisson to occur, yet it is not guaranteed that the conflict
751:
Concerning the nervous system background, a neuroimaging study has shown that the intensity of chills correlated with the activity of the ventral striatum and the orbitofrontal cortex (i.e., the centers of the reward circuitry), insula, and anterior cingulum (Blood & Zatorre, 2001). It is
1424:
Here, we show that opioid or orexin stimulations in orbitofrontal cortex and insula causally enhance hedonic "liking" reactions to sweetness and find a third cortical site where the same neurochemical stimulations reduce positive hedonic
349:
can occur without the sensation of tingling or piloerection, the authors of one review hypothesized that the emotional response to music during a frisson evokes a sympathetic response that is experienced as a tingling sensation.
181:, respectively. The stimuli that produce this response are specific to each individual. Frisson is of short duration, lasting only a few seconds. Typical stimuli include loud passages of music and passages—such as
743:
because tingling is a private qualia-type experience, which cannot be easily verbalized and communicated (Jackson, 1982). Therefore, tingling is an umbrella term that covers various sensations.
254:(ANS). Activation of the ANS has a consistently strong correlation with frisson, as one study showed that an opioid antagonist could block frisson from music.
774:
314:– and that the intensity of tingling is positively correlated with the magnitude of sympathetic activation. Frisson is also associated with piloerection,
1050:
Schurtz DR, Blincoe S, Smith RH, Powell CA, Combs DJ, Kim SH (June 2012). "Exploring the social aspects of goose bumps and their role in awe and envy".
321:
Neuroimaging studies have found that the intensity of tingling is positively correlated with the magnitude of brain activity in specific regions of the
258:, a prominent philosopher of music, argues that music's ability to evoke emotion in the listener stems from its ability to meet and break expectations.
230:
violations of a person's explicit or implicit expectations are associated with musical frisson as a prerequisite. Loud, very high or low
577:
Colver MC, El-Alayli A (May 2016). "Getting aesthetic chills from music: The connection between openness to experience and frisson".
528:"Thrills, chills, frissons, and skin orgasms: toward an integrative model of transcendent psychophysiological experiences in music"
1184:
1160:
453:
411:
364:
1094:
470:
1443:
1239:
111:
68:
844:"Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion"
778:
444:
1251:
139:(including music, films, stories, people, photos, and rituals) that often induces a pleasurable or otherwise
1453:
1176:
708:
Tihanyi BT, Ferentzi E, Beissner F, Köteles F (February 2018). "The neuropsychophysiology of tingling".
318:, and physiological arousal, all of which are mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
427:
311:
301:
178:
431:
251:
1362:
359:
903:"The emotional power of poetry: neural circuitry, psychophysiology and compositional principles"
165:
The psychological component (i.e., the pleasurable feeling) and physiological components (i.e.,
307:
1152:
306:
Experimental studies have also shown that tingling during frisson is accompanied by increased
136:
162:
with skin tingling; piloerection and pupil dilation not necessarily occurring in all cases.
1387:
963:
855:
640:
330:
140:
629:"Two types of peak emotional responses to music: The psychophysiology of chills and tears"
8:
276:
210:
143:
1391:
1198:
967:
859:
644:
1410:
1375:
1347:
1322:
1289:
1264:
1145:
1125:
1075:
1032:
986:
951:
927:
902:
824:
733:
661:
628:
594:
554:
527:
501:
186:
1448:
1415:
1352:
1321:
Richard JM, Castro DC, Difeliceantonio AG, Robinson MJ, Berridge KC (November 2013).
1294:
1235:
1180:
1156:
1117:
1079:
1067:
1036:
991:
932:
883:
878:
843:
828:
816:
725:
666:
598:
559:
493:
449:
407:
326:
1338:
1129:
737:
505:
192:
It has been shown that some experiencing musical frisson report reduced measures of
1405:
1395:
1342:
1334:
1284:
1276:
1210:
1109:
1059:
1022:
981:
971:
922:
914:
873:
863:
808:
717:
656:
648:
586:
549:
539:
485:
255:
219:
82:
76:
39:
374:
346:
159:
1323:"Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley"
1280:
976:
721:
338:
120:
33:
1380:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
848:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
334:
1363:
Figure 3: Neural circuits underlying motivated 'wanting' and hedonic 'liking'.
1063:
901:
Wassiliwizky E, Koelsch S, Wagner V, Jacobsen T, Menninghaus W (August 2017).
1437:
1121:
1071:
590:
544:
497:
399:
322:
297:
174:
133:
1400:
1419:
1376:"Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula"
1356:
1298:
1252:
http://jeanettebicknell.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BicknellJCS-copy.pdf
1214:
1113:
995:
936:
887:
868:
820:
729:
670:
563:
489:
243:
182:
170:
151:
918:
158:(pupil dilation). The sensation commonly occurs as a mildly to moderately
439:
435:
379:
166:
147:
19:
1027:
1010:
369:
239:
652:
799:
Koelsch S (March 2014). "Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions".
342:
315:
231:
155:
1320:
952:"Effects of Aesthetic Chills on a Cardiac Signature of Emotionality"
812:
16:
Psychophysiological response to rewarding auditory or visual stimuli
341:, a region of the brain that is responsible for producing pleasure
227:
193:
900:
310:(skin conductance) – which is mediated via the activation of the
223:
950:
Sumpf M, Jentschke S, Koelsch S (2015-06-17). Brattico E (ed.).
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
247:
215:
707:
91:
51:
684:
337:. All three of these brain structures are known to contain a
235:
1147:
100:
173:, and pupil dilation) of the response are mediated by the
57:
1049:
23:
Piloerection (goose bumps), the physical part of frisson
1175:
Leonard B. Meyer (1956). Emotion and
Meaning in Music.
1314:
949:
112:
103:
97:
85:
69:
60:
54:
45:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
570:
88:
48:
1262:
204:
94:
42:
1144:
775:"Music Cognition Handbook: A Glossary of Concepts"
267:between audition and vision will trigger frisson.
605:
282:
1435:
1011:"Thrills in response to music and other stimuli"
150:(skin tingling or chills), sometimes along with
1256:
576:
1373:
1367:
521:
519:
517:
515:
448:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1136:
841:
835:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
525:
1203:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
907:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
792:
626:
512:
365:Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR)
777:. music-cog.ohio-state.edu. Archived from
1409:
1399:
1346:
1288:
1092:
1026:
1008:
985:
975:
926:
877:
867:
757:
660:
553:
543:
468:
250:succession have been shown to arouse the
1263:Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (May 2015).
445:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
18:
1374:Castro DC, Berridge KC (October 2017).
842:Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ (September 2001).
798:
360:Art and emotion § Aesthetic chills
160:pleasurable emotional response to music
132:, is a psychophysiological response to
1436:
1327:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
270:
238:, or unexpected harmonies, moments of
124:; French for "shiver"), also known as
1196:
1142:
426:
398:
261:
119:
1250:Jeanette Bicknell, 2007, pgs. 5-23.
291:
13:
14:
1465:
772:
275:Frisson can also be a product of
627:Mori K, Iwanaga M (April 2017).
404:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
205:Violations of musical expectancy
81:
38:
1339:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.008
1265:"Pleasure systems in the brain"
1244:
1228:
1190:
1169:
1093:Schoeller, Félix (2015-10-01).
1086:
1043:
1002:
943:
894:
469:Schoeller, Félix (2015-10-01).
462:
420:
392:
375:Euphoria § Music euphoria
283:Environment and social context
1:
385:
1281:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018
977:10.1371/journal.pone.0130117
801:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
722:10.1016/j.concog.2017.10.015
7:
1197:Nanay, Bence (March 2023).
1177:University of Chicago Press
710:Consciousness and Cognition
526:Harrison L, Loui P (2014).
353:
10:
1470:
1095:"The Shivers of Knowledge"
1009:Goldstein A (March 1980).
471:"The Shivers of Knowledge"
312:sympathetic nervous system
302:Sympathetic nervous system
295:
208:
179:sympathetic nervous system
1064:10.1007/s11031-011-9243-8
406:(3rd ed.). Longman.
199:
1444:Autonomic nervous system
1102:Human and Social Studies
1015:Physiological Psychology
591:10.1177/0305735615572358
545:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00790
478:Human and Social Studies
252:autonomic nervous system
1401:10.1073/pnas.1705753114
1234:Stephen Davies, 2013.
579:Frontiers in Psychology
532:Frontiers in Psychology
316:enlarged pupil diameter
1151:. MIT Press. pp.
1114:10.1515/hssr-2015-0022
1052:Motivation and Emotion
869:10.1073/pnas.191355898
490:10.1515/hssr-2015-0022
347:music-induced euphoria
308:electrodermal activity
24:
1333:(9 Pt A): 1919–1931.
296:Further information:
209:Further information:
22:
1215:10.1093/jaac/kpac051
331:orbitofrontal cortex
1454:Musical terminology
1392:2017PNAS..114E9125C
1386:(43): E9125–E9134.
1199:"Frissons in Dance"
968:2015PLoSO..1030117S
919:10.1093/scan/nsx069
860:2001PNAS...9811818B
854:(20): 11818–11823.
645:2017NatSR...746063M
277:emotional contagion
271:Emotional contagion
211:Melodic expectation
141:positively-valenced
130:psychogenic shivers
1028:10.3758/BF03326460
633:Scientific Reports
262:Dance performances
234:, quickly varying
154:(goose bumps) and
25:
1185:978-0-226-52139-8
1162:978-0-262-08345-4
1143:Huron DB (2006).
653:10.1038/srep46063
455:978-0-521-15255-6
413:978-1-4058-8118-0
327:nucleus accumbens
292:Neural substrates
1461:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1403:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1292:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1006:
1000:
999:
989:
979:
947:
941:
940:
930:
913:(8): 1229–1240.
898:
892:
891:
881:
871:
839:
833:
832:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:
770:
755:
754:
705:
682:
681:
664:
624:
603:
602:
574:
568:
567:
557:
547:
523:
510:
509:
475:
466:
460:
459:
424:
418:
417:
396:
325:, including the
126:aesthetic chills
123:
121:[fʁisɔ̃]
118:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
80:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
37:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1319:
1315:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1141:
1137:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1048:
1044:
1007:
1003:
962:(6): e0130117.
948:
944:
899:
895:
840:
836:
813:10.1038/nrn3666
797:
793:
784:
782:
771:
758:
750:
747:
744:
706:
685:
677:
625:
606:
575:
571:
524:
513:
473:
467:
463:
456:
425:
421:
414:
397:
393:
388:
356:
339:hedonic hotspot
304:
294:
285:
273:
264:
213:
207:
202:
144:affective state
116:
84:
75:
74:
41:
32:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1430:
1429:
1366:
1313:
1304:the number of
1275:(3): 646–664.
1255:
1243:
1227:
1189:
1168:
1161:
1135:
1085:
1058:(2): 205–217.
1042:
1021:(1): 126–129.
1001:
942:
893:
834:
807:(3): 170–180.
791:
756:
683:
604:
585:(3): 413–427.
569:
511:
461:
454:
419:
412:
390:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
355:
352:
335:insular cortex
293:
290:
284:
281:
272:
269:
263:
260:
206:
203:
201:
198:
146:and transient
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1240:9780199654888
1237:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
781:on 2017-07-31
780:
776:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
753:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
680:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
565:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
520:
518:
516:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
472:
465:
457:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
415:
409:
405:
401:
395:
391:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:reward system
319:
317:
313:
309:
303:
299:
298:Reward system
289:
280:
278:
268:
259:
257:
256:Leonard Meyer
253:
249:
245:
244:appoggiaturas
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
197:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:appoggiaturas
180:
176:
175:reward system
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
122:
115:
114:
108:
78:
72:
71:
65:
35:
29:
21:
1423:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1246:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1209:(1): 15–23.
1206:
1202:
1192:
1171:
1146:
1138:
1108:(3): 26–41.
1105:
1101:
1088:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1018:
1014:
1004:
959:
955:
945:
910:
906:
896:
851:
847:
837:
804:
800:
794:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
741:
713:
709:
674:
636:
632:
582:
578:
572:
535:
531:
484:(3): 26–41.
481:
477:
464:
443:
422:
403:
394:
320:
305:
286:
274:
265:
214:
191:
171:piloerection
164:
152:piloerection
129:
125:
27:
26:
1220:18 February
380:Goose bumps
240:modulations
185:and sudden
167:paresthesia
148:paresthesia
1438:Categories
785:2015-04-14
773:Huron DB.
716:: 97–110.
386:References
370:Cold chill
187:modulation
1122:2285-5920
1080:144210220
1072:1573-6644
1037:145577341
829:205509609
639:: 46063.
599:145123811
498:2285-5920
343:cognition
232:frequency
226:, and/or
156:mydriasis
134:rewarding
113:free-SOHN
1449:Pleasure
1420:29073109
1357:23261404
1299:25950633
1130:53493646
996:26083383
956:PLOS ONE
937:28460078
888:11573015
821:24552785
738:46885551
730:29096941
671:28387335
564:25101043
506:53493646
442:(eds.).
440:Esling J
436:Setter J
430:(2011).
402:(2008).
400:Wells JC
354:See also
345:. Since
248:melody's
224:harmonic
216:Rhythmic
194:naloxone
70:FREE-son
1425:impact.
1411:5664503
1388:Bibcode
1348:3706488
1290:4425246
987:4470584
964:Bibcode
928:5597896
856:Bibcode
662:5384201
641:Bibcode
555:4107937
538:: 790.
432:Roach P
428:Jones D
228:melodic
220:dynamic
137:stimuli
117:French:
28:Frisson
1418:
1408:
1355:
1345:
1306:liking
1297:
1287:
1269:Neuron
1238:
1183:
1159:
1128:
1120:
1078:
1070:
1035:
994:
984:
935:
925:
886:
876:
827:
819:
736:
728:
669:
659:
597:
562:
552:
504:
496:
452:
410:
333:, and
242:, and
236:sounds
200:Causes
1126:S2CID
1098:(PDF)
1076:S2CID
1033:S2CID
879:58814
825:S2CID
734:S2CID
595:S2CID
502:S2CID
474:(PDF)
246:in a
1416:PMID
1353:PMID
1295:PMID
1236:ISBN
1222:2024
1181:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1118:ISSN
1068:ISSN
992:PMID
933:PMID
884:PMID
817:PMID
726:PMID
667:PMID
560:PMID
494:ISSN
450:ISBN
408:ISBN
300:and
177:and
1406:PMC
1396:doi
1384:114
1343:PMC
1335:doi
1285:PMC
1277:doi
1211:doi
1155:–.
1110:doi
1060:doi
1023:doi
982:PMC
972:doi
923:PMC
915:doi
874:PMC
864:doi
809:doi
718:doi
657:PMC
649:doi
587:doi
550:PMC
540:doi
486:doi
128:or
1440::
1422:.
1414:.
1404:.
1394:.
1382:.
1378:.
1351:.
1341:.
1331:37
1329:.
1325:.
1301:.
1293:.
1283:.
1273:86
1271:.
1267:.
1207:81
1205:.
1201:.
1179:.
1124:.
1116:.
1104:.
1100:.
1074:.
1066:.
1056:36
1054:.
1031:.
1017:.
1013:.
990:.
980:.
970:.
960:10
958:.
954:.
931:.
921:.
911:12
909:.
905:.
882:.
872:.
862:.
852:98
850:.
846:.
823:.
815:.
805:15
803:.
759:^
740:.
732:.
724:.
714:58
712:.
686:^
673:.
665:.
655:.
647:.
635:.
631:.
607:^
593:.
583:44
581:.
558:.
548:.
534:.
530:.
514:^
500:.
492:.
480:.
476:.
438:,
434:,
329:,
222:,
218:,
169:,
101:oʊ
92:iː
79::
77:US
73:,
52:iː
36::
34:UK
1398::
1390::
1359:.
1337::
1279::
1224:.
1213::
1187:.
1165:.
1153:5
1132:.
1112::
1106:4
1082:.
1062::
1039:.
1025::
1019:8
998:.
974::
966::
939:.
917::
890:.
866::
858::
831:.
811::
788:.
720::
651::
643::
637:7
601:.
589::
566:.
542::
536:5
508:.
488::
482:4
458:.
416:.
107:/
104:n
98:s
95:ˈ
89:r
86:f
83:/
64:/
61:n
58:ɒ
55:s
49:r
46:f
43:ˈ
40:/
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
