871:, other fish, and even each other. When potential prey is first spotted, the frogfish follows it with its eyes. Then, when it approaches within roughly seven body-lengths, the frogfish begins to move its illicium in such a way that the esca mimics the motions of the animal it resembles. As the prey approaches, the frogfish slowly moves to prepare for its attack; sometimes this involves approaching the prey or "stalking", while sometimes it is simply adjusting its mouth angle. The catch itself is made by the sudden opening of the jaws, which enlarges the volume of the mouth cavity up to 12-fold, pulling the prey into the mouth along with water. The attack can be as fast as 6
1045:
896:
1133:
924:
to several days before the egg-laying, the abdomen of the female starts to swell as up to 180,000 eggs absorb water. The male begins to approach the female around two days before the spawning. Whether the spawn is predetermined by some external factor, such as the phase of the moon, or if the male is attracted to a smell or signal released by the female, is unknown. In all hitherto observed breeding pairs, one partner was noticeably larger than the other, sometimes as much as 10 times. When the gender could be determined, the larger partner was always the female.
1093:
1067:
62:
1151:
1115:
668:
656:
910:
1169:
713:, has no esca at all. Despite very specific mimicry in the esca, examinations of stomach contents do not reveal any specialized predation patterns, for example, only worm-eating fish consumed by frogfishes with worm-mimicking esca. If lost, the esca can be regenerated. In many species, the illicium and esca can be withdrawn into a depression between the second and third dorsal fins for protection when they are not needed.
741:
38:
832:
931:. Just before the spawning, the female begins to swim above the ocean floor toward the surface. At the highest point of their swim, they release the eggs and sperm before descending. Sometimes, the male pulls the eggs out of the female with his mouth. After mating, the partners depart quickly as otherwise the smaller male would likely be eaten. A few species are substrate-spawners, notably the
695:, the front-most of the three fins is called the illicium or "rod" and is topped with the esca or "lure". The illicium often has striped markings, while the esca takes a different form in each species. Because of the variety of colours even within a single species, the esca and illicium are useful tools to differentiate among different varieties. Some of them resemble fish, some
923:
The reproductive behavior of the normally solitary frogfish is still not fully researched. Few observations in aquaria and even fewer from the wild have been made. Most species are free-spawning, with females laying the eggs in the water and males coming in behind to fertilize them. From eight hours
687:
and their mouths are upward-pointed with palatal teeth. They are often brightly coloured, white, yellow, red, green, or black or spotted in several colours to blend in with their coral surroundings. Coloration can also vary within one species, making it difficult to differentiate between them.
965:
The eggs are 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) in diameter and cohere in a gelatinous mass or long ribbon, which in sargassumfish are up to a metre (3.3 ft) long and 16 cm (6.5 in) wide. These egg masses can include up to 180,000 eggs. For most species, the eggs drift on the
855:
In open water, frogfishes can swim with strokes of the caudal fin. They also use jet propulsion, often used by younger frogfish. It is achieved by rhythmically gulping water and forcing it out through their gill openings, also called opercular openings, which lie behind their pectoral fins.
822:
Many frogfishes can change their colour. The light colours are generally yellows or yellow-browns, while the darker are green, black, or dark red. They usually appear with the lighter color, but the change can last from a few days to several weeks. What triggers the change is unknown.
682:
Frogfishes have a stocky appearance, atypical of fish. Ranging from 2.5–38 cm (0.98–14.96 in) long, their plump, high-backed, unstreamlined body is scaleless and bare, often covered with bumpy, bifurcated spinules. Their short bodies have between 18 and 23
1315:
Arnold, R. J.; R. G. Harcourt; and T. W. Pietsch (2014). "A new genus and species of the frogfish family
Antennariidae (Teleostei: Lophiiformes: Antennarioidei) from New South Wales, Australia, with a diagnosis and key to the genera of the Histiophryninae".
843:
to walk along the floor. They rarely swim, preferring to clamber over the sea bottom with their fins in one of two "gaits". In the first, they alternately move their pectoral fins forward, propelling themselves somewhat like a two-legged
576:. Their habitat lies for the most part between the 20 °C isotherms, in areas where the surface level water usually has a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) or more. They extend beyond the 20 °C isotherms in the area of the
952:, which lay their eggs on a solid surface, such as a plant or rock. Some species guard their eggs, a duty assigned to the male in almost all species, while most others do not. Several species practice brood carrying, for example the
982:. After this stage, at a length between 15 and 28 mm (0.59 and 1.10 in), they have the form of adult frogfish and begin their lives on the sea floor. Young frogfish often mimic the coloration of poisonous
852:, whereby they move their pectoral fins simultaneously forward and back, transferring their weight to the pelvic fins while moving the pectorals forward. With either gait, they can cover only short stretches.
1530:
Shedlock, A.M.; Pietsch, T.W.; Haygood, M.G.; Bentzen, P.; Hasegawa, M. (2004). "Molecular systematics and life history evolution of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): evidence from mitochondrial DNA".
839:
Frogfishes generally do not move very much, preferring to lie on the sea floor and wait for prey to approach. Once the prey is spotted, they can approach slowly using their pectoral and
879:
closed with a special muscle to keep the victim from escaping. In addition to expanding their mouths, frogfish can also expand their stomachs to swallow animals up to twice their size.
1030:, is the first proven fossil frogfish, believed to be most closely related to the extant Senegalese frogfish. In 2009, a new fossil from the upper Ypresian Stage of the early
544:
member of this grouping and represents a separate lineage from all other frogfishes, leading to some consideration of it being placed in its own family, the
Tathicarpidae.
202:. In keeping with this camouflage, frogfishes typically move slowly, lying in wait for prey, and then striking extremely rapidly, in as little as 6 milliseconds.
1813:
G. Carnevale1 & T.W. Pietsch: Filling the gap: a fossil frogfish, genus
Antennarius (Teleostei, Lophiiformes, Antennariidae), from the Miocene of Algeria
1044:
953:
1350:
1499:
1446:"Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE"
482:
179:. Frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world, the primary exception being the Mediterranean Sea.
927:
During the free-spawning courtship ritual, the male swims beside and somewhat behind the female, nudges her with his mouth, then remains near her
1984:
799:
For the scaleless and unprotected frogfish, camouflage is an important defense against predators. Some species can also inflate themselves, like
486:
1066:
882:
Slow-motion filming has shown that the frogfish sucks in its prey in just six milliseconds, so fast that other animals cannot see it happen.
2023:
588:, along the Atlantic coast of the United States, on the south coast of Australia and the northern tip of New Zealand, coastal Japan, around
1843:
748:
The unusual appearance of the frogfish functions to conceal it from predators and sometimes to mimic a potential meal to lure it in. In
1825:
G. Carnevalel & T.W. Pietsch. 2009. An Eocene frogfish from Monte Bolca, Italy: The earliest known skeletal record for the family
807:. In aquaria and in nature, frogfish have been observed, when flushed from their hiding spots and clearly visible, to be attacked by
1705:
1958:
1132:
242:
recognises 13 genera within the family but no subfamilies. Other authorities recognise two subfamilies, the
Antennariinae and the
1092:
1997:
1641:
1613:
1272:
2002:
2118:
1762:
859:
The sargassum frogfish has adapted fins which can grab strands of sargassum, enabling it to "climb" through the seaweed.
175:. Antennariids are known as anglerfish in Australia, where the term "frogfish" refers to members of the unrelated family
1114:
756:. Their unusual shape, colour, and skin textures disguise frogfish. Some resemble stones or coral, while others imitate
974:
while their digestive systems continue to develop. The young have long fin filaments and can resemble tiny, tentacled
1787:
1777:
1747:
2085:
2028:
647:, which often floats into the deeper ocean and has been known to take the sargassum fish as far north as Norway.
1509:
1360:
305:, an allusion to first dorsal spine being adapted into a tentacle on the snout used as a lure to attract prey.
2010:
372:
1014:
was initially described as a frogfish, but was later thought to belong to the closely related extant genus
61:
1919:
1906:
1577:
1475:
1150:
970:
are between 0.8 and 1.6 mm (0.031 and 0.063 in) long. For the first few days, they live on the
1382:
419:
406:
2077:
1924:
1168:
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2038:
269:
20:
1203:
336:
2123:
1897:
1050:
624:
187:
2064:
1814:
1800:
246:, while others treat these as two separate families. The Antennariidae is classified within the
233:
138:
2113:
1859:
423:
895:
2059:
1989:
1138:
704:
459:
323:
2051:
998:
Very few fossil remains of frogfishes have been found. In the northern
Italian formation at
533:, which other authorities treat as a subfamily of Antennariidae, the Histiophryninae. ‘kThe
1945:
1495:
1398:
1387:"Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective"
1346:
1256:
1080:
721:
612:, divers have found 9 different species. Frogfish live generally on the ocean floor around
499:
905:
does not tolerate the smaller male after fertilization, and may eat him if he stays close.
229:
The frogfish family, Antennariidae, was first proposed as a family in 1822 by the Polish
8:
1700:
392:
238:
1402:
967:
1677:
1421:
1386:
1098:
1072:
804:
753:
534:
191:
56:
1649:
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1932:
1911:
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302:
45:
1529:
1416:
1406:
1325:
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1248:
1215:
1156:
848:, leaving the pelvic fins out. Alternately, they can move in something like a slow
725:
663:, with upturned mouth, very distinct spinules, and esca in the form of a white worm
1937:
1709:
1385:; J. Orr; R. Arnold; T. Satoh; A. Shedlock; H. Ho; M. Shimazaki; M. Yabe (2010).
1294:
597:
530:
380:
265:
254:
243:
2015:
194:. Many species can change colour; some are covered with other organisms such as
1174:
640:
585:
359:
250:
176:
123:
103:
1220:
913:
875:. The water flows out through the gills, while the prey is swallowed and the
2107:
1882:
1609:
1573:
1471:
1290:
773:
764:
with dark splotches instead of holes. In 2005, a species was discovered, the
444:
436:
354:
318:
1838:
1411:
1298:
1738:
Bertelsen, E.; Pietsch, T.W. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
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172:
1722:
1264:
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1971:
1891:
999:
729:
676:
636:
632:
557:
507:
331:
313:
The frogfish family, Antennariidae is divided into the following genera:
285:
1558:
1314:
655:
1596:
No recognised taxon options: order, family, genus, species, subspecies.
1202:
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
909:
868:
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477:
344:
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37:
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surface. After two to five days, the fish hatch and the newly hatched
1976:
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230:
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199:
93:
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and other appendages to aid in camouflage. The camouflage aids in
1076:
1023:
796:
have been known to crawl over the fish without recognizing them.
740:
581:
573:
565:
367:
210:
183:
182:
Frogfishes are small, short and stocky, and sometimes covered in
831:
1031:
1007:
932:
928:
816:
757:
696:
672:
589:
577:
218:
83:
956:, whose eggs are attached to the male, and those in the genus
283:
The frogfish family, Antennariidae, has its name derived from
2072:
1950:
1380:
781:
272:
205:
Few traces of frogfishes remain in the fossil record, though
195:
1034:
found in Monte Bolca, Italy was described as a new species,
849:
617:
1848:
1737:
1010:(45 million years ago), a 3-cm (1.2 in) fossil named
396:
623:
A few exceptions to these general limits are known. The
1494:
1345:
716:
Frogfish have small, round gill openings behind their
600:, Mexico. The greatest diversity of species is in the
1443:
1498:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1349:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2105:
1450:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
1038:, and is the oldest known member of the family.
962:, whose brood are carried in the pectoral fins.
1742:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 138–139.
744:A frogfish disguised as an algae-covered stone
707:, and some simply a formless lump; one genus,
604:region, with the highest concentration around
1604:
1602:
776:is coloured to blend in with the surrounding
529:classify these genera in the separate family
1849:Website only about Frogfishes (Anglerfishes)
620:, at most to 100 m (330 ft) deep.
608:. In the small Lembeh Strait, north-east of
1572:
1770:
1599:
260:. The Antennariidae is regarded, with its
36:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1635:
1633:
1420:
1410:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1219:
735:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1444:Christopher Scharpf (14 November 2022).
830:
739:
666:
654:
1608:
1576:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (February 2006).
1523:
1470:
1464:
1341:
1339:
1251:; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016).
1197:
1195:
1002:, formed from the sedimentation of the
2106:
1733:
1731:
1664:
1630:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1437:
1351:"Genera in the family Histiophrynidae"
1236:
627:is at home in ocean waters as well as
1858:
1857:
1723:Crawling fish accepted as new species
1712:Shedd Aquarium Explore by Animal 2009
1683:
1310:
1308:
1204:"Family-group names of recent fishes"
1026:Algeria (3 to 23 million years ago),
2078:FD1087D9-FFA1-4A50-FF67-A2414CF1FA08
2039:bc933c24-291f-473c-8203-ebcdcad3ae34
1804:National Sea Life Center, Birmingham
1500:"Genera in the family Antennariidae"
1336:
1192:
835:Longlure frogfish realigning its jaw
275:within the suborder Antennarioidei.
1776:Pietsch TW and Grobecker DT (1987)
1728:
1543:
1488:
1374:
978:. For one to two months, they live
13:
1305:
780:. Some frogfish are covered with
14:
2135:
1832:
1801:Frogfish spawn on Valentine's Day
1767:Florida Museum of Natural History
1639:
1167:
1149:
1131:
1113:
1091:
1065:
1043:
993:
908:
894:
819:, and in aquaria, to be killed.
60:
1819:
1807:
1793:
1756:
1715:
1590:
1566:
885:
1510:California Academy of Sciences
1361:California Academy of Sciences
258:Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes
1:
1255:(5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ:
1185:
1839:Tree of Life - Antennariidae
750:the study of animal behavior
643:lives in clumps of drifting
278:
7:
2119:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
826:
803:, by sucking in water in a
732:to control their buoyancy.
650:
224:
10:
2140:
1782:Stanford University Press,
862:
18:
1866:
1560:Antennariidae: Frogfishes
1221:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
1022:. In 2005, a fossil from
308:
236:. The 5th edition of the
188:protection from predators
151:
146:
57:Scientific classification
55:
44:
35:
30:
21:Frogfish (disambiguation)
1612:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1563:Tree of Life Web Project
1484:. February 2024 version.
1474:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1391:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1012:Histionotophorus bassani
914:Striated frogfish mating
720:. With the exception of
547:
1779:Frogfishes of the world
1412:10.1186/1471-2148-10-58
792:can be so perfect that
552:Frogfishes live in the
1844:Frogfishes in Fishbase
1740:Encyclopedia of Fishes
1642:"Family ANTENNARIIDAE"
1578:"Family Antennariidae"
1476:"Family Antennariidae"
1099:Red ocellated frogfish
836:
745:
736:Mimicry and camouflage
679:
664:
625:brackishwater frogfish
163:are any member of the
2060:Paleobiology Database
1496:Eschmeyer, William N.
1452:. Christopher Scharpf
1347:Eschmeyer, William N.
1265:10.1002/9781119174844
1257:John Wiley & Sons
1059:Antennarius commerson
834:
743:
670:
658:
1678:Diving with Frogfish
1259:. pp. 508–518.
1081:Netherlands Antilles
1051:Commerson's frogfish
691:Rather than typical
568:, as well as in the
489:& Pietsch, 2014
234:Feliks Paweł Jarocki
190:and enables them to
50:Antennarius striatus
19:For other uses, see
1680:Dive the World 2009
1646:Fishes of Australia
1626:. Sep 2009 version.
1403:2010BMCEE..10...58M
1253:Fishes of the World
954:three-spot frogfish
752:, this is known as
393:Fishes of the World
390:The 5th edition of
239:Fishes of the World
1708:2007-10-11 at the
1702:Frogfish Factsheet
1073:Ocellated frogfish
1036:Eophryne barbuttii
1028:Antennarius monodi
837:
754:aggressive mimicry
746:
680:
665:
535:monospecific genus
217:is known from the
215:Eophryne barbuttii
209:is known from the
207:Antennarius monodi
2101:
2100:
2047:Open Tree of Life
1860:Taxon identifiers
1764:Striated Frogfish
1505:Catalog of Fishes
1356:Catalog of Fishes
1330:10.1643/CI-13-155
1274:978-1-118-34233-6
1125:A. multiocellatus
1121:Longlure frogfish
903:striated frogfish
766:striated frogfish
728:, frogfish use a
722:Butler's frogfish
661:striated frogfish
520:Catalog of Fishes
513:
503:
490:
473:
463:
450:
440:
427:
410:
386:
376:
363:
350:
340:
327:
158:
157:
142:
46:Striated frogfish
2131:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2016:NBNSYS0000159376
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1681:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1652:on 19 April 2014
1648:. Archived from
1637:
1628:
1627:
1606:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1541:
1540:
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1516:
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1434:
1424:
1414:
1378:
1372:
1371:
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1367:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1199:
1171:
1157:Painted frogfish
1153:
1139:Scarlet frogfish
1135:
1117:
1095:
1069:
1047:
912:
898:
768:, that mimics a
726:rough anglerfish
511:
498:
481:
471:
458:
448:
435:
418:
405:
384:
371:
358:
348:
335:
322:
137:
65:
64:
40:
28:
27:
16:Family of fishes
2139:
2138:
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2102:
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2014:
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1949:
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1880:
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1798:
1794:
1775:
1771:
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1757:
1750:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1710:Wayback Machine
1699:
1684:
1676:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1631:
1616:Histrio histrio
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1493:
1489:
1469:
1465:
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1442:
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1379:
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1363:
1344:
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1306:
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1246:
1237:
1200:
1193:
1188:
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1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1087:
1070:
1061:
1048:
1016:Brachionichthys
996:
921:
920:
919:
918:
917:
907:
906:
899:
888:
867:Frogfishes eat
865:
829:
738:
653:
598:Baja California
560:regions of the
550:
531:Histiophrynidae
381:Nudiantennarius
311:
281:
266:Tetrabrachiidae
244:Histiophryninae
227:
213:of Algeria and
171:, of the order
136:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2137:
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586:Canary Islands
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1654:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1645:
1621:
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1592:
1581:
1568:
1559:
1536:
1533:Steenstrupia
1532:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1503:
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1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1394:
1390:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1354:
1321:
1317:
1252:
1249:Nelson, J.S.
1214:(2): 1–230.
1211:
1207:
1179:A. maculatus
1178:
1160:
1143:A. coccineus
1142:
1124:
1106:
1085:A. ocellatus
1084:
1058:
1035:
1027:
1015:
1011:
1004:Tethys Ocean
997:
964:
959:Histiophryne
957:
947:
943:Phyllophryne
941:
937:Lophiocharon
935:
926:
922:
886:Reproduction
881:
873:milliseconds
866:
858:
854:
838:
821:
798:
772:, while the
747:
715:
710:Echinophryne
708:
690:
681:
637:river mouths
622:
602:Indo-Pacific
594:South Africa
570:Indian Ocean
551:
540:is the most
537:
524:
518:
516:
506:
493:
476:
468:Phyllophryne
466:
455:Lophiocharon
453:
443:
432:Histiophryne
430:
415:Echinophryne
413:
402:Allenichthys
400:
391:
389:
379:
366:
353:
343:
330:
317:
312:
298:
294:
284:
282:
268:as the most
262:sister taxon
237:
228:
214:
206:
204:
181:
173:Lophiiformes
168:
160:
159:
152:
133:
114:Lophiiformes
49:
25:
1972:iNaturalist
1892:Wikispecies
1123:, Bonaire,
1107:. ocellatus
1000:Monte Bolca
901:The female
869:crustaceans
841:pelvic fins
762:sea squirts
730:gas bladder
701:polychaetes
693:dorsal fins
677:Philippines
633:fresh water
558:subtropical
538:Tathicarpus
508:Tathicarpus
332:Antennarius
295:Antennarius
286:Antennarius
253:within the
2108:Categories
1539:: 129–144.
1383:T. Pietsch
1381:Miya, M.;
1283:2015037522
1186:References
1057:, Hawaii,
813:damselfish
801:pufferfish
790:camouflage
770:sea urchin
478:Porophryne
345:Antennatus
291:type genus
221:of Italy.
165:anglerfish
161:Frogfishes
120:Suborder:
1656:6 October
1397:(1): 58.
1299:25909650M
1291:951899884
1161:A. pictus
1103:St. Kitts
988:flatworms
984:sea slugs
976:jellyfish
949:Rhycherus
916:- YouTube
877:esophagus
809:clownfish
794:sea slugs
778:sargassum
705:tubeworms
685:vertebrae
645:sargassum
606:Indonesia
596:, and at
517:However,
495:Rhycherus
420:McCulloch
297:suffixes
279:Etymology
231:zoologist
192:lure prey
153:see text
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
31:Frogfish
1877:Wikidata
1815:Abstract
1725:NBC News
1706:Archived
1623:FishBase
1583:FishBase
1515:22 March
1481:FishBase
1456:23 March
1431:20178642
1366:22 March
1230:25543675
1020:handfish
972:yolk sac
846:tetrapod
827:Movement
788:. Their
786:hydrozoa
724:and the
651:Features
629:brackish
616:or rock
610:Sulawesi
584:and the
572:and the
562:Atlantic
554:tropical
526:FishBase
487:Harcourt
248:suborder
225:Taxonomy
200:hydrozoa
184:spinules
130:Family:
94:Chordata
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
1883:Q540454
1422:2836326
1399:Bibcode
1208:Zootaxa
1077:Bonaire
1024:Miocene
863:Hunting
817:wrasses
758:sponges
703:, some
699:, some
635:around
582:Madeira
574:Red Sea
566:Pacific
542:derived
502:, 1907
462:, 1933
460:Whitley
439:, 1863
426:, 1918
409:, 1984
407:Pietsch
375:, 1813
373:Fischer
368:Histrio
362:, 1941
360:Barbour
339:, 1816
326:, 1957
324:Schultz
303:antenna
270:derived
211:Miocene
167:family
147:Genera
139:Jarocki
110:Order:
100:Class:
2091:125484
2065:266327
2052:740935
2036:NZOR:
2029:241819
2003:164518
1990:114140
1786:
1746:
1429:
1419:
1318:Copeia
1297:
1289:
1281:
1271:
1228:
1032:Eocene
1008:Eocene
968:alevin
946:, and
933:genera
929:cloaca
850:gallop
815:, and
697:shrimp
673:Mactan
639:. The
590:Durban
578:Azores
500:Ogilby
483:Arnold
422:&
337:Daudin
309:Genera
289:, its
264:, the
219:Eocene
141:, 1822
2086:WoRMS
2073:Plazi
1985:IRMNG
1977:63279
782:algae
618:reefs
614:coral
548:Range
424:Waite
273:clade
255:order
196:algae
2024:NCBI
1998:ITIS
1964:7677
1959:GBIF
1951:5466
1920:BOLD
1784:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1658:2014
1517:2024
1458:2024
1427:PMID
1368:2024
1322:2014
1287:OCLC
1279:LCCN
1269:ISBN
1226:PMID
1212:3882
1055:Kona
631:and
564:and
556:and
523:and
437:Gill
299:-ius
2011:NBN
1946:EoL
1938:6GM
1933:CoL
1925:815
1907:AFD
1417:PMC
1407:doi
1326:doi
1261:doi
1216:doi
1105:, F
1018:or
986:or
784:or
760:or
301:to
198:or
2110::
2088::
2075::
2062::
2049::
2026::
2013::
2000::
1987::
1974::
1961::
1948::
1935::
1922::
1909::
1894::
1879::
1730:^
1685:^
1666:^
1644:.
1632:^
1620:.
1601:^
1580:.
1545:^
1537:28
1535:.
1508:.
1502:.
1478:.
1448:.
1425:.
1415:.
1405:.
1395:10
1393:.
1389:.
1359:.
1353:.
1338:^
1320:.
1307:^
1295:OL
1293:.
1285:.
1277:.
1267:.
1238:^
1224:.
1210:.
1206:.
1194:^
1177:,
1159:,
1141:,
1101:,
1083:,
1079:,
1075:,
1053:,
990:.
940:,
811:,
675:,
659:A
592:,
580:,
485:,
293:.
48:,
1790:.
1752:.
1660:.
1618:"
1614:"
1586:.
1519:.
1460:.
1433:.
1409::
1401::
1370:.
1332:.
1328::
1301:.
1263::
1232:.
1218::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
